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economies to urban construction projects in developing nations, generic BIM objects can benefit from rich building information within specification parameters in product libraries, and used for efficient, streamlined design and construction. Similarly, an assessment of the current 'state of the art' by Kori found that medium and large firms were leading the adoption of BIM in the industry. Smaller firms were less advanced with respect to process and policy adherence. There has been little adoption of BIM in the built environment due to construction industry resistance to changes or new ways of doing things. The industry is still working with conventional 2D CAD systems in services and structural designs, although production could be in 3D systems. There is virtually no utilisation of 4D and 5D systems.
794:, called Mediaconstruct (existing since 1989), is supporting digital transformation in France. A building transition digital plan – French acronym PTNB – was created in 2013 (mandated since 2015 to 2017 and under several ministries). A 2013 survey of European BIM practice showed France in last place, but, with government support, in 2017 it had risen to third place with more than 30% of real estate projects carried out using BIM. PTNB was superseded in 2018 by Plan BIM 2022, administered by an industry body, the Association for the Development of Digital in Construction (AND Construction), founded in 2017, and supported by a digital platform, KROQI, developed and launched in 2017 by CSTB (France's
1169:
482:
314:(plans, elevations, sections, etc.). Building information modeling extends the three primary spatial dimensions (width, height and depth), incorporating information about time (so-called 4D BIM), cost (5D BIM), asset management, sustainability, etc. BIM therefore covers more than just geometry. It also covers spatial relationships, geospatial information, quantities and properties of building components (for example, manufacturers' details), and enables a wide range of collaborative processes relating to the built asset from initial planning through to construction and then throughout its operational life.
598:
318:
building model for drawing production and other uses. These different views are automatically consistent, being based on a single definition of each object instance. BIM software also defines objects parametrically; that is, the objects are defined as parameters and relations to other objects so that if a related object is amended, dependent ones will automatically also change. Each model element can carry attributes for selecting and ordering them automatically, providing cost estimates as well as material tracking and ordering.
1010:
40:
431:
develop and to track the object-oriented BIM against predicted and measured performance objectives, supporting multi-disciplinary building information models that drive analysis, schedules, take-off and logistics. Companies are also now considering developing BIMs in various levels of detail, since depending on the application of BIM, more or less detail is needed, and there is varying modeling effort associated with generating building information models at different levels of detail.
5260:
747:
the expansion of applying the (BIM) on buildings and facilities in the emirate of Dubai' which made BIM mandatory on more projects by reducing the minimum size and height requirement for projects requiring BIM. This second circular drove BIM adoption further with several projects and organizations adopting UK BIM standards as best practice. In 2016, the UAE's
Quality and Conformity Commission set up a BIM steering group to investigate statewide adoption of BIM.
5256:
356:, and the owner/operator. Each professional adds discipline-specific data to the shared model – commonly, a 'federated' model which combines several different disciplines' models into one. Combining models enables visualisation of all models in a single environment, better coordination and development of designs, enhanced clash avoidance and detection, and improved time and cost decision-making.
726:
announced " BIM will be mandated for all of its public works from the fiscal year of 2023, except those having particular reasons". The works subject to WTO Government
Procurement Agreement shall comply with the published ISO standards related to BIM such as ISO19650 series as determined by the Article 10 (Technical Specification) of the Agreement.
214:) report conservatively estimated that $ 15.8 billion was lost annually by the U.S. capital facilities industry due to inadequate interoperability arising from "the highly fragmented nature of the industry, the industry’s continued paper-based business practices, a lack of standardization, and inconsistent technology adoption among stakeholders".
837:
processes, through the progressive adoption of digital methods and electronic instruments such as
Building and Infrastructure Information Modelling". A norm in 8 parts is also being written to support the transition: UNI 11337-1, UNI 11337-4 and UNI 11337-5 were published in January 2017, with five further chapters to follow within a year.
782:, Grid and e-construction portal to increase the international competitiveness and sales of Estonian businesses in the construction field. The cluster is equally co-funded by European Structural and Investment Funds through Enterprise Estonia and by the members of the cluster with a total budget of 600 000 euros for the period 2016–2018.
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photos, warranty data, web links to product online sources, manufacturer information and contacts, etc. This database is made accessible to the users/owners through a customized proprietary web-based environment. This is intended to aid facilities managers in the operation and maintenance of the facility.
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BIM Africa
Initiative, primarily based in Nigeria, is a non-profit institute advocating the adoption of BIM across Africa. Since 2018, it has been engaging with professionals and the government towards the digital transformation of the built industry. Produced annually by its research and development
943:
called for BIM adoption on UK government construction projects. Morrell also told construction professionals to adopt BIM or be "Betamaxed out". In June 2011 the UK government published its BIM strategy, announcing its intention to require collaborative 3D BIM (with all project and asset information,
810:
announced a timetable for the introduction of mandatory BIM for German road and rail projects from the end of 2020. Speaking in April 2016, he said digital design and construction must become standard for construction projects in
Germany, with Germany two to three years behind The Netherlands and the
760:
Austrian standards for digital modeling are summarized in the ÖNORM A 6241, published on 15 March 2015. The ÖNORM A 6241-1 (BIM Level 2), which replaced the ÖNORM A 6240-4, has been extended in the detailed and executive design stages, and corrected in the lack of definitions. The ÖNORM A 6241-2 (BIM
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issued a circular (196) in 2014 mandating BIM use for buildings of a certain size, height or type. The one page circular initiated strong interest in BIM and the market responded in preparation for more guidelines and direction. In 2015 the
Municipality issued another circular (207) titled 'Regarding
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Small BIM-related seminars and independent BIM effort existed in South Korea even in the 1990s. However, it was not until the late 2000s that the Korean industry paid attention to BIM. The first industry-level BIM conference was held in April 2008, after which, BIM has been spread very rapidly. Since
304:
Building
Information Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; defined as existing from earliest conception to
260:
in 2007, and helps capture and record equipment lists, product data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and preventive maintenance schedules. This information is used to support operations, maintenance and asset management once a built asset is in service. In
December 2011, it was approved by the
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building information modeling, is sometimes used to refer to the intelligent linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with all aspects of project life-cycle management information. However, there is less consensus about the definition of 6D BIM; it is also sometimes used to cover use of BIM
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were being assembled in detail on a computer using BIM well before workers set foot on the site. The New
Zealand government started a BIM acceleration committee, as part of a productivity partnership with the goal of 20 per cent more efficiency in the construction industry by 2020. Today, BIM use is
879:
BIMKlaster (BIM Cluster) is a non-governmental, non-profit organisation established in 2012 with the aim of promoting BIM development in Poland. In
September 2016, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Construction began a series of expert meetings concerning the application of BIM methodologies in the
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BIM can bridge the information loss associated with handing a project from design team, to construction team and to building owner/operator, by allowing each group to add to and reference back to all information they acquire during their period of contribution to the BIM model. Enabling an effective
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The BIM concept envisages virtual construction of a facility prior to its actual physical construction, in order to reduce uncertainty, improve safety, work out problems, and simulate and analyze potential impacts. Sub-contractors from every trade can input critical information into the model before
888:
Created in 2015 to promote the adoption of BIM in Portugal and its normalisation, the Technical Committee for BIM Standardisation, CT197-BIM, has created the first strategic document for construction 4.0 in Portugal, aiming to align the country's industry around a common vision, integrated and more
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onstruction. Due to its population and economic growth, India has an expanding construction market. In spite of this, BIM usage was reported by only 22% of respondents in a 2014 survey. In 2019, government officials said BIM could help save up to 20% by shortening construction time, and urged wider
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An early BIM standard was the CIMSteel Integration Standard, CIS/2, a product model and data exchange file format for structural steel project information (CIMsteel: Computer Integrated Manufacturing of Constructional Steelwork). CIS/2 enables seamless and integrated information exchange during the
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As an advanced construction management technique, it has been used by project delivery teams working on larger projects. 4D BIM has traditionally been used for higher end projects due to the associated costs, but technologies are now emerging that allow the process to be used by laymen or to drive
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BIM has the potential to play a vital role in the Nigerian AEC sector. In addition to its potential clarity and transparency, it may help promote standardization across the industry. For instance, Utiome suggests that, in conceptualizing a BIM-based knowledge transfer framework from industrialized
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led the government's BIM programme and requirements, including a free-to-use set of UK standards and tools that defined 'level 2 BIM'. In April 2016, the UK Government published a new central web portal as a point of reference for the industry for 'level 2 BIM'. The work of the BIM Task Group then
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In Norway BIM has been used increasingly since 2008. Several large public clients require use of BIM in open formats (IFC) in most or all of their projects. The Government Building Authority bases its processes on BIM in open formats to increase process speed and quality, and all large and several
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Building information models span the whole concept-to-occupation time-span. To ensure efficient management of information processes throughout this span, a BIM manager might be appointed. The BIM manager is retained by a design build team on the client's behalf from the pre-design phase onwards to
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entitled "Building Information Modeling," and other software vendors also started to assert their involvement in the field. By hosting contributions from Autodesk, Bentley Systems and Graphisoft, plus other industry observers, in 2003, Jerry Laiserin helped popularize and standardize the term as a
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4D modelling enables project participants (architects, designers, contractors, clients) to plan, sequence the physical activities, visualise the critical path of a series of events, mitigate the risks, report and monitor progress of activities through the lifetime of the project. 4D BIM enables a
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In February 2016, Infrastructure Australia recommended: "Governments should make the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) mandatory for the design of large-scale complex infrastructure projects. In support of a mandatory rollout, the Australian Government should commission the Australasian
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Lithuania is moving towards adoption of BIM infrastructure by founding a public body "Skaitmeninė statyba" (Digital Construction), which is managed by 13 associations. Also, there is a BIM work group established by Lietuvos Architektų Sąjunga (a Lithuanian architects body). The initiative intends
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The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has announced that BIM would be introduced for architectural submission (by 2013), structural and M&E submissions (by 2014) and eventually for plan submissions of all projects with gross floor area of more than 5,000 square meters by 2015. The BCA
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Quantities and shared properties of materials can be extracted easily. Scopes of work can be isolated and defined. Systems, assemblies and sequences can be shown in a relative scale with the entire facility or group of facilities. BIM also prevents errors by enabling conflict or 'clash detection'
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building information modeling refers to the intelligent linking of individual 3D components or assemblies with time schedule (4D BIM) constraints and then with cost-related information. 5D models enable participants to visualise construction progress and related costs over time. This BIM-centric
915:
A July 2015 meeting at Spain's Ministry of Infrastructure launched the country's national BIM strategy, making BIM a mandatory requirement on public sector projects with a possible starting date of 2018. Following a February 2015 BIM summit in Barcelona, professionals in Spain established a BIM
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BIM implementation is targeted towards BIM Stage 2 by the year 2020 led by the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB Malaysia). Under the Construction Industry Transformation Plan (CITP 2016–2020), it is hoped more emphasis on technology adoption across the project life-cycle will induce
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techniques (separately or in combination) or digitizing traditional building surveying methodologies by using mobile technology to capture accurate measurements and operation-related information about the asset that can be used as the basis for a model. Trying to retrospectively model a building
280:
series for reference designation has published 81346-12:2018, also known as RDS-CW (Reference Designation System for Construction Works). The use of RDS-CW offers the prospect of integrating BIM with complementary international standards based classification systems being developed for the Power
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identified 5D BIM technology as one of five big ideas poised to disrupt construction. It defined 5D BIM as "a five-dimensional representation of the physical and functional characteristics of any project. It considers a project’s time schedule and cost in addition to the standard spatial design
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alike, the term itself has been questioned and debated with alternatives including Virtual Building Environment (VBE) also considered. Unlike some countries such as the UK, the US has not adopted a set of national BIM guidelines, allowing different systems to remain in competition. In 2021, the
906:
The BIM Association of Slovakia, "BIMaS", was established in January 2013 as the first Slovak professional organisation focused on BIM. Although there are neither standards nor legislative requirements to deliver projects in BIM, many architects, structural engineers and contractors, plus a few
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BIM authoring tools present a design as combinations of "objects" – vague and undefined, generic or product-specific, solid shapes or void-space oriented (like the shape of a room), that carry their geometry, relations, and attributes. BIM applications allow extraction of different views from a
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In the project life cycle context, a 6D model is usually delivered to the owner when a construction project is finished. The "As-Built" BIM model is populated with relevant building component information such as product data and details, maintenance/operation manuals, cut sheet specifications,
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Outside of government, industry adoption of BIM since 2016 has been led by the UK BIM Alliance, an independent, not-for-profit, collaboratively-based organisation formed to champion and enable the implementation of BIM, and to connect and represent organisations, groups and individuals working
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Through the new D.l. 50, in April 2016 Italy has included into its own legislation several European directives including 2014/24/EU on Public Procurement. The decree states among the main goals of public procurement the "rationalization of designing activities and of all connected verification
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In January 2019, ISO published the first two parts of ISO 19650, providing a framework for building information modelling, based on process standards developed in the United Kingdom. UK BS and PAS 1192 specifications form the basis of further parts of the ISO 19650 series, with parts on asset
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The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) has announced "Start of BIM pilot project in government building and repairs" (by 2010). Japan Institute of Architects (JIA) released the BIM guidelines (by 2012), which showed the agenda and expected effect of BIM to architects. MLIT
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is located in the suspect location. The owner could also have in the model the specific valve size, manufacturer, part number, and any other information ever researched in the past, pending adequate computing power. Such problems were initially addressed by Leite and Akinci when developing a
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However, the terms 'Building Information Model' and 'Building Information Modeling' (including the acronym "BIM") did not become popularly used until some 10 years later. Facilitating exchange and interoperability of information in digital format was variously with differing terminology: by
1041:(NIBS) looked at applying UK BIM experiences to developing shared US BIM standards and processes. The US National BIM Standard had largely been developed through volunteer efforts; NIBS aimed to create a national BIM programme to drive effective adoption at a national scale.
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In early 2018 the Italian Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport issued a decree (DM 01/12/17) creating a governmental BIM Mandate compelling public client organisations to adopt a digital approach by 2025, with an incremental obligation which will start on 1 January 2019.
1147:
building information modeling, refers to the graphical representation of an asset's geometric design, augmented by information describing attributes of individual components. 3D BIM work may be undertaken by professional disciplines such as architectural, structural, and
1001:(formerly Public Works and Government Services Canada) is committed to using non-proprietary or "OpenBIM" BIM standards and avoids specifying any specific proprietary BIM format. Designers are required to use the international standards of interoperability for BIM (IFC).
62:) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of the physical and functional characteristics of buildings and other physical assets. BIM is supported by various tools, technologies and contracts. Building information models (BIMs) are
489:
Dynamic information about the building, such as sensor measurements and control signals from the building systems, can also be incorporated within software to support analysis of building operation and maintenance. As such, BIM in facility operation can be related to
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In Estonia digital construction cluster (Digitaalehituse Klaster) was formed in 2015 to develop BIM solutions for the whole life-cycle of construction. The strategic objective of the cluster is to develop an innovative digital construction environment as well as VDC
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A CDE workflow describes the processes to be used while a CDE solution can provide the underlying technologies. A CDE is used to share data across a project or asset lifecycle, supporting collaboration across a whole project team. The concept of a CDE overlaps with
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The South African BIM Institute, established in May 2015, aims to enable technical experts to discuss digital construction solutions that can be adopted by professionals working within the construction sector. Its initial task was to promote the SA BIM Protocol.
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still not mandated in the country while several challenges have been identified for its implementation in the country. However, members of the AEC industry and academia have developed a national BIM handbook providing definitions, case studies and templates.
66:(often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a built asset. BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan,
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British Standards Institution (2019) BS EN ISO 19650: Organisation and digitisation of information about buildings and civil engineering works, including building information modelling – Information management using building information modelling, London:
580:, or "green BIM", is a process that can help architecture, engineering and construction firms to improve sustainability in the built environment. It can allow architects and engineers to integrate and analyze environmental issues in their design over the
561:
of the building, including but not limited to: replacement of energy, utility, and safety systems; continual maintenance of the building exterior and interior and replacement of materials; updates to design and functionality; and recapitalization costs.
907:
investors are already applying BIM. A Slovak implementation strategy created by BIMaS and supported by the Chamber of Civil Engineers and Chamber of Architects has yet to be approved by Slovak authorities due to their low interest in such innovation.
1048:(IPD) where the primary motive is to bring the teams together early on in the project. A full implementation of BIM also requires the project teams to collaborate from the inception stage and formulate model sharing and ownership contract documents.
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Lithuania to adopt BIM, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and National Construction Classification as standard. An international conference "Skaitmeninė statyba Lietuvoje" (Digital Construction in Lithuania) has been held annually since 2012.
470:
handover of information from design and construction (including via IFC or COBie) can thus yield benefits to the facility owner or operator. BIM-related processes relating to longer-term asset management are also covered in ISO-19650 Part 3.
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In November 2017, Ireland's Department for Public Expenditure and Reform launched a strategy to increase use of digital technology in delivery of key public works projects, requiring the use of BIM to be phased in over the next four years.
156:
has acknowledged to Jonathan Ingram in an open letter, that Sonata "was more advanced in 1986 than ArchiCAD at that time", adding that it "surpassed already the matured definition of 'BIM' specified only about one and a half decade later".
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The concept of BIM has been in development since the 1970s, but it only became an agreed term in the early 2000s. The development of standards and the adoption of BIM has progressed at different speeds in different countries. Developed by
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BIM is not mandatory in Canada. Several organizations support BIM adoption and implementation in Canada: the Canada BIM Council (CANBIM, founded in 2008), the Institute for BIM in Canada, and buildingSMART Canada (the Canadian chapter of
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Participants in the building process are constantly challenged to deliver successful projects despite tight budgets, limited staffing, accelerated schedules, and limited or conflicting information. The significant disciplines such as
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There are no mandated or national best practice BIM standards or protocols in South Africa. Organisations implement company-specific BIM standards and protocols at best (there are isolated examples of cross-industry alliances).
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The Russian government has approved a list of the regulations that provide the creation of a legal framework for the use of information modeling of buildings in construction and encourages the use of BIM in government projects.
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has defined BIM as "a model-based technology linked with a database of project information", and this reflects the general reliance on database technology as the foundation. In the future, structured text documents such as
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The term 'building model' (in the sense of BIM as used today) was first used in papers in the mid-1980s: in a 1985 paper by Simon Ruffle eventually published in 1986, and later in a 1986 paper by Robert Aish – then at
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towards digital transformation of the UK's built environment industry. In November 2017, the UK BIM Alliance merged with the UK and Ireland chapter of BuildingSMART. In October 2019, CDBB, the UK BIM Alliance and the
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beginning construction, with opportunities to pre-fabricate or pre-assemble some systems off-site. Waste can be minimised on-site and products delivered on a just-in-time basis rather than being stock-piled on-site.
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an object-oriented building development tool that utilizes 5-D modeling concepts, information technology and software interoperability to design, construct and operate a building project, as well as communicate its
1857:) disclaimed he had coined the term, adding "it is my opinion that the historical record ... shows that Building Information Modeling was not an innovation attributable solely to any individual or entity." (p.xiii)
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3667:"Building Information Modeling: Ekspertyza dotycząca możliwości wdrożenia metodyki BIM w Polsce ("Building Information Modeling. Expertise concerning the possibility of implementing BIM methodology in Poland")"
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979:(NBS) has published research into BIM adoption in the UK since 2011, and in 2020 published its 10th annual BIM report. In 2011, 43% of respondents had not heard of BIM; in 2020 73% said they were using BIM.
735:
2010, the Korean government has been gradually increasing the scope of BIM-mandated projects. McGraw Hill published a detailed report in 2012 on the status of BIM adoption and implementation in South Korea.
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Poor software interoperability has long been regarded as an obstacle to industry efficiency in general and to BIM adoption in particular. In August 2004 a US National Institute of Standards and Technology
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constructed in, say 1927, requires numerous assumptions about design standards, building codes, construction methods, materials, etc, and is, therefore, more complex than building a model during design.
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Leite, Fernanda; Akinci, Burcu (2012). "Formalized Representation for Supporting Automated Identification of Critical Assets in Facilities during Emergencies Triggered by Failures in Building Systems".
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designs should be well-coordinated, as two things can't take place at the same place and time. BIM additionally is able to aid in collision detection, identifying the exact location of discrepancies.
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launched the UK BIM Framework. Superseding the BIM levels approach, the framework describes an overarching approach to implementing BIM in the UK, giving free guidance on integrating the international
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The Iran Building Information Modeling Association (IBIMA) was founded in 2012 by professional engineers from five universities in Iran, including the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at
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was working on a lightweight XML format, COBieLite, which became available for review in April 2013. In September 2014, a code of practice regarding COBie was issued as a British Standard: BS 1192-4.
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The term is less commonly used in the UK and has been replaced with reference to the Asset Information Requirements (AIR) and an Asset Information Model (AIM) as specified in BS EN ISO 19650-3:2020.
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as part of its National Building Information Model (NBIMS-US) standard. COBie has been incorporated into software, and may take several forms including spreadsheet, IFC, and ifcXML. In early 2013
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schedules often used in project management. Construction sequences can be reviewed as a series of problems using 4D BIM, enabling users to explore options, manage solutions and optimize results.
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Procurement and Construction Council, working with industry, to develop appropriate guidance around the adoption and use of BIM; and common standards and protocols to be applied when using BIM".
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As some BIM software developers have created proprietary data structures in their software, data and files created by one vendor's applications may not work in other vendor solutions. To achieve
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Liu, Xuesong; Akinci, Burcu (2009). "Requirements and Evaluation of Standards for Integration of Sensor Data with Building Information Models". In Caldas, Carlos H.; O'Brien, William J. (eds.).
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Aish, R. (1986) "Building Modelling: The Key to Integrated Construction CAD" CIB 5th International Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering related to Building, 7–9 July.
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small and medium-sized contractors use BIM. National BIM development is centred around the local organisation, buildingSMART Norway which represents 25% of the Norwegian construction industry.
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Leite, Fernanda; Akcamete, Asli; Akinci, Burcu; Atasoy, Guzide; Kiziltas, Semiha (2011). "Analysis of modeling effort and impact of different levels of detail in building information models".
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The concept of BIM has existed since the 1970s. The first software tools developed for modeling buildings emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and included workstation products such as
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Modeling & Simulation-Based Data Engineering: Introducing Pragmatics into Ontologies for Net-Centric Information Exchange by Bernard P. Zeigler (Author), Phillip E. Hammonds (Author)
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Since 2009 through the initiative of buildingSmart Switzerland, then 2013, BIM awareness among a broader community of engineers and architects was raised due to the open competition for
5199:"A case study on constructing 3D / 4D BIM models from 2D drawings and paper-based documents using a school building project by S L Fan, S C Kang, S H Hsieh, Y H Chen, C H Wu, J R Juang"
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One of the challenges to the proper maintenance and management of existing facilities is understanding how BIM can be utilized to support a holistic understanding and implementation of
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Some purposes or uses of BIM may be described as 'dimensions'. However, there is little consensus on definitions beyond 5D. Some organisations dismiss the term; for example, the UK
364:"BIM wash" or "BIM washing" is a term sometimes used to describe inflated, and/or deceptive, claims of using or delivering BIM services or products. Also termed, "faking the BIM."
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For example, a building owner may find evidence of a water leak in a building. Rather than exploring the physical building, the owner may turn to the model and see that a water
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Ruffle S. (1986) "Architectural design exposed: from computer-aided-drawing to computer-aided-design" Environments and Planning B: Planning and Design 1986 March 7 pp 385-389.
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5315:"4D CAD Application Examples and Directions for Development in Civil Engineering Projects by Joong-Min Kwak, Gwang-Yeol Choi, Nam-Jin Park, Hwa-Jin Seo and Leen-Seok Kang"
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The Czech BIM Council, established in May 2011, aims to implement BIM methodologies into the Czech building and designing processes, education, standards and legislation.
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whereby the computer model visually highlights to the team where parts of the building (e.g.:structural frame and building services pipes or ducts) may wrongly intersect.
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India Building Information Modelling Association (IBIMA) is a national-level society that represents the entire Indian BIM community. In India BIM is also known as VDC:
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application as then "one of the most mature BIM solutions on the market." Following its launch in 1987, ArchiCAD became regarded by some as the first implementation of
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product on a personal computer able to create both 2D and 3D geometry, as well as the first commercial BIM product for personal computers. However, Graphisoft founder
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5283:"Using 4D CAD and Immersive Virtual Environments to Improve Construction Planning by Sai Yerrapathruni, John I. Messner, Anthony J. Baratta and Michael J. Horman"
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2896:"Sawhney, Anil et al. (2014). State of BIM Adoption and Outlook in India (English). RICS School of the Built Environment, Amity University. Noida, Uttar Pradesh"
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M. Dobelis (2013), "Drawbacks of BIM concept adoption", in the 12th International Conference on Engineering Graphics, BALTGRAF 2013, 5–7 June 2013, Riga, Latvia
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introduced BIM, and then set a target of full BIM implementation in 2014/2015. BuildingSmart Hong Kong was inaugurated in Hong Kong SAR in late April 2012. The
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China began its exploration on informatisation in 2001. The Ministry of Construction announced BIM was as the key application technology of informatisation in
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by allowing the addition of further information (time, cost, manufacturers' details, sustainability, and maintenance information, etc.) to the building model.
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Agreed source of information for any given project or asset, for collecting, managing and disseminating each information container through a managed process.
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928:'s Felix Platter Hospital where a BIM coordinator was sought. BIM has also been a subject of events by the Swiss Society for Engineers and Architects, SIA.
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Use of a shared digital representation of a built asset to facilitate design, construction and operation processes to form a reliable basis for decisions.
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documentation and data being electronic) on its projects by 2016. Initially, compliance would require building data to be delivered in a vendor-neutral '
90:(IFCs) – data structures for representing information – became an international standard, ISO 16739, in 2013, and BIM process standards developed in the
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There have been attempts at creating information models for older, pre-existing facilities. Approaches include referencing key metrics such as the
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between applications, neutral, non-proprietary or open standards for sharing BIM data among different software applications have been developed.
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3149:"Lee, G., J. Lee, et al. (2012). 2012 Business Value of BIM in South Korea (English). SmartMarket Report. Bedford, MA, McGraw Hill Construction"
2671:
Maltese, Sebastiano; Tagliabue, Lavinia C.; Cecconi, Fulvio Re; Pasini, Daniela; Manfren, Massimiliano; Ciribini, Angelo L.C. (1 January 2017).
642:(by 2010). The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) clearly announced BIM technology as a national key research and application project in
5289:
4158:
3238:
2072:"BS 1192-4:2014 Collaborative production of information. Fulfilling employer's information exchange requirements using COBie. Code of practice"
372:
Use of BIM goes beyond the planning and design phase of the project, extending throughout the building life cycle. The supporting processes of
246:
4191:
7518:
3381:
3290:
2160:
2075:
1152:, and the use of 3D models enhances coordination and collaboration between disciplines. A 3D virtual model can also be created by creating a
5176:
2902:
2646:
2045:
699:. While it is not currently active, IBIMA aims to share knowledge resources to support construction engineering management decision-making.
478:
vulnerability representation of facility contents and threats for supporting the identification of vulnerabilities in building emergencies.
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795:
3711:
1524:
5891:
4872:
3988:
2782:
970:
937:
4651:
2424:
2022:
7011:
6260:
5803:
Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation Guide for Architects, Engineers, Constructors, and Real Estate Asset Managers
4904:
4513:
Kori, S. (2013). Toward Adoption of Building Information Modelling in the Nigeria AEC industry. MSc, University of Salford, Manchester.
3811:
816:
4464:
3174:
2607:
A review of building information modeling (BIM) and the internet of things (IoT) devices integration: Present status and future trends
5068:
1593:
Cinti Luciani, S. Garagnani, R. Mingucci (2012) "BIM tools and design intent. Limitations and opportunities", in K. Kensek, J. Peng,
1018:
819:, announced that, from 2025, BIM will be used as standard in the construction of federal trunk roads in addition to the rail sector.
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1809:
1616:
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1503:
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1781:
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1038:
262:
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1957:
998:
515:
4695:"Barriers and strategies for building information modelling implementation: a comparative study between New Zealand and China"
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257:
5415:
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1833:
7478:
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1149:
449:
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125:
The pioneering role of applications such as RUCAPS, Sonata and Reflex has been recognized by Laiserin as well as the UK's
5517:
5401:
4d CAD and Visualization in Construction: Developments and Applications by Raja R. A. Issa, Ian Flood, William J. O'Brien
4930:
4363:
1127:
948:' format, thus overcoming the limited interoperability of BIM software suites available on the market. The UK Government
1195:
sequence of events to be depicted visually on a time line that has been populated by a 3D model, augmenting traditional
494:
approaches; rapid access to data may also be aided by use of mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) and machine-readable
7301:
5763:
5446:
5146:
4824:
4757:
4603:
1381:
Eastman, Charles; Fisher, David; Lafue, Gilles; Lividini, Joseph; Stoker, Douglas; Yessios, Christos (September 1974).
696:
503:
5321:
3549:
3434:
2811:
1992:
321:
For the professionals involved in a project, BIM enables a virtual information model to be shared by the design team (
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6321:
6143:
6133:
5409:
2134:
1920:
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1422:
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project management technique has potential to improve management and delivery of projects of any size or complexity.
115:
111:
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3773:
811:
UK in aspects of implementing BIM. BIM was piloted in many areas of German infrastructure delivery and in July 2022
6412:
6188:
5738:'BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors
5120:
4496:"BIM-based lifecycle planning and specifications for sustainable cities of the future : a conceptual approach"
3643:
3313:
1052:
958:
133:
worked on all three products. What became known as BIM products differed from architectural drafting tools such as
5642:
4955:
2483:
2312:
2193:"Frequently Asked Questions About the National BIM Standard-United States – National BIM Standard – United States"
2100:
1415:
BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors
122:. The early applications, and the hardware needed to run them, were expensive, which limited widespread adoption.
7493:
7307:
6687:
4328:
3096:
1442:
BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors
976:
78:, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, railways, bridges, ports and tunnels.
2282:
7644:
6251:
5669:"Information management according to BS EN ISO 19650 Guidance Part 3 Operational phase of the asset life-cycle"
3884:
3579:
3067:
495:
169:. The term 'Building Information Model' first appeared in a 1992 paper by G.A. van Nederveen and F. P. Tolman.
5564:
4498:
2342:
1179:, an acronym for 4-dimensional building information modeling, refers to the intelligent linking of individual
7659:
7455:
7394:
6971:
6499:
5817:
Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies
4629:
4044:
1388:
419:
373:
145:
5020:
1890:
7016:
6567:
6488:
6447:
4105:
3126:
3012:"Barriers to adoption of building information modeling (BIM) in Iran: Preliminary results (September 2016)"
1324:
1168:
507:
126:
5372:
5224:
3962:
1021:
and US contracting firms have developed various working definitions of BIM that describe it generally as:
7359:
7161:
6672:
6607:
6525:
6437:
6301:
6208:
5225:"Building Information Modeling (BIM) Guidelines and Standards for Architects, Engineers, and Contractors"
4127:
2760:
1329:
1284:
1045:
659:
234:
87:
481:
140:
As Graphisoft had been developing such solutions for longer than its competitors, Laiserin regarded its
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3850:
3666:
2611:
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does not recommend using nD modelling terms beyond 4D, adding "cost (5D) is not really a 'dimension'."
5845:
Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations
5616:
5488:
5350:
4846:
3343:
2628:
Costin, A.M., Teizer, J. "Fusing passive RFID and BIM for increased accuracy in indoor localization".
2606:
94:
from 2007 onwards formed the basis of an international standard, ISO 19650, launched in January 2019.
7561:
7420:
7384:
7186:
6816:
6771:
6699:
6551:
6494:
6203:
4302:
3264:
2520:
1525:"Prince Philip Medal for engineer behind revolution in Building Information Modelling (22 June 2016)"
1032:
Although the concept of BIM and relevant processes are being explored by contractors, architects and
862:
that manages government buildings, introduced the Rgd BIM Standard, which it updated on 1 July 2012.
441:
4527:
4276:
4014:
3230:
2365:"Green-Washing and Cloud-Washing – Terms you must know relative to BIM – Not to mention BIM-Washing"
1475:
299:
The US National Building Information Model Standard Project Committee has the following definition:
7608:
7430:
7126:
6726:
6505:
6396:
6381:
6213:
5147:"Towards 5D CAD – Dynamic Cost and Resource Planning for Specialist Contractors by William O'Brien"
4183:
3755:
3286:
1294:
1279:
522:
5172:
2958:
2156:
2071:
1078:
committee, the African BIM Report gives an overview of BIM adoption across the African continent.
7603:
7528:
7450:
7379:
7323:
7255:
7151:
7066:
6976:
6941:
6417:
3491:"Government Strategy to Increase use of Digital Technology in Key Public Works Projects Launched"
3373:
3045:
2895:
2049:
1183:
components or assemblies with time- or scheduling-related information. The term 4D refers to the
1144:
779:
663:
542:
381:
4981:
7639:
7593:
7555:
7435:
7146:
6577:
6218:
3703:
2673:"Sustainability Assessment through Green BIM for Environmental, Social and Economic Efficiency"
1219:
1184:
1033:
445:
338:
17:
5257:"Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction planning by David Heesom and Lamine Mahdjoubi"
3984:
2605:
Shu Tang, Dennis R. Shelden, Charles M. Eastman, Pardis Pishdad-Bozorgi, Xinghua Gao (2019), "
1745:
1447:
7654:
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7250:
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6457:
6229:
6193:
5937:
2428:
1243:
1227:
581:
558:
389:
149:
4893:
4485:
AIA, C.C., A working Definition: Integrated Project Delivery. 2007, McGraw Hill Construction
3803:
1867:
Gallaher, Michael P.; O'Connor, Alan C.; Dettbarn, John L.; Gilday, Linda T. (August 2004).
1439:
7415:
7405:
7349:
7286:
7181:
6761:
6710:
6276:
5968:
4456:
2559:
1304:
1200:
31:
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may be able to be searched and linked to regional, national, and international standards.
8:
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6602:
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6442:
6336:
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1806:
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1340:
1334:
538:
511:
326:
219:
75:
4247:"BIM can transform the Canadian construction and design industry - constructconnect.com"
2722:
1770:
611:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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7081:
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6662:
6244:
6052:
5973:
5954:
4693:
Ma, Lijun; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Yi, Wen; Yiu, Tak Wing; Shan, Ming (18 February 2022).
4403:
807:
743:
666:
mandates the use of BIM for all government projects over HK$ 30M since 1 January 2018.
491:
385:
349:
311:
103:
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5741:
5726:
5712:
5442:
5405:
4982:"Interactive 4D-CAD by Kathleen McKinney, Jennifer Kim, Martin Fischer, Craig Howard"
4714:
4159:"Nima: UK BIM Alliance puts information management first with new name, new approach"
3011:
2985:
2783:"Building Information Modelling | Hong Kong Housing Authority and Housing Department"
2704:
2586:
1727:
1653:
1500:
1451:
1440:
1418:
1319:
1299:
546:
342:
334:
4576:
BIM to enhance building capacity, create business opportunities nationwide – Fashola
3465:"Federal cabinet decides on digitization measures to speed up planning and approval"
2835:"Adoption of Building Information Modelling for Capital Works Projects in Hong Kong"
1961:
1869:
Cost Analysis of Inadequate Interoperability in the U.S. Capital Facilities Industry
557:
incorporates BIM to factor in a variety of critical requirements and costs over the
7583:
7338:
7333:
6916:
6622:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6427:
6102:
6097:
4706:
4694:
2694:
2684:
2578:
2555:
2461:
1872:
1723:
1712:
Van Nederveen, G.A.; Tolman, F.P. (1992). "Modelling multiple views on buildings".
1674:
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203:
166:
153:
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6582:
6452:
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5927:
5521:
5399:
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4502:
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3740:
3535:
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2689:
2672:
2465:
2412:
1837:
1813:
1561:
1507:
1188:
377:
178:
130:
67:
44:
5095:"4D BIM Modeling: Improve Cost, Scheduling and Coordination of Building Project"
2986:"Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Iran: An Exploratory Study (April 2016)"
1009:
7328:
7225:
7001:
6981:
6946:
6881:
6801:
6642:
6632:
6541:
6391:
6361:
6316:
6311:
6183:
6032:
3733:
2616:
1771:"Autodesk (2002). Building Information Modeling. San Rafael, CA, Autodesk, Inc"
1157:
1057:
949:
812:
577:
530:
396:
162:
91:
63:
4626:"BIM Institute | Africa's voice for Building Information Modelling (BIM)"
222:
and the UK's Steel Construction Institute in the late 1990s, with inputs from
39:
7628:
7410:
7261:
7156:
7121:
6891:
6886:
6841:
6836:
6682:
6657:
6652:
6627:
6597:
6467:
6366:
6346:
6326:
6237:
5932:
5514:
4922:
4718:
3804:"La Comissió Construïm el Futur (transl: The Commission Building the Future)"
2708:
2582:
1830:
1314:
994:
791:
353:
266:
242:
165:, developer of RUCAPS software – referring to the software's use at London's
83:
4820:
4599:
3851:"jahrestagung 2013 – sia – schweizerischer ingenieur- und architektenverein"
2633:
1876:
1595:
Practical BIM 2012 – Management, Implementation, Coordination and Evaluation
218:
design and construction of steel framed structures. It was developed by the
7588:
7266:
7166:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7061:
6996:
6876:
6846:
6786:
6781:
6756:
6667:
6546:
6462:
6386:
6371:
6356:
6072:
5831:
Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling
5314:
2494:
1984:
1273:
1114:
940:
223:
71:
4427:"Setting a Standard in Building Information Modeling (Architect Magazine)"
2130:
7598:
7240:
7197:
7171:
7111:
7091:
7086:
6961:
6921:
6906:
6851:
6776:
6746:
6741:
6557:
6422:
6341:
6163:
6107:
5962:
5643:"Building Information Modelling enters mainstream UK construction market"
4652:"Infrastructure Australia recommend BIM mandate for large-scale projects"
4216:
2699:
1196:
1153:
1134:
190:
186:
5736:
Eastman, Chuck; Teicholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011).
3635:
1438:
Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011).
1413:
Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2008).
961:(CDBB), announced in December 2017 and formally launched in early 2018.
273:
management (Part 3) and security management (Part 5) published in 2020.
249:
and has been an official international standard, ISO 16739, since 2013.
7354:
7276:
7207:
7176:
7051:
7021:
6951:
6901:
6871:
6856:
6831:
6736:
6536:
6432:
6351:
6291:
6082:
6077:
6017:
5958:
5950:
4959:
3548:
Ciribini, Angelo; De Giuda, Giuseppe; Valaguzza, Sara (21 March 2018).
2807:
1263:
526:
502:; while integration and interoperability with other business systems -
174:
27:
Process used to design and document building and infrastructure designs
3088:
2959:"IRAN Building Information Modeling Association (IBIMA), Tehran, IRAN"
2753:"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"
7313:
6991:
6986:
6936:
6911:
6766:
6562:
6128:
6112:
4324:
2286:
1309:
966:
954:
330:
322:
310:
Traditional building design was largely reliant upon two-dimensional
277:
256:) is also associated with BIM. COBie was devised by Bill East of the
119:
5785:
BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools, Methods and Workflows
5016:
4550:"Driving digital transformation in West African construction sector"
3880:
3435:"BIM must become standard for construction in Germany says minister"
3010:
Hosseini, Reza; Azari, Ehsan; Tivendale, Linda; Chileshe, Nicholas.
2984:
Hosseini, Reza; Azari, Ehsan; Tivendale, Linda; Chileshe, Nicholas.
1276:(the physical manifestation instrumented and connected to the model)
194:
common name for the digital representation of the building process.
7296:
7230:
6731:
6531:
6331:
6306:
6281:
6062:
6047:
6037:
6022:
5922:
4495:
4494:
Utiome, Erezi, Drogemuller, Robin, & Docherty, Michael (2014).
2647:"APPA Total Cost of Ownership: The Link to Excellence through Data"
1582:
Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices
858:
On 1 November 2011, the Rijksgebouwendienst, the agency within the
761:
Level 3) includes all the requirements for the BIM Level 3 (iBIM).
555:
APPA 1000 – Total Cost of Ownership for Facilities Asset Management
499:
345:
182:
141:
5770:
BIM Content Development: Standards, Strategies, and Best Practices
4625:
4036:
3405:"BIM mandate for transport projects in Germany confirmed for 2020"
2015:"CERL's COBie is National Institute of Building Sciences Approved"
1866:
1417:(1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley. pp. xi–xii.
1382:
6806:
6478:
6067:
6042:
6027:
5994:
5945:
5723:
Building Information Modeling: BIM in Current and Future Practice
3497:. Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. 21 November 2017.
464:
407:
A 'Common Data Environment' (CDE) is defined in ISO 19650 as an:
189:
as "Building Information Modeling". In 2002, Autodesk released a
134:
5373:"Management Pracitices in Construction by Mohammad kasirossafar"
4524:"BIM Africa | Advocating the adoption of BIM across Africa"
4351:
Doing Business with PWGSC: Documentation and Deliverables Manual
3118:
7483:
7235:
7041:
6791:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6138:
5376:
3958:
2367:. buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com. 12 December 2011
1180:
860:
Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment
238:
107:
6259:
3550:"UK PROCUREMENT FRAMEWORK INFORMS ITALY'S MOVE TO MANDATE BIM"
2752:
1871:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. iv.
1387:. Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University.
241:– data structures for representing information – developed by
7498:
6931:
6198:
6092:
5977:
4732:
2670:
945:
925:
916:
commission (ITeC) to drive the adoption of BIM in Catalonia.
644:"12th Five-Year" Science and Technology Development Planning.
474:
253:
48:
5437:
Zeigler, Bernard P.; Hammonds, Phillip E. (21 August 2007).
4873:"The Basics of MEP 3D Scanning: Point Clouds and BIM Models"
4097:
3774:"Spain launches BIM strategy with pencilled-in 2018 mandate"
425:
7006:
6926:
6087:
2870:
211:
5735:
5524:". www.TheB1M.com. The B1M Limited. Retrieved 8 April 2016
3260:
3009:
2983:
1694:
cited by Laiserin, Jerry (2008), Foreword to Eastman, C.,
1446:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley. pp.
1437:
1412:
1380:
367:
230:
as its data exchange format for structural steel in 2000.
4523:
4298:
4272:
4184:"UK BIM Alliance, BSI & CDBB launch UK BIM Framework"
4010:
3547:
3089:"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism"
2449:
2048:. National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from
1360:
In October 2022, the UK BIM Alliance rebranded as 'nima'.
1289:
1013:
Architectural BIM Modeling of Clinton Public Library, USA
4364:"The Future Is Now! Building Information Modeling (BIM)"
2484:"An Introduction to Building Information Modeling (BIM)"
5906:
2962:
2306:
2304:
1510:" (see Laiserin's comment to letter from John Mullan),
252:
Construction Operations Building information exchange (
5398:
Issa, Raymond; Flood, I.; O'Brien, W. (January 2003).
3855:
sia – schweizerischer ingenieur- und architektenverein
3752:
3580:"Decreto Ministeriale numero 560 del 01/12/2017 | mit"
3037:
2521:"Back to Basics – The What, How and Why of BIM and FM"
1958:"Construction Operation Building Information Exchange"
4059:
485:
Operational BIM 2D floor plan view in a mobile device
197:
5397:
4903:. General Services Administration. 12 January 2009.
4068:"£5.4m to launch 'Centre for Digital Built Britain'"
2301:
2046:"COBieLite: A lightweight XML format for COBie data"
973:
series of standards into UK processes and practice.
806:
In December 2015, the German minister for transport
4791:"An Introduction to Building Information Modelling"
4353:, updated 31 January 2019, accessed 28 January 2024
4265:
4211:
4209:
1921:"IFC4 poised for wider reach as ISO 16739 launched"
1853:Laiserin, in his foreword to Eastman, et al (2008,
1711:
5069:"4D BIM: The Evolution of Construction Scheduling"
4150:
3541:
3003:
2929:"Government backs new tech to speed up infra work"
2095:
2093:
177:as "Virtual Building" or "Single Building Model",
4644:
3305:
2313:"What is a federated Building Information Model?"
434:
7626:
4699:International Journal of Construction Management
4692:
4206:
3695:
3175:"BIM Summit 2015 calls for greater co-operation"
3119:"English Site|The Japan Institute of Architects"
5436:
5017:"Introduction to 4D Research by Martin Fischer"
4449:
3538:Gazzetta Ufficiale. Retrieved: 3 December 2021.
3336:
3181:. ConstructionWeekOnline.com. 6 December 2015.
2977:
2512:
2090:
1650:Understanding BIM: The Past, Present and Future
640:"Ten new technologies of construction industry"
572:Building information modeling in green building
422:, ECM, but with a greater focus on BIM issues.
5011:
5009:
4950:
4948:
4176:
4120:
3907:"Adopt bim or be 'Betamaxed out' says Morrell"
3457:
1913:
1739:
1737:
465:BIM in facility operation and asset management
6245:
5892:
5097:. architecturalevangelist.com. Archived from
4785:
4783:
3959:"BIM Task Group – A UK Government Initiative"
2477:
2475:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2245:
2243:
2216:
2214:
1646:In Appendix 6: Letter to the author, p. 281,
1384:An Outline of the Building Description System
1121:
587:
74:, operate and maintain buildings and diverse
5815:Underwood, Jason, and Isikdag, Umit (2009).
4128:"UK BIM Alliance and buildingSMART to merge"
4029:
3765:
3762:, BIMaS website. Accessed: 4 September 2015.
3701:
2617:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.020
1113:In 2015, many projects in the rebuilding of
796:Scientific and Technical Centre for Building
5801:Smith, Dana K. and Tardif, Michael (2009).
5783:Hardin, Brad (2009). Martin Viveros (ed.).
5635:
5609:
5583:
5557:
5481:
5455:
5430:
5391:
5365:
5339:
5307:
5275:
5249:
5217:
5191:
5165:
5139:
5113:
5087:
5061:
5035:
5006:
4974:
4945:
4886:
4865:
4839:
4813:
2544:
2101:"ISO releases new set of standards for BIM"
1930:. BuildingSmart International. March 2013.
1734:
1517:
889:ambitious than a simple technology change.
518:, etc - can aid operational reuse of data.
7012:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
6261:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
6252:
6238:
5899:
5885:
4780:
4758:"BIM guidance part 1: Introduction to BIM"
4065:
3628:
3469:Ministry for Digital Affairs and Transport
2723:"Ministry of Construction -- china.org.cn"
2472:
2387:Will we have to get used to "BIM Washing"?
2310:
2269:
2240:
2211:
2019:Engineer Research & Development Center
1976:
1883:
1408:
1406:
1374:
817:Federal Minister for Digital and Transport
646:Therefore, the year 2011 was described as
402:
106:'s Building Description System and GLIDE,
30:"BIM" redirects here. For other uses, see
5721:Kensek, Karen and Noble, Douglas (2014).
5535:"Imagining construction's digital future"
4750:
3702:Aguiar Costa, Antonio (4 December 2016).
3664:
3529:DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 18 aprile 2016, n. 50
3314:"Le PTNB est mort, vive le Plan BIM 2022"
2698:
2688:
2634:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40327-015-0030-6
2572:
2548:Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering
2311:McPartland, Richard (11 September 2017).
2195:. Nationalbimstandard.org. Archived from
1580:Lincoln H. Forbes, Syed M. Ahmed, (2010)
1019:Associated General Contractors of America
426:Management of building information models
7446:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
5857:
5121:"Rethinking Construction – 10 years on?"
4349:Public Services and Procurement Canada,
3223:
2833:Government of the Hong Kong SAR (2017).
2491:Journal of Building Information Modeling
1949:
1576:
1574:
1474:Miller, Kasper (January–February 2022).
1469:
1467:
1167:
1008:
565:
480:
228:American Institute of Steel Construction
38:
5463:"ASHRAE Introduction to BIM, 4D and 5D"
4589:, Nigeria. Accessed: 11 September 2020.
4424:
4156:
3937:"Modern Built Environment – innovateuk"
3311:
2644:
2638:
2425:"Senate Properties modeling guidelines"
2280:
2251:"ASHRAE Introduction to BIM, 4D and 5D"
1431:
1403:
1039:National Institute of Building Sciences
953:continued under the stewardship of the
738:
687:adoption by infrastructure ministries.
368:Usage throughout the project life cycle
263:National Institute of Building Sciences
181:as "Integrated Project Models", and by
14:
7627:
5782:
5661:
5545:from the original on 10 September 2019
5237:from the original on 12 September 2012
3519:D.lgs. 50/2016, art. 23 com. 1 lett. h
3495:National Development Plan, 2018 – 2027
3427:
3396:
3205:"Building information modelling (BIM)"
2926:
2920:
2832:
2645:Thiemer, Ana (January–February 2022).
2323:from the original on 15 September 2020
2137:from the original on 15 September 2020
2111:from the original on 15 September 2020
2078:from the original on 15 September 2020
2064:
1989:Building Sciences Monthly e-Newsletter
1937:from the original on 15 September 2020
1647:
1640:
1473:
999:Public Services and Procurement Canada
7319:Programmable communicating thermostat
6233:
5880:
5829:Krygiel, Eddy and Nies, Brad (2008).
5756:BIM in Small-Scale Sustainable Design
5465:. cadsoft-consult.com. Archived from
5023:from the original on 26 November 2016
4467:from the original on 17 February 2021
4108:from the original on 19 November 2017
4066:Williamson, Jonny (1 December 2017).
3861:from the original on 10 November 2013
3771:
3683:from the original on 20 February 2017
3646:from the original on 26 February 2017
3402:
3384:from the original on 22 November 2021
3354:from the original on 22 November 2021
3324:from the original on 22 November 2021
3293:from the original on 22 November 2021
3241:from the original on 22 December 2016
3185:from the original on 13 December 2015
3155:from the original on 15 February 2013
3129:from the original on 14 December 2018
3099:from the original on 10 December 2018
2908:from the original on 15 December 2014
2518:
2481:
2253:. cadsoft-consult.com. Archived from
2222:"4D BIM or Simulation-Based Modeling"
1606:
1600:
1571:
1464:
1391:from the original on 13 December 2013
1044:BIM is seen to be closely related to
717:Academy is training students in BIM.
258:United States Army Corps of Engineers
7441:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
4606:from the original on 5 December 2019
4530:from the original on 5 December 2019
4138:from the original on 21 January 2019
3965:from the original on 17 October 2014
3917:from the original on 22 October 2014
3887:from the original on 22 October 2014
3796:
3714:from the original on 5 December 2016
3658:
3590:from the original on 19 January 2019
3415:from the original on 14 January 2016
3366:
2939:from the original on 17 October 2020
2851:from the original on 8 November 2018
2814:from the original on 29 January 2019
2763:from the original on 6 December 2018
2007:
1619:from the original on 14 October 2017
591:
4994:from the original on 21 August 2010
4910:from the original on 19 April 2021.
4795:Institution of Structural Engineers
4762:Institution of Structural Engineers
4662:from the original on 27 August 2016
4632:from the original on 16 August 2016
4425:Shapiro, Gideon Fink (2 May 2014).
4331:from the original on 1 October 2015
4305:from the original on 1 October 2015
4299:"Institute for BIM in Canada (IBC)"
3483:
3312:Nicolas, Julie (20 November 2018).
2927:Haidar, Faizan (27 December 2019).
2163:from the original on 10 August 2020
1743:
1128:Institution of Structural Engineers
545:" principles that support the full
24:
7302:Minimum efficiency reporting value
5819:, Information Science Publishing.
5701:
5418:from the original on 18 April 2021
5349:. vicosoftware.com. Archived from
4827:from the original on 24 March 2022
4768:from the original on 3 August 2020
4437:from the original on 22 March 2018
4380:from the original on 14 April 2021
4157:Stanton, Justin (3 October 2022).
3784:from the original on 3 August 2015
3560:from the original on 21 March 2018
3211:from the original on 11 March 2016
3151:. Analyticstore.construction.com.
3048:from the original on 11 March 2016
2733:from the original on 29 March 2018
2560:10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000171
2224:. structuremag.org. Archived from
1607:Quirk, Vanessa (7 December 2012).
1156:of the building or facility using
853:
697:Amirkabir University of Technology
198:Interoperability and BIM standards
25:
7671:
7344:Standard temperature and pressure
7057:Packaged terminal air conditioner
6593:Passive daytime radiative cooling
6322:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
5571:from the original on 20 June 2013
5263:from the original on 9 April 2016
5127:from the original on 1 March 2014
4933:from the original on 7 March 2019
4920:
4279:from the original on 26 July 2013
4078:from the original on 19 July 2019
4047:from the original on 19 July 2019
4037:"What Was the UK BIM Task Group?"
4017:from the original on 5 April 2016
3616:from the original on 6 March 2013
3501:from the original on 30 July 2018
3261:"cluster of digital construction"
2157:"ISO Standards under Development"
1985:"Corps of Engineers Pilots COBie"
1901:from the original on 19 June 2020
1787:from the original on 14 July 2015
1535:from the original on 25 June 2016
1343:(and Building management systems)
931:
764:
289:ISO 19650-1:2018 defines BIM as:
6413:Absorption-compression heat pump
6189:Centre for Digital Built Britain
5649:from the original on 9 June 2020
5623:from the original on 19 May 2012
5597:from the original on 10 May 2012
5591:"Building Information Modelling"
5527:
5507:
5495:from the original on 19 May 2012
5327:from the original on 4 July 2016
5179:from the original on 8 June 2013
5075:from the original on 8 June 2013
4914:
4853:from the original on 2 June 2022
4725:
4686:
4674:
4618:
4592:
4568:
4542:
4516:
4507:
4488:
4479:
4418:
4392:
4356:
4343:
4317:
4291:
4239:
4227:from the original on 8 June 2020
4194:from the original on 8 June 2020
4090:
4003:
3991:from the original on 18 May 2015
3977:
3814:from the original on 8 July 2017
3445:from the original on 4 June 2016
3403:White, Jack (16 December 2015).
3267:from the original on 5 June 2016
3035:
2043:
1995:from the original on 9 June 2015
1982:
1955:
1354:
1053:American Institute of Architects
1004:
982:
959:Centre for Digital Built Britain
596:
43:Building information model of a
7308:Normal temperature and pressure
6688:Vapor-compression refrigeration
5685:from the original on 5 May 2021
4801:from the original on 5 May 2021
4457:"UK helps US with BIM adoption"
4217:"NBS' 10th National BIM Report"
3951:
3929:
3899:
3873:
3843:
3826:
3746:
3726:
3610:"Vastgoed van en voor het Rijk"
3602:
3572:
3522:
3513:
3279:
3253:
3197:
3167:
3141:
3111:
3081:
3060:
3029:
2951:
2888:
2863:
2826:
2800:
2775:
2745:
2715:
2664:
2622:
2599:
2566:
2538:
2519:Kelly, Graham (25 April 2018).
2443:
2417:
2400:
2391:
2379:
2357:
2335:
2185:
2175:
2149:
2123:
2037:
1860:
1847:
1823:
1799:
1763:
1705:
1688:
1679:
1667:
1631:
1207:processes such as manufacture.
1081:
977:National Building Specification
648:"The First Year of China's BIM"
5123:. construction-student.co.uk.
4402:. Aecbytes.com. Archived from
3772:Knutt, Elaine (16 July 2015).
3734:Possibilities of BIM in Russia
3704:"Construction 4.0 in Portugal"
3078:(BCA magazine), December 2011.
2575:Computing in Civil Engineering
2281:Eastman, Chuck (August 2009).
1587:
1547:
1493:
1172:4D BIM Construction Simulation
1108:
919:
729:
435:BIM in construction management
56:Building information modeling
13:
1:
7635:Building information modeling
7456:Testing, adjusting, balancing
7400:Building information modeling
7395:Building services engineering
6972:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
6500:Demand controlled ventilation
6448:Building insulation materials
5908:Building information modeling
5709:Building Information Modeling
5375:. ci-asce.org. Archived from
4711:10.1080/15623599.2022.2040076
3778:Construction Manager: BIMplus
2345:. BIM Thinkspace. 6 June 2011
1891:"SteelVis (aka CIS/2 Viewer)"
1807:Comparing Pommes and Naranjas
1746:"What next for AEC software?"
1744:Day, Martyn (February 2022).
1476:"Exploring BIM's hidden past"
1367:
1247:for sustainability purposes.
420:enterprise content management
374:building lifecycle management
284:
233:BIM is often associated with
7017:High-pressure cut-off switch
6568:Ice storage air conditioning
6489:Dedicated outdoor air system
5847:, McGraw-Hill Professional.
5173:"4D construction simulation"
4400:"AECbytes Archived Articles"
2690:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.211
2630:Visualization in Engineering
2466:10.1016/j.autcon.2010.11.027
2397:ISO 19650-1:2018, p. 3.3.15.
2131:"IEC 81346-12:2018 Abstract"
1960:. USACE ERDC. Archived from
1728:10.1016/0926-5805(92)90014-B
1529:Royal Academy of Engineering
1325:System information modelling
1099:
844:
711:
653:
127:Royal Academy of Engineering
7:
7360:Thermostatic radiator valve
7162:Thermostatic radiator valve
6673:Underfloor air distribution
6608:Radiant heating and cooling
6526:Energy recovery ventilation
6438:Automobile air conditioning
6302:Domestic energy consumption
6209:Industry Foundation Classes
3881:"BIM Roundtable Discussion"
2787:Hong Kong Housing Authority
1330:Whole Building Design Guide
1257:
1046:Integrated Project Delivery
901:
883:
702:
660:Hong Kong Housing Authority
359:
245:. IFC is recognised by the
235:Industry Foundation Classes
88:Industry Foundation Classes
10:
7676:
7509:Institute of Refrigeration
7390:Architectural technologist
6862:Electrostatic precipitator
5768:Weygant, Robert S. (2011)
5740:(2 ed.). John Wiley.
5617:"6D BIM from Vico website"
5489:"5D BIM from Vico website"
5347:"4D BIM from Vico website"
5149:. asce.org. Archived from
4958:. wbdg.org. Archived from
4894:"BIM Guide For 3D Imaging"
3743:. Accessed: 14 April 2021.
3708:Construction Manager: BIM+
2961:. Ibima.ir. Archived from
2615:, Volume 101, pp 127-139,
2612:Automation in Construction
2453:Automation in Construction
1715:Automation in Construction
1122:Purposes or dimensionality
1094:
1068:
938:Chief Construction Adviser
936:In May 2011 UK Government
822:
801:
772:
755:
588:International developments
569:
551:American National Standard
226:, and was approved by the
97:
29:
7571:
7562:Volatile organic compound
7537:
7464:
7421:Environmental engineering
7385:Architectural engineering
7368:
7216:
7187:Ultra-low particulate air
6772:Automatic balancing valve
6719:
6700:Variable refrigerant flow
6552:Heat recovery ventilation
6495:Deep water source cooling
6405:
6267:
6204:Geometric modeling kernel
6156:
6121:
6010:
6003:
5987:
5915:
5858:Jernigan, Finith (2007).
5288:. psu.edu. Archived from
4134:. CIOB. 5 November 2017.
3985:"The level-2 BIM package"
3374:"Multi-scale BIM for all"
3207:. austrian-standards.at.
2427:. Gsa.gov. Archived from
1648:Ingram, Jonathan (2020).
1063:
987:
892:
874:
865:
785:
750:
605:This section needs to be
7609:Template:Home automation
7431:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
7127:Solar-assisted heat pump
6727:Air conditioner inverter
6506:Displacement ventilation
6397:Vapour pressure of water
6382:Thermal destratification
6214:BIM Collaboration Format
5843:Kymmell, Willem (2008).
4600:"The African BIM Report"
3837:10 November 2013 at the
3179:Construction Week Online
2411:12 November 2009 at the
2343:"Understanding BIM Wash"
1609:"A Brief History of BIM"
1347:
1337:(or Building management)
1295:Digital Building Logbook
910:
831:
720:
669:
633:
549:of a building. An
523:Facility Condition Index
76:physical infrastructures
7604:World Refrigeration Day
7451:Refrigerant reclamation
7380:Architectural acoustics
7324:Programmable thermostat
7256:Clean air delivery rate
7152:Thermal expansion valve
7067:Pressurisation ductwork
6977:Ground source heat pump
6418:Absorption refrigerator
5754:Lévy, François (2011).
4683:, Tuesday 14 April 2015
3732:Shubin, Nikolai (2015)
3612:. Rgd.nl. 14 May 2013.
2871:"India BIM Association"
1877:10.6028/NIST.GCR.04-867
1652:. Abingdon: Routledge.
880:construction industry.
780:new product development
690:
664:Government of Hong Kong
628:
403:Common Data Environment
382:construction management
7594:Glossary of HVAC terms
7556:Sick building syndrome
7436:Mechanical engineering
7147:Smoke exhaust ductwork
6578:Mixed-mode ventilation
6219:Raster image processor
5707:Kensek, Karen (2014).
5539:McKinsey & Company
4956:"NIBS BIM Initiatives"
4325:"buildingSMART Canada"
2493:: 12–4. Archived from
2021:. ERDC. Archived from
1228:McKinsey & Company
1173:
1014:
486:
148:, as it was the first
129:; former GMW employee
52:
7645:Computer-aided design
7614:Template:Solar energy
7292:Intelligent buildings
7251:Carbon dioxide sensor
6638:Room air distribution
6458:Central solar heating
6194:Computer-aided design
5938:Cadwork informatik AG
4585:" (28 November 2019)
4431:architectmagazine.com
4251:Daily Commercial News
3263:. digitaalehitus.ee.
1829:Laiserin, J. (2003) "
1805:Laiserin, J. (2002) "
1553:Laiserin, J. (2003) "
1501:LaiserinLetterLetters
1499:Laiserin, J. (2003) "
1234:
1210:
1191:, i.e. 3D plus time.
1171:
1163:
1133:
1012:
708:higher productivity.
566:BIM in green building
484:
42:
7660:Building engineering
7416:Duct leakage testing
7406:Deep energy retrofit
7350:Thermographic camera
7287:Infrared thermometer
6762:Air source heat pump
6711:Water heat recycling
6277:Air changes per hour
5969:Open Design Alliance
5619:. vicosoftware.com.
5491:. vicosoftware.com.
5441:. Elsevier Science.
4658:. 17 February 2016.
4463:. 16 February 2021.
4273:"Canada BIM Council"
3961:. Bimtaskgroup.org.
3939:. Ktn.innovateuk.org
3344:"KROQi Web Platform"
3289:. 26 November 2018.
2677:Procedia Engineering
2583:10.1061/41052(346)10
2482:Smith, Deke (2007).
1305:List of BIM software
1231:parameters in 3-D."
739:United Arab Emirates
327:landscape architects
32:Bim (disambiguation)
7282:HVAC control system
7272:Home energy monitor
7246:Building automation
7032:Inverter compressor
6694:Variable air volume
6603:Passive ventilation
6573:Kitchen ventilation
6473:Constant air volume
6443:Autonomous building
5101:on 30 December 2014
5049:on 12 November 2009
4929:. The B1M Limited.
4190:. 17 October 2019.
3231:"Czech BIM Council"
2577:. pp. 95–104.
2431:on 26 February 2012
2107:. 23 January 2019.
2025:on 12 December 2012
1842:The Laiserin Letter
1820:, 16 December 2002.
1818:The Laiserin Letter
1566:The Laiserin Letter
1512:The Laiserin Letter
1341:Building automation
1335:Facility management
1201:critical path (CPM)
539:building management
220:University of Leeds
7545:Indoor air quality
7489:ASTM International
7426:Hydronic balancing
7203:Wood-burning stove
7082:Radiator reflector
6867:Evaporative cooler
6678:Underfloor heating
6663:Thermal insulation
5955:Data Design System
5860:BIG BIM little bim
5520:2019-04-01 at the
5153:on 12 January 2013
4681:New Zealand Herald
4581:2019-12-05 at the
4556:on 5 December 2019
4501:2015-01-13 at the
4406:on 21 October 2014
3987:. BIM Task Group.
3758:2021-11-10 at the
3739:2019-04-14 at the
3534:2021-01-25 at the
3073:2013-11-02 at the
2965:on 21 October 2014
2933:The Economic Times
2842:Development Bureau
2651:Facilities Manager
2500:on 13 October 2011
2289:on 26 October 2019
2199:on 16 October 2014
1956:East, E. William.
1836:2015-07-08 at the
1812:2017-07-29 at the
1568:, 20 January 2003.
1560:2017-07-04 at the
1506:2017-08-02 at the
1174:
1015:
808:Alexander Dobrindt
790:The French arm of
744:Dubai Municipality
492:internet of things
487:
390:facility operation
386:project management
312:technical drawings
53:
7622:
7621:
7538:Health and safety
7117:Scroll compressor
7072:Process duct work
6827:Convection heater
6822:Condensing boiler
6752:Air-mixing plenum
6648:Solar combisystem
6484:Cross ventilation
6287:Building envelope
6227:
6226:
6152:
6151:
5869:978-0-9795699-0-6
5853:978-0-07-149453-3
5839:978-0-470-23960-5
5825:978-1-60566-928-1
5811:978-0-470-25003-7
5794:978-0-470-40235-1
5778:978-0-470-58357-9
5747:978-0-470-54137-1
5731:978-1-118-76630-9
5717:978-0-415-71774-8
5205:on 4 January 2013
4923:"What is 4D BIM?"
4705:(12): 2067–2076.
4253:. 18 October 2019
4102:ukbimalliance.org
4098:"UK BIM Alliance"
3640:BIMKlaster.org.pl
2592:978-0-7844-1052-3
1555:Graphisoft on BIM
1514:, 6 January 2003.
1320:Pre-fire planning
1300:Lean construction
1242:, an acronym for
1218:, an acronym for
1145:three-dimensional
1143:, an acronym for
626:
625:
547:product lifecycle
543:cost of ownership
527:3D laser-scanning
343:building services
163:GMW Computers Ltd
16:(Redirected from
7667:
7584:Building science
7339:Smart thermostat
7334:Room temperature
6917:Fireplace insert
6623:Radon mitigation
6521:Electric heating
6516:District heating
6511:District cooling
6428:Air conditioning
6254:
6247:
6240:
6231:
6230:
6103:Trimble SketchUp
6098:Tekla Structures
6008:
6007:
5988:Free open-source
5901:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5798:
5751:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5676:UK BIM Framework
5673:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5587:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5567:. 5 March 2010.
5565:"4D, 5D, 6D BIM"
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5531:
5525:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5201:. Archived from
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5045:. Archived from
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5019:. stanford.edu.
5013:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4987:. stanford.edu.
4986:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4847:"BIM Dimensions"
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4596:
4590:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4552:. Archived from
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4505:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4072:The Manufacturer
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3847:
3841:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3769:
3763:
3750:
3744:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3671:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3545:
3539:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3287:"BIM and France"
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3085:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2632:. 3, 17 (2015).
2626:
2620:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:. Archived from
2278:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2105:Geospatial World
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1827:
1821:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1709:
1703:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1521:
1515:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1378:
1361:
1358:
1269:Design computing
1185:fourth dimension
997:International).
621:
618:
612:
600:
599:
592:
525:(FCI), or using
204:interoperability
167:Heathrow Airport
21:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7579:ASHRAE Handbook
7567:
7551:Passive smoking
7533:
7466:
7460:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7218:
7212:
7193:Whole-house fan
7107:Run-around coil
7102:Reversing valve
7047:Mechanical room
7037:Kerosene heater
7027:Infrared heater
6957:Gasoline heater
6897:Fan filter unit
6812:Condensate pump
6797:Centrifugal fan
6715:
6618:Radiant heating
6613:Radiant cooling
6588:Passive cooling
6583:Microgeneration
6453:Central heating
6401:
6377:Thermal comfort
6269:
6263:
6258:
6228:
6223:
6148:
6117:
6058:Digital Project
5999:
5983:
5928:Bentley Systems
5911:
5905:
5870:
5862:. 4Site Press.
5795:
5748:
5704:
5702:Further reading
5699:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5645:. BSI and BIS.
5641:
5640:
5636:
5626:
5624:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5522:Wayback Machine
5515:What is 5D BIM?
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5470:
5469:on 3 April 2013
5461:
5460:
5456:
5449:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5412:
5396:
5392:
5382:
5380:
5379:on 16 June 2013
5371:
5370:
5366:
5356:
5354:
5353:on 10 June 2016
5345:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5295:on 26 June 2013
5292:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5007:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4583:Wayback Machine
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4503:Wayback Machine
4493:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3911:Building Design
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3839:Wayback Machine
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3766:
3760:Wayback Machine
3751:
3747:
3741:Wayback Machine
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3665:KPMG and Arup.
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3546:
3542:
3536:Wayback Machine
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3075:Wayback Machine
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2571:
2567:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:Wayback Machine
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:on 3 April 2013
2249:
2248:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1983:East, William.
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1964:on 8 April 2013
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1897:. 20 May 2011.
1889:
1888:
1884:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1838:Wayback Machine
1828:
1824:
1814:Wayback Machine
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1710:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1562:Wayback Machine
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:Wayback Machine
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1260:
1237:
1213:
1166:
1138:
1124:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1084:
1071:
1066:
1007:
990:
985:
934:
922:
913:
904:
895:
886:
877:
868:
856:
854:The Netherlands
847:
834:
825:
804:
788:
775:
767:
758:
753:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
693:
672:
656:
636:
631:
622:
616:
613:
610:
601:
597:
590:
574:
568:
541:practices and "
467:
437:
428:
405:
378:cost management
370:
362:
350:main contractor
287:
200:
179:Bentley Systems
131:Jonathan Ingram
120:Gable 4D Series
100:
47:developed from
45:mechanical room
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7673:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7548:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7329:Psychrometrics
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7226:Air flow meter
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7002:Heating system
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6982:Heat exchanger
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6947:Gas compressor
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6882:Expansion tank
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6802:Ceramic heater
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6643:Solar air heat
6640:
6635:
6633:Renewable heat
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6544:
6542:Forced-air gas
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6497:
6492:
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6481:
6476:
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6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6392:Thermodynamics
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6362:Psychrometrics
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:Gas compressor
6314:
6312:Fluid dynamics
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6257:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6234:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6184:BIM Task Group
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6157:Related topics
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Tekla BIMsight
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6033:Autodesk Revit
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
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5889:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5855:
5841:
5827:
5813:
5799:
5793:
5780:
5766:
5764:978-0470590898
5752:
5746:
5733:
5719:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5660:
5634:
5608:
5582:
5556:
5526:
5513:Mills, Fred. "
5506:
5480:
5454:
5448:978-0123725158
5447:
5429:
5410:
5390:
5364:
5338:
5306:
5274:
5248:
5216:
5190:
5164:
5138:
5112:
5086:
5060:
5043:"GSA Web Site"
5034:
5005:
4973:
4962:on 13 May 2016
4944:
4913:
4885:
4864:
4838:
4812:
4779:
4749:
4724:
4685:
4673:
4643:
4617:
4591:
4567:
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4515:
4506:
4487:
4478:
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4391:
4355:
4342:
4316:
4290:
4264:
4238:
4205:
4175:
4149:
4119:
4089:
4058:
4028:
4002:
3976:
3950:
3928:
3898:
3883:. Thenbs.com.
3872:
3842:
3825:
3795:
3764:
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3725:
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3657:
3627:
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3571:
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2799:
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2714:
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2591:
2565:
2537:
2511:
2471:
2442:
2416:
2399:
2390:
2378:
2356:
2334:
2317:NBS: Knowledge
2300:
2283:"What is BIM?"
2268:
2239:
2228:on 30 May 2012
2210:
2184:
2174:
2148:
2122:
2089:
2063:
2036:
2006:
1975:
1948:
1912:
1882:
1859:
1846:
1822:
1798:
1762:
1733:
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1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1236:
1233:
1226:In June 2016,
1212:
1209:
1165:
1162:
1158:laser scanning
1137:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:specifications
1030:
1029:
1006:
1003:
989:
986:
984:
981:
950:BIM Task Group
933:
932:United Kingdom
930:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
855:
852:
846:
843:
833:
830:
824:
821:
813:Volker Wissing
803:
800:
787:
784:
774:
771:
766:
765:Czech Republic
763:
757:
754:
752:
749:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
704:
701:
692:
689:
671:
668:
655:
652:
635:
632:
630:
627:
624:
623:
604:
602:
595:
589:
586:
584:of the asset.
578:green building
570:Main article:
567:
564:
531:photogrammetry
466:
463:
436:
433:
427:
424:
415:
414:
404:
401:
397:green building
394:application in
369:
366:
361:
358:
354:subcontractors
308:
307:
297:
296:
286:
283:
281:Plant sector.
199:
196:
99:
96:
92:United Kingdom
64:computer files
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7672:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7640:Data modeling
7638:
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7597:
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7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:organizations
7463:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:Duct cleaning
7409:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
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7327:
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7309:
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7300:
7298:
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7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7262:Control valve
7260:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
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7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7182:Turning vanes
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:Thermal wheel
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:Solar chimney
7120:
7118:
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7113:
7110:
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7100:
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7093:
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6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:Fan coil unit
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6837:Cooling tower
6835:
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6830:
6828:
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6808:
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6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6683:Vapor barrier
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6658:Solar heating
6656:
6654:
6653:Solar cooling
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Refrigeration
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Passive house
6596:
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6498:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:Chilled water
6466:
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6456:
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6393:
6390:
6388:
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6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6367:Sensible heat
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Noise control
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:Heat transfer
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
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6303:
6300:
6298:
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6280:
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6044:
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6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:BuildingSMART
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5711:, Routledge.
5710:
5706:
5705:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5570:
5566:
5560:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5458:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5417:
5413:
5411:9780203971123
5407:
5404:. CRC Press.
5403:
5402:
5394:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5323:
5320:. ipedr.com.
5316:
5310:
5291:
5284:
5278:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5204:
5200:
5194:
5178:
5174:
5168:
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5148:
5142:
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5116:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5010:
4990:
4983:
4977:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4921:Mills, Fred.
4917:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4889:
4874:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4821:"What is BIM"
4816:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4738:
4734:
4728:
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4712:
4708:
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4700:
4696:
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4099:
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4077:
4073:
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4062:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4016:
4013:. BSI Group.
4012:
4011:"BIM Level 2"
4006:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3938:
3932:
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3908:
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3471:. 6 July 2022
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2700:11311/1027035
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2073:
2067:
2052:on 6 May 2013
2051:
2047:
2040:
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2020:
2016:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1963:
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1952:
1933:
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1922:
1916:
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1766:
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1747:
1740:
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1729:
1725:
1722:(3): 215–24.
1721:
1717:
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1661:
1659:9780367244187
1655:
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1603:
1597:, Los Angeles
1596:
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1002:
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983:North America
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264:
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243:buildingSMART
240:
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7650:Construction
7589:Fireproofing
7399:
7373:and services
7369:Professions,
7267:Gas detector
7167:Trickle vent
7142:Smoke damper
7137:Smoke canopy
7132:Space heater
7062:Plenum space
6997:Heating film
6877:Exhaust hood
6847:Dehumidifier
6787:Blast damper
6782:Barrier pipe
6757:Air purifier
6668:Thermosiphon
6547:Free cooling
6463:Chilled beam
6387:Thermal mass
6372:Stack effect
6357:Particulates
6337:Infiltration
6268:Fundamental
6073:MicroStation
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4333:. Retrieved
4319:
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3707:
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3685:. Retrieved
3673:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3639:
3636:"BIMKlaster"
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3604:
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3583:
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3562:. Retrieved
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3101:. Retrieved
3092:
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3062:
3050:. Retrieved
3041:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3016:Researchgate
3015:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2990:Researchgate
2989:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2932:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2841:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2808:"About bSHK"
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2756:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2727:china.org.cn
2726:
2717:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2640:
2629:
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2610:
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2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2495:the original
2490:
2460:(5): 601–9.
2457:
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2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:the original
2419:
2402:
2393:
2381:
2369:. Retrieved
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2230:. Retrieved
2226:the original
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2187:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2080:. Retrieved
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:the original
2044:East, Bill.
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2018:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1928:IFC4 Special
1927:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1831:The BIM Page
1825:
1817:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1778:laiserin.com
1777:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1750:AEC Magazine
1749:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1669:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1612:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1584:, CRC Press.
1581:
1565:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1511:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1480:AEC Magazine
1479:
1441:
1433:
1414:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1376:
1356:
1274:Digital twin
1253:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1197:Gantt charts
1193:
1176:
1175:
1160:technology.
1140:
1139:
1125:
1115:Christchurch
1112:
1103:
1089:
1085:
1082:South Africa
1076:
1072:
1050:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1016:
991:
975:
963:
941:Paul Morrell
935:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
857:
848:
839:
835:
826:
805:
789:
776:
768:
759:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
694:
683:
679:
675:
673:
658:In 2006 the
657:
647:
643:
639:
637:
617:January 2022
614:
606:
575:
554:
536:
529:surveys and
520:
488:
472:
468:
459:
455:
438:
429:
416:
411:
406:
371:
363:
320:
316:
309:
303:
298:
293:
288:
275:
271:
251:
232:
224:Georgia Tech
216:
208:
201:
171:
159:
139:
124:
101:
80:
59:
55:
54:
36:
7599:Warm Spaces
7241:Blower door
7219:and control
7217:Measurement
7198:Windcatcher
7172:Trombe wall
7112:Sail switch
7092:Refrigerant
7087:Recuperator
6962:Grease duct
6922:Freeze stat
6907:Fire damper
6777:Back boiler
6747:Air ionizer
6742:Air handler
6706:Ventilation
6558:Hybrid heat
6423:Air barrier
6342:Latent heat
6108:Vectorworks
5963:Vectorworks
5259:. psu.edu.
4831:27 November
4471:18 February
4371:necanet.org
4112:17 November
4041:BIM Level 2
3687:24 February
3650:24 February
3439:The BIM Hub
3419:17 December
3388:22 November
3358:22 November
3328:22 November
3318:Le Moniteur
3297:22 November
3245:19 December
3235:The BIM Hub
3052:12 February
2757:most.gov.cn
2683:: 520–530.
2371:25 February
2349:25 February
1755:25 February
1395:13 December
1154:point cloud
1109:New Zealand
920:Switzerland
730:South Korea
305:demolition.
237:(IFCs) and
191:white paper
187:Vectorworks
154:Gábor Bojár
7629:Categories
7355:Thermostat
7277:Humidistat
7208:Zone valve
7177:TurboSwing
7052:Oil heater
7022:Humidifier
6952:Gas heater
6902:Fan heater
6872:Evaporator
6857:Economizer
6832:Compressor
6737:Air filter
6720:Components
6537:Forced-air
6433:Antifreeze
6406:Technology
6352:Outgassing
6292:Convection
6083:OpenStudio
6078:Navisworks
5959:Graphisoft
5951:Nemetschek
4937:2 February
4927:TheB1M.com
4656:BIM Crunch
4610:5 December
4560:5 December
4534:5 December
4410:17 October
4257:2 February
4168:18 October
4142:21 January
3995:17 October
3969:17 October
3943:17 October
3921:17 October
3891:17 October
3865:17 October
3718:6 December
3674:MIB.gov.pl
3620:17 October
3594:20 January
3584:mit.gov.it
3409:BIM Crunch
3348:Global BIM
3189:6 December
3159:17 October
3133:9 December
3103:9 December
3093:mlit.go.jp
3068:BuildSmart
3021:4 December
2995:4 December
2969:17 October
2943:15 October
2912:17 October
2880:20 October
2855:8 November
2818:28 January
2792:25 January
2767:9 December
2737:9 December
2554:(4): 519.
2504:25 January
2435:17 October
2293:24 January
2203:17 October
1613:Arch Daily
1485:9 February
1368:References
1264:Data model
1034:developers
682:esign and
582:life cycle
559:life-cycle
446:structural
339:structural
323:architects
285:Definition
175:Graphisoft
7465:Industry
7314:OpenTherm
6992:Heat pump
6987:Heat pipe
6937:Fume hood
6912:Fireplace
6817:Condenser
6767:Attic fan
6563:Hydronics
6129:Gable CAD
6113:VisualARQ
5916:Companies
5833:, Sybex.
5805:, Wiley.
5787:. Sybex.
5772:, Wiley.
5758:, Wiley.
5725:, Wiley.
5549:27 August
4733:"BIMinNZ"
4719:1562-3599
4666:16 August
4636:19 August
4188:PBC Today
3788:20 August
3123:jia.or.jp
2709:1877-7058
2656:8 January
2530:8 January
2232:9 January
2167:25 August
2141:25 August
2029:8 October
1999:8 October
1968:8 October
1531:. RAEng.
1310:Macro BIM
1100:Australia
971:ISO 19650
967:BSI Group
955:Cambridge
845:Lithuania
712:Singapore
654:Hong Kong
553:entitled
346:engineers
331:surveyors
261:US-based
72:construct
7572:See also
7297:LonWorks
7231:Aquastat
7097:Register
7077:Radiator
6732:Air door
6532:Firestop
6332:Humidity
6307:Enthalpy
6297:Dilution
6282:Bake-out
6270:concepts
6122:historic
6063:FINE MEP
6048:CodeBook
6038:BricsCAD
6023:ArchiCAD
6004:Software
5923:Autodesk
5680:Archived
5647:Archived
5621:Archived
5595:Archived
5569:Archived
5543:Archived
5518:Archived
5493:Archived
5416:Archived
5322:Archived
5261:Archived
5232:Archived
5177:Archived
5125:Archived
5073:Archived
5021:Archived
4989:Archived
4931:Archived
4905:Archived
4851:Archived
4825:Archived
4799:Archived
4766:Archived
4742:13 March
4660:Archived
4630:Archived
4604:Archived
4579:Archived
4528:Archived
4499:Archived
4465:Archived
4461:BIM Plus
4441:21 March
4435:Archived
4384:14 April
4375:Archived
4329:Archived
4303:Archived
4277:Archived
4225:Archived
4192:Archived
4163:BIM plus
4136:Archived
4132:BIM plus
4106:Archived
4076:Archived
4045:Archived
4021:19 April
4015:Archived
3989:Archived
3963:Archived
3915:Archived
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