286:
by
Emperor Theophilos. Euodios' narrative mostly contains theological discussions between the steadfast prisoners and various people—Byzantine defectors, Muslim officials, etc.—sent to convince them to convert during their seven-year imprisonment. Their execution was then carried out by Ethiopian
189:
Constantine
Baboutzikos, husband of Empress Theodora's sister and thereby apparently the highest-ranking of the prisoners. He was the first to be proposed to convert to Islam, and possibly also the first to be executed after
291:. Euodios' hagiography is the "last example of the genre of collective martyrdom", and was widely disseminated, with several variants of the legend of the 42 Martyrs appearing in later authors.
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of the 42 was written soon after their execution, by the monk
Euodios, who used their fate and the sack of Amorium as an indictment of and proof of divine retribution against the re-adoption of
561:
576:
571:
551:
541:
546:
214:(divisional commander) according to the chroniclers, he is given an extensive biography by the hagiographies, where he is portrayed as rising from imperial
509:
Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische
Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt
566:
586:
536:
531:
295:
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298:, the day of their execution. Pictorial representations of the 42 are rare in Byzantine art, unlike their analogues, the
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465:
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124:
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soldiers under his command and delivered to the
Abbasids, who placed him among the captives of Amorium.
58:
302:; when they are depicted, they are represented simply as a group of officials in court dress.
299:
54:
503:
283:
116:
8:
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131:, they were executed at Samarra on 6 March 845. Only a few of the 42 are known by name:
489:
479:
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451:
233:
149:
42:
66:
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Following the sack, 42 officers and notables of
Amorium were taken as hostages to
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105:
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46:
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31:
24:
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127:, to ransom them were rebuffed by the caliphs. After refusing to convert to
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115:, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Repeated efforts by Emperor
478:; Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson (1991). "Forty-Two Martyrs of Amorion". In
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against the
Byzantine Empire that ended in the sack of the city of
488:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 800–801.
419:
97:
62:
460:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–80.
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152:, regarded as the leader of the 42 in the hagiographic texts.
128:
50:
28:
395:
506:; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013).
383:
241:
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in 838 and executed in 845, after refusing to convert to
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Bassoes, identified as a "runner", otherwise unknown.
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Christians executed for refusing to convert to Islam
311:
16:
Byzantine officials executed by the
Abbasids, 845 CE
577:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
518:
572:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
542:9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
474:
434:
547:Groups of Christian martyrs of the Middle Ages
273:
552:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
512:(in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
104:and birthplace of the reigning Byzantine
41:senior officials taken prisoner by the
519:
294:The feast day of the 42 Martyrs is on
449:
317:
196:Kallistos, possibly a member of the
13:
567:Christian saints killed by Muslims
485:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
457:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
450:Foss, Clive (1991). "Amorion". In
14:
608:
587:Groups of Eastern Orthodox saints
250:, before being taken prisoner by
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413:
401:
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365:
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341:
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119:and, after his death in 842, by
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53:. They are commemorated by the
178:Theophilos, otherwise unknown.
140:, a court eunuch and possibly
1:
537:9th-century Christian martyrs
344:, Theodoros Krateros (#7679).
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269:) of Constantine Baboutzikos.
532:9th-century Byzantine people
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7:
435:Kazhdan & Ševčenko 1991
287:slaves on the banks of the
148:(military governor) of the
81:In 838, the Abbasid caliph
10:
613:
557:Byzantine prisoners of war
443:
274:Hagiography and veneration
29:
582:Executed Byzantine people
76:
332:, Anonymi (42) (#10542).
257:Constantine, secretary (
416:, Konstantinos (#3933).
380:, Konstantinos (#3932).
59:Eastern Orthodox Church
169:of the Anatolic Theme.
504:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes
368:, Theophilos (#8211).
300:40 Martyrs of Sebaste
238:regiment and finally
100:, the capital of the
55:Roman Catholic Church
21:42 Martyrs of Amorium
404:, Kallistos (#3606).
34:μάρτυρες τοῦ Ἀμορίου
437:, pp. 800–801.
200:family. An obscure
123:and Empress-regent
480:Kazhdan, Alexander
476:Kazhdan, Alexander
452:Kazhdan, Alexander
37:) were a group of
392:, Bassoes (#982).
320:, pp. 79–80.
150:Bucellarian Theme
137:Theodore Krateros
43:Abbasid Caliphate
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106:Amorian dynasty
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47:Sack of Amorium
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102:Anatolic Theme
94:major campaign
90: 833–842
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65:is located at
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266:hypographeus
163:Aetios, the
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61:on March 6.
20:
18:
280:hagiography
210:tourmarches
121:Michael III
83:al-Mu'tasim
527:845 deaths
521:Categories
306:References
284:Iconoclasm
218:spatharios
198:Melissenos
117:Theophilos
318:Foss 1991
289:Euphrates
252:Paulician
203:patrikios
190:refusing.
185:magistros
175:patrikios
166:strategos
159:patrikios
144:strategos
39:Byzantine
30:οἰ ἅγιοι
260:notarios
248:Koloneia
125:Theodora
92:) led a
57:and the
597:Amorium
482:(ed.).
454:(ed.).
444:Sources
296:6 March
234:Scholai
230:of the
113:Samarra
98:Amorium
63:Amorium
45:in the
492:
464:
77:Events
71:Turkey
226:komes
129:Islam
67:Hisar
51:Islam
25:Greek
490:ISBN
462:ISBN
414:PmbZ
402:PmbZ
390:PmbZ
378:PmbZ
366:PmbZ
354:PmbZ
342:PmbZ
330:PmbZ
278:The
242:doux
206:and
181:the
172:the
155:the
19:The
592:845
263:or
246:of
222:to
32:μβ′
523::
421:^
108:.
88:r.
73:.
69:,
27::
498:.
470:.
85:(
23:(
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