2727:: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also are geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books.
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1474:(also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called
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whatever style is employed on a particular film. Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match their styles; synchronizing those of dozens of artists is more difficult.
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2703:: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.
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encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create
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Most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like "loaf" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images
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is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the materials used to create the animation. Computer
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A mix of 2D and 3D animation elements that emphasize the illusion of depth utilizing the pseudo-3D effect. During the 1970s, the term “2.5D” started to gain recognition. But its background comes from anime and manga during the 1920s where theatrical stage productions were popular. Stage adaptations
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Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to
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of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation). It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks
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2D animations are commonly created using tools like Spine, DragonBones, Blender COA Tools, Rive, and the built-in Unity editor. The primary benefit of this approach is the ability to reuse images, which reduces the amount of graphics stored in RAM. This principle of maximizing resource efficiency
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involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or "skippy" movement animation. Limited animation uses fewer drawings per second, thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economic technique. Pioneered by the artists at the
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Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film. In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays
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Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer-animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable. Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted
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The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and
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animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech
Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films, while Japan became a true
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is the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works like those produced by the
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Uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen
1416:, then handing the film over to the animators only after the production team is satisfied that all the scenes make sense as a whole. While live-action films are now also storyboarded, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation).
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The clarity of animation makes it a powerful tool for instruction, while its total malleability also allows exaggeration that can be employed to convey strong emotions and to thwart reality. It has therefore been widely used for other purposes than mere entertainment.
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for the animator to manipulate. A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an
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that would last until the 1960s. The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts. Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including
1161:, including Warner Bros. and Disney, lent their talents and their cartoon characters to convey to the public certain war values. Some countries, including China, Japan and the United Kingdom, produced their first feature-length animation for their war efforts.
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Animation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries. Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching
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Involves the use of live humans as stop-motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects. Examples of pixilation include
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Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and other printed media. Songs and music have appeared on records and as streaming media.
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Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including
1498:' work has remained essentially the same over the past 90 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" (a play on the words "traditional" and "digital") to describe cel animation that uses significant computer technology.
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The word "animation" stems from the Latin "animātiōn", stem of "animātiō", meaning "a bestowing of life". The earlier meaning of the
English word is "liveliness" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of "moving image medium".
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for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is different from an
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creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where
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This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before the animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw
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TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and
European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as
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animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department. Speaking about using this approach in
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eventually broke through in the 1890s, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment. It took years before animation found its way to the cinemas. The successful short
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traditionally used to draw each part of the movements and changes of figures on transparent cels that could be moved over a separate background, computer animation is usually based on programming paths between
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is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames.
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Animation has been very popular in television commercials, both due to its graphic appeal, and the humour it can provide. Some animated characters in commercials have survived for decades, such as
327:, but the exact neurological causes are still uncertain. The illusion of motion caused by a rapid succession of images that minimally differ from each other, with unnoticeable interruptions, is a
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In 2010, the animation market was estimated to be worth circa US$ 80 billion. By 2021, the value had increased to an estimated US$ 370 billion. Animated feature-length films returned the highest
2566:-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology called Autonomatronics.
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1478:, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a
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software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop-motion animation is usually less expensive but more time-consuming to produce than current computer animation.
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or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of
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989:. Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series.
5855:. Unique and personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for all reading levels. Williamstown, MA: Digital Fauxtography.
305:, or the adventures of human protagonists. Especially with animals that form a natural predator/prey relationship (e.g. cats and mice, coyotes and birds), the action often centers on
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Apart from their success in movie theaters and television series, many cartoon characters would also prove lucrative when licensed for all kinds of merchandise and for other media.
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Long before modern animation began, audiences around the world were captivated by the magic of moving characters. For centuries, master artists and craftsmen have brought puppets,
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to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. On traditionally animated projects,
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Typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an
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methods and much more formulaic scripts. Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series, the first cartoon of
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is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include
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actual output relative to total global animation output, has always been very small; the studio has overwhelmingly dominated the "aesthetic norms" of animation ever since.
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was gradually developed since the 1940s. 3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller
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As with any other form of media, animation has instituted awards for excellence in the field. Many are part of general or regional film award programs, like the China's
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appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.
1627:(Spain, 2007). Fully animated films are often animated on "twos", sometimes on "ones", which means that 12 to 24 drawings are required for a single second of film.
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While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring
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shows—can also be considered animation. The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in
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in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in
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produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera,
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effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of
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1872:, are puppet-animated films that typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than manipulating one existing puppet.
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2319:, John Kahrs said that "Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm."
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is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live-action actors into animated shots. One of the earlier uses was in
937:(1955) failed at the box office. For decades afterward, Disney would be the only American studio to regularly produce animated features, until
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262:, while 2D computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster
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Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and
895:, still one of the highest-grossing traditional animation features as of May 2020. The Fleischer studios followed this example in 1939 with
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is used to mimic traditional animation using computer software. The shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include
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means that by reusing existing elements, you can enhance the visual appeal of animations without needing to create additional graphics.
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opened in 1955 and features many attractions that were based on Disney's cartoon characters. Its enormous success spawned several other
1015:(1981–1989). The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker
2442:– Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds. The term originated from the software introduction in the 1980s
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or other similar brick toys to make an animation. These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites,
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The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, became the dominant technique following the success of Pixar's
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is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include
2042:(US, 1997) and the music video Live for the moment, from Verona Riots band (produced by Alberto Serrano and Nívola Uyá, Spain 2014).
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that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices. This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with
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piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light
1203:), original animated characters also commonly appear in comic books and magazines. Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for
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of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films. It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more
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1436:(while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s.
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name). It uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an
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6561:, a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them) (archived 1 October 2009).
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200:) to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the
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in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands.
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A type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth. Examples include
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is the best known and most extreme example. Since first being licensed for a children's writing tablet in 1929, their
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3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The 3D model maker usually starts by creating a 3D
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A variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes. Examples include
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2683:: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example,
2635:: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens.
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1352:(2010) also received Best Picture nominations, after the academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten.
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By now, it has grossed about $ 330 million worldwide – so it remains one of the most popular films ever made.
3034:(2014 print-on-demand ed., based on 2007 revised ed.). New Barnet: John Libbey Publishing. pp. 107–132.
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The
Animation Book: A Complete Guide to Animated Filmmaking – from Flip-books to Sound Cartoons to 3-D Animation
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1195:. While many comic book characters found their way to the screen (which is often the case in Japan, where many
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with some success. Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features
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inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints. Examples include
626:, who debuted in 1919, became the first fully realized animal character in the history of American animation.
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1207:(an interactive form of animation that became its own medium) have been derived from films and vice versa.
397:, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in
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1525:(British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films produced with the aid of computer technology include
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was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera. It was produced using the
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Stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting,
1917:, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include
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The creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of
1320:(since 2002), animated movies have been nominated and rewarded in other categories, relatively often for
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889:
premiered their first animated feature (using the
Rotoscope technique invented by Max Fleischer in 1915)
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on standard cinematographic film. Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by
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between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion. The technique was invented by
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were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.
837:) patented in 1916 for the realization of his films, including the world's first animated feature film
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creates the illusion of motion using 1,200 fountains with high-definition projections on mist screens.
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The use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items.
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and interpolated rotoscoping. 2D animation has many applications, including After
Effects Animation,
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While very many animation companies commercially exploit their creations outside moving image media,
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effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional
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The illusion of animation—as in motion pictures in general—has traditionally been attributed to the
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between 2004 and 2013. Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the early 2020s.
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500:, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene
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The
Development of an Instrument to Measure the Degree of Animation Predisposition of Agent Users
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2036:(1992), the pilot episode of the adult television sitcom series (and sometimes in episodes) of
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The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics—for instance, moving images in
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when Koko was drawn over live-action footage. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created a series of
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Walt Disney, the Art of
Animation: The Story of the Disney Studio Contribution to a New Art
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mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the
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1765:(1923–1927), in which a live-action girl enters an animated world. Other examples include
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3773:"The Cine-Files » New Screen Order: How Video Games are Changing Cinema Interiority"
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3413:"Sergio Pablos Talks About His Stunning Hand-Drawn Project 'Klaus' [Exclusive]"
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2270:. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques,
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from the theme parks have relatively often been higher than those from their movies.
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in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.
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Secrets of Oscar-winning
Animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations
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1944:
1278:(since 1981). Awards programs dedicated to animation, with many categories, include
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2014:
1997:
1651:, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in
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947:
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512:) introduced the principle of modern animation, which would also be applied in the
370:
are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate
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6502:
6462:"35 Years After Star Wars, Effects Whiz Phil Tippett Is Slowly Crafting a Mad God"
3772:
2760:
of well-liked anime series featured live performances by voice actors called 2.5D.
1395:
The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the
860:), which became a critical and commercial success. It was followed by Cristiani's
340:
to maneuver digitally created figures throughout a digitally created environment.
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Animation from
Pencils to Pixels: Classical Techniques for the Digital Animator
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Brick Flicks: A Comprehensive Guide to Making Your Own Stop-Motion LEGO Movies
3440:
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3057:
3029:
1388:, with certain unique aspects. Traits common to both live-action and animated
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powerhouse of animation production, with its own recognizable and influential
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5998:
Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation
5996:
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2003:
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such as falls, collisions, and explosions that would be lethal in real life.
227:, although the two do not exist in isolation. Many moviemakers have produced
171:
9645:
5436:
Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime & CGI
5142:
3357:"Disney and Pixar's Top 5 Most Innovative Animation Technologies, Explained"
2914:"How Modern Animation Originated from Live and Stage Performances - studio9"
2787:
2132:(1980). Another example is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from the 1981 film
852:
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2643:: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on
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process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century.
588:
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to life, inspiring the imagination through physically manipulated wonders.
429:
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232:
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6006:
5810:
Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide
4793:"Spine Animation Optimization: Save Your Nerves and Time by Avoiding Bugs"
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217:
196:, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets (
71: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3226:
2584:
is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series
1494:. The "look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the
1226:, as have many other Disney characters. This may have influenced some
10222:
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6445:"6 Major Innovations That Sprung from the Heads of Disney Imagineers"
6037:
3546:"Disney's Paperman animated short fuses CG and hand-drawn techniques"
2723:
2668:
2443:
2438:
2374:
2309:
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2200:
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2105:
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1051:
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355:
337:
302:
8884:
2667:: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying
2110:
A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create
1157:
During World War II, animation was widely exploited for propaganda.
1116:
in the late 1980s, in a style similar to traditional cel animation.
46:
10108:
9770:
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9451:
9441:
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7768:
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6345:"Stone-Age Animation in a Digital World: William Kentridge at MoMA"
2688:
2679:
2554:
2412:
2315:
2274:
1672:
1429:
1180:" commercials in 1966, which were very successful for the company.
1041:
607:
513:
351:
332:
174:
animation above consists of these six frames repeated indefinitely.
164:
829:
showing the cut and articulated figure of his satirical character
10431:
10113:
10056:
9074:
4504:
4162:
3617:"How Spain's animation sector became a force to be reckoned with"
3474:"Exclusive Interview: John Kahrs & Kristina Reed on PAPERMAN"
3445:
2772:
2652:
2400:
2172:
1927:
1883:
688:
The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the
475:
290:
4099:
3877:
3559:
3322:
2603:
was thought to have invented the Magic Lantern in the mid-1600s.
10386:
9583:
9508:
9160:
9096:
9069:
8732:
8545:
8399:
7430:
7405:
7311:
5654:
The Film Industry in Argentina: An Illustrated Cultural History
3700:"What Are Disney's 12 Principles of Animation? (With Examples)"
1706:(US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in
1033:(since 1999) as part of a "renaissance" of American animation.
941:
became the first to also release more than a handful features.
782:
762:
681:'s studio at the forefront of the animation industry. Although
425:
275:
7885:
6225:"NY Film Critics Didn't like a Single Animated Film This Year"
5213:
5211:
4749:
4655:
4653:
150:
10071:
9204:
9182:
9175:
8975:
7685:
6711:
6564:
5870:
Needham, Joseph (1962). "Science and Civilization in China".
5296:"What is 2.5D? The Look Dominating Animation and Video Games"
5073:
4953:
2802:
2712:
1920:
1664:
1200:
1196:
1109:
1058:
Wickie und die starken Männer/小さなバイキング ビッケ (Vicky the Viking)
1045:
969:
698:
367:
185:
6197:
Audiovisions: Cinema and Television as Entr'actes in History
4713:
4432:
4294:
4053:
4051:
3305:"The Arrival of Computer Animation: The Rescuers Down Under"
1878:
1455:
9123:
7916:
7263:
5938:
Pilling, Jayne (1997). Society of Animation Studies (ed.).
5419:. pp. 58, 86, 143, 151, 176, 201, 226, 243, 292, 304.
5208:
4650:
4444:
4396:
4374:
4372:
4330:
4318:
4270:
4063:
3985:
3823:
3438:
3252:"What was the first movie to feature a CGI lead character?"
2754:
2695:
for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster.
2384:. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.
2168:
1400:
1304:
List of animated feature films nominated for Academy Awards
1183:
1125:(1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style.
945:
began to regularly produce animated features starting with
579:(1908), regarded as the oldest known example of a complete
525:
4873:
4576:
4492:
4480:
4246:
4222:
2545:
to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic.
156:
2D computer animation moving at 10 frames per second (FPS)
7748:
6501:
5829:
Learning with Animation. Research implications for design
5235:
5196:
4761:
4516:
4359:
4357:
4210:
4152:
4150:
4048:
4026:
4024:
3798:
Disneyana Fan Club | Preserving the Legacy of Walt Disney
1609:
are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works,
1501:
Examples of traditionally animated feature films include
1475:
1459:
An example of traditional animation, a horse animated by
1191:
Animation has traditionally been very closely related to
993:
was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as
197:
6135:
Industrial Light & Magic: The Art of Special Effects
5223:
4998:
4986:
4837:
4815:
4813:
4725:
4588:
4468:
4369:
4258:
4234:
4174:
4123:
4111:
4087:
3949:
3913:
3214:
1987 release – $ 46,594,212; 1993 release – $ 41,634,471
1148:
913:(both 1940), Fleischer Studios' second animated feature
5172:
5085:
4974:
4911:
4689:
4600:
4552:
4186:
3081:
Hollywood Cartoons American Animation in Its Golden Age
2262:
figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D
1854:
and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series
6323:. Olympia, WA: Evergreen State College. Archived from
5632:
Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940
4957:
Foundations of Physically Based Modeling and Animation
4923:
4701:
4677:
4564:
4384:
4354:
4306:
4282:
4147:
4036:
4021:
3973:
3925:
3270:
3097:
220:, has continued to exist alongside these other forms.
6296:. Board of Investments. November 2009. Archived from
5290:
5288:
5247:
4935:
4861:
4810:
4737:
4420:
4342:
4198:
3961:
3674:"Artists wanted — in VFX, animation, gaming and more"
270:
technique to two- and three-dimensional objects like
6285:
5723:
A Century of Model Animation: From Méliès to Aardman
5160:
5123:
4954:
Donald H. House; John C. Keyser (30 November 2016).
4849:
4825:
4665:
4528:
4135:
3997:
3937:
3648:"The millennial daring to change animation industry"
3596:
3565:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2768:
610:" became an industry in the US. Successful producer
591:
with detailed hand-drawn animation in films such as
7828:
List of animated television series by episode count
6365:"How'd They Do That?: Stop-Motion Secrets Revealed"
5184:
5010:
4612:
4540:
4456:
4075:
2557:animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by
677:, popularized film-with-synchronized-sound and put
374:. For display on computers, technology such as the
6271:"The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator"
6034:Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation
5629:
5606:
5482:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
5475:
5285:
4408:
4009:
3501:"'Paperman' short to play before 'Wreck it Ralph'"
1966:Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit
5713:
4773:
4534:
4522:
4510:
3348:
2875:
2599:used mechanical slides to project moving images.
289:is an animated film, usually short, featuring an
10472:
1671:, and other TV animation studios) and later the
1076:
239:3D animations into their film rather than using
7823:List of animated films by box office admissions
5900:Computer Animation: Algorithms & Techniques
5827:Lowe, Richard; Schnotz, Wolfgang, eds. (2008).
5478:Cartoons: One Hundred Years of Cinema Animation
5053:
3524:"Inside Disney's New Animated Short 'Paperman'"
3439:Netflix: Behind the Streams (10 October 2019).
3018:
2900:"The definition of animation on dictionary.com"
2255:A 2D animation of two circles joined by a chain
2167:A subgenre of object animation involving using
1392:are labor intensity and high production costs.
1238:has many avid collectors, and even a dedicated
6104:
5694:
5030:"About Magic Lanterns | Magic Lantern Society"
4105:
3296:
2129:Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back
606:During the 1910s, the production of animated "
30:"Animate" redirects here. For other uses, see
7901:
6647:
5852:CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference
5758:
5265:
4300:
4276:
882:in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature.
587:with his puppet animations since 1910 and by
486:Prof. Stampfers Stroboscopische Scheibe No. X
6057:Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation
5627:
5354:Anderson, Joseph and Barbara (Spring 1993).
5079:
4893:"Cel Shading: the Unsung Hero of Animation?"
3200:"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs – Releases"
6459:
6442:
6420:"A Rather Incomplete But Still Fascinating"
5874:. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press.
5826:
5360:The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited
4992:
4879:
4755:
4558:
3748:"The Raid Bugs: Characters We Love To Hate"
2711:: sand is moved around on a back- or front-
7908:
7894:
6654:
6640:
6509:. Adam Mickiewicz Institute. 16 April 2012
6417:
5902:. Ohio State University: Morgan Kaufmann.
5650:
5566:Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898–1928
5104:Staff, Animation Obsessive (19 May 2023).
3197:1987 and 1993 grosses from North America:
3191:
3162:
2175:and the availability of cheap cameras and
1336:was the first animated film nominated for
1224:depicted on an enormous amount of products
1055:(The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977),
424:. Electronic automata were popularized by
6262:"A Little More About Disney's "Paperman""
6194:
5975:
5783:
5515:
5452:
5438:. Fulhamm London: Flame Tree Publishing.
5321:"What is 2.5-Dimensional (2.5D) Culture?"
5241:
5217:
4659:
4594:
4582:
4486:
4450:
4438:
4402:
4378:
4336:
4324:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4192:
4168:
4117:
4093:
4069:
3991:
3955:
3919:
3901:"Academy Expands Best-Picture Pool to 10"
3579:"Global animation market value 2020-2030"
3498:
3471:
3168:Total prior to 50th anniversary reissue:
2446:, as well as the 1990s recordings of the
1168:in advertisements for Kellogg's cereals.
266:. Other common animation methods apply a
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
6396:
6268:
6170:
5831:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5769:]. University Press of Mississippi.
5568:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5473:
5353:
4057:
4030:
3853:European Animation Awards | Emile Awards
3602:
3380:
3103:
2611:
2344:
2250:
1877:
1454:
1359:
1184:Other media, merchandise and theme parks
820:
628:
535:
491:
480:
455:
6554:The making of an 8-minute cartoon short
6342:
6054:
5994:
5937:
5878:
5869:
5675:
5582:
5563:
5374:
5229:
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3979:
3967:
3931:
3614:
3354:
3169:
3078:
3028:(2007). "Classical-era Disney Studio".
3024:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2828:International Animated Film Association
2431:The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
1739:
1009:(since 1969) and Belgian co-production
919:(1941–1942) and Disney's feature films
14:
10473:
6362:
6115:Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
6073:
5978:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Cinemas
5956:
5897:
5845:
5807:
5739:
5697:The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book
5604:
5496:
5016:
5004:
4941:
4929:
4867:
4843:
4819:
4767:
4731:
4707:
4683:
4618:
4264:
4003:
3898:
3745:
3671:
3511:from the original on 24 December 2023.
3148:Australian Centre for the Moving Image
3143:"The Lasting Legacy of Lotte Reiniger"
2886:
1868:Created using techniques developed by
1601:) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the
816:
652:
7889:
6635:
6382:"Gender in Media: Females Don't Rule"
6379:
6315:
6242:"Oldest Animation Discovered in Iran"
6222:
6156:. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.
6151:
6132:
6001:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
5657:. North Carolina: McFarland. p.
5539:
5397:from the original on 19 October 2013.
5253:
5190:
5103:
4743:
4624:
4570:
4546:
4141:
4129:
4081:
3943:
3645:
3521:
3472:Bernstein, Abbie (25 February 2013).
3453:from the original on 22 November 2021
3410:
3140:
2994:"The Cat With the Killer Personality"
2237:images that seem real to the viewer.
1149:Education, propaganda and commercials
869:After working on it for three years,
7796:Films with live action and animation
6661:
6571:
6479:
6259:
6239:
6031:
5995:Sammond, Nicholas (27 August 2015).
5976:Rojas, Carlos; Chow, Eileen (2013).
5916:
5759:Lawson, Tim; Persons, Alisa (2004).
5695:Godfrey, Bob; Jackson, Anna (1974).
5636:. London: Laurence King Publishing.
5433:
5410:
4917:
4855:
4831:
4779:
4719:
4606:
4462:
4426:
4414:
4348:
4015:
3627:from the original on 24 January 2024
3381:Zorthian, Julia (19 November 2015).
3302:
3172:"'Snow White' At 50: Undimmed Magic"
2991:
2853:Twelve basic principles of animation
1746:Films with live action and animation
1718:(US, 2006). Some other examples are
1106:Computer Animation Production System
846:In 1917, Italian-Argentine director
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
6480:Zohn, Patricia (28 February 2010).
6460:Watercutter, Angela (24 May 2012).
6363:Kenyon, Heather (1 February 1998).
6318:"Experimental Animation Techniques"
5767:A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors
5678:Art in Motion: Animation Aesthetics
5628:Faber, Liz; Walters, Helen (2004).
5346:
3697:
3499:Breznican, Anthony (28 June 2012).
3355:Allison, Austin (23 January 2022).
2671:on sheets of glass, for example by
2425:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
2322:When working with game animations,
1412:develop every single scene through
1023:(1987), which later developed into
873:released the German feature-length
850:made the first feature-length film
293:. The style takes inspiration from
250:
184:is a filmmaking technique by which
24:
10248:List of American independent films
6443:O'Keefe, Matt (11 November 2014).
6399:"Hollywood Is Giving Up on Comedy"
5525:(Revised ed.). Abrams Books.
5501:. New York and London: Routledge.
5417:State University of New York Press
4895:. Animator Mag. 17 December 2011.
3876:. 18 November 2014. Archived from
3804:from the original on 26 April 2023
3330:"First fully digital feature film"
3278:"First fully digital feature film"
3184:from the original on 4 June 2014.
3006:from the original on 11 April 2014
2833:International Tournée of Animation
2195:The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb
1132:
771:Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner
581:traditional (hand-drawn) animation
229:films that are a hybrid of the two
27:Method of creating moving pictures
25:
10502:
6888:Modern TV cable and streaming era
6523:
6503:"Władysław Starewicz – Biography"
6343:Carbone, Ken (24 February 2010).
6215:
5744:. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.
5413:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art
5266:Digitalnomads (24 October 2023).
4899:from the original on 5 March 2016
3141:Lewis, Maria (15 December 2020).
2939:"Winsor McCay: American Animator"
1297:
233:approximates photographic imagery
10454:
10445:
10444:
7864:
7855:
7854:
6614:
6597:
6580:
5959:The Art of Stop-Motion Animation
5793:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
5313:
5259:
5135:
5097:
5047:
5022:
4947:
4885:
4785:
3899:Cieply, Michael (24 June 2009).
3746:Taylor, Heather (10 June 2019).
3672:Conner, Shawn (21 August 2022).
3284:. Guinness World Records Limited
2771:
2305:file of which part is animated.
879:Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed
690:golden age of American animation
659:Golden Age of American animation
163:
149:
45:
7915:
6269:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1996).
6223:Amidi, Amid (2 December 2011).
6059:. New York: Random House, Inc.
5872:Physics and Physical Technology
5609:The Faber Book of French Cinema
5474:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (1994).
4634:. Ampsvideo.com. Archived from
3892:
3866:
3841:
3816:
3786:
3765:
3739:
3717:
3691:
3665:
3646:Maina, Margaret (17 May 2023).
3639:
3615:Mayorga, Emilio (19 May 2023).
3608:
3571:
3538:
3515:
3492:
3465:
3432:
3404:
3374:
3303:Ness, Mari (17 December 2015).
3244:
3219:
3134:
3109:
3072:
2992:Cart, Michael (31 March 1991).
2053:The Adventures of Prince Achmed
2018:(France/Czechoslovakia, 1973);
1228:pejorative use of Mickey's name
892:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
56:needs additional citations for
6397:McDuling, John (3 July 2014).
6199:. Amsterdam University Press.
6137:. New York: Ballantine Books.
5961:. Thompson Course Technology.
5522:Winsor McCay: His Life and Art
3170:Culhane, John (12 July 1987).
3031:Art in Motion, Revised Edition
2985:
2931:
2906:
2892:
1882:A clay animation scene from a
1835:The Nightmare Before Christmas
1798:
1682:
1561:(Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).
1444:
1250:Disney theme parks and resorts
1172:was the producer of the first
1061:(Austria/Germany/Japan 1974),
13:
1:
7818:Most expensive animated films
7473:Direct manipulation animation
7124:Barrier-grid and stereography
6195:Zielinski, Siegfried (1999).
5940:A Reader in Animation Studies
5377:"Computers in Human Behavior"
4535:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008
4523:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008
4511:Harryhausen & Dalton 2008
2864:
2848:Society for Animation Studies
2530:
1649:United Productions of America
1603:Warner Bros. animation studio
1439:
1355:
1234:sell well, and the so-called
1083:History of computer animation
1077:Switch from cels to computers
1044:over cel animation. Japanese
979:
825:Italian-Argentine cartoonist
531:
223:Animation is contrasted with
7364:Non-photorealistic rendering
6405:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
6240:Ball, Ryan (12 March 2008).
5942:. Indiana University Press.
5680:. Indiana University Press.
5106:"'The Cow': Paint in Motion"
2869:
2116:Industrial Light & Magic
2009:Monty Python's Flying Circus
1978:The Adventures of Mark Twain
739:Warner Bros. Cartoon Studios
435:
7:
6996:International Animation Day
6260:Beck, Jerry (2 July 2012).
6177:The Animator's Survival Kit
5980:. Oxford University Press.
5762:The Magic Behind the Voices
5588:Animation: Script to Screen
5375:Serenko, Alexander (2007).
5356:"Journal of Film and Video"
5034:www.magiclanternsociety.org
3480:. Midnight Productions, Inc
3411:Amidi, Amid (1 June 2015).
3083:. Oxford University Press.
2838:List of film-related topics
2823:International Animation Day
2764:
2623:Disney California Adventure
2222:
2032:the first cutout animation
2006:'s animated sequences from
1696:is a technique patented by
10:
10507:
10139:Classical Hollywood cinema
9328:Commedia sexy all'italiana
8236:Exploitation film template
8180:Commedia sexy all'italiana
7466:Linear Animation Generator
7369:Physically based animation
6380:Nagel, Jan (21 May 2008).
5651:Finkielman, Jorge (2004).
5456:Animation: The Whole Story
5453:Beckerman, Howard (2003).
5341:
4106:Thomas & Johnston 1981
3824:"51st Annual Annie Awards"
3522:Sarto, Dan (1 June 2012).
2571:Linear Animation Generator
2519:Physically based animation
2334:
2244:
2226:
1963:(UK, 1984). Films include
1802:
1743:
1686:
1634:
1630:
1552:The Triplets of Belleville
1482:onto motion picture film.
1448:
1301:
1263:
1080:
656:
516:(introduced in 1866), the
508:disc (better known as the
462:Early history of animation
459:
448:
444:
210:computer-generated imagery
188:are manipulated to create
36:Animation (disambiguation)
29:
10491:Film and video technology
10440:
10043:
9961:
9706:German underground horror
9661:Documentary Film Movement
9569:American eccentric cinema
9554:
8800:
7926:
7850:
7719:
7648:
7521:
7446:
7396:
7302:
7254:
7235:
7157:
7114:
7107:
7055:Children's animated films
7004:
6902:
6785:
6677:
6670:
6544:Resources in your library
6384:. Animation World Network
6367:. Animation World Network
6273:. Animation World Network
6133:Smith, Thomas G. (1986).
6055:Solomon, Charles (1989).
5883:. John Wiley & Sons.
5879:Neupert, Richard (2011).
5676:Furniss, Maureen (1998).
5366:(1): 3–13. Archived from
5325:Google Arts & Culture
5268:"What is 2.5D animation?"
5056:"Hydrotechnics animation"
4301:Lawson & Persons 2004
4277:Lawson & Persons 2004
3566:Board of Investments 2009
3526:. Animation World Network
3079:Barrier, Michael (2003).
2283:analog computer animation
1943:shorts (UK, as of 1989),
1850:(US, 2009), the films of
1259:
1067:(Japan/Germany 1975) and
991:Hanna-Barbera Productions
987:Saturday-morning cartoons
787:Universal Cartoon Studios
735:Casper the Friendly Ghost
711:Paramount Cartoon Studios
6964:Animation film festivals
6418:McLaughlin, Dan (2001).
5881:French Animation History
5812:. Tiger Mountain Press.
5605:Drazin, Charles (2011).
5564:Crafton, Donald (1993).
5497:Buchan, Suzanne (2013).
5403:
5080:Faber & Walters 2004
4171:, pp. 35–36, 52–53.
3698:Lee, Tina (2 May 2019).
2664:Paint-on-glass animation
2607:
2559:Walt Disney Imagineering
2511:How to Train Your Dragon
2485:The Adventures of Tintin
2387:
2359:Caminandes | Llama Drama
2092:(1963), and the work of
1937:shorts (UK, 1977–2000),
1663:(UK, 1968), and certain
1607:Disney animated features
1513:(United Kingdom, 1954),
1314:Best Animated Short Film
1266:List of animation awards
1232:licensed Disney products
569:and reportedly inspired
291:exaggerated visual style
235:, filmmakers can easily
32:Animate (disambiguation)
9641:Cinema of Transgression
8775:Cinema of Transgression
7786:Twelve basic principles
7706:Instructional animation
6316:Brown, Margery (2003).
5957:Priebe, Ken A. (2006).
4880:Lowe & Schnotz 2008
4756:Lowe & Schnotz 2008
4722:, pp. 32, 70, 132.
3704:Academy of Animated Art
2808:Architectural animation
2640:Drawn-on-film animation
2089:Jason and the Argonauts
1905:, which, however, is a
1774:Who Framed Roger Rabbit
1564:
1507:(United States, 1940),
1216:The Walt Disney Company
1114:The Walt Disney Company
1101:The Rescuers Down Under
999:(1960–1966) (the first
695:Walt Disney Productions
299:anthropomorphic animals
9861:The Prague film school
9726:Hollywood on the Tiber
7384:Virtual cinematography
6981:Highest-grossing films
6883:Early TV broadcast era
6482:"Coloring the Kingdom"
6426:. UCLA. Archived from
5808:Ledoux, Trish (1997).
5740:Herman, Sarah (2014).
5590:. St. Martin's Press.
3441:"The Origins of Klaus"
3387:Changed Movie History"
3334:Guinness World Records
3282:Guinness World Records
3040:10.2307/j.ctt2005zgm.9
2626:
2361:
2256:
1950:Dimensions of Dialogue
1887:
1468:
1467:'s 19th-century photos
1381:
1112:in collaboration with
943:Sullivan-Bluth Studios
843:
649:
549:
501:
489:
231:. As CGI increasingly
204:. Many animations are
202:entertainment industry
9716:Grupo Cine Liberación
9656:Czechoslovak New Wave
9651:Commedia all'italiana
7998:Commedia all'italiana
7701:Independent animation
7691:Educational animation
6080:. Simon and Schuster.
6007:10.1515/9780822375784
5917:Paul, Joshua (2005).
5898:Parent, Rick (2007).
5613:. Faber & Faber.
5300:www.vfxapprentice.com
5054:support@baianat.com.
2843:Motion graphic design
2818:Independent animation
2615:
2357:
2330:
2254:
2240:
2063:Princes et Princesses
1886:television commercial
1881:
1752:Live-action/animation
1703:The Lord of the Rings
1490:and newer media with
1472:Traditional animation
1458:
1451:Traditional animation
1405:principal photography
1377:
1318:Best Animated Feature
1166:Snap, Crackle and Pop
1159:Many American studios
1108:(CAPS), developed by
1030:SpongeBob SquarePants
824:
640:
539:
495:
484:
456:Before cinematography
317:persistence of vision
258:can be very detailed
214:Stop motion animation
194:traditional animation
18:3D computer animation
10243:Guerrilla filmmaking
9906:Kitchen sink realism
9791:New French Extremity
9701:German Expressionist
9609:Kitchen sink realism
9474:Contemporary Western
9254:Environmental issues
8785:New French Extremity
8743:New French Extremity
8568:Softcore pornography
8563:Hardcore pornography
8430:New French Extremity
7681:Animated documentary
7513:Whiteboard animation
7406:Traditional puppetry
7050:Adult animated films
6959:Biologist simulators
6922:Animation department
6447:. Theme Park Tourist
6152:White, Tony (2006).
6074:Thomas, Bob (1958).
5699:. BBC Publications.
5434:Beck, Jerry (2004).
5370:on 24 November 2009.
4638:on 24 September 2010
3505:Entertainment Weekly
3256:faroutmagazine.co.uk
3227:"Don Bluth Contents"
2793:Animation department
2524:computer simulations
2448:first-person shooter
2419:Appleseed Ex Machina
2377:to create movement.
2341:3D computer graphics
2291:PowerPoint animation
2247:2D computer graphics
2126:scenes for the film
2086:, as seen in films,
2046:Silhouette animation
1985:Strata-cut animation
1940:Wallace & Gromit
1931:(Italy, 1974–2005),
1860:(US, 2005–present).
1740:Live-action blending
1654:Gerald McBoing-Boing
1586:Beauty and the Beast
1555:(France, 2003), and
1333:Beauty and the Beast
1272:Golden Rooster Award
1141:(around 52%) of all
1073:(Italy/Japan 1989).
916:Mr. Bug Goes to Town
875:silhouette animation
833:(based on President
451:History of animation
264:real-time renderings
65:improve this article
9979:Children and family
9953:Yugoslav Black Wave
9826:Nuevo Cine Mexicano
9711:Nigerian Golden Age
9676:European art cinema
9579:Australian New Wave
7754:Character animation
7534:Character animation
7072:Children's animated
6430:on 19 November 2009
6180:. Faber and Faber.
6118:. Abbeville Press.
5920:Digital Video Hacks
5499:Pervasive Animation
5110:Animation Obsessive
4501:, pp. 170–171.
4441:, pp. 150–151.
4132:, pp. 195–201.
3880:on 18 November 2014
2732:Character animation
2700:Pinscreen animation
2691:erasure films, and
2522:is animation using
1829:The Tale of the Fox
1558:The Secret of Kells
1534:The Prince of Egypt
1519:(Italy, 1998), and
1496:character animators
1326:Best Original Score
972:style of effective
963:techniques. Soviet
928:Alice in Wonderland
887:Walt Disney Studios
817:Features before CGI
653:American golden age
600:Gertie the Dinosaur
329:stroboscopic effect
206:computer animations
10277:Major film studios
9871:Pure Film Movement
9851:Polish Film School
9751:Italian neorealist
9731:Hong Kong New Wave
9333:Mexican sex comedy
8390:German underground
7781:Creature animation
7711:Virtual newscaster
7656:Abstract animation
7488:Ink-wash animation
7478:Humanoid animation
7461:Audio-Animatronics
7025:Lost or unfinished
6949:Animation database
6927:Animation director
6303:on 19 October 2012
6246:Animation Magazine
6032:Sito, Tom (2013).
5923:. O'Reilly Media.
5459:. Allworth Press.
5411:Baer, Eva (1983).
4920:, pp. 207–08.
4770:, pp. 127–28.
4758:, pp. 246–47.
4609:, pp. 357–63.
4453:, pp. 151–54.
4405:, pp. 155–56.
4339:, pp. 162–63.
4327:, pp. 163–64.
4219:, pp. 194–95.
4108:, pp. 277–79.
4072:, pp. 99–100.
3994:, pp. 100–01.
3906:The New York Times
3336:. 27 February 2024
3177:The New York Times
2999:The New York Times
2687:is famous for his
2647:; for example, by
2627:
2601:Christiaan Huygens
2587:Action League Now!
2550:Audio-Animatronics
2499:Computer animation
2362:
2337:Computer animation
2301:in the form of an
2257:
2234:Computer animation
2229:Computer animation
2177:animation software
1888:
1768:Allegro Non Troppo
1612:The Secret of NIMH
1580:The Little Mermaid
1575:Walt Disney studio
1469:
1465:Eadweard Muybridge
1410:storyboard artists
1382:
1322:Best Original Song
1294:awards in Brazil.
1290:in Europe and the
1240:Disneyana Fan Club
1088:Computer animation
1064:Maya the Honey Bee
1003:animated series),
934:Lady and the Tramp
898:Gulliver's Travels
844:
775:MGM cartoon studio
715:Out of the Inkwell
683:Disney Animation's
650:
612:John Randolph Bray
585:Ladislas Starevich
563:J. Stuart Blackton
550:
502:
490:
474:, and fantastical
297:, often featuring
256:Computer animation
10468:
10467:
10407:Socialist realist
10119:Behind-the-scenes
9896:Socialist realist
9891:Spaghetti Western
9881:Romanian New Wave
9756:Japanese New Wave
9422:Sword and sorcery
9338:Nazi exploitation
8920:Mumbai underworld
8676:Planetary romance
7883:
7882:
7644:
7643:
7571:Erasure animation
7392:
7391:
7134:Limited animation
7077:Computer-animated
7015:Computer-animated
6937:Animation studios
6898:
6897:
6530:Library resources
6206:978-90-5356-303-8
6187:978-0-571-20228-7
6172:Williams, Richard
6163:978-0-240-80670-9
6144:978-0-345-32263-0
6125:978-0-89659-233-9
6066:978-0-394-54684-1
6047:978-0-262-01909-5
6036:. Massachusetts:
5987:978-0-19-998844-0
5968:978-1-59863-244-6
5949:978-1-86462-000-9
5930:978-0-596-00946-5
5909:978-0-12-532000-9
5890:978-1-4443-3836-2
5862:978-0-9778710-0-1
5838:978-0-521-85189-3
5819:978-0-9649542-5-0
5800:978-0-517-88602-1
5776:978-1-57806-696-4
5751:978-1-62914-649-2
5732:978-0-8230-9980-1
5706:978-0-563-10829-0
5687:978-1-86462-039-9
5668:978-0-7864-1628-8
5643:978-1-85669-346-2
5620:978-0-571-21849-3
5597:978-0-312-05052-8
5575:978-0-226-11667-9
5532:978-0-8109-5941-5
5508:978-0-415-80723-4
5489:978-0-253-20937-5
5466:978-1-58115-301-9
5445:978-1-84451-140-2
5426:978-0-87395-602-4
5220:, pp. 22–24.
5205:, pp. 30–33.
5007:, pp. 22–23.
4967:978-1-315-35581-8
4846:, pp. 78–80.
4734:, pp. 71–72.
4662:, pp. 75–79.
4585:, pp. 51–57.
4573:, pp. 91–95.
4525:, pp. 222–26
4489:, pp. 59–60.
4477:, pp. 52–54.
4429:, pp. 92–93.
4351:, pp. 18–19.
4267:, p. 24, 29.
4255:, pp. 54–55.
4231:, pp. 25–26.
4183:, pp. 63–65.
4060:, pp. 52–57.
2788:Animated war film
2685:William Kentridge
2680:Erasure animation
2621:hydrotechnics at
2479:A Christmas Carol
2382:water simulations
2355:
2299:still photographs
2154:Graphic animation
2094:Willis H. O'Brien
2012:(UK, 1969–1974);
1925:(US, 1957–1967),
1643:Limited animation
1637:Limited animation
1375:
1316:(since 1932) and
1254:Disney's earnings
1199:are adapted into
1017:limited animation
974:limited animation
863:Sin dejar rastros
848:Quirino Cristiani
827:Quirino Cristiani
767:Sylvester the Cat
707:Fleischer Studios
638:
559:The Haunted Hotel
395:television series
319:and later to the
241:practical effects
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
10498:
10458:
10448:
10447:
10427:Vulgar auteurism
10255:Interstitial art
10233:Hyperlink cinema
9948:Vulgar auteurism
9943:Toronto New Wave
9933:Telefoni Bianchi
9928:Sword-and-sandal
9746:Italian futurist
9741:Iranian New Wave
9604:British New Wave
9417:Sword-and-sandal
9298:Rape and revenge
9239:Mouth of Garbage
9085:Tentacle erotica
9033:Goona-goona epic
9013:Extraterrestrial
8900:Heroic bloodshed
8534:Occult detective
8365:Christmas horror
8217:Sword-and-sandal
7949:Hong Kong action
7944:Heroic bloodshed
7910:
7903:
7896:
7887:
7886:
7868:
7858:
7857:
7838:anime franchises
7813:Cartoon violence
7801:highest grossing
7696:Erotic animation
7671:Animated cartoon
7438:Supermarionation
7411:Digital puppetry
7332:Facial animation
7252:
7251:
7112:
7111:
6985:Opening weekends
6675:
6674:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6291:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6265:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6210:
6191:
6167:
6148:
6129:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6081:
6070:
6051:
6028:
5991:
5972:
5953:
5934:
5913:
5894:
5875:
5866:
5847:Masson, Terrence
5842:
5823:
5804:
5780:
5755:
5736:
5715:Harryhausen, Ray
5710:
5691:
5672:
5647:
5635:
5624:
5612:
5601:
5579:
5560:
5536:
5512:
5493:
5481:
5470:
5449:
5430:
5398:
5396:
5381:
5371:
5347:Journal articles
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5232:, pp. 8–10.
5227:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4559:Watercutter 2012
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4513:, pp. 9–11.
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4367:
4361:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3727:. Rice Krispies®
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3309:Reactor Magazine
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3258:. 7 October 2022
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3212:on 29 May 2014.
3208:. Archived from
3195:
3189:
3188:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3121:www.animafest.hr
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3026:Furniss, Maureen
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2858:Wire-frame model
2781:
2779:Animation portal
2776:
2775:
2673:Aleksandr Petrov
2404:(2007, France),
2356:
2204:shorts, and the
2146:Object animation
2024:(Russia, 1979),
2015:Fantastic Planet
1998:Cutout animation
1832:(France, 1937),
1715:A Scanner Darkly
1660:Yellow Submarine
1647:American studio
1621:(US, 1999), and
1376:
1222:mascot has been
961:cutout animation
948:An American Tail
799:20th Century Fox
791:Woody Woodpecker
666:Steamboat Willie
639:
382:were developed.
251:General overview
225:live-action film
216:, in particular
167:
153:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10499:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10464:
10436:
10377:Semidocumentary
10302:Minimalist film
10292:Message picture
10287:Maximalist film
10181:Database cinema
10164:Computer screen
10124:Black-and-white
10049:
10047:
10045:
10039:
9957:
9913:Soviet parallel
9836:Parallel cinema
9831:Pan-Indian film
9761:Kammerspielfilm
9696:French New Wave
9616:Budapest school
9599:Brighton School
9574:New Objectivity
9556:
9550:
9519:Science fiction
9151:Bruceploitation
9060:Girls with guns
9006:Turksploitation
8880:Gentleman thief
8796:
8631:Science fiction
8477:Minimalist film
8472:Maximalist film
8450:Science fiction
8410:Japanese horror
8207:Social guidance
7922:
7914:
7884:
7879:
7846:
7808:Cartoon physics
7727:Animation music
7715:
7676:Animated sitcom
7666:Adult animation
7640:
7621:Special effects
7517:
7442:
7388:
7298:
7239:
7231:
7153:
7103:
7082:Direct-to-video
7000:
6894:
6781:
6666:
6660:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6592:from Wiktionary
6586:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6572:sister projects
6569:at Knowledge's
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6512:
6510:
6492:
6490:
6470:
6468:
6450:
6448:
6433:
6431:
6408:
6406:
6387:
6385:
6370:
6368:
6353:
6351:
6333:
6331:
6330:on 7 March 2008
6327:
6320:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6289:
6276:
6274:
6264:. Cartoon Brew.
6250:
6248:
6230:
6228:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6188:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6110:Johnston, Ollie
6093:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6067:
6048:
6017:
5988:
5969:
5950:
5931:
5910:
5891:
5863:
5839:
5820:
5801:
5777:
5752:
5733:
5725:. Aurum Press.
5707:
5688:
5669:
5644:
5621:
5598:
5584:Culhane, Shamus
5576:
5557:
5549:. Focal Press.
5533:
5517:Canemaker, John
5509:
5490:
5467:
5446:
5427:
5406:
5401:
5394:
5379:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5302:
5294:
5293:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5228:
5224:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5102:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5082:, p. 1979.
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4541:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3828:annieawards.org
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3231:www.cataroo.com
3225:
3224:
3220:
3205:Box Office Mojo
3198:
3196:
3192:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3077:
3073:
3050:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2945:. 22 July 2023.
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2798:Animated series
2777:
2770:
2767:
2747:Special effects
2610:
2533:
2428:(2002, Japan),
2422:(2007, Japan),
2390:
2345:
2343:
2335:Main articles:
2333:
2287:Flash animation
2268:vector graphics
2264:bitmap graphics
2249:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2084:Ray Harryhausen
2074:Model animation
2066:(France, 2000).
2058:Weimar Republic
1807:
1801:
1789:(US, 1996) and
1771:(Italy, 1976),
1748:
1742:
1736:(Japan, 2013).
1712:(US, 2001) and
1691:
1685:
1639:
1633:
1567:
1549:(Japan, 2001),
1543:(Japan, 1988),
1522:The Illusionist
1516:Lucky and Zorba
1453:
1447:
1442:
1379:Joy & Heron
1360:
1358:
1306:
1300:
1280:ASIFA-Hollywood
1268:
1262:
1186:
1178:Kills Bugs Dead
1151:
1135:
1133:Economic status
1085:
1079:
1070:The Jungle Book
996:The Flintstones
982:
819:
661:
655:
629:
618:, patented the
534:
510:phenakistiscope
464:
458:
453:
447:
438:
407:user interfaces
403:motion graphics
385:In addition to
380:Flash animation
348:phenakistiscope
253:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
168:
159:
158:
157:
154:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10504:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10462:
10452:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10389:
10384:
10379:
10374:
10369:
10364:
10362:Reverse motion
10359:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10312:Modernist film
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10257:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10245:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10174:midnight movie
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10064:
10059:
10053:
10051:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10035:
10030:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10003:
10002:
10001:
9996:
9988:
9987:
9986:
9976:
9971:
9965:
9963:
9962:By demographic
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9909:
9908:
9901:Social realist
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9856:Poliziotteschi
9853:
9848:
9846:Poetic realist
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9801:New generation
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9776:Modernist film
9773:
9768:
9766:L.A. Rebellion
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9631:Cinéma du look
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9612:
9611:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9546:
9544:Zapata Western
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9524:Singing cowboy
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9479:Dacoit Western
9476:
9471:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9398:
9397:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9360:Shoshimin-eiga
9357:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9348:Nunsploitation
9345:
9343:Pornochanchada
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9116:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9018:Food and drink
9015:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8996:Blaxploitation
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8925:Poliziotteschi
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8780:Extreme cinema
8777:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8628:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8565:
8555:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8536:
8521:
8520:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8360:Chinese horror
8357:
8352:
8347:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8305:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8241:
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8239:
8226:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7995:
7990:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7913:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7862:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7737:Mickey Mousing
7734:
7723:
7721:
7720:Related topics
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7611:Straight ahead
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7591:Paint-on-glass
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7531:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7510:
7508:Squigglevision
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7483:Idle animation
7480:
7475:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7452:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7342:Motion capture
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7308:
7306:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7294:Onion skinning
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7218:
7217:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7163:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7151:
7149:Exposure sheet
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7067:Adult animated
7059:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7020:Feature-length
7017:
7008:
7006:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
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6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6906:
6904:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6873:The Golden Age
6870:
6864:United States
6862:
6860:United Kingdom
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6659:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6629:
6628:
6626:from Wikiquote
6611:
6594:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6547:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:External links
6522:
6520:
6519:
6499:
6477:
6457:
6440:
6415:
6394:
6377:
6360:
6340:
6313:
6283:
6266:
6257:
6237:
6227:. Cartoon Brew
6219:
6217:
6216:Online sources
6214:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6192:
6186:
6168:
6162:
6149:
6143:
6130:
6124:
6102:
6071:
6065:
6052:
6046:
6029:
6015:
5992:
5986:
5973:
5967:
5954:
5948:
5935:
5929:
5914:
5908:
5895:
5889:
5876:
5867:
5861:
5843:
5837:
5824:
5818:
5805:
5799:
5785:Laybourne, Kit
5781:
5775:
5756:
5750:
5737:
5731:
5711:
5705:
5692:
5686:
5673:
5667:
5648:
5642:
5625:
5619:
5602:
5596:
5580:
5574:
5561:
5556:978-0240520704
5555:
5541:Cotte, Olivier
5537:
5531:
5513:
5507:
5494:
5488:
5471:
5465:
5450:
5444:
5431:
5425:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5372:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5312:
5284:
5258:
5256:, p. 203.
5246:
5244:, p. xiv.
5242:Laybourne 1998
5234:
5222:
5218:Laybourne 1998
5207:
5195:
5183:
5181:, p. 204.
5171:
5159:
5143:"Piotr Dumała"
5134:
5122:
5096:
5094:, p. 222.
5084:
5072:
5046:
5021:
5009:
4997:
4985:
4983:, p. 249.
4973:
4966:
4946:
4934:
4932:, p. 204.
4922:
4910:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4858:, p. 285.
4848:
4836:
4834:, p. 208.
4824:
4809:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4746:, p. 392.
4736:
4724:
4712:
4710:, p. 165.
4700:
4698:, p. 482.
4688:
4686:, p. 405.
4676:
4664:
4660:Laybourne 1998
4649:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4597:, p. 128.
4595:Laybourne 1998
4587:
4583:Laybourne 1998
4575:
4563:
4551:
4539:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4487:Laybourne 1998
4479:
4467:
4465:, p. 250.
4455:
4451:Laybourne 1998
4443:
4439:Laybourne 1998
4431:
4419:
4407:
4403:Laybourne 1998
4395:
4393:, p. 171.
4383:
4381:, p. 159.
4379:Laybourne 1998
4368:
4366:, p. 299.
4353:
4341:
4337:Laybourne 1998
4329:
4325:Laybourne 1998
4317:
4315:, p. 158.
4305:
4303:, p. xxi.
4293:
4291:, p. 241.
4281:
4269:
4257:
4253:Beckerman 2003
4245:
4243:, p. 142.
4241:Beckerman 2003
4233:
4229:Laybourne 1998
4221:
4209:
4197:
4193:Beckerman 2003
4185:
4173:
4169:Laybourne 1998
4161:
4159:, p. 296.
4146:
4144:, p. 394.
4134:
4122:
4120:, p. 203.
4118:Laybourne 1998
4110:
4098:
4096:, p. 153.
4094:Beckerman 2003
4086:
4074:
4070:Laybourne 1998
4062:
4047:
4045:, p. 146.
4035:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3992:Laybourne 1998
3984:
3982:, p. 120.
3972:
3960:
3958:, p. 339.
3956:Laybourne 1998
3948:
3946:, p. 151.
3936:
3934:, p. 274.
3924:
3922:, p. 117.
3920:Laybourne 1998
3912:
3891:
3865:
3849:"Introduction"
3840:
3815:
3785:
3764:
3738:
3716:
3690:
3664:
3638:
3607:
3595:
3570:
3558:
3537:
3514:
3491:
3464:
3431:
3403:
3373:
3347:
3321:
3295:
3269:
3243:
3218:
3190:
3161:
3133:
3117:"animafest.hr"
3108:
3096:
3089:
3071:
3058:j.ctt2005zgm.9
3048:
3017:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2948:
2930:
2905:
2891:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2708:Sand animation
2704:
2696:
2676:
2660:
2649:Norman McLaren
2636:
2618:World of Color
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2541:is the use of
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2495:
2461:Motion capture
2457:
2435:
2410:(1999, U.S.),
2407:The Iron Giant
2389:
2386:
2332:
2329:
2279:onion skinning
2245:Main article:
2242:
2239:
2227:Main article:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:Norman McLaren
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2124:special effect
2108:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2048:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1955:Czechoslovakia
1945:Jan Švankmajer
1915:Bruce Bickford
1901:(Often called
1899:
1892:Clay animation
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1820:
1803:Main article:
1800:
1797:
1783:(Italy 1991),
1762:Alice Comedies
1757:Koko the Clown
1744:Main article:
1741:
1738:
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1618:The Iron Giant
1605:. Many of the
1570:Full animation
1566:
1563:
1480:rostrum camera
1449:Main article:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1357:
1354:
1310:Academy Awards
1302:Main article:
1299:
1298:Academy Awards
1296:
1276:Best Animation
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1242:(since 1984).
1185:
1182:
1150:
1147:
1134:
1131:
1081:Main article:
1078:
1075:
1027:(in 1989) and
981:
978:
871:Lotte Reiniger
818:
815:
807:United Artists
719:Koko the Clown
657:Main article:
654:
651:
648:, silent, 1919
642:Feline Follies
554:cinematography
533:
530:
472:shadow puppets
460:Main article:
457:
454:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
437:
434:
411:visual effects
321:phi phenomenon
252:
249:
245:visual effects
169:
162:
161:
160:
155:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10503:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10451:
10443:
10442:
10439:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10357:Postmodernist
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10347:Participatory
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10317:Musical short
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10266:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10228:Found footage
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10194:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10134:Cinéma vérité
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10050:or production
10042:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9981:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9960:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9866:Prussian film
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9811:New Nollywood
9809:
9807:
9806:New Hollywood
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9626:Cannibal boom
9624:
9622:
9621:Calligrafismo
9619:
9617:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9606:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9589:Berlin School
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9553:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9539:Weird Western
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9370:Slice of life
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9323:Bavarian porn
9321:
9320:
9319:
9318:Sexploitation
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9276:Partisan film
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9244:Muslim social
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9226:
9225:Zombie comedy
9223:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9200:Giant monster
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9007:
9004:
9002:
9001:Mexploitation
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8855:Coming-of-age
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8770:Transgressive
8768:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8753:Psychological
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8703:Slice of life
8701:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:Psychological
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8415:Korean horror
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8385:Found footage
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:Magic realism
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8190:Sexploitation
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8141:Calligrafismo
8139:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8094:City symphony
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7911:
7906:
7904:
7899:
7897:
7892:
7891:
7888:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7732:Bouncing ball
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7576:Hydrotechnics
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7566:Drawn-on-film
7564:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:Other methods
7520:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7493:Magic Lantern
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7426:Virtual human
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:hand tracking
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7172:clay painting
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6969:international
6967:
6966:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6772:United States
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6650:
6645:
6643:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6625:
6624:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6568:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6467:
6463:
6458:
6446:
6441:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6416:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6383:
6378:
6366:
6361:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6326:
6319:
6314:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6284:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6208:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6106:Thomas, Frank
6103:
6099:
6087:
6079:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6016:9780822358527
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5393:
5390:(1): 478–95.
5389:
5385:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5018:
5013:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4977:
4969:
4963:
4960:. CRC Press.
4959:
4958:
4950:
4944:, p. 19.
4943:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4882:, p. 92.
4881:
4876:
4870:, p. 96.
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4828:
4822:, p. 88.
4821:
4816:
4814:
4798:
4797:astanahub.com
4794:
4788:
4781:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4757:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4654:
4637:
4633:
4632:"Brick Films"
4627:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4549:, p. 90.
4548:
4543:
4536:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4464:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4417:, p. 70.
4416:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4279:, p. 82.
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4207:, p. 71.
4206:
4201:
4195:, p. 80.
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4084:, p. 31.
4083:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4058:Williams 2001
4054:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4033:, p. 34.
4032:
4031:Williams 2001
4027:
4025:
4018:, p. 37.
4017:
4012:
4006:, p. 94.
4005:
4000:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3970:, p. 55.
3969:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3874:"Anima Mundi"
3869:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3726:
3725:"Our History"
3720:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3679:
3678:Vancouver Sun
3675:
3668:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3603:McDuling 2014
3599:
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3306:
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3283:
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3179:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3106:, p. 49.
3105:
3104:Bendazzi 1994
3100:
3092:
3090:9780199839223
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3049:9780861966639
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2982:, p. 34.
2981:
2976:
2970:, p. 24.
2969:
2964:
2958:, p. 28.
2957:
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2690:
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2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:Stan Brakhage
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:Hydrotechnics
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2596:Magic Lantern
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2553:is a form of
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2535:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:(2014, India)
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:Polar Express
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:(2017, Japan)
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2416:(1999, U.S.)
2415:
2414:
2409:
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2253:
2248:
2238:
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2213:
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2207:
2206:Academy Award
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2178:
2174:
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2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:Tale of Tales
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:Terry Gilliam
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:The Trap Door
1956:
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1941:
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1857:Robot Chicken
1853:
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1825:
1821:
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1792:Osmosis Jones
1788:
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1780:Volere volare
1776:
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1698:Max Fleischer
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1599:
1598:The Lion King
1594:
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1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:Spirited Away
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:The Lion King
1524:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:digital video
1489:
1483:
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1477:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
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1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:marginal cost
1393:
1391:
1390:feature films
1387:
1380:
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1339:
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1189:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:gross margins
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:
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1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
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992:
988:
977:
975:
971:
966:
965:Soyuzmultfilm
962:
958:
952:
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949:
944:
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936:
935:
930:
929:
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923:
918:
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880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:
849:
842:
841:
836:
832:
828:
823:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:Tom and Jerry
776:
772:
768:
764:
761:(1938–1940),
760:
757:(1937–1940),
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:
660:
647:
646:Felix the Cat
643:
627:
625:
624:Felix the Cat
621:
620:cel animation
617:
614:and animator
613:
609:
604:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:
576:Fantasmagorie
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
548:
544:
543:
542:Fantasmagorie
538:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:In 1833, the
499:
496:A projecting
494:
487:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
463:
452:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:magic lantern
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:feature films
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
325:beta movement
322:
318:
313:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:paper cutouts
269:
265:
261:
257:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:moving images
187:
183:
173:
172:bouncing ball
166:
152:
143:
135:
132:
124:
121:December 2022
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10196:Experimental
10191:Ethnofiction
10066:
9938:Third Cinema
9841:Persian Film
9584:Auteur films
9555:By movement
9412:Swashbuckler
9271:Ozploitation
9266:Outlaw biker
9146:Martial arts
9141:Magical girl
8991:Exploitation
8986:Ethnographic
8915:Mafia comedy
8558:Pornographic
8435:Psycho-biddy
8420:Lovecraftian
8254:Contemporary
8235:
8229:Exploitation
8224:Experimental
8104:Mockumentary
7973:Biographical
7833:anime series
7791:Motion comic
7660:visual music
7606:Pose to pose
7581:Inbetweening
7561:Chuckimation
7503:Shadowmation
7456:Animatronics
7357:eye tracking
7337:Morph target
7289:Multi-sketch
7040:Short series
6954:Art pipeline
6932:Story artist
6878:World War II
6747:South Africa
6662:
6621:
6609:from Commons
6604:
6587:
6566:
6534:
6511:. Retrieved
6506:
6491:. Retrieved
6485:
6469:. Retrieved
6465:
6449:. Retrieved
6432:. Retrieved
6428:the original
6423:
6407:. Retrieved
6403:The Atlantic
6402:
6386:. Retrieved
6369:. Retrieved
6352:. Retrieved
6349:Fast Company
6348:
6332:. Retrieved
6325:the original
6305:. Retrieved
6298:the original
6293:
6275:. Retrieved
6249:. Retrieved
6245:
6229:. Retrieved
6196:
6176:
6153:
6134:
6114:
6076:
6056:
6033:
5997:
5977:
5958:
5939:
5919:
5899:
5880:
5871:
5851:
5828:
5809:
5789:
5766:
5761:
5741:
5722:
5719:Dalton, Tony
5696:
5677:
5653:
5631:
5608:
5587:
5565:
5545:
5521:
5498:
5477:
5455:
5435:
5412:
5387:
5383:
5368:the original
5363:
5359:
5328:. Retrieved
5324:
5315:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:
5275:. Retrieved
5271:
5261:
5249:
5237:
5230:Solomon 1989
5225:
5203:Furniss 1998
5198:
5193:, p. 7.
5186:
5179:Pilling 1997
5174:
5167:Neupert 2011
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5146:
5137:
5130:Carbone 2010
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5109:
5099:
5092:Pilling 1997
5087:
5075:
5063:. Retrieved
5059:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4993:O'Keefe 2014
4988:
4981:Pilling 1997
4976:
4956:
4949:
4937:
4925:
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4887:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4802:23 September
4800:. Retrieved
4796:
4787:
4775:
4763:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4696:Serenko 2007
4691:
4679:
4672:Serenko 2007
4667:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:the original
4626:
4614:
4602:
4590:
4578:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4537:, p. 18
4530:
4518:
4506:
4499:Culhane 1990
4494:
4482:
4475:Furniss 1998
4470:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4422:
4410:
4398:
4391:Solomon 1989
4386:
4364:Solomon 1989
4344:
4332:
4320:
4313:Crafton 1993
4308:
4296:
4289:Solomon 1989
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4217:Culhane 1990
4212:
4205:Culhane 1990
4200:
4188:
4181:Solomon 1989
4176:
4164:
4157:Culhane 1990
4137:
4125:
4113:
4101:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4043:Culhane 1990
4038:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3980:Solomon 1989
3975:
3968:Culhane 1990
3963:
3951:
3939:
3932:Solomon 1989
3927:
3915:
3904:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:the original
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3827:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3752:PopIcon.life
3751:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3703:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:
3667:
3655:. Retrieved
3651:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3620:
3610:
3598:
3588:14 September
3586:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3517:
3504:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:Assignment X
3477:
3467:
3455:. Retrieved
3444:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:Cartoon Brew
3416:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3390:
3384:
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3308:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3236:14 September
3234:. Retrieved
3230:
3221:
3213:
3210:the original
3203:
3193:
3185:
3175:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3146:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:
3111:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3030:
3020:
3008:. Retrieved
2997:
2987:
2980:Solomon 1989
2975:
2968:Solomon 1989
2963:
2956:Solomon 1989
2951:
2942:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2894:
2753:
2745:
2739:Multi-sketch
2737:
2730:
2722:
2706:
2698:
2693:Piotr Dumała
2678:
2662:
2638:
2630:
2616:
2594:
2585:
2581:Chuckimation
2579:
2569:
2548:
2543:mechatronics
2538:Animatronics
2536:
2517:
2509:
2508:(2009, US),
2503:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:(2009, US),
2477:
2476:(2007, US),
2471:
2470:(2004, US),
2465:
2459:
2451:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2379:
2366:polygon mesh
2363:
2358:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2303:animated GIF
2295:Cinemagraphs
2272:interpolated
2260:2D animation
2258:
2233:
2232:
2209:
2199:
2193:
2135:Dragonslayer
2133:
2127:
2120:Phil Tippett
2097:
2087:
2061:
2060:, 1926) and
2051:
2037:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1855:
1845:
1844:(US, 2005),
1841:Corpse Bride
1839:
1838:(US, 1993),
1833:
1827:
1808:
1795:(US, 2001).
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:(US, 1988),
1772:
1766:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1730:(1981), and
1725:
1724:(US, 1983),
1721:Fire and Ice
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1677:web cartoons
1658:
1657:(US, 1951),
1652:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1615:(US, 1982),
1610:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:(US, 1998),
1532:
1531:(US, 1994),
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1434:
1426:model sheets
1422:
1418:
1394:
1383:
1378:
1347:
1341:
1338:Best Picture
1331:
1330:
1307:
1288:Emile Awards
1284:Annie Awards
1269:
1244:
1220:Mickey Mouse
1213:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1028:
1025:its own show
1021:The Simpsons
1010:
1004:
994:
983:
953:
946:
939:Ralph Bakshi
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
877:
868:
861:
851:
845:
838:
830:
811:Pink Panther
805:(1942), and
803:Mighty Mouse
743:Looney Tunes
687:
675:Minnie Mouse
671:Mickey Mouse
669:, featuring
664:
662:
641:
605:
598:
592:
589:Winsor McCay
574:
565:popularized
558:
551:
540:
522:praxinoscope
520:(1868), the
506:stroboscopic
503:
498:praxinoscope
485:
465:
439:
430:animatronics
415:
384:
376:animated GIF
362:, and film.
360:praxinoscope
342:
314:
295:comic strips
286:
284:
280:clay figures
260:3D animation
254:
222:
186:still images
181:
180:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
10422:Video nasty
10417:Underground
10402:Slow cinema
10372:Sceneggiata
10260:Live action
10238:Independent
10218:Film à clef
10186:Docufiction
10154:Compilation
10129:Blockbuster
10097:Traditional
10092:Stop-motion
10028:Chick flick
9886:Slow cinema
9876:Remodernist
9691:Free Cinema
9671:Erra Cinema
9636:Cinema Novo
9514:Revisionist
9023:Gendai-geki
8959:Psychedelic
8947:Apocalyptic
8813:Beach party
8708:Slow cinema
8681:Space opera
8646:Fantastique
8517:Sceneggiata
8507:Musicarello
8380:Fantastique
8259:Fantastique
8202:Educational
8129:Video essay
8084:Documentary
7759:model sheet
7616:Rubber hose
7539:model sheet
7317:Cel shading
7159:Stop motion
7144:Rotoscoping
7116:Traditional
7045:Stop-motion
6991:Outsourcing
6752:South Korea
6732:Philippines
6727:North Korea
6589:Definitions
6487:Vanity Fair
6434:12 February
6334:11 November
6287:"Animation"
6231:19 February
6094:|work=
5017:Kenyon 1998
5005:Parent 2007
4942:Parent 2007
4930:Masson 2007
4903:20 February
4868:Masson 2007
4844:Masson 2007
4820:Masson 2007
4768:Masson 2007
4732:Priebe 2006
4708:Masson 2007
4684:Masson 2007
4619:Herman 2014
4265:Ledoux 1997
4004:Masson 2007
3884:28 February
3858:28 February
3833:28 February
3366:27 February
3340:27 February
3314:27 February
3288:27 December
3126:18 February
3010:30 December
2923:18 February
2887:Buchan 2013
2491:kochadiiyan
2488:(2011, US)
2450:video game
2395:Cel shading
2308:Final line
2112:motion blur
2030:Trey Parker
1972:Chicken Run
1907:trademarked
1818:Stop motion
1810:Stop motion
1805:Stop motion
1799:Stop motion
1733:Aku no Hana
1727:Heavy Metal
1709:Waking Life
1694:Rotoscoping
1689:Rotoscoping
1683:Rotoscoping
1510:Animal Farm
1461:rotoscoping
1445:Traditional
1414:storyboards
1349:Toy Story 3
1346:(2009) and
1340:, in 1991.
1308:Apart from
1292:Anima Mundi
1205:video games
1193:comic books
1143:film genres
1093:Futureworld
1038:stop motion
957:stop motion
931:(1951) and
781:(1940) and
733:(1933) and
703:Donald Duck
701:(1932) and
679:Walt Disney
597:(1911) and
594:Little Nemo
567:stop motion
524:(1877) and
399:video games
387:short films
303:superheroes
268:stop motion
80:"Animation"
10486:Cartooning
10475:Categories
10342:Paracinema
10327:Neorealist
10322:Mythopoeia
10307:Mockbuster
10272:Low-budget
10213:Featurette
10046:technique,
10044:By format,
9923:Surrealist
9918:Structural
9796:New German
9786:Neorealist
9781:Mumblecore
9721:Heimatfilm
9681:Film d'art
9646:Cinéma pur
9380:South Seas
9353:Sex report
8619:Paranormal
8582:Propaganda
8482:Mumblecore
8269:Historical
8151:Historical
8040:Remarriage
8030:Mo lei tau
7764:walk cycle
7631:Syncro-Vox
7544:walk cycle
7448:Mechanical
7374:Procedural
7274:PowerPoint
7227:Puppetoons
7222:Pixilation
7187:silhouette
7176:strata-cut
7167:Claymation
7108:Techniques
7097:Television
6868:Silent Era
6800:Bangladesh
6795:Azerbaijan
6682:Bangladesh
6671:By country
6623:Quotations
6559:"Animando"
6513:9 February
6507:culture.pl
6493:7 December
6471:6 February
6294:boi.gov.ph
6025:8605897837
5254:White 2006
5191:Brown 2003
5147:Culture.pl
4744:White 2006
4571:Smith 1986
4547:Smith 1986
4142:White 2006
4130:White 2006
4082:White 2006
3944:White 2006
3457:12 October
3424:12 October
3396:29 January
3066:1224213919
2943:Britannica
2918:studio9.ie
2865:References
2757:Animation:
2669:oil paints
2645:film stock
2531:Mechanical
2514:(2010, US)
2375:key frames
2211:Neighbours
2187:Pixilation
2122:to create
2096:on films,
2039:South Park
2034:South Park
2026:Matt Stone
1903:claymation
1896:Plasticine
1870:George Pal
1864:Puppetoons
1852:Jiří Trnka
1488:35 mm film
1440:Techniques
1386:filmmaking
1356:Production
1246:Disneyland
1012:The Smurfs
1006:Scooby-Doo
1001:prime time
980:Television
922:Cinderella
853:El Apóstol
840:El Apóstol
795:Terrytoons
759:Bugs Bunny
755:Elmer Fudd
751:Daffy Duck
727:Betty Boop
573:to create
571:Émile Cohl
561:(1907) by
547:Émile Cohl
545:(1908) by
532:Silent era
468:automatons
364:Television
338:key frames
243:for showy
218:claymation
208:made with
91:newspapers
10481:Animation
10332:No-budget
10297:Meta-film
10265:animation
10223:Film-poem
10159:Composite
10104:Anthology
10067:Animation
10062:Actuality
10048:approach,
9816:New Queer
9736:Indiewood
9686:Film gris
9557:or period
9534:Spaghetti
9457:Submarine
9437:Vigilante
9402:Superhero
9156:Chopsocky
9102:Jidaigeki
8971:Dystopian
8870:Detective
8828:Buddy cop
8818:Body swap
8748:Political
8728:Financial
8691:Tokusatsu
8686:Steampunk
8602:Bromantic
8574:Malayalam
8553:Crossover
8529:Detective
8497:Backstage
8445:Religious
8301:Tech noir
8296:Pulp noir
8286:Film noir
8161:Melodrama
8099:Docudrama
8072:Cyberpunk
8065:Slapstick
8055:Screwball
8015:Gross out
7978:Christian
7956:Adventure
7774:off-model
7744:Key frame
7601:Pixel art
7596:Pinscreen
7554:off-model
7498:Scanimate
7416:Machinima
7215:Brickfilm
7203:go motion
7129:Flip book
6663:Animation
6567:Animation
6535:Animation
6096:ignored (
6086:cite book
6038:MIT Press
4918:Sito 2013
4856:Sito 2013
4832:Sito 2013
4780:Beck 2012
4720:Sito 2013
4642:25 August
4607:Paul 2005
4463:Beck 2004
4427:Beck 2004
4415:Beck 2004
4349:Beck 2004
4016:Beck 2004
3794:"History"
3551:2 October
3484:6 October
3385:Toy Story
2870:Citations
2749:animation
2741:animation
2724:Flip book
2444:demoscene
2439:Machinima
2310:advection
2208:-winning
2201:Angry Kid
2163:Brickfilm
2106:Go motion
2099:King Kong
1957:, 1982),
1898:animation
1786:Space Jam
1669:Filmation
1504:Pinocchio
1430:maquettes
1236:Disneyana
1170:Tex Avery
1122:Toy Story
1052:Barbapapa
951:in 1986.
904:Pinocchio
885:In 1937,
831:El Peludo
747:Porky Pig
663:In 1928,
616:Earl Hurd
518:flip book
436:Etymology
372:digitally
356:flip book
333:animators
310:pratfalls
237:composite
182:Animation
10450:Category
10337:One-shot
10201:Abstract
10087:Computer
9771:Lettrist
9666:Dogme 95
9594:Bourekas
9564:Absolute
9504:Northern
9499:Meat pie
9452:Euro War
9447:Anti-war
9313:Rumberas
9234:Mountain
9136:Luchador
9092:Homeland
9080:Shotacon
9053:Suburban
8981:Economic
8942:Disaster
8875:Gangster
8850:Colonial
8840:Cannibal
8801:By theme
8758:Romantic
8713:Thriller
8671:New Wave
8666:Military
8624:Thriller
8592:Romantic
8539:Whodunit
8512:Operetta
8492:Arthouse
8460:Splatter
8355:Cannibal
8345:Arthouse
8328:Suburban
8318:Southern
8291:Neo-noir
8195:Thriller
8089:Animated
8077:Japanese
8045:Romantic
8035:Thriller
7961:Survival
7939:Arthouse
7927:By style
7860:Category
7769:lip sync
7649:Variants
7636:Zoetrope
7586:Morphing
7549:lip sync
7529:Blocking
7421:Aniforms
7398:Puppetry
7379:Skeletal
7246:timeline
7237:Computer
7092:Internet
6974:regional
6910:Animator
6903:Industry
6767:Thailand
6737:Portugal
6717:Malaysia
6277:29 April
6251:15 March
6174:(2001).
6112:(1981).
5849:(2007).
5787:(1998).
5721:(2008).
5586:(1990).
5543:(2007).
5519:(2005).
5392:Archived
5330:17 April
5305:17 April
5277:12 April
5039:24 April
4897:Archived
3802:Archived
3709:15 April
3625:Archived
3583:Statista
3509:Archived
3451:Archived
3361:Collider
3182:Archived
3154:8 August
3004:Archived
2765:See also
2717:contrast
2689:charcoal
2555:robotics
2413:Futurama
2371:armature
2324:skeletal
2316:Paperman
2275:morphing
2223:Computer
2102:(1933).
1911:armature
1847:Coraline
1824:armature
1673:Internet
1624:Nocturna
1096:(1976).
1042:puppetry
925:(1950),
910:Fantasia
835:Yrigoyen
813:(1963).
793:(1940),
773:(1949),
769:(1945),
765:(1942),
753:(1937),
749:(1935),
737:(1945),
729:(1930),
721:(1918),
705:(1934),
608:cartoons
603:(1914).
514:zoetrope
476:lanterns
422:automata
352:zoetrope
331:. While
10432:Z movie
10208:Feature
10144:Collage
10114:B movie
10082:Cartoon
9821:No wave
9489:Florida
9484:Fantasy
9464:Western
9407:Surfing
9395:Eurospy
9365:Slavery
9215:Vampire
9195:Monster
9166:Kung fu
9107:Samurai
9075:Lolicon
9043:Romance
8890:Gong'an
8860:Concert
8845:Chicano
8808:Animals
8696:Western
8651:Fantasy
8609:Fantasy
8587:Reality
8524:Mystery
8502:Jukebox
8487:Musical
8465:Satanic
8455:Slasher
8425:Natural
8405:Holiday
8313:Romance
8279:Science
8244:Fantasy
8146:Dramedy
8010:Dramedy
7875:Outline
7242:history
7193:Graphic
7139:Masking
7030:Package
6855:Ukraine
6825:Hungary
6787:History
6777:Vietnam
6742:Romania
6702:Estonia
6697:Czechia
6451:9 March
6424:Film TV
6409:20 July
6388:3 March
6371:2 March
6354:7 March
6307:24 July
5342:Sources
5060:Baianat
3808:10 July
3757:16 June
3731:16 June
3446:YouTube
2713:lighted
2653:Len Lye
2564:android
2473:Beowulf
2401:Skyland
2266:and 2D
2173:YouTube
2159:action.
1990:within.
1928:Mio Mao
1884:Finnish
1631:Limited
1592:Aladdin
1403:during
445:History
307:violent
287:cartoon
276:puppets
247:(VFX).
212:(CGI).
105:scholar
10460:Portal
10397:Silent
10387:Shinpa
10382:Serial
10367:Satire
10352:Poetry
10282:Masala
10011:Shōnen
9994:Seinen
9509:Ostern
9494:Horror
9427:Travel
9385:Sports
9308:Rubble
9281:Prison
9249:Nature
9220:Zombie
9161:Gun fu
9097:Isekai
9070:Hentai
9038:Gothic
8964:Stoner
8930:Yakuza
8885:Gokudō
8833:Female
8763:Techno
8733:Giallo
8723:Erotic
8718:Comedy
8661:Horror
8656:Gothic
8641:Comedy
8614:Gothic
8597:Comedy
8546:Giallo
8400:Giallo
8370:Comedy
8340:Horror
8308:Gothic
8249:Comedy
8175:Erotic
8166:Korean
8124:Travel
8114:Pseudo
8060:Silent
8025:Parody
8020:Horror
7988:Action
7983:Comedy
7934:Action
7920:genres
7870:Portal
7431:Live2D
7347:facial
7312:T-pose
7210:Object
7183:Cutout
7062:Series
7011:Films
6850:Russia
6820:France
6810:Canada
6805:Brazil
6762:Taiwan
6722:Mexico
6687:Bhutan
6665:topics
6532:about
6203:
6184:
6160:
6141:
6122:
6063:
6044:
6023:
6013:
5984:
5965:
5946:
5927:
5906:
5887:
5859:
5835:
5816:
5797:
5773:
5748:
5729:
5703:
5684:
5665:
5640:
5617:
5594:
5572:
5553:
5529:
5505:
5486:
5463:
5442:
5423:
5272:Medium
4964:
3778:11 May
3683:25 May
3657:25 May
3652:Nation
3631:25 May
3621:Screen
3530:5 June
3262:24 May
3087:
3064:
3056:
3046:
2289:, and
1286:, the
1260:Awards
1230:, but
783:Droopy
763:Tweety
731:Popeye
488:(1833)
426:Disney
409:, and
344:Analog
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
10412:Sound
10392:Short
10149:Color
10072:Anime
10033:Josei
10023:Women
10016:Shōjo
9984:Anime
9974:Black
9969:Adult
9529:Space
9432:Trial
9375:Snuff
9286:Women
9261:Opera
9210:Mummy
9205:Kaiju
9188:Anime
9183:Mecha
9176:Wuxia
9171:Ninja
9119:LGBTQ
9114:Kaitō
9065:Harem
9048:Space
9028:Ghost
8976:Ecchi
8937:Dance
8910:Mafia
8895:Heist
8865:Crime
8823:Buddy
8792:Trick
8738:Legal
8395:Ghost
8333:Urban
8323:Space
8156:Legal
8136:Drama
8109:Mondo
7993:Black
7686:Anime
7327:Crowd
7269:Flash
7198:Model
7087:Flash
7035:Short
7005:Works
6845:Korea
6840:Japan
6830:India
6815:China
6757:Spain
6712:Japan
6707:India
6692:China
6606:Media
6466:Wired
6328:(PDF)
6321:(PDF)
6301:(PDF)
6290:(PDF)
5765:[
5404:Books
5395:(PDF)
5380:(PDF)
5152:1 May
5115:1 May
5065:1 May
3383:"How
3054:JSTOR
2803:Anime
2608:Other
2453:Quake
2388:Terms
2080:matte
1934:Morph
1921:Gumby
1665:anime
1540:Akira
1463:from
1201:anime
1197:manga
1110:Pixar
1046:anime
970:anime
856:(now
723:Bimbo
699:Goofy
644:with
552:When
368:video
278:, or
192:. In
112:JSTOR
98:books
10169:Cult
10006:Teen
9999:Stag
9990:Men
9469:Acid
9303:Road
9293:Race
9129:Yuri
9124:Yaoi
8954:Drug
8905:Hood
8350:Body
8264:High
8234:see
8212:Epic
8185:Pink
8119:Semi
8003:Sexy
7917:Film
7626:Sand
7264:2.5D
6942:List
6915:List
6835:Iran
6515:2016
6495:2015
6473:2016
6453:2016
6436:2013
6411:2014
6390:2016
6373:2016
6356:2016
6336:2005
6309:2012
6279:2016
6253:2016
6233:2016
6201:ISBN
6182:ISBN
6158:ISBN
6139:ISBN
6120:ISBN
6098:help
6061:ISBN
6042:ISBN
6021:OCLC
6011:ISBN
5982:ISBN
5963:ISBN
5944:ISBN
5925:ISBN
5904:ISBN
5885:ISBN
5857:ISBN
5833:ISBN
5814:ISBN
5795:ISBN
5771:ISBN
5746:ISBN
5727:ISBN
5701:ISBN
5682:ISBN
5663:ISBN
5638:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5592:ISBN
5570:ISBN
5551:ISBN
5527:ISBN
5503:ISBN
5484:ISBN
5461:ISBN
5440:ISBN
5421:ISBN
5332:2024
5307:2024
5279:2024
5154:2024
5117:2024
5067:2024
5041:2024
4962:ISBN
4905:2016
4804:2024
4644:2013
3886:2024
3860:2024
3835:2024
3810:2023
3780:2023
3759:2020
3733:2020
3711:2024
3685:2023
3659:2023
3633:2023
3590:2024
3553:2014
3532:2012
3486:2013
3459:2019
3426:2019
3398:2024
3391:TIME
3368:2024
3342:2024
3316:2024
3290:2018
3264:2023
3238:2024
3156:2023
3128:2024
3085:ISBN
3062:OCLC
3044:ISBN
3012:2022
2925:2024
2813:Avar
2755:2.5D
2655:and
2593:The
2339:and
2297:are
2198:and
2169:Lego
2118:and
2028:and
1975:and
1923:Show
1919:The
1565:Full
1476:cels
1401:take
1324:and
1312:for
1274:for
1174:Raid
1040:and
959:and
858:lost
725:and
673:and
526:film
378:and
366:and
323:and
198:cels
170:The
84:news
34:and
10109:Art
10077:Art
9442:War
9390:Spy
8636:Art
8375:Eco
8050:Sex
7968:Art
7749:Cel
7322:CGI
7284:CSS
7279:SVG
6003:doi
3036:doi
2214:by
1947:'s
1894:or
1679:).
1282:'s
801:'s
777:'s
428:as
67:by
10477::
10057:3D
7304:3D
7256:2D
7244:,
7174:,
6505:.
6484:.
6464:.
6422:.
6401:.
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6292:.
6244:.
6108:;
6090::
6088:}}
6084:{{
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2241:2D
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1328:.
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