343:
220:
597:
432:
31:
462:) of the Krupp exhibition. By its visual impact alone, it drew a lot of attention to the German part of the exhibition. However, the list of items in the Krupp exhibit had 37 civilian (mainly railway) items and only 9 artillery items. To further put this into perspective: In one 46 lines long description of the Machinery hall, the gun got less than one line and was simply mentioned as: 'the 1200-pounder breach-loading Krupp cannon'. In another description, the gun got much more attention, but this was only on par with other exhibits.
445:) that Krupp wanted to send to the Philadelphia exposition was reported to be ready. By then details like the weight and length were known, but details about the charge and shot were inaccurate. On 4 March 1876, the gun meant for Philadelphia passed the railway station of Münster on its way to Bremen, from whence it would proceed to Philadelphia. On 23 April 1876 the 35.5 cm gun, the other Krupp exhibits, and other goods arrived in Philadelphia on board the Krupp freighter
370:
30.5 cm by producing the first 35.5 cm Mantel Ring Kanone L/22.5 in 1875. At long ranges, 35.5 cm was designed to penetrate the 14 inch armor belts that were already in use on some ships. On a range of up to 500 m it was designed to be able to penetrate a 16-inch armor belt supported by a
470:, which should be at 2,670 m above the ground makes sense. Looking at images, some seem to have been made by accurately following a photo, and then putting the people in. See e.g. 'Engraving after a photo taken in Philadelphia', which seems somewhat credible. Other images, like the one published in
465:
In images of the gun at the exposition, there seems to be quite a difference between the photographs and the printed engravings. The photographs show the gun with the barrel only slightly elevated. On those photos that also depict people, one can see that the relation between the length of the people
408:
in 1874, and test-fired it on 17 September 1876. At first, the 35.5 cm MRK L/22.5 of 57,500 kg proved somewhat (2.5%) more powerful than this
British 15.75 inch (40 cm) caliber muzzleloading gun of 81 ton, which weighed much more. The British reacted by increasing the caliber of the 81
384:
In
February 1876 some details came out about the gun. In a preliminary test, the 35.5 cm MRK L/22.5 fired a 520 kg projectile by using a charge of 135 kg of prismatic gunpowder, propelling the shot to a velocity of 500 m/s. The result showed that the gun would be able to penetrate
639:
The 35.5 cm L/22.5 was one of Krupp's last attempts to produce more effective artillery by simply increasing the caliber of its guns. Increasing the length of the guns and (somewhat later) the projectiles was the way forward. On 2 July 1878 Krupp test-fired two 25 caliber long heavy guns in the
564:
In
February 1876, there were reports that the new 35.5 cm had been made on orders of the Turkish government. On 20 February 1876 a Krupp train with the 35.5 cm gun meant for Turkey passed the Osnabrück station of the Venlo-Hamburg railway. In early April 1876, this gun arrived in Istanbul.
630:
During the
December 1875 tests, the steel and hardened iron grenades were fired with 125 kg of gunpowder, the long grenade with 110 kg. The steel grenade reached an average velocity of 475 m/s, the hardened iron grenade reached 470 m/s and the long grenade 405 m/s. However,
369:
1875 was a difficult year for Krupp. Meanwhile, the developments in armor and guns continued unabated. It was quite possible that the German Navy would not choose the 30.5 cm, and then Krupp would need to have an alternative. Krupp anticipated on the demand for an even stronger gun than the
607:
The barrel was of the new Mantel Ring Kanone typ (jacketed and hooped). The caliber was exactly 355 mm. The barrel was 8 m long (L/22.5) with a length of bore of 6.865 m (L/19.3). It had 80 grooves of 2 mm depth. The lands were 4.5 mm wide. The constant twist length was
329:
Krupp's presence at World's fairs was useful to establish relations. Many fairs where visited by military delegations, but also by higher authorities who would otherwise not see the Krupp products. The world's fairs also generated a lot of publicity for the company. This could be increased by
572:
By the time that the
Turkish gun arrived in Istanbul, it was known that Krupp had gifted the gun to the sultan. In exchange, the sultan had gifted all kinds of jewelry for a total worth of about 400,000 Mark. This more or less equalled the worth of the gun. This occurred before the 30 May
611:
The gun stood on a coastal carriage with a firing height of 2,670 m. This allowed elevation to 18.75 degrees and declination to minus 7 degrees. The lower frame of the carriage has two hydraulic brakes to dampen recoil. These brakes each a had a cylinder filled with 84 liters of
623:. The steel grenade weighed 510 kg, including 15 kg of explosives. The hardened cast iron grenade weighed 525 kg, including 8 kg of explosives. The long grenade weighed 410 kg including 30 kg of explosives. The prismatic pulver used at the time had a
657:
The new 35.5 cm MRK L/25 was much more than simply a longer version of the L/22.5 gun. The new gun was 8.8 m long, but weighed only 52t. Even its carriage was somewhat lighter. With a charge of only 115 kg its shot reached a velocity of about 500 m/s.
314:
in London, Krupp primarily showed its railway and other cast steel products. It also showed a 6-pounder muzzle-loading field gun and a cast steel ingot of 2,000 kg. The latter indicated an upper limit to the weight of Krupp guns which were made from a single cast.
305:
Selling a product in a business to business market involves establishing relations with customers and convincing them that it is in their interest to buy your product. Krupp used all kinds of techniques to market its products. One of these was its presence at
422:
At first, many thought that only a single 35.5 cm gun had been made, the one for the
Philadelphia exposition. It was only after some confusion, that it became clear that Krupp had made two guns: One for Philadelphia, and one for the Ottoman Empire.
334:. This gun weighed c. 50,000 kg and was not built-up, but cast in a single piece. Other marketing techniques that Krupp used were sending gifts and inviting (military) authorities to study trips to Essen and the company's shooting grounds.
242:(Ring Kanone) of: 15, 21, and 28 cm caliber. For the on board artillery, the question was complicated by ship sizes. Its heavy calibers would be: 15, 17, 21, 24 and 26 cm. In early 1873, the German Navy concluded that its coastal
296:
proved superior at first. After Krupp was allowed to use a new type of gunpowder, it established the superiority of its gun over the
Armstrong gun. The trials also put an end to the idea that breechloading was not suitable for heavy guns.
535:
The
Russian gun was mentioned in an overview of Russian coastal artillery. The given designation was 14-inch short steel R.B.L. gun pattern 1877. Further details given were the 80 grooves and the weight of nearly 58 tons.
552:
since 1861, was a major buyer of Krupp artillery. At first this was primarily field artillery, but in 1873 the empire also ordered 380 guns of 15–28 cm caliber. The main goal of this huge order was the defence of the
561:, where the guns of the empire's old fortresses would be replaced by modern artillery. It all meant that the Ottoman Empire would also feel the need to acquire a gun heavier than the 28 cm L/22 that it had.
604:
In early 1876 a report was published about the 35.5 cm MRK L/22.5. This had details about the gun as it was tested in
Germany on 27 December 1875. The report contained the following information:
474:
are clearly dramatized. The trunnions now seem to be about 4 m above the ground and the gun barrel is depicted at an elevation that was probably higher than the 18.75 degrees that were possible.
322:. It then showed a 5,000 kg ingot, different types of machinery, and a 12-pdr shell gun. It led to the French and other militaries ordering some guns to the test the Krupp product. At the
354:
would not be powerful enough in the near future. It was not known what the caliber of the successor of the 28 cm RK L/22 had to be. Krupp had anticipated on this demand by producing the
231:
of their guns, this would naturally lead to an enormous collection of only slightly different guns doing more or less the same thing. In time, this would result in a lot of waste. The
227:
During the 1860s, there was a continuous increase in the armor protection of ships. If the gun manufacturers kept up with this increase by a step by step increase in the
330:
showing masterpieces like: the biggest gun, the biggest steel ingot, etc. An example of this strategy was the 35.5 cm (1000-pdr) gun exhibited at the
1511:
1448:
1436:
1408:
1396:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1251:
342:
273:
field guns in 1859. Krupp then wanted to expand its breech loading system to heavier calibers, but here it faced the competition of the
326:
in London, Krupp then exhibited a cast steel ingot of 20,000 kg and proved itself to be the foremost producer of crucible steel.
1496:
206:
and then bought by Russia. Meanwhile, another gun was sent to Turkey, which made it part of the
Fortifications of the Dardanelles.
471:
512:
built in Kiel in 1874 and owned by Krupp. Her regular work was to transfer ores from Spain to Germany. On 3 March 1881 she left
362:. In 1874 Germany ordered three 30.5 cm RK L/22. It tested these in 1875, but the decision to buy a 30.5 cm gun (the
1506:
219:
1491:
631:
when a charge of 135 kg was used, the grenade indeed attained the velocity of 500 (497.1) m/s.
574:
1501:
409:
ton gun to 16 inch, yielding a gun that was somewhat more powerful than the much lighter Krupp 35.5 cm.
331:
323:
319:
482:
In early February 1877 it became known that the Philadelphia gun had been acquired by Russia. The freighter
30:
525:
596:
359:
1486:
281:
232:
431:
289:
274:
509:
405:
375:
580:
The Gun was destined for the Dardanelles fortress Tschanak Kalessi also known as Sultanieh at
284:
to buy its 15, 21, and 24 cm caliber breechloader guns. In comparative trials of Krupp's
453:
386:
203:
170:
1266:
Souvenir of the Centennial Exhibition: or Connecticut's representation at Philadelphia, 1876
524:. In the night of 5 to 6 March she then stranded again and was wrecked about one mile from
270:
196:
8:
1334:
Entwicklung der Kanonen-Fabrikation in der Gussstahl-Fabrik von Friedrich Krupp in Essen
261:
that, at the time, was of superior quality. Krupp then wanted to use this steel to make
52:
652:
645:
641:
491:
486:
first brought it to Bremen. After picking up some more guns there, she set sail to
363:
311:
254:
1274:
350:
As mentioned above, in early 1873, the German Navy had concluded that its coastal
1461:
1420:
1386:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1343:
1332:
1264:
1235:
1224:
521:
355:
307:
180:
47:
520:
under skipper J.P. Jörgensen. The weather was very foggy, and this continued in
265:. This met with quite some resistance, because these were traditionally made of
1128:
1126:
1111:
545:
258:
942:
940:
938:
884:
195:
was a 35.5 cm 22.5 caliber long Krupp Mantel Ring Kanone (MRK). It was a
1480:
1365:
Die Entwickelung der preußischen Küsten- und Schiffs-Artillerie von 1860-1878
529:
401:
400:
The British Royal Navy also had to deal with increased armor protection. Its
351:
243:
1381:. Verlag der Buchhandlung für Militär-Literatur in Teschen. pp. 99–104.
1123:
202:
with a Krupp cylindroprismatic sliding breech. It was exhibited at the 1876
935:
620:
392:
at up to 1,800 m. 14-inch belts would be penetrated at all distances.
293:
285:
239:
199:
952:
581:
1099:
558:
1012:
238:
In 1869 it was decided that the coastal artillery of Prussia would have
35:
The 35.5 cm MRK L/22.5 at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia
1024:
616:. The total weight of the carriage and accessories was 34,000 kg.
1388:
Entscheidungen des Ober-Seeamts und der Seeämter des Deutschen Reichs
1138:
549:
517:
487:
266:
1276:
Philadelphia Exhibition 1876, Cast-steel Manufactory of Fried. Krupp
619:
The projectiles of the gun were 2.8 calibers long. These had copper
235:
therefore wanted to have a caliber system with only a few calibers.
1447:
1117:
613:
554:
499:
495:
467:
1435:
890:
624:
566:
228:
160:
1407:
1132:
456:
in Philadelphia, the 35.5 cm MRK L/22.5 was the showpiece (
1395:
1345:
Frank Leslie's Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition
946:
513:
262:
83:
79:
1295:
1226:
Alfred Krupp und die Entwickelung der Gussstahlfabrik zu Essen
958:
1307:
1105:
585:
100:
1472:(25). United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, MD: 349–632.
1319:
1018:
426:
1283:
1030:
727:
725:
371:
1203:
1201:
1048:
913:
911:
874:
872:
785:
395:
1250:
1144:
1077:
1075:
1000:
845:
722:
1198:
976:
964:
908:
869:
857:
821:
749:
710:
698:
686:
1087:
1072:
1060:
833:
809:
797:
737:
640:
presence of many military delegations. These were the
608:
16 m or L/45. The barrel weighed 57,500 kg.
773:
494:). In May 1877, the freighter stranded near Filsand (
1150:
1036:
988:
761:
923:
896:
246:gun would not be strong enough in the near future.
676:
674:
672:
670:
257:was known for its capability to produce a type of
214:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1478:
1466:Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute
337:
1379:Oesterreichisch-ungarische militärische Blätter
1240:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
667:
269:or bronze. Krupp got its first major order for
249:
223:Engraving after a photo taken in Philadelphia
457:
440:
1391:, vol. III, Reichsamt des Innern, 1883
1385:
1054:
1512:Military equipment introduced in the 1870s
1361:
1273:
982:
970:
851:
755:
731:
716:
704:
692:
569:square, where the sultan would visit it.
427:The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia
1462:"The Development of Armor for Naval Use"
1421:"L'organisation Défensive de la Turquie"
1331:
1246:. Royal United Service Institution: 219.
1222:
1207:
1118:Der Sächsische Erzähler 26 February 1876
1093:
1081:
917:
878:
863:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
767:
743:
595:
435:Dramatized engraving in Leslie's journal
430:
341:
218:
1337:, Fried.-Krupp-Aktiengesellschaft, 1875
1233:
1066:
891:Rhein- und Ruhrzeitung 28 February 1876
396:Competition between Krupp and Armstrong
358:in 1872. This gun was exhibited at the
1479:
1341:
1262:
1006:
994:
634:
193:35.5 cm Mantel Ring Kanone L/22.5
16:1875 rifled breech loader gun by Krupp
1419:
1351:
1279:, E.P. Coby & Co., New York, 1876
1156:
1133:Deutsche Reichs-Zeitung 15 April 1876
1042:
280:In 1868, Krupp tried to convince the
1459:
947:Deutsche Reichs-Zeitung 7 March 1876
929:
902:
472:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
439:On 27 December 1875, the giant gun (
1437:"Das neue Krupp'sch Riesengeschütz"
959:Kölner Nachrichten 30 December 1875
584:. Here the gun was placed in a big
13:
1372:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1106:Kölnische Zeitung 20 February 1876
680:
591:
539:
318:In Paris Krupp was present at the
14:
1523:
1375:"Die grösste Kanone Deutschlands"
1019:Kölnische Zeitung 8 February 1877
565:On 6 April it had been placed on
1497:Naval guns of the Ottoman Empire
1031:Hannoverscher Kurier 23 May 1877
29:
1431:. L. Baudoin, Paris: 296. 1884.
1269:, Curtis, Hartford, Connecticut
1236:"The Russian Artillery in 1888"
366:) would only be taken in 1876.
215:The race between armor and guns
1145:Bonner Zeitung 22 January 1878
123:
1:
1425:Revue militaire de l'étranger
1216:
508:was a steam freighter of 925
346:Philadelphia Exposition photo
338:The successor to the 28 cm RK
332:Exposition Universelle (1867)
324:1862 International Exhibition
320:Exposition Universelle (1855)
1362:Von Müller, Hermann (1879),
1354:Lloyd's Register of Shipping
1309:"Militärische Mittheilungen"
477:
300:
7:
1223:Baedeker, Diedrich (1889),
417:
250:Krupp enters the gun market
10:
1528:
1409:"Konstantinopel, 7. April"
1368:, Robert Oppenheim, Berlin
1263:Curtis, George D. (1877),
650:
412:
209:
1507:World War I naval weapons
577:which deposed Abdulaziz.
526:St Catherine's Lighthouse
404:at Woolwich designed the
282:North German Federal Navy
233:North German Federal Navy
179:
169:
159:
154:
146:
138:
133:
122:
114:
106:
96:
91:
74:
69:
62:Place of origin
61:
40:
28:
21:
1449:"Osnabrück, 21. Februar"
1297:"Vermischte Nachrichten"
661:
575:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
360:1873 Vienna World's Fair
290:RML 9-inch Armstrong Gun
275:Elswick Ordnance Company
175:horizontal sliding wedge
1453:Der Sächsische Erzähler
1413:Deutsche Reichs-Zeitung
1401:Deutsche Reichs-Zeitung
1441:Rhein- und Ruhrzeitung
1342:Leslie, Frank (1879),
1229:, G.D. Baedeker, Essen
601:
466:and the height of the
458:
441:
436:
406:RML 16-inch 80-ton gun
347:
224:
150:8,000 mm (L/22.5)
1492:Naval guns of Germany
599:
544:Ever since 1863, the
454:Centennial Exposition
434:
345:
222:
204:Centennial Exposition
1502:Naval guns of Russia
1289:Hannoverscher Kurier
1234:A Court, C. (1888).
197:rifled breech loader
181:Muzzle velocity
1460:Very, E.W. (1883).
1455:. 28 February 1876.
1443:. 28 February 1876.
1315:. 28 February 1876.
1303:. 30 December 1875.
635:Further development
374:layer like that of
23:35.5 cm MRK L/22.5
1327:. 8 February 1877.
1301:Kölner Nachrichten
1285:"Hamburg, 21. Mai"
1258:. 22 January 1878.
1009:, p. 269-271.
602:
437:
348:
288:against Elswick's
225:
92:Production history
1397:"Münster, 4 März"
1325:Kölnische Zeitung
1313:Kölnische Zeitung
794:, p. 35, 38.
600:On coast carriage
548:headed by sultan
385:the iron belt of
189:
188:
53:Coastal artillery
1519:
1487:Krupp naval guns
1473:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1416:
1415:. 15 April 1876.
1404:
1392:
1382:
1369:
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1270:
1259:
1247:
1230:
1211:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1055:Ober-Seeamt 1883
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
933:
927:
921:
915:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
653:35.5 cm MRK L/25
646:30.5 cm MRK L/25
642:35.5 cm MRK L/25
492:Saint Petersburg
461:
444:
364:30.5 cm MRK L/22
312:Great Exhibition
125:
33:
24:
19:
18:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1477:
1476:
1403:. 7 March 1876.
1373:O., N. (1876).
1357:, Lloyd's, 1876
1219:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
983:Exhibition 1876
981:
977:
971:Exhibition 1876
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
936:
928:
924:
916:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
870:
862:
858:
852:Von Müller 1879
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
756:Von Müller 1879
754:
750:
742:
738:
732:Von Müller 1879
730:
723:
717:Von Müller 1879
715:
711:
705:Von Müller 1879
703:
699:
693:Von Müller 1879
691:
687:
679:
668:
664:
655:
637:
594:
592:Characteristics
542:
540:Turkish service
522:English Channel
480:
442:Riesen Geschütz
429:
420:
415:
398:
356:30.5 cm RK L/22
340:
303:
252:
217:
212:
155:
87:
70:Service history
57:
48:Naval artillery
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1475:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1383:
1370:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1291:. 23 May 1877.
1281:
1271:
1260:
1256:Bonner Zeitung
1248:
1231:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1210:, p. 216.
1197:
1195:, p. 102.
1185:
1183:, p. 101.
1173:
1171:, p. 100.
1161:
1159:, p. 307.
1149:
1137:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1071:
1069:, p. 269.
1059:
1057:, p. 329.
1047:
1045:, p. ESP.
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
934:
932:, p. 448.
922:
920:, p. 164.
907:
905:, p. 447.
895:
883:
881:, p. 163.
868:
866:, p. 161.
856:
854:, p. 260.
844:
832:
830:, p. 138.
820:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
748:
746:, p. 2,7.
736:
734:, p. 172.
721:
709:
697:
685:
665:
663:
660:
651:Main article:
636:
633:
627:of 1.73-1.76.
593:
590:
546:Ottoman Empire
541:
538:
479:
476:
428:
425:
419:
416:
414:
411:
397:
394:
339:
336:
310:. At the 1851
302:
299:
292:, the British
271:breech loading
259:crucible steel
251:
248:
216:
213:
211:
208:
187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
167:
166:
163:
157:
156:
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
142:57,500 kg
140:
136:
135:
134:Specifications
131:
130:
127:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
78:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
56:
55:
50:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1524:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:"Deutschland"
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:"Dardanellen"
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1209:
1208:Baedeker 1889
1204:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 48.
1095:
1094:Krupp AG 1875
1090:
1084:, p. 95.
1083:
1082:Baedeker 1889
1078:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
997:, p. 27.
996:
991:
984:
979:
972:
967:
960:
955:
948:
943:
941:
939:
931:
926:
919:
918:Baedeker 1889
914:
912:
904:
899:
892:
887:
880:
879:Baedeker 1889
875:
873:
865:
864:Baedeker 1889
860:
853:
848:
842:, p. 49.
841:
840:Krupp AG 1875
836:
829:
828:Baedeker 1889
824:
818:, p. 79.
817:
816:Baedeker 1889
812:
806:, p. 51.
805:
804:Baedeker 1889
800:
793:
792:Baedeker 1889
788:
782:, p. 33.
781:
780:Baedeker 1889
776:
769:
768:Krupp AG 1875
764:
758:, p. 76.
757:
752:
745:
744:Krupp AG 1875
740:
733:
728:
726:
719:, p. 92.
718:
713:
707:, p. 89.
706:
701:
695:, p. 88.
694:
689:
683:, p. 99.
682:
677:
675:
673:
671:
666:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
632:
628:
626:
622:
621:driving bands
617:
615:
609:
605:
598:
589:
587:
583:
578:
576:
570:
568:
562:
560:
556:
551:
547:
537:
533:
531:
530:Isle of Wight
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
463:
460:
455:
450:
448:
443:
433:
424:
410:
407:
403:
402:Royal Arsenal
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
379:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:28 cm RK L/22
344:
335:
333:
327:
325:
321:
316:
313:
309:
308:World's fairs
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
247:
245:
244:28 cm RK L/22
241:
240:built-up guns
236:
234:
230:
221:
207:
205:
201:
198:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
90:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1469:
1465:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1364:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1225:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1067:A Court 1888
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
985:, p. 9.
978:
973:, p. 8.
966:
954:
925:
898:
886:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
770:, p. 3.
763:
751:
739:
712:
700:
688:
656:
638:
629:
618:
610:
606:
603:
579:
571:
563:
543:
534:
505:
504:
483:
481:
464:
452:At the 1876
451:
446:
438:
421:
399:
388:
383:
377:
368:
349:
328:
317:
304:
294:muzzleloader
286:24 cm K L/20
279:
277:and others.
253:
237:
226:
200:built-up gun
192:
190:
185:500 m/s
107:Manufacturer
82:
75:Used by
1007:Leslie 1879
995:Curtis 1877
559:Dardanelles
378:Bellerophon
165:355 mm
126: built
1481:Categories
1217:References
1157:Revue 1884
1043:Lloyd 1876
498:) / Ösel (
459:Hauptstück
389:Inflexible
930:Very 1883
903:Very 1883
582:Çanakkale
550:Abdulaziz
518:Rotterdam
488:Kronstadt
478:To Russia
468:trunnions
301:Marketing
267:cast iron
644:and the
614:glycerol
557:and the
555:Bosporus
500:Saaremaa
496:Vilsandi
418:Two guns
115:Produced
97:Designer
1193:O. 1876
1181:O. 1876
1169:O. 1876
681:O. 1876
625:density
567:Tophane
528:on the
413:Service
263:cannons
229:caliber
210:Context
161:Caliber
65:Germany
514:Bilbao
490:(near
171:Breech
147:Length
84:Russia
80:Turkey
1244:XXXII
662:Notes
586:redan
506:Essen
484:Essen
447:Essen
255:Krupp
110:Krupp
101:Krupp
1429:XXVI
516:for
387:HMS
376:HMS
372:teak
191:The
139:Mass
118:1875
41:Type
510:GRT
502:).
124:No.
1483::
1470:IX
1468:.
1464:.
1451:.
1439:.
1427:.
1423:.
1411:.
1399:.
1377:.
1323:.
1311:.
1299:.
1287:.
1254:.
1242:.
1238:.
1200:^
1125:^
1074:^
937:^
910:^
871:^
724:^
669:^
648:.
588:.
532:.
449:.
381:.
1147:.
1135:.
1120:.
1108:.
1033:.
1021:.
961:.
949:.
893:.
129:2
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