1139:
135:
594:
121:
951:
1106:
was then given to the 550th Glider
Infantry Battalion, which had arrived with the second wave of aircraft. At 02:15 16 August the American battalion moved through the British positions and assaulted the village. The village was defended in strength by the Germans and the attack failed, causing several casualties to the Americans. A second attempt at 11:40 was more successful, killing or wounding 300 Germans and taking 700 prisoners.
38:
792:. To provide additional manpower, the experienced 2nd Parachute Brigade, was attached to the task force. But they would only stay in France until the beachhead had been established and the seaborne and airborne elements had linked up. Initially two Free French parachute battalions had been assigned to the task force, but they were withdrawn for a potential French airborne landing in the
831:. The task force's staff were still not satisfied with the mission and on 15 July proposed a third plan. The new plan placed all the task force drop zones around 2 miles (3.2 km) from Le Muy. In the first wave of landings, the 2nd Parachute Brigade drop zone was to the north of Le Muy, with their objective to capture Le Muy and the surrounding area including the village of
1046:
1028:, by 04:30. However the men left defending the village had to fight off several small German counterattacks throughout the day. The battalion then assaulted and captured the bridge over the River Naturby, which carried the road to Le Muy, taking twenty-nine prisoners. The fighting cost the battalion seven dead and nine wounded.
867:, around thirteen infantry divisions and some smaller formations. By this stage of the war, many of these divisions were lacking modern equipment, inexperienced and under-trained. The troops were mainly elderly, or not fit for service in a first class division. Some divisions had several complete battalions formed by the
1035:, most of the battalion headquarters and 'C' Company. A second group was formed by 'D' Company. Twenty-one men, including the battalion intelligence officer, formed a third smaller group. The first group divided into three smaller units, all of which arrived at brigade headquarters by 22:30 on the same day.
1105:
The 2nd
Parachute Brigade had a secondary objective of capturing Le Muy. It was supposed to have been assaulted by the 4th Parachute Battalion with the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion providing fire support. With the forces he had at hand, Pritchard was unable to carry out the task. The objective
1109:
Further north, the missing men of the 5th (Scottish) Parachute
Battalion were still trying to reach the brigade area. The smaller group commanded by the battalion intelligence officer observed a German convoy heading south towards Le Muy. They quickly set up an ambush and destroyed several vehicles
1084:
By 22:15 the brigade had secured all of its day-one objectives and some of the missing men had arrived in the brigade area. However, there were many still unaccounted for. The 4th
Parachute Battalion numbered around 200 men with almost no heavy weapons. The 6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion had
842:
the first large group would be transported to France by 394 aircraft and eighty gliders. A second group of 325 aircraft and 270 gliders would arrive in the afternoon. The smaller
British group consisting of the 2nd Parachute Brigade's glider forces would arrive shortly after the first group in the
575:
force also had problems; weather conditions forced the brigade's anti-tank unit to turn back for Italy and return with the second wave later that day. Eventually the brigade captured their primary objectives, but the lack of manpower meant that their secondary objective of Le Muy was given to the
1113:
On 17 August the leading units of the 36th
Infantry Division reached Le Muy, which should have effectively ended the brigade's participation in the operation; however, two of the brigade's companies defending roads in the area were attacked by retreating Germans and forced to withdraw to the high
1154:
on 28 August. From there they moved to Rome on 3 September, and on 8 September, to a camp near
Taranto in preparation for their next mission. During Operation Rugby the 2nd Parachute Brigade recorded 362 casualties; 51 dead, 130 wounded and 181 missing. Most of the missing eventually
1053:
One result of the brigades' scattered landing was that several small groups of men caused havoc among the
Germans, ambushing men and vehicles. One lone sergeant arrived at brigade headquarters with eighty prisoners, having convinced them that they were surrounded and should surrender. The 5th
579:
As a
British withdrawal from France at the earliest opportunity had been the original intent, the brigade boarded ships bound for Italy eleven days after landing. The operation had cost the brigade 362 casualties, but this did not hinder their next mission in Greece two months later. Only 126
803:
In the initial plan for
Operation Rugby, the codename for the airborne landings, the 2nd Parachute Brigade would land to the west of Le Muy, only 10 miles (16 km) from the coast. The American 517th Regimental Combat Team would land beside Le Luc, and the 509th and 551st Battalions near
1201:. Here they halted in a defensive position for three months before being pulled out. The task force was now surplus to requirements and was disbanded on 23 November 1944. Its surviving manpower was used as reinforcements for the other American airborne formations.
1130:, mostly to tow their artillery guns, the brigade commandeered several trucks, tractors, buses and horse-drawn wagons and was in place within twenty-four hours. Cannes was liberated on 25 August. On the next day, the brigade left France to return to Italy.
1042:, and soon after attacked a German convoy, damaging several vehicles and causing heavy casualties among the occupants. Then they met with the 3rd Battalion of the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment and both units headed south towards Le Muy.
1054:(Scottish) Parachute Battalion's 'B' Company, which had landed on the correct drop zone, ambushed a convoy of five trucks, killing twelve Germans, then assaulted a château, killing another thirty men before the surviving fifty surrendered.
1117:
Early on 18 August the brigade elements to the north-east of Le Muy were relieved by the 36th Infantry Division, and the brigade became the Operation Dragoon reserve formation. Then problems on the far right of the landings between
1081:, transporting the 300th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery and its equipment, failed to arrive, turning back to Italy due to an overcast sky at the landing zone. The Horsas returned with the afternoon's second wave landing at 15:04.
969:
from the 23rd Independent Parachute Platoon landed on Drop Zone 'O'. The brigade drop zone was in a valley 2 miles (3.2 km) long and around 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide running north to south, bordered on the south by the
1138:
1057:
The 6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion lost some men to German fire as they descended and, once on the ground, had to fight their way to the battalion rendezvous. Then they headed for their first objectives, capturing
1169:
advance in the east had forced the Germans to withdraw from the country or risk being cut off from any support or reinforcements. Over the night of 12/13 October 1944, the first of the brigade's units parachuted onto
1097:
headquarters, several reports of the landings exaggerated their strength, causing the Germans to believe they were faced with a far greater force. Also, 600 dummy paratroops that had landed to the north and west of
929:
reserve divisions, all of which were still under strength and lacking equipment. In the Argens valley area, where the 2nd Parachute Brigade would be landing, was the 242nd Infantry Division commanded by
2152:
346:
619:. It comprised three parachute battalions, with their own artillery and engineer support. Although the brigade had not been involved in the division's operations in Sicily, it took part in
1306:
The lead plane carrying the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion had an electrical failure and was unable to pick up the Eureka signals, and only 'B' Company landed on the correct drop zone.
816:. This plan had the units widely separated and any German resistance or counterattack could cut off and destroy the task force piecemeal before help arrived from the landing beaches.
2147:
1189:
When the brigade left the 1st Airborne Task Force, the 1st Special Service Force replaced them. The task force advanced eastwards and reached the Franco-Italian border in the
339:
838:
A shortage of aircraft played a role in transporting the task force to France, which had to be divided into two large groups and a small glider group for the British. On
871:(conscripted foreigners from Poland and Russia). Four of the divisions were static or garrison divisions and five were reserve formations that had only been used in an
974:. Their primary objective, Le Muy, was only around 400 yards (370 m) from the southern edge of the drop zone, but they would have to cross the river to reach it.
69:
985:
arrived around 04:45 only seventy-three dropped their parachutists on the correct drop zone. The other fifty-three aircraft scattered their loads, mostly from the
332:
224:
1178:
to prepare a landing zone for the follow-up waves from the rest of the brigade. The brigade moved into Athens and then over three months fought their way to
571:
landed accurately and set up their homing beacons, but the main body of the brigade landed over a large area, some 20 miles (32 km) away. The following
796:. When the Americans and British refused to endorse the French plan, as it offered no support to operations in Normandy or to Dragoon, the French commander
576:
American airborne forces. The seaborne and airborne landings linked up within two days, and the brigade became the reserve formation for the operation.
556:
valley with the objective of preventing German reinforcements from reaching the landing beaches. The landings were mainly an American operation and the
770:
997:. Only Brigade Headquarters arrived at the drop zone in one piece, Brigadier Pritchard landing only 15 yards (14 m) from the Eureka beacons. The
778:
537:
1085:
317 men. There were only enough men of the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion to guard the approach roads leading to the drop zone from the north.
1062:, which became the first village liberated in the South of France. By 12:00, they had taken all of their objectives, capturing over 100 prisoners.
455:
313:
971:
1024:
The 4th Parachute Battalion secured its first objectives, the high ground overlooking the village of Le Muy from the north and the village of
819:
A revised plan produced on 12 July had the 2nd Parachute Brigade landing at the same place, but all the Americans would land at a large
2162:
2157:
1031:
Most of the 5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion landed in several groups, some distance from their drop zone. One large group comprised the
1025:
627:
in Italy. At the end of 1943, when the 1st Airborne Division returned to the United Kingdom, the brigade remained behind fighting in the
392:
217:
1006:
914:
2142:
1255:
706:. The two British divisions were also unavailable; the 1st Airborne Division was preparing for operations in Northern Europe and the
1010:
762:
726:
722:
714:
707:
616:
612:
533:
494:
440:
371:
210:
168:
886:
many of these units moved north. Replacements that joined Army Group G came to refit after the fighting in Normandy or on the
2122:
2103:
2084:
2065:
2046:
2027:
2008:
1989:
1947:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1223:
1002:
926:
910:
906:
902:
898:
843:
morning. In total 9,099 troops, 221 vehicles and 213 artillery guns would be delivered to France during Operation Rugby.
173:
1218:
1143:
1114:
ground. The brigade sent reinforcements which successfully counterattacked the Germans, taking ninety-seven prisoners.
986:
766:
1966:
1928:
1228:
978:
1297:
Eureka beacons had a maximum range of 42 miles (68 km), but their average range was only 24 miles (39 km).
918:
894:
1270:
835:. At the same time the 517th Regiment would land to the west of Le Muy and the 509th Battalion to the southeast.
628:
265:
690:
planners wanted to use an airborne force to support the invasion. However the divisions in Europe, the American
460:
324:
887:
540:
airborne landings in August 1944. The operation was carried out by an ad hoc airborne formation called the
1155:
returned to the brigade and only 126 replacements were required to bring the brigade back up to strength.
1093:
The scattered nature of the airborne landings caused some confusion among the German high command. At the
1325:
to keep his casualties to a minimum, as the brigade was needed for another parachute mission in Greece (
808:. They would then hold the high ground and junctions along the main road through the Argens valley from
2167:
675:
1102:, as part of the Allied deception plan, convinced the Germans another landing had taken place there.
789:
549:
1249:
1013:, which at the time was still on their transports out at sea. On the drop zone the pathfinders and
397:
1126:
resulted in the brigade being sent to that area. Having no transport other than a small number of
981:
and landing lights to guide the transport planes to the correct drop zone. When the main force of
1213:
998:
743:
695:
597:
541:
279:
1261:
691:
687:
742:
Lack of an available airborne division forced the Allies to assemble an ad hoc formation, the
1267:
1021:
later in the day, while the under strength parachute battalions headed for their objectives.
966:
955:
922:
860:
839:
631:. Since then, the brigade had taken part in patrols probing German lines, and the battles at
568:
474:
1094:
856:
1017:
of the 2nd Parachute Squadron were removing obstacles, preparing for the arrival of their
8:
785:
679:
620:
418:
301:
296:
284:
1045:
1032:
430:
404:
385:
2118:
2099:
2080:
2061:
2042:
2023:
2004:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1943:
1924:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1850:
959:
934:
883:
876:
872:
797:
782:
699:
683:
663:
632:
545:
484:
467:
411:
234:
156:
42:
Map of the Dragoon landings, the airborne landings Operation Rugby highlighted in red
29:
1322:
702:
and were refitting for further operations to support the advance in France and the
425:
378:
357:
1326:
1316:
1243:
1234:
1159:
1070:
1039:
1018:
1014:
931:
864:
774:
713:
The only other Allied airborne divisions were three American units. However, the
656:
644:
600:
572:
516:
502:
448:
272:
63:
593:
1078:
793:
640:
479:
126:
354:
2136:
1110:
before being forced to withdraw into the hills by the stronger German force.
1074:
1059:
832:
703:
84:
71:
1911:
950:
1198:
1163:
852:
824:
747:
561:
553:
258:
140:
580:
replacements were required to bring the brigade back up to full strength.
1904:
On Wings of Healing: the Story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940–1960
1066:
868:
718:
851:
The German forces in the area of the landings were under the command of
2096:
Airborne Forces at War: from Parachute Test Platoon to the 21st Century
746:, in Italy on 1 July 1944. Its objective was to land in the
1127:
828:
820:
805:
682:
landing after the beachhead was secure. Following the success of the
660:
608:
863:
in the east. In June 1944, these three headquarters commanded three
202:
1183:
1179:
1166:
989:, over the countryside, some landing 20 miles (32 km) away at
758:
to prevent any German reinforcements reaching the landing beaches.
2153:
Military units and formations of the British Army in World War II
1885:
United States Army in World War II European Theater of Operations
1319:
1005:
sixty per cent. By 06:30 Brigade Headquarters was established at
994:
624:
557:
1190:
1175:
1171:
1151:
1123:
1119:
1099:
990:
813:
809:
755:
751:
671:
667:
636:
37:
1194:
982:
2039:
Airborne to Battle a History of Airborne Warfare1918–1971
890:. They were under strength, with little or no equipment.
2148:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany
2079:. Issue 145 of Elite Series. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1315:
Pritchard had also been ordered by the commander of the
674:
in August 1944. The landings would be undertaken by the
1923:. Volume 1 of Elite series. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2001:
US Airborne Units in the Mediterranean Theater 1942–44
666:. It would take place in the South of France, between
643:. Previously, their only parachute mission had been
1977:
1239:300th Airlanding Anti-Tank Battery Royal Artillery
1049:British Gliders towed by C47s over Southern France
1001:had around forty per cent of its manpower and the
647:, which required only sixty men from the brigade.
2060:. Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Study No. 74.
2058:Airborne Missions in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945
1162:. This time they would be landing in Greece. The
1088:
800:would not allow them to be used in the landings.
2134:
1975:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
761:The task force initially comprised the American
314:Allied logistics in the Southern France campaign
2093:
1883:Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993).
1606:
1604:
1065:The first of the brigade's glider units, forty
2117:. Campaign Series. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1959:Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945
1629:
1627:
1625:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1866:The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II
1648:
1636:
1508:
773:parachute infantry battalions and their only
340:
218:
197:^ Some of the missing later reported for duty
2115:Operation Dragoon 1944: France's Other D-Day
2094:Wright, Robert K; Greenwood, John T (2007).
1942:. Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Company.
1601:
1150:The 2nd Parachute Brigade arrived by sea at
893:By August 1944, the 19th Army comprised the
827:, only 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west of
548:invasion of Southern France by the American
1882:
1622:
1585:
1583:
1483:
1481:
1462:
1460:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1386:
1384:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1342:
1069:carrying the 64th Airlanding Light Battery
1956:
1204:
1077:, landed at 09:20. The thirty-five larger
965:At 03:34 on 15 August 1944, the brigade's
737:
659:during the Second World War was given the
356:British airborne forces operations of the
347:
333:
225:
211:
1980:The American GI in Europe in World War II
1976:Kaufmann, J. E.; Kaufmann, H. W. (2009).
1791:
1789:
1372:
1256:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
1038:The second group occupied the village of
1009:and radio contact made with the American
781:. Command of the task force was given to
729:were back in the United States training.
544:. Operation Rugby was itself part of the
131:
2098:. Annapolis, MA: Naval Institute Press.
2017:
1937:
1918:
1580:
1478:
1457:
1432:
1430:
1411:
1381:
1356:
1137:
1044:
977:By 04:30 the pathfinders had set up two
949:
592:
588:
552:. The airborne task force landed in the
23:2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France
2036:
1998:
1849:. Norwark, CT: MBI Publishing Company.
615:formed in 1942 and was assigned to the
2135:
2112:
2074:
2055:
1984:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
1844:
1798:
1786:
763:517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team
611:Charles Hilary Vaughan Pritchard, the
192:Unknown but around 350 prisoners taken
1961:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1863:
1427:
1254:2nd Parachute Brigade Group Workshop
1224:6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion
1003:6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion
328:
232:
206:
1901:
1260:2nd Parachute Brigade Group Signals
958:en route to the South of France for
650:
2163:Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)
2158:Airborne operations of World War II
2077:First Special Service Force 1942–44
2018:Saunders, Hilary St George (1971).
1275:23rd Independent Parachute Platoon
788:, who had previously commanded the
13:
1219:5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion
1144:5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion
987:5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion
940:
14:
2179:
1229:127th (Parachute) Field Ambulance
456:Caen canal and Orne river bridges
2143:Glider Pilot Regiment operations
1906:. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
1248:751st Parachute Brigade Company
846:
710:was still fighting in Normandy.
153:Charles Hilary Vaughan Pritchard
133:
119:
36:
2022:. London: New English Library.
1847:German Infantry in World War II
1825:
1816:
1807:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1613:
1592:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1499:
1490:
1469:
1448:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1158:The brigade's next mission was
855:, and also divided between the
1439:
1402:
1393:
1233:64th Airlanding Light Battery
1089:Link up with seaborne landings
1:
2003:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1940:USA Airborne:50th Anniversary
1837:
1598:Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p .282
583:
1133:
7:
1887:. Darby, PA: Diane Pub Co.
1864:Chant, Christopher (1986).
1197:along part of what was the
917:infantry divisions and the
10:
2184:
2041:. London: William Kimber.
1999:Rottman, Gordon L (2006).
1957:Harclerode, Peter (2005).
1445:Wright and Greenwood, p.42
732:
698:, had participated in the
684:Normandy airborne landings
603:team in action, Italy 1944
2037:Tugwell, Maurice (1971).
1919:Ferguson, Gregor (1984).
1075:75 mm pack howitzers
790:1st Special Service Force
367:
244:
196:
179:
162:
147:
112:
46:
35:
27:
22:
1279:
1250:Royal Army Service Corps
1146:in Athens, December 1944
945:
2113:Zaloga, Steven (2009).
2056:Warren, John C (1955).
1938:Hagerman, Bart (1990).
1902:Cole, Howard N (1963).
1242:2nd Parachute Squadron
1214:4th Parachute Battalion
1205:Brigade order of battle
999:4th Parachute Battalion
744:1st Airborne Task Force
738:1st Airborne Task Force
727:17th Airborne Divisions
696:101st Airborne Division
655:The Allied invasion of
598:4th Parachute Battalion
542:1st Airborne Task Force
174:242nd Infantry Division
1845:Bishop, Chris (2008).
1774:Harclerode, pp.427–438
1738:harclerode, pp.432–434
1711:Harclerode, pp.428–429
1684:Harclerode, pp.425–426
1666:Harclerode, pp.424–425
1496:Harclerode, pp.414–415
1262:Royal Corps of Signals
1147:
1050:
1011:36th Infantry Division
962:
715:11th Airborne Division
604:
148:Commanders and leaders
2075:Werner, Bret (2006).
1868:. Oxford: Routledge.
1268:Glider Pilot Squadron
1141:
1048:
953:
708:6th Airborne Division
617:1st Airborne Division
613:2nd Parachute Brigade
596:
589:2nd Parachute Brigade
534:2nd Parachute Brigade
495:2nd Parachute Brigade
441:6th Airborne Division
372:1st Airborne Division
180:Casualties and losses
169:2nd Parachute Brigade
1532:Warren, pp.81 and 84
1210:Brigade headquarters
1193:area and the French
1182:and the border with
895:11th Panzer Division
859:in the west and the
765:, reinforced by the
717:was fighting in the
564:formation involved.
461:Merville Gun Battery
85:43.47194°N 6.56639°W
1399:Tugwell, pp.222–223
954:Paratroop carrying
823:between Le Muy and
786:Robert T. Frederick
621:Operation Slapstick
81: /
1589:Clarke et al, p.65
1577:Clarke et al, p.61
1568:Clarke et al, p.60
1559:Clarke et al, p.59
1541:Wilson, pp.107–108
1329:) soon afterwards.
1148:
1051:
1033:commanding officer
963:
605:
90:43.47194; -6.56639
2168:Operation Dragoon
2124:978-1-84603-367-4
2105:978-1-59114-028-3
2086:978-1-84176-968-4
2067:978-0-89126-023-3
2048:978-0-7183-0262-7
2029:978-0-450-01006-4
2010:978-1-84176-920-2
1991:978-0-8117-0526-4
1949:978-0-938021-90-2
1921:The Paras 1940–84
1894:978-0-7567-6486-9
1875:978-0-7102-0718-0
1856:978-0-7603-3187-3
1783:Harclerode, p.439
1756:Harclerode, p.437
1747:Harclerode, p.433
1729:Harclerode, p.432
1720:Harclerode, p.429
1702:Harclerode, p.426
1675:Harclerode, p.425
1657:Harclerode, p.424
1645:Harclerode, p.422
1523:Harclerode, p.423
960:Operation Dragoon
935:Johannes Baessler
884:Normandy landings
877:French Resistance
875:role against the
873:internal security
798:General de Gaulle
783:Brigadier General
700:Normandy landings
680:French First Army
676:U.S. Seventh Army
664:Operation Dragoon
651:Operation Dragoon
623:, the landing at
546:Operation Dragoon
527:
526:
322:
321:
236:Operation Dragoon
201:
200:
157:Johannes Baessler
108:
107:
54:15–26 August 1944
30:Operation Dragoon
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2128:
2109:
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1995:
1983:
1972:
1953:
1934:
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1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:Haggerman, p.116
1608:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1506:
1505:Warren, pp.81–83
1503:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1354:
1353:Haggerman, p.119
1351:
1330:
1323:Harold Alexander
1313:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1266:1st Independent
865:panzer divisions
629:Italian Campaign
536:was part of the
362:
360:
359:Second World War
349:
342:
335:
326:
325:
239:
237:
227:
220:
213:
204:
203:
143:
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125:
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96:
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86:
82:
79:
78:
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74:
48:
47:
40:
20:
19:
2183:
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2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2106:
2087:
2068:
2049:
2030:
2011:
1992:
1969:
1950:
1931:
1895:
1876:
1857:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1787:
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1773:
1769:
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1733:
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1719:
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1697:
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1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1633:Saunders, p.271
1632:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
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1576:
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1563:
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1423:
1412:
1407:
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1398:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1327:Operation Manna
1317:15th Army Group
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1244:Royal Engineers
1235:Royal Artillery
1207:
1160:Operation Manna
1136:
1091:
1071:Royal Artillery
1015:Royal Engineers
948:
943:
941:Operation Rugby
932:Generalleutnant
849:
777:battalion, the
775:glider infantry
750:valley between
740:
735:
657:Southern France
653:
645:Operation Hasty
591:
586:
538:Operation Rugby
530:
529:
528:
523:
363:
358:
355:
353:
323:
318:
240:
235:
233:
231:
188:
186:
134:
132:
120:
118:
89:
87:
83:
80:
75:
72:
70:
68:
67:
66:
64:Southern France
41:
12:
11:
5:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1899:
1893:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1822:Ferguson, p.15
1815:
1806:
1804:Ferguson, p.14
1797:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1621:
1619:Tugwell, p.224
1612:
1600:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1550:Tugwell, p.223
1543:
1534:
1525:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1477:
1468:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1426:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1378:Tugwell, p.222
1371:
1355:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1271:Army Air Corps
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1174:airfield near
1135:
1132:
1090:
1087:
979:Eureka beacons
947:
944:
942:
939:
848:
845:
794:Massif Central
739:
736:
734:
731:
652:
649:
641:Bernhardt Line
635:and along the
590:
587:
585:
582:
567:The brigade's
525:
524:
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
498:
490:
489:
482:
477:
472:
465:
464:
463:
458:
445:
444:
436:
435:
428:
423:
416:
409:
402:
399:Turkey Buzzard
395:
390:
383:
375:
368:
365:
364:
352:
351:
344:
337:
329:
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305:
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288:
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190:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
163:Units involved
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
129:
127:United Kingdom
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:Allied success
102:
98:
97:
62:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
33:
32:
25:
24:
18:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
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2138:
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2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
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2078:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:The Red Beret
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1968:0-304-36730-3
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1930:0-85045-573-1
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
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1896:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
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1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1765:Warren, p.110
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1693:Wilson, p.103
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
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1642:
1640:
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1626:
1616:
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1516:
1514:
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1502:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1424:Rottman, p.14
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1390:Rottman, p.15
1387:
1385:
1375:
1369:Rottman, p.16
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1350:
1348:
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1196:
1192:
1187:
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1173:
1168:
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1145:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1079:Horsa gliders
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:C-47 aircraft
980:
975:
973:
972:River Naturby
968:
961:
957:
952:
938:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
888:Eastern Front
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
847:German forces
844:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
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764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
704:Low Countries
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
639:river at the
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:Commanded by
602:
599:
595:
581:
577:
574:
570:
565:
563:
560:was the only
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
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447:
446:
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442:
438:
437:
434:
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429:
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421:
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415:
414:
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
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391:
389:
388:
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381:
377:
376:
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373:
369:
366:
361:
350:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
330:
327:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
303:
300:
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295:
294:
293:
292:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
262:
261:
257:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
205:
195:
191:
189:181 missing ^
184:
183:
178:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
130:
128:
117:
116:
111:
103:
100:
99:
94:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2114:
2095:
2076:
2057:
2038:
2019:
2000:
1979:
1958:
1939:
1920:
1903:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1831:Werner, p.26
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1615:
1594:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1501:
1492:
1487:Warren, p.83
1475:Warren, p.81
1471:
1466:Warren, p.82
1454:Warren, p.91
1450:
1441:
1436:Warren, p.90
1408:Zaloga, p.26
1404:
1395:
1374:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1199:Maginot line
1188:
1157:
1149:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1083:
1067:Waco gliders
1064:
1056:
1052:
1037:
1030:
1023:
976:
964:
892:
881:
853:Army Group G
850:
837:
818:
802:
760:
748:River Argens
741:
721:, while the
712:
654:
606:
578:
566:
562:British Army
554:River Argens
532:The British
531:
517:
510:
509:
503:
493:
485:
468:
449:
439:
431:
419:
412:
405:
398:
393:North Africa
386:
379:
370:
307:
306:
290:
289:
273:
266:
259:
252:
251:
246:
113:Belligerents
15:
1142:Men of the
967:pathfinders
869:Ostlegionen
719:Pacific War
678:, with the
569:pathfinders
187:130 wounded
88: /
2137:Categories
1838:References
1813:Cole, p.67
1795:Cole, p.65
1095:LXII Corps
1073:and their
1026:Les Serres
882:After the
769:, and the
584:Background
73:43°28′19″N
1337:Citations
1285:Footnotes
1134:Aftermath
1040:Tourettes
861:19th Army
829:St Tropez
821:drop zone
806:Carnoules
771:1st/551st
661:code name
609:Brigadier
420:Slapstick
308:Logistics
302:La Ciotat
297:Port Cros
285:Marseille
76:6°33′59″W
1912:29847628
1184:Bulgaria
1180:Salonika
1167:Red Army
1060:La Motte
1007:Le Mitan
857:1st Army
833:La Motte
550:7th Army
475:Bréville
432:Doomsday
406:Ladbroke
387:Freshman
247:Invasion
59:Location
28:Part of
1320:General
1019:gliders
995:Fayence
825:Grimaud
733:Prelude
633:Cassino
625:Taranto
558:brigade
486:Varsity
469:Mallard
413:Fustian
185:51 dead
141:Germany
2121:
2102:
2083:
2064:
2045:
2026:
2007:
1988:
1965:
1946:
1927:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1853:
1191:Menton
1176:Athens
1172:Megara
1164:Soviet
1152:Naples
1124:Cannes
1120:Grasse
1100:Toulon
991:Cannes
897:, the
814:Toulon
810:Frejus
756:Le Luc
752:Le Muy
688:Allied
672:Toulon
668:Cannes
637:Sangro
601:mortar
573:glider
426:Arnhem
380:Biting
280:Toulon
138:
124:
101:Result
1280:Notes
1128:Jeeps
956:C-47s
946:D-Day
927:189th
923:157th
919:148th
915:716th
911:338th
907:244th
903:242nd
899:198th
840:D-Day
779:550th
767:509th
518:Manna
511:Rugby
504:Hasty
450:Tonga
291:Naval
274:Romeo
253:Rugby
2119:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2081:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1908:OCLC
1889:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1195:Alps
1122:and
993:and
925:and
754:and
725:and
723:13th
694:and
692:82nd
670:and
480:Bure
267:Span
260:Dove
51:Date
812:to
2139::
1788:^
1650:^
1638:^
1624:^
1603:^
1582:^
1510:^
1480:^
1459:^
1429:^
1413:^
1383:^
1358:^
1344:^
1186:.
937:.
921:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
879:.
686:,
2127:.
2108:.
2089:.
2070:.
2051:.
2032:.
2013:.
1994:.
1971:.
1952:.
1933:.
1914:.
1897:.
1878:.
1859:.
348:e
341:t
334:v
226:e
219:t
212:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
