1025:
1864:
268:
484:
5813:] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations. All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.
10890:
60:
6468:
not the keyboard, then type the rubout character. They therefore placed a key producing rubout at the location used on typewriters for backspace. When systems used these terminals and provided command-line editing, they had to use the "rubout" code to perform a backspace, and often did not interpret the backspace character (they might echo "
2250:" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The
5970:) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar" as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar" meaning "No I've got sandwiches".
6467:
is due to early terminals designed assuming the main use of the keyboard would be to manually punch paper tape while not connected to a computer. To delete the previous character, one had to back up the paper tape punch, which for mechanical and simplicity reasons was a button on the punch itself and
1995:
that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored. Teletypes
5938:
Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to "national use" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or
Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and
2254:
adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the
Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide
2040:
Many more of the control characters have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, an "escape sequence". This
352:
or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e.,
6045:
computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character
5934:
ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character set. It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it
1958:
standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from
1949:
reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the
Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (control-S, DC3, also
6225:(UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using
507:
With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code. There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control
2263:
The PDP-6 monitor, and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10, used control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For these
2123:. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "carriage return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "line feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "carriage return" comes from the fact that on a manual
704:. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a
6472:" for backspace). Other terminals not designed for paper tape made the key at this location produce Backspace, and systems designed for these used that character to back up. Since the delete code often produced a backspace effect, this also forced terminal manufacturers to make any
2000:(DEC); these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL character was assigned to erase the previous character. Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL character for the key marked "Backspace" while the separate key marked "Delete" sent an
495:
The
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now
3574:, the "space" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character) it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section.
2170:
had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of "carriage return" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as
1901:
about data streams, such as those stored on magnetic tape. Despite their name, these code points do not represent printable characters (i.e. they are not characters at all, but signals). For debugging purposes, "placeholder" symbols (such as those given in
2151:, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or "dumb terminals") came along, the convention was so well established that
1966:
When a
Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving control-Q (XON, transmit on) caused the tape reader to resume. This so-called
6384:
The
Unicode characters from the "Control Pictures" area U+2400 to U+2421 reserved for representing control characters when it is necessary to print or display them rather than have them perform their intended function. Some browsers may not display these
1925:
as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as
7990:
Using a "new-line" function (combined carriage-return and line-feed) is simpler for both man and machine than requiring both functions for starting a new line; the
American National Standard X3.4-1968 permits the line-feed code to carry the new-line
1978:
The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ control-R (DC2) and control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and
5926:
reserved for "national use". However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be
536:
characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed). ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.
5996:
and broadcast using the DVB-TXT standard for embedding teletext into DVB transmissions. In the case that the subtitles were initially authored for teletext and converted, the derived subtitle formats are constrained to the same character sets.
8241:
There was the change from 1961 ASCII to 1968 ASCII. Some computer languages used characters in 1961 ASCII such as up arrow and left arrow. These characters disappeared from 1968 ASCII. We worked with Fred
Mocking, who by now was in Sales at
6067:
Even for markets where it was not necessary to add many characters to support additional languages, manufacturers of early home computer systems often developed their own 8-bit extensions of ASCII to include additional characters, such as
1933:
The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a
6260:
is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.
2007:
The early Unix tty drivers, unlike some modern implementations, allowed only one character to be set to erase the previous character in canonical input processing (where a very simple line editor is available); this could be set to BS
303:, which severely limit its scope. The set of available punctuation had significant impact on the syntax of computer languages and text markup. ASCII hugely influenced the design of character sets used by modern computers, including
7138:
6080:. Often, these additions also replaced control characters (index 0 to 31, as well as index 127) with even more platform-specific extensions. In other cases, the extra bit was used for some other purpose, such as toggling
8246:, on a type cylinder that would compromise the changing characters so that the meanings of 1961 ASCII were not totally lost. The underscore character was made rather wedge-shaped so it could also serve as a left arrow.
3581:
corresponds to the non-printable "delete" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the
2052:
the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, which can be used to address the cursor, scroll a region, set/query various terminal properties, and more. They are usually in the form of a so-called
5966:, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or
5845:", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII.
2127:
the carriage holding the paper moves while the typebars that strike the ribbon remain stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the paper for the next line.
2190:
used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. The tty driver would handle the LF to CRLF conversion on output so files can be directly printed to terminal, and NL (newline) is often used to refer to CRLF in
2280:, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using control-Z as the control character to end a file is analogous to the letter Z's position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient
516:
TC 97 SC 2 voted during
October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in
5888:. Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters.
693:, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.
269:
643:
devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26
1975:; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, control-S retains its meaning, but control-Q is replaced by a second control-S to resume output.
508:
characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New
Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to
7808:
2115:
The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the
981:(EOM), end of transmission (EOT), "who are you?" (WRU), "are you?" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the
6176:), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encoding methods on the
5935:
was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.
6168:
standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) provided a standard that most systems copied (or at least were based on, when not copied exactly). A popular further extension designed by Microsoft,
2182:
Requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters,
5841:
and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as "
7428:
ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007): American National Standard for Information Systems – Coded Character Sets – 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)
1963:), a noncompliant use of code 15 (control-O, shift in) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.
2284:. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX character convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.
10508:
6926:
American National Standard for Information Systems — Coded Character Sets — 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII), ANSI X3.4-1986
6248:
ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows
2247:
7676:
6256:
with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly,
689:. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for
10942:
787:
Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on
7527:
348:
code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the
7470:
724:
The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so-called
8204:
7445:
2045:
strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this interpretation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed.
905:(1984) – and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The
742:; for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase
7467:"INCITS 4-1986[R2017]: Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)"
7442:"INCITS 4-1986[R2012]: Information Systems - Coded Character Sets - 7-Bit American National Standard Code for Information Interchange (7-Bit ASCII)"
9353:
8811:
7846:
224:
1971:
technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending
9190:
1991:
The Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, there was a key marked
2028:, understand both). The assumption that no key sent a BS character allowed Ctrl+H to be used for other purposes, such as the "help" prefix command in
7797:
6748:
758:. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter
7773:
6095:
Most ASCII extensions are based on ASCII-1967 (the current standard), but some extensions are instead based on the earlier ASCII-1963. For example,
6046:
definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters. ASCII itself remained a seven-bit code: the term "extended ASCII" has no official status.
10299:
8480:
8229:
2238:
using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as
367:
into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart in this article. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits
7088:
5931:
standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.
10917:
7927:
7874:
2219:
used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple later replaced these obsolete operating systems with their Unix-based
9298:
6161:; both sets contained "international" letters, typographic symbols and punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.
850:
were placed in the second stick, positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick. The parentheses could not correspond to
513:
8775:
8447:
9373:
8887:
5786:
helped to popularize this work – according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the
5985:, in Korea). This means that, for example, the file path C:\Users\Smith is shown as C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea).
356:
The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969. That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.
7308:
6876:
5869:
From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.
1909:
For example, character 0x0A represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "
2242:
that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The
7281:
7619:
6049:
For some countries, 8-bit extensions of ASCII were developed that included support for characters used in local languages; for example,
2012:
DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (
6810:
8318:
7348:
217:
8546:. Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (First ed.). IBM. August 1981. Appendix C. Of Characters Keystrokes and Color.
8524:
7566:
10600:
10354:
6726:
6637:
1161:
10590:
8677:
8611:
8262:
656:
177:
8411:
8142:
10937:
10932:
10339:
9293:
8577:
8382:
7975:
7613:
7513:
7411:
7153:
7068:
6929:
6773:
6734:
6624:
746:, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes, as was done in the
501:
349:
8296:
10473:
7075:
In addition, it defines codes for 33 nonprinting, mostly obsolete control characters that affect how the text is processed.
6400:
key while typing the second character will type the control character. Sometimes the shift key is not needed, for instance
448:
6604: !"#$ %&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
8848:
3213:
1154:
311:
210:
8356:
8191:
870:
and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with
10867:
10378:
10181:
8925:
7645:
10423:
10039:
10034:
9537:
9368:
8915:
8880:
7466:
6430:
Entering any Single-Byte character is supported by escaping its octal value. However, because of the role of NULL in
6394:
Caret notation is often used to represent control characters on a terminal. On most text terminals, holding down the
5763:
275:
7510:
Bit Sequencing of the American National Standard Code for Information Interchange in Serial-by-Bit Data Transmission
7441:
9457:
7739:
7666:
6319:
5798:
716:
machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.
8538:
8500:"Specific Criteria", attachment to memo from R. W. Reach, "X3-2 Meeting – September 14 and 15", September 18, 1961
8340:
886:, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters.
768:
to match the draft of the corresponding British standard. The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining
10675:
10610:
10364:
10344:
8101:
8054:
8010:
6999:
6995:
6330:
8807:
400:
10428:
9021:
7965:
6846:
3143:
1299:
1245:
8170:
1306:
977:
The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA),
651:, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the
10542:
10513:
10163:
8583:
7842:
7804:
6127:
2544:
2288:
1997:
1922:
1292:
1121:
521:
6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified
8315:"Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange"
7835:
6895:"An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration"
1313:
10605:
10493:
10453:
8873:
6154:
5876:(1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English
500:). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) and ultimately became the
292:
6717:
6327:– a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters
2163:, he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system.
1287:
10927:
10847:
10458:
10388:
10374:
10359:
10263:
10176:
10148:
10114:
8569:
7765:
6414:
6307:
6213:
6131:
2058:
960:
symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented
17:
8472:
6413:
Character escape sequences in C programming language and many other languages influenced by it, such as
10821:
10766:
10687:
10468:
10124:
10119:
9472:
7102:
6335:
6077:
1168:
10463:
7919:
7870:
6363:
The 128 characters of the 7-bit ASCII character set are divided into eight 16-character groups called
10528:
10483:
10319:
9868:
9572:
9517:
9482:
8743:
8706:
8407:
2303:
2085:
1941:
Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the
1259:
8768:
2065:") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors. Some escape sequences do not have introducers, like the
10043:
9552:
9532:
9527:
9467:
9462:
8971:
8678:"The Babel of Codes Prior to ASCII: The 1960 Survey of Coded Character Sets: The Reasons for ASCII"
8439:
6894:
2235:
2096:
2042:
623:
The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other
10418:
6838:
6534:
and many other language specifications. However, it is understood by several compilers, including
6141:
as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics.
10922:
10893:
10877:
10804:
10799:
10761:
10732:
10697:
10129:
9863:
9562:
9447:
8512:
ISO/TC 97 – Computers and Information Processing: Acceptance of Draft ISO Recommendation No. 1052
7403:
6222:
6100:
5790:
in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII".
6729:
pp. 6, 66, 211, 215, 217, 220, 223, 228, 236–238, 243–245, 247–253, 423, 425–428, 435–439.
5922:
It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several
65:
10488:
10478:
10334:
10324:
9858:
9567:
9012:
8999:
8935:
6890:
6431:
6253:
6108:
6069:
5989:
2307:
2295:
2251:
2152:
1938:, and sometimes accidental, for example the standard is unclear about the meaning of "delete".
1196:
1189:
686:
32:
8230:"First-Hand: Chad is Our Most Important Product: An Engineer's Memory of Teletype Corporation"
7285:
10665:
10503:
10438:
10314:
9853:
9007:
8310:
7591:
7491:
7054:
6298:
6257:
5993:
5806:
5679:
3600:
2614:
2512:
2355:
2321:
2273:
2223:(formerly named OS X) operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack
1156:
1135:
1114:
1016:
An intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.
921:(full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the
628:
599:
364:
9883:
7238:
Brief Report: Meeting of CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet, May 13–15, 1963.
10826:
10498:
10258:
9878:
8697:
8673:
8635:
8468:
8435:
8258:
8243:
8115:
8068:
8024:
7957:"Technical and human engineering problems in connecting terminals to a time-sharing system"
7714:
7601:
7215:
7199:
7183:
7134:
7030:
6966:
6368:
5775:
4957:
3321:
2269:
1648:
1280:
773:
701:
8525:"DVB-TXT (Teletext) Specification for conveying ITU-R System B Teletext in DVB bitstreams"
7895:
6802:
925:
pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly
87:
ISO-IR-006, ANSI_X3.4-1968, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO_646.irv:1991, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, cp367
8:
10781:
10408:
9893:
9778:
9768:
9763:
8789:
8352:
8163:
7371:
7060:
5826:
5715:
5001:
4901:
4194:
3963:
3649:
1968:
1815:
1638:
1463:
1403:
1170:
879:
729:
529:
8314:
7605:
7336:
7148:. Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, US: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50.
5880:
and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's
598:
In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (
307:
which has over a million code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as ASCII.
10862:
10710:
10523:
10518:
10443:
9442:
9416:
8940:
8896:
8725:
8661:
7559:
7534:
7380:
5783:
5659:
2104:
2100:
1805:
1002:
624:
392:
288:
5973:
In Japan and Korea, still as of the 2020s, a variation of ASCII is used, in which the
5891:
Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g.
1257:
1024:
403:; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the
10852:
10791:
10771:
10433:
10413:
10393:
10021:
9497:
9477:
8989:
8573:
8378:
7609:
7407:
7344:
7159:
7149:
7093:
7064:
6740:
6730:
6573:
6138:
5794:
4978:
4278:
3837:
3583:
2579:
2175:
by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M, and
2021:
2013:
1942:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1863:
1483:
1128:
883:
796:
743:
733:
697:
690:
636:
338:
8729:
8681:
8607:
8399:
8348:
8266:
10809:
10383:
10349:
10059:
9888:
8794:
8752:
8715:
8665:
8651:
8375:
8344:
8200:
8138:
8105:
8058:
8014:
7704:
7340:
7302:
7020:
6956:
6586:
6548:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
5810:
5779:
5766:'s TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit
5735:
3816:
3669:
3564:
3531:
3464:
3359:
3248:
3178:
3108:
3071:
3039:
3002:
2970:
2442:
2345:
2120:
2089:
2081:
2054:
1914:
1894:
1867:
Early symbols assigned to the 32 control characters, space and delete characters. (
1826:
1308:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1100:
1001:
of data is sometimes done in this order rather than "standard" alphabetical order (
982:
644:
522:
488:
467:(although on certain devices characters could be combined with punctuation such as
360:
243:
103:
95:
7956:
6654:
5762:
ASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for
2103:
systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to
353:
alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters.
10857:
10776:
9507:
9502:
9492:
9437:
9122:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
8787:
Robinson, G. S.; Cargill, C. (1996). "History and impact of computer standards".
8292:
6527:
6503:
6104:
5842:
5838:
3429:
2871:
2310:
can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for "zero".
2281:
2001:
1972:
1927:
1327:
1301:
1243:
1229:
1184:
803:
713:
648:
444:
404:
7717:
7698:
7033:
7014:
6194:
range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.
2207:
systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original
1918:
1236:
412:
291:
standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers,
10912:
10309:
10304:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10243:
10238:
10231:
10226:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10054:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9577:
9162:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
8910:
8833:
8118:
8095:
8071:
8048:
8027:
8004:
6981:
6535:
6371:. Depending on the horizontal or vertical representation of the character map,
6313:
6226:
6177:
6006:
5992:, which are variants of ASCII, are used for broadcast TV subtitles, defined by
5885:
5881:
5872:
Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as
5818:
4236:
3690:
3567:, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total.
3499:
3394:
2728:
2652:
2407:
2350:
2299:
1921:
refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or
1473:
1315:
1294:
1222:
1215:
1142:
1119:
1093:
978:
709:
674:, the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.
334:
165:
99:
43:
9557:
8769:"American National Standard Code for Information Interchange | ANSI X3.4-1977"
7256:
Report on Task Group X3.2.4, June 11, 1963, Pentagon Building, Washington, DC.
6969:
6950:
913:
pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift
10906:
10629:
10049:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9788:
9783:
9773:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9512:
9487:
9452:
9411:
9157:
8844:
7952:
6486:
6207:
6115:
6081:
4299:
3283:
2477:
1273:
1250:
1208:
1107:
890:
443:
Despite being an American standard, ASCII does not have a code point for the
425:
195:
153:
2004:; many other competing terminals sent a BS character for the backspace key.
1098:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10369:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
9547:
9542:
9522:
9406:
9398:
9031:
7915:
7641:
6187:
6169:
6165:
6146:
6073:
6012:
5741:
5692:
3921:
3753:
2801:
2208:
2156:
1946:
1810:
1182:
640:
607:
533:
491:
of equivalent controls are shown where they exist, or a grey dot otherwise.
460:
396:
191:
159:
142:
39:
8757:
8738:
8720:
8701:
8656:
8639:
6421:(though not all implementations necessarily support all escape sequences).
1271:
1009:
All uppercase come before lowercase letters; for example, "Z" precedes "a"
700:) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with
483:
8964:
8947:
7948:
7671:
7384:
6396:
6324:
6191:
5854:
4257:
3732:
3711:
3615:
3544:
3539:
Other representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example
2336:
2265:
2092:
1935:
1343:
1105:
970:
806:(1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of
764:
738:
671:
528:
The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the
452:
429:
395:. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing
345:
125:
107:
7743:
6126:, and mapping additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions.
772:
correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with
456:
10814:
10722:
10575:
10253:
9348:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9268:
9152:
9147:
9137:
9132:
8930:
8920:
8091:
7400:
Unicode Explained – Internationalize Documents, Programs, and Web Sites
6271:
6173:
6158:
6150:
6142:
5959:
5923:
5008:
4173:
4152:
4131:
4110:
4089:
4068:
4047:
4026:
4005:
3984:
3795:
2183:
2124:
1960:
1951:
1882:
1655:
1278:
1133:
1112:
751:
747:
705:
678:
296:
10755:
8865:
8263:"Bemer meets Europe (Computer Standards) – Computer History Vignettes"
7167:
6996:"Correct classification of RFC 20 (ASCII format) to Internet Standard"
6628:
464:
10702:
10680:
10585:
10398:
9427:
9358:
9338:
9333:
9258:
9253:
8798:
8110:
8063:
8019:
7709:
7597:
7025:
6961:
6946:
6464:
6444:
6292:
6277:
5974:
4936:
4922:
4215:
3942:
3879:
3774:
2903:
2836:
2763:
2690:
2277:
2212:
2200:
2029:
2017:
1910:
1643:
1468:
1398:
1191:
1177:
1175:
1163:
1149:
998:
755:
408:
59:
7265:
Report of Meeting No. 8, Task Group X3.2.4, December 17 and 18, 1963
2084:
character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the
1824:
1147:
862:
was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing
627:, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and
10872:
10727:
10692:
10670:
10580:
10403:
9343:
9328:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9263:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
8994:
8984:
8980:
8954:
8558:
8166:
7836:"PDP-10 Reference Handbook, Book 3, Communicating with the Monitor"
6839:"American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASA X3.4-1963"
6123:
5982:
5978:
5877:
5858:
5685:
3858:
3540:
2935:
1903:
1898:
1868:
1285:
1264:
1198:
1126:
660:
632:
558:
554:
550:
525:
character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.
472:
181:
6064:
computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.
2291:), also known as control-D, to indicate the end of a data stream.
2255:
Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.
936:
Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably
10742:
10538:
10448:
10329:
9903:
9273:
9248:
9238:
8976:
6286:
6218:
6203:
6096:
6085:
5873:
5031:
4334:
4320:
3610:
2331:
2287:
The Unix terminal driver uses the end-of-transmission character (
2272:
for control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text character (
2231:
2187:
2176:
2148:
2116:
2025:
1885:(numbers 0–31 decimal) and the last one (number 127 decimal) for
1140:
902:
846:
pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII
603:
549:
ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by
437:
304:
199:
137:
115:
7766:"Re: editor and word processor history (was: Re: RTF for emacs)"
7163:
6744:
6122:, replacing the control characters with graphic symbols such as
3563:, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits,
2234:
included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and
1091:
10747:
10737:
10715:
10595:
10570:
10565:
10248:
10139:
10029:
9388:
9378:
9363:
9180:
6242:
6238:
6119:
6058:
6054:
5967:
5963:
5916:
2243:
2239:
2224:
2216:
2172:
2144:
2140:
948:
for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters
898:
769:
685:), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a
664:
497:
5837:
As computer technology spread throughout the world, different
2041:
is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings,
696:
The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (
653:
Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique
258:
10842:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10167:
9873:
9383:
9323:
9185:
7971:
7304:
USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USAS X3.4-1968
6873:
USA Standard Code for Information Interchange, USAS X3.4-1967
6531:
6249:
6234:
6233:) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-bit binary formats, called
6181:
6135:
6089:
6050:
6016:
5864:
5822:
5771:
5748:
4929:
3900:
3605:
2326:
2220:
2204:
2136:
2066:
652:
468:
148:
6774:"Milestone-Proposal:ASCII MIlestone - IEEE NJ Coast Section"
6190:
introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F
1338:
10153:
9243:
6418:
6061:
5767:
3075:
2196:
2192:
2160:
2132:
1363:
1358:
682:
606:
standard for magnetic tape and attempted to deal with some
322:
8808:"On the Early Development of ASCII – The History of ASCII"
8357:
Pine.SUN.3.91.961220100220.13180C-100000@duncan.cs.utk.edu
7247:
Report of ISO/TC/97/SC 2 – Meeting of October 29–31, 1963.
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
1996:
were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from
10620:
8279:
7528:"Telegraph Regulations and Final Protocol (Madrid, 1932)"
7056:
Digital Electronics: Principles, Devices and Applications
6806:
3006:
2167:
893:(1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become
728:(32 positions) were reserved for control characters. The
342:
249:
111:
7830:
7828:
602:
first) and recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a
7792:
7790:
7420:
6316: – Nickname for 8-bit ASCII-derived character sets
6303:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
6282:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5038:
4327:
1665:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1488:
1478:
1383:
1353:
944:
were included as diacritics for international use, and
8806:
Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) . Ptak, John F. (ed.).
8556:
6476:
key produce something other than the Delete character.
6280: – Method for entering characters into a computer
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
897:
standard on computers – following the
7825:
5636:
5613:
5590:
5567:
5544:
5521:
5498:
5475:
5452:
5429:
5406:
5383:
5360:
5337:
5314:
5291:
5268:
5245:
5222:
5199:
5176:
5153:
5130:
5107:
5084:
5061:
4880:
4859:
4838:
4817:
4796:
4775:
4754:
4733:
4712:
4691:
4670:
4649:
4628:
4607:
4586:
4565:
4544:
4523:
4502:
4481:
4460:
4439:
4418:
4397:
4376:
4355:
1945:
ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available
1814:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1647:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1012:
Digits and many punctuation marks come before letters
420:
276:
255:
252:
7787:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
5817:
ASCII was the most common character encoding on the
1804:
1637:
1348:
667:(1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.
7738:McConnell, Robert; Haynes, James; Warren, Richard.
7459:
7434:
6459:
6457:
1930:, address page and document layout and formatting.
1820:
1498:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1333:
246:
8370:Folts, Harold C.; Karp, Harry, eds. (1982-02-01).
8338:
7590:Sawyer, Stanley A.; Krantz, Steven George (1995).
3590:) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5F
1652:
1482:
1372:
285:American Standard Code for Information Interchange
8559:"Chapter 13: Special Areas and Format Characters"
7737:
7116:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6375:can correspond with either table rows or columns.
1845: Changed in both 1963 version and 1965 draft
1367:
1332:
1325:
795:typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the
776:straightforward (for example, 5 in encoded to 011
10904:
10822:Unicode control, format and separator characters
8834:"C0 Controls and Basic Latin – Range: 0000–007F"
8810:. JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012).
8550:
8232:. Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)
6693:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6454:
6274:– an asteroid named after the character encoding
6107:systems, is based on ASCII-1963. Likewise, many
2268:, was used colloquially and conventionally as a
1959:ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of
1642:
10943:American National Standards Institute standards
8786:
8737:Smith, H. J.; Williams, F. A. (December 1960).
6936:
6725:. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.).
6295: – Computer art form using text characters
1809:
1472:
1337:
8002:
7947:
7763:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7275:
7273:
7271:
6941:
6939:
6796:
6794:
6506:character can also be entered by pressing the
6447:character can also be entered by pressing the
6404:may be typable with just Ctrl+2 or Ctrl+Space.
1497:
1487:
858:, however, because the place corresponding to
514:International Organization for Standardization
424:would be represented in the ASCII encoding by
8881:
8793:. Vol. 29, no. 10. pp. 79–85.
8736:
8640:"A Proposal for Character Code Compatibility"
8503:
8430:
8428:
7297:
7295:
7080:
6719:Coded Character Sets, History and Development
6672:
6301: – Campaign for plain text (only) emails
5797:mandated that all computers purchased by the
1664:
1392:
1352:
814: – early typewriters omitted
218:
8372:Compilation of Data Communications Standards
8303:
7914:
7690:
7589:
7391:
7309:United States of America Standards Institute
7006:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6883:
6877:United States of America Standards Institute
6867:
6865:
6863:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
5805:I have also approved recommendations of the
1906:and its predecessors) are assigned to them.
1477:
1452:
1447:
1427:
1347:
1342:
754:letters were therefore not interleaved with
98:(made for; does not support all loanwords),
8391:
8221:
8084:
8040:
7996:
7583:
7315:
7268:
6993:
6791:
6649:
6647:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6351:
5832:
2155:necessitated continuing to follow it. When
1457:
1437:
1432:
1412:
1362:
1005:). The main deviations in ASCII order are:
878:. This discrepancy from typewriters led to
677:The committee debated the possibility of a
8888:
8874:
8805:
8774:. National Institute for Standards. 1977.
8702:"Survey of coded character representation"
8461:
8425:
8363:
7502:
7337:"7-bit character sets: Revisions of ASCII"
7292:
7232:
7046:
6659:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
2166:Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981,
1467:
1442:
1422:
1417:
1397:
1382:
1357:
225:
211:
8756:
8719:
8655:
8369:
8109:
8062:
8018:
7964:Proceedings of the November 17–19, 1970,
7731:
7708:
7553:
7551:
7024:
6960:
6911:
6860:
6824:
6715:
6589:can sometimes be entered by pressing the
1654:
1377:
300:
8509:
7241:
7218:(July 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part III".
7086:
6889:
6644:
6623:
6348:
6289: – ASCII code 08, "BS" or Backspace
2227:also used a lone CR to terminate lines.
1862:
1402:
1023:
719:
613:
482:
295:, and other devices. ASCII has just 128
8895:
8309:
7696:
7397:
7282:"US and International standards: ASCII"
7202:(June 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part II".
7012:
6800:
6727:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
5962:were created to solve this problem for
5770:, which was also used by the competing
3550:
1889:. These are codes intended to control
1819:
14:
10918:Computer-related introductions in 1963
10905:
8568:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, US:
8397:
8227:
8090:
8046:
7798:"PDP-6 Multiprogramming System Manual"
7633:
7548:
7362:
7334:
7279:
2080:the terminal is most often used as an
1986:
1839: Changed or added in 1963 version
1462:
1387:
909:pair also dates to the No. 2, and the
657:International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2
337:. Its first commercial use was in the
8869:
8696:
8672:
8634:
8557:The Unicode Consortium (2006-10-27).
8467:
8434:
8285:
8162:
7697:Resnick, Peter W., ed. (April 2001).
7557:
7514:American National Standards Institute
7214:
7198:
7186:(May 1978). "Inside ASCII – Part I".
7182:
7133:
7052:
7016:Internet Security Glossary, Version 2
6930:American National Standards Institute
6630:ISO-IR-6: ASCII Graphic character set
6088:, an extension of ASCII developed by
2313:
2258:
1858:
502:American National Standards Institute
475:(`) to approximate such characters.)
350:American National Standards Institute
341:and the Teletype Model 35 as a seven-
8139:"EOL translation plan for Mercurial"
6952:ASCII format for Network Interchange
6945:
6551:can also be entered by pressing the
6489:can also be entered by pressing the
732:had to come before graphics to make
449:English terms with diacritical marks
27:American character encoding standard
8608:"utf-8(7) – Linux manual page"
8317:. The American Presidency Project.
8265:. Trailing-edge.com. Archived from
1853:
312:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
24:
10232:Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
8628:
7639:
5764:American Telephone & Telegraph
2186:data streams, including files, on
2179:in turn inherited it from MS-DOS.
988:
889:Electric typewriters, notably the
25:
10954:
8826:
8783:(facsimile, not machine readable)
8566:The Unicode standard, Version 5.0
8339:Richard S. Shuford (1996-12-20).
8293:"Robert William Bemer: Biography"
8257:
7398:Korpela, Jukka K. (2014-03-14) .
7089:"Binary Computer Codes and ASCII"
6980:(NB. Almost identical wording to
6754:from the original on May 26, 2016
6602:Printed out, the characters are:
6134:(DEC-MCS) for use in the popular
2016:that allow line editing, such as
359:Originally based on the (modern)
333:ASCII was developed in part from
10889:
10888:
8781:from the original on 2022-10-09.
8473:"Unicode nearing 50% of the web"
8299:from the original on 2016-06-16.
6320:HTML decimal character rendering
5825:encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is
5799:United States Federal Government
5793:On March 11, 1968, US President
5778:introduced features such as the
1019:
993:ASCII-code order is also called
964:in the French variation, so the
736:easier, so it became position 20
242:
58:
10676:Digital encoding of APL symbols
10611:Comparison of Unicode encodings
9129:Proposed but not approved
8854:from the original on 2016-05-26
8814:from the original on 2016-05-26
8614:from the original on 2014-04-22
8600:
8589:from the original on 2022-10-09
8531:
8517:
8494:
8483:from the original on 2016-06-16
8450:from the original on 2016-06-16
8414:from the original on 2016-06-16
8332:
8321:from the original on 2007-09-14
8251:
8210:from the original on 2019-05-29
8184:
8173:from the original on 2011-10-29
8156:
8145:from the original on 2016-06-16
8131:
8102:Internet Engineering Task Force
8055:Internet Engineering Task Force
8047:Neigus, Nancy J. (1973-08-12).
8011:Internet Engineering Task Force
7981:from the original on 2012-08-19
7941:
7930:from the original on 2018-04-20
7908:
7888:
7877:from the original on 2018-07-11
7863:
7852:from the original on 2011-11-15
7814:from the original on 2014-07-14
7776:from the original on 2014-07-14
7757:
7679:from the original on 2013-03-09
7659:
7648:from the original on 2014-09-24
7622:from the original on 2016-12-22
7572:from the original on 2008-08-20
7520:
7484:
7473:from the original on 2020-02-28
7448:from the original on 2020-02-28
7402:(2nd release of 1st ed.).
7351:from the original on 2016-06-13
7335:Salste, Tuomas (January 2016).
7259:
7250:
6987:
6813:from the original on 2013-06-17
6596:
6579:
6558:
6541:
6517:
6496:
6479:
6437:
6434:, this case see particular use.
6424:
6407:
6388:
6378:
6367:0–7, associated with the three
6331:List of computer character sets
2298:, and in Unix conventions, the
463:with diacritical marks such as
8739:"Survey of punched card codes"
7966:Fall Joint Computer Conference
7560:"Teletype Communication Codes"
6847:American Standards Association
6766:
6716:Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980).
6617:
6310:– ASCII as a subset of Unicode
6000:
5848:
2110:
447:(¢). It also does not support
363:, ASCII encodes 128 specified
13:
1:
8341:"Re: Early history of ASCII?"
8003:O'Sullivan, T. (1971-05-19).
7843:Digital Equipment Corporation
7805:Digital Equipment Corporation
7764:Barry Margolin (2014-05-29).
6611:
6128:Digital Equipment Corporation
6033:) computers began to replace
5977:(5C hex) is rendered as ¥ (a
5939:thus read, something such as
2048:In modern usage, an ESC sent
1998:Digital Equipment Corporation
974:, right before the letter A.
318:for this character encoding.
10938:Presentation layer protocols
10933:Latin-script representations
8564:. In Allen, Julie D. (ed.).
6801:Brandel, Mary (1999-07-06).
6155:PostScript Standard Encoding
6084:; this approach was used by
1881:ASCII reserves the first 32
985:between their bit patterns.
618:
540:
293:telecommunications equipment
7:
10848:Character encodings in HTML
10182:National Replacement (NRCS)
10149:Japanese language in EBCDIC
8570:Addison-Wesley Professional
8510:Maréchal, R. (1967-12-22),
8398:Dubost, Karl (2008-05-06).
8278:(NB. Bemer was employed at
7920:"Is DOS a Rip-Off of CP/M?"
7740:"Understanding ASCII Codes"
7593:A TeX Primer for Scientists
7013:Shirley, R. (August 2007).
6308:Basic Latin (Unicode block)
6264:
6214:Basic Latin (Unicode block)
6132:Multinational Character Set
2246:protocol defined an ASCII "
2059:Control Sequence Introducer
1030:
328:
38:Not to be confused with MS
10:
10959:
8228:Haynes, Jim (2015-01-13).
7101:(1): 28–29. Archived from
7087:Bukstein, Ed (July 1964).
7053:Maini, Anil Kumar (2007).
6994:Barry Leiba (2015-01-12).
6899:Sensitive Research (SR-IX)
6803:"1963: The Debut of ASCII"
6336:List of Unicode characters
6211:
6201:
6197:
6010:
6004:
5907:), currency symbols (e.g.
5862:
5852:
5821:until December 2007, when
2302:is used to terminate text
2230:Computers attached to the
2057:" (often starting with a "
1874:
1833:
670:ITA2 was in turn based on
585:ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)
582:ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)
478:
29:
10886:
10835:
10790:
10658:
10619:
10537:
10272:
10162:
10138:
10020:
9902:
9586:
9425:
9397:
9231:
9173:
9030:
8903:
8744:Communications of the ACM
8707:Communications of the ACM
8644:Communications of the ACM
8408:World Wide Web Consortium
8400:"UTF-8 Growth on the Web"
7974:Press. pp. 355–362.
7896:"XTerm Control Sequences"
7871:"Help - GNU Emacs Manual"
7807:(DEC). 1965. p. 43.
7667:"ASCIIbetical definition"
7139:"Chapter 1: Inside ASCII"
6955:. Network Working Group.
6572:(pressing the "Ctrl" and
6111:are based on ASCII-1963.
6099:, which was developed by
5713:
5657:
5634:
5611:
5588:
5565:
5542:
5519:
5496:
5473:
5450:
5427:
5404:
5381:
5358:
5335:
5312:
5289:
5266:
5243:
5220:
5197:
5174:
5151:
5128:
5105:
5082:
5059:
5006:
4983:
4955:
4899:
4878:
4857:
4836:
4815:
4794:
4773:
4752:
4731:
4710:
4689:
4668:
4647:
4626:
4605:
4584:
4563:
4542:
4521:
4500:
4479:
4458:
4437:
4416:
4395:
4374:
4353:
4297:
4276:
4255:
4234:
4213:
4192:
4171:
4150:
4129:
4108:
4087:
4066:
4045:
4024:
4003:
3982:
3961:
3940:
3919:
3898:
3877:
3856:
3835:
3814:
3793:
3772:
3751:
3730:
3709:
3688:
3667:
3647:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3517:
3485:
3450:
3415:
3380:
3342:
3269:
3234:
3214:End of Transmission Block
3199:
3164:
3129:
3094:
3057:
3025:
2988:
2956:
2921:
2889:
2854:
2819:
2784:
2746:
2711:
2673:
2635:
2600:
2565:
2530:
2498:
2463:
2428:
2390:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2076:In contrast, an ESC read
2035:
1950:known as XOFF), and 127 (
968:was placed in position 40
762:was placed in position 41
659:(ITA2) standard of 1932,
206:
187:
173:
131:
121:
91:
83:
73:
57:
10878:Variable-length encoding
10659:Miscellaneous code pages
9417:Extended Unix Code / EUC
9108:-15 (New Western Europe)
8904:Early telecommunications
8841:The Unicode Standard 8.0
8610:. Man7.org. 2014-02-26.
8374:(2nd revised ed.).
8193:CP/M 1.4 Interface Guide
7955:(November 17–19, 1970).
7516:(ANSI), 1966, X3.15-1966
7280:Winter, Dik T. (2010) .
7146:General Purpose Software
6342:
5833:Variants and derivations
5801:support ASCII, stating:
5782:. His British colleague
5757:
3144:Negative Acknowledgement
2248:Network Virtual Terminal
2107:(terminate) altogether.
2097:graphical user interface
1871:, MIL-STD-188-100, 1972)
314:(IANA) prefers the name
10805:C0 and C1 control codes
8440:"Moving to Unicode 5.1"
7700:Internet Message Format
7492:"INCITS 4-1986 (R2022)"
6891:Jennings, Thomas Daniel
6223:Universal Character Set
6109:Sharp MZ character sets
6101:Commodore International
5990:teletext character sets
2308:null-terminated strings
2131:DEC operating systems (
952:(in addition to common
436:is the ninth letter) =
418:For example, lowercase
299:, of which only 95 are
9053:-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)
9004:World System Teletext
8349:alt.folklore.computers
8311:Johnson, Lyndon Baines
8097:File Transfer Protocol
8050:File Transfer Protocol
8013:(IETF). pp. 4–5.
6984:except for the intro.)
6221:and the ISO/IEC 10646
6149:for the Macintosh and
6070:box-drawing characters
5815:
2296:C programming language
2252:File Transfer Protocol
2153:backward compatibility
1872:
1028:
744:64-character alphabets
579:ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)
576:ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992)
492:
399:which originated with
33:ASCII (disambiguation)
10827:Whitespace characters
10504:Ventura International
8758:10.1145/367487.367491
8721:10.1145/367487.367493
8698:Bemer, Robert William
8674:Bemer, Robert William
8657:10.1145/366959.366961
8636:Bemer, Robert William
8259:Bemer, Robert William
7845:(DEC). 1969. p. 5-5.
7379:(3). September 1966.
7345:nbn:fi-fe201201011004
7216:Bemer, Robert William
7200:Bemer, Robert William
7184:Bemer, Robert William
7135:Bemer, Robert William
6369:most-significant bits
6299:ASCII Ribbon Campaign
6258:forward compatibility
6172:(often mislabeled as
5994:World System Teletext
5807:Secretary of Commerce
5803:
1866:
1027:
720:Internal organization
614:Design considerations
600:least significant bit
594:INCITS 4-1986 (R2022)
591:INCITS 4-1986 (R2017)
588:INCITS 4-1986 (R2012)
557:Display Stations and
486:
10222:Norwegian and Danish
8477:Official Google Blog
8444:Official Google Blog
8203:. 1978. p. 10.
8164:Bernstein, Daniel J.
7642:"Computer Keyboards"
7404:O'Reilly Media, Inc.
7307:(Technical report).
6928:(Technical report).
6875:(Technical report).
6778:IEEE Milestones Wiki
6593:key on some systems.
6555:key on some systems.
6514:key on most systems.
6493:key on most systems.
6451:key on some systems.
5981:, in Japan) or ₩ (a
5774:teleprinter system.
3551:Printable characters
2270:three-letter acronym
2069:full reset command "
880:bit-paired keyboards
774:binary-coded decimal
702:binary-coded decimal
383:, uppercase letters
375:, lowercase letters
321:ASCII is one of the
301:printable characters
31:For other uses, see
10782:Unified Hangul Code
10454:PostScript Standard
10177:Multinational (MCS)
9048:-2 (Central Europe)
9043:-1 (Western Europe)
8897:Character encodings
8540:Technical Reference
7640:Savard, John J. G.
7606:1995tps..book.....S
7558:Smith, Gil (2001).
7375:(special edition).
7372:Scientific American
7061:John Wiley and Sons
6932:(ANSI). 1986-03-26.
6254:backward compatible
6021:Eventually, as 8-,
5827:backward compatible
2545:End of Transmission
2119:problem on various
1987:Delete vs backspace
1033:
901:(1981), especially
625:character encodings
393:punctuation symbols
54:
10928:Character encoding
10863:Hardware code page
10623:typesetting system
10459:PostScript Latin 1
10115:Cyrillic + Finnish
10022:Windows code pages
9904:IBM AIX code pages
9232:National standards
9163:Ukrainian Cyrillic
8167:"Bare LFs in SMTP"
6843:Sensitive Research
6078:video game sprites
5784:Hugh McGregor Ross
2314:Control code chart
2259:End of file/stream
1891:peripheral devices
1887:control characters
1873:
1859:Control characters
1032:ASCII (1977/1986)
1031:
1029:
1003:collating sequence
866:(underscore) from
834:(lowercase letter
681:function (like in
663:(1956), and early
637:control characters
493:
289:character encoding
283:), an acronym for
126:ISO/IEC 646 series
52:
42:or other types of
10900:
10899:
10853:Charset detection
10792:Control character
10474:Sharp calculators
10345:Casio calculators
10273:Platform specific
10125:Cyrillic + German
10120:Cyrillic + French
9538:Maltese/Esperanto
9174:Bibliographic use
9058:-4 (North Europe)
8990:T.51/ISO/IEC 6937
8948:Baudot and Murray
8700:(December 1960).
8579:978-0-321-48091-0
8384:978-0-07-021457-6
7615:978-0-8493-7159-2
7496:webstore.ansi.org
7413:978-0-596-10121-3
7155:978-0-918398-37-6
7094:Electronics World
7070:978-0-470-03214-5
6736:978-0-201-14460-4
6463:The ambiguity of
6245:, respectively).
6180:until 2008, when
5915:), etc. See also
5795:Lyndon B. Johnson
5755:
5754:
3565:punctuation marks
3537:
3536:
2356:C escape sequence
2276:), also known as
2264:reasons, EOF, or
2121:operating systems
1943:Teletype Model 33
1897:), or to provide
1877:Control character
1851:
1850:
884:Teletype Model 33
791:typewriters, not
730:"space" character
691:data transmission
339:Teletype Model 33
235:
234:
64:ASCII chart from
16:(Redirected from
10950:
10892:
10891:
10384:DG International
10259:Special Graphics
10060:Extended Latin-8
9458:Central European
9448:Barents Cyrillic
9153:Barents Cyrillic
9123:-12 (Devanagari)
9119:Abandoned parts
8890:
8883:
8876:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8853:
8838:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8802:
8799:10.1109/2.539725
8782:
8780:
8773:
8762:
8760:
8733:
8723:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8680:. Archived from
8669:
8659:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8604:
8598:
8597:
8595:
8594:
8588:
8563:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8507:
8501:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8488:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8455:
8432:
8423:
8422:
8420:
8419:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8376:McGraw-Hill Inc.
8367:
8361:
8360:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8327:
8326:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8238:
8237:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8209:
8201:Digital Research
8198:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8125:
8113:
8111:10.17487/RFC0765
8088:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8066:
8064:10.17487/RFC0542
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8034:
8022:
8020:10.17487/RFC0158
8000:
7994:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7980:
7961:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7867:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7851:
7840:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7813:
7802:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7772:(Mailing list).
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7742:. Archived from
7735:
7729:
7728:(NB. NO-WS-CTL.)
7727:
7725:
7724:
7712:
7710:10.17487/RFC2822
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7653:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7571:
7564:
7555:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7533:. Archived from
7532:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7438:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7332:
7313:
7312:
7299:
7290:
7289:
7284:. Archived from
7277:
7266:
7263:
7257:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7239:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7211:
7195:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7166:. Archived from
7143:
7131:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7028:
7026:10.17487/RFC4949
7010:
7004:
7003:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6964:
6962:10.17487/RFC0020
6943:
6934:
6933:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6869:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6835:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6753:
6724:
6713:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6655:"Character Sets"
6651:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6621:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6587:Delete character
6583:
6577:
6562:
6556:
6549:Escape character
6545:
6539:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6500:
6494:
6483:
6477:
6471:
6461:
6452:
6441:
6435:
6428:
6422:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6392:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6361:
6304:
6283:
5955:
5945:
5944:ä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; ü
5843:ASCII extensions
5839:standards bodies
5811:Luther H. Hodges
5751:
5744:
5718:
5695:
5688:
5662:
5639:
5616:
5593:
5570:
5547:
5524:
5501:
5478:
5455:
5432:
5409:
5386:
5363:
5340:
5317:
5294:
5271:
5248:
5225:
5202:
5179:
5156:
5133:
5110:
5087:
5064:
5041:
5034:
5011:
5004:
4981:
4960:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4904:
4883:
4862:
4841:
4820:
4799:
4778:
4757:
4736:
4715:
4694:
4673:
4652:
4631:
4610:
4589:
4568:
4547:
4526:
4505:
4484:
4463:
4442:
4421:
4400:
4379:
4358:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4302:
4281:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4197:
4176:
4155:
4134:
4113:
4092:
4071:
4050:
4029:
4008:
3987:
3966:
3945:
3924:
3903:
3882:
3861:
3840:
3819:
3798:
3777:
3756:
3735:
3714:
3693:
3672:
3597:
3596:
3526:
3494:
3465:Record Separator
3459:
3424:
3389:
3356:
3351:
3316:
3278:
3243:
3208:
3179:Synchronous Idle
3173:
3138:
3109:Device Control 4
3103:
3072:Device Control 3
3066:
3040:Device Control 2
3034:
3003:Device Control 1
2997:
2971:Data Link Escape
2965:
2930:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2798:
2793:
2760:
2755:
2725:
2720:
2687:
2682:
2649:
2644:
2609:
2574:
2539:
2507:
2472:
2443:Start of Heading
2437:
2404:
2399:
2346:Control Pictures
2318:
2317:
2072:
2064:
2055:ANSI escape code
1928:markup languages
1899:meta-information
1854:Character groups
1844:
1838:
1829:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1034:
983:Hamming distance
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
865:
849:
845:
841:
826:(capital letter
813:
809:
649:numerical digits
561:Display Control)
523:case-insensitive
489:Control Pictures
361:English alphabet
279:
274:
273:
272:
271:
264:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
227:
220:
213:
79:
62:
55:
51:
47:
36:
21:
10958:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10951:
10949:
10948:
10947:
10903:
10902:
10901:
10896:
10882:
10858:Han unification
10831:
10786:
10654:
10615:
10533:
10355:Compucolor 8001
10268:
10264:Technical (TCS)
10187:French Canadian
10158:
10134:
10130:Polytonic Greek
10016:
9898:
9582:
9568:Turkic Cyrillic
9483:Font X (Kermit)
9478:Farsi (Persian)
9430:
9421:
9393:
9227:
9169:
9039:Approved parts
9026:
8899:
8894:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8836:
8832:
8829:
8817:
8815:
8778:
8771:
8767:
8714:(12): 639–641.
8687:
8685:
8631:
8629:Further reading
8626:
8617:
8615:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8572:. p. 314.
8561:
8555:
8551:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8486:
8484:
8466:
8462:
8453:
8451:
8433:
8426:
8417:
8415:
8396:
8392:
8385:
8368:
8364:
8337:
8333:
8324:
8322:
8308:
8304:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8272:
8270:
8256:
8252:
8235:
8233:
8226:
8222:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8176:
8174:
8161:
8157:
8148:
8146:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8123:
8121:
8089:
8085:
8076:
8074:
8045:
8041:
8032:
8030:
8006:TELNET Protocol
8001:
7997:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7959:
7946:
7942:
7933:
7931:
7913:
7909:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7880:
7878:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7826:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7788:
7779:
7777:
7762:
7758:
7749:
7747:
7736:
7732:
7722:
7720:
7695:
7691:
7682:
7680:
7665:
7664:
7660:
7651:
7649:
7638:
7634:
7625:
7623:
7616:
7588:
7584:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7562:
7556:
7549:
7540:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7476:
7474:
7469:. 2017-11-02 .
7465:
7464:
7460:
7451:
7449:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7414:
7396:
7392:
7369:"Information".
7368:
7367:
7363:
7354:
7352:
7333:
7316:
7301:
7300:
7293:
7278:
7269:
7264:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7246:
7242:
7237:
7233:
7173:
7171:
7156:
7141:
7132:
7117:
7108:
7106:
7085:
7081:
7071:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7036:
7011:
7007:
6992:
6988:
6974:
6972:
6944:
6937:
6924:
6923:
6912:
6903:
6901:
6893:(2016-04-20) .
6888:
6884:
6871:
6870:
6861:
6852:
6850:
6837:
6836:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6799:
6792:
6783:
6781:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6737:
6722:
6714:
6673:
6664:
6662:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6633:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6546:
6542:
6530:is not part of
6528:escape sequence
6524:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6504:Carriage Return
6501:
6497:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6429:
6425:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6379:
6362:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6302:
6281:
6267:
6227:natural numbers
6216:
6210:
6202:Main articles:
6200:
6184:overtook them.
6019:
6009:
6003:
5953:
5943:
5884:(£); e.g. with
5867:
5861:
5853:Main articles:
5851:
5835:
5788:Bemer–Ross Code
5780:escape sequence
5760:
5747:
5740:
5714:
5691:
5684:
5658:
5635:
5612:
5589:
5566:
5543:
5520:
5497:
5474:
5451:
5428:
5405:
5382:
5359:
5336:
5313:
5290:
5267:
5244:
5221:
5198:
5175:
5152:
5129:
5106:
5083:
5060:
5037:
5030:
5007:
5000:
4977:
4956:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4900:
4879:
4858:
4837:
4816:
4795:
4774:
4753:
4732:
4711:
4690:
4669:
4648:
4627:
4606:
4585:
4564:
4543:
4522:
4501:
4480:
4459:
4438:
4417:
4396:
4375:
4354:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4298:
4277:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4193:
4172:
4151:
4130:
4109:
4088:
4067:
4046:
4025:
4004:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3920:
3899:
3878:
3857:
3836:
3815:
3794:
3773:
3752:
3731:
3710:
3689:
3668:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3573:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3524:
3492:
3457:
3430:Group Separator
3422:
3387:
3354:
3349:
3314:
3276:
3241:
3206:
3171:
3136:
3101:
3064:
3032:
2995:
2963:
2928:
2896:
2872:Carriage Return
2866:
2861:
2831:
2826:
2796:
2791:
2758:
2753:
2723:
2718:
2685:
2680:
2647:
2642:
2615:Acknowledgement
2607:
2572:
2537:
2505:
2470:
2435:
2402:
2397:
2316:
2261:
2113:
2070:
2062:
2038:
2002:escape sequence
1994:
1989:
1973:buffer overflow
1879:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1326:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1022:
991:
989:Character order
973:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
863:
847:
843:
839:
838:) instead, but
811:
807:
804:Remington No. 2
767:
741:
722:
647:characters, 10
639:). This allows
621:
616:
543:
481:
405:carriage return
401:Teletype models
331:
277:
267:
266:
245:
241:
231:
77:
69:
66:MIL-STD-188-100
48:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10956:
10946:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10923:Character sets
10920:
10915:
10898:
10897:
10894:Character sets
10887:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10837:
10836:Related topics
10833:
10832:
10830:
10829:
10824:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10812:
10802:
10800:Morse prosigns
10796:
10794:
10788:
10787:
10785:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10730:
10725:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10713:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10684:
10683:
10673:
10668:
10662:
10660:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10547:
10545:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10494:TI calculators
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10276:
10274:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10202:United Kingdom
10199:
10194:
10189:
10179:
10173:
10171:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10151:
10145:
10143:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10037:
10032:
10026:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9908:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9590:
9588:
9587:DOS code pages
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9533:Latin (Kermit)
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9434:
9432:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9403:
9401:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9135:
9133:KOI-8 Cyrillic
9127:
9126:
9125:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9113:-16 (Romanian)
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9045:
9036:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9018:
9017:
9016:
9015:
9010:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8974:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8918:
8911:Telegraph code
8907:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8893:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8828:
8827:External links
8825:
8824:
8823:
8803:
8784:
8765:
8764:
8763:
8734:
8676:(2003-05-23).
8670:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8599:
8578:
8549:
8530:
8516:
8502:
8493:
8471:(2010-01-28).
8460:
8438:(2008-05-05).
8424:
8390:
8383:
8362:
8331:
8313:(1968-03-11).
8302:
8295:. 2013-03-09.
8284:
8282:at that time.)
8250:
8220:
8183:
8155:
8130:
8083:
8039:
7995:
7953:Saltzer, J. H.
7949:Ossanna, J. F.
7940:
7918:(2007-08-08).
7907:
7887:
7862:
7824:
7786:
7770:help-gnu-emacs
7756:
7730:
7689:
7658:
7632:
7614:
7600:. p. 13.
7582:
7565:. Baudot.net.
7547:
7519:
7501:
7483:
7458:
7444:. 2012-06-15.
7433:
7419:
7412:
7390:
7361:
7339:. Aivosto Oy.
7314:
7291:
7288:on 2010-01-16.
7267:
7258:
7249:
7240:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7212:
7196:
7154:
7115:
7079:
7069:
7063:. p. 28.
7045:
7005:
6986:
6982:USAS X3.4-1968
6949:(1969-10-16).
6935:
6910:
6882:
6859:
6823:
6790:
6765:
6735:
6671:
6643:
6627:(1975-12-01).
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6595:
6590:
6578:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6552:
6540:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6495:
6490:
6478:
6473:
6453:
6448:
6436:
6423:
6406:
6395:
6387:
6377:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6317:
6314:Extended ASCII
6311:
6305:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6199:
6196:
6178:World Wide Web
6130:developed the
6053:for India and
6007:Extended ASCII
6005:Main article:
6002:
5999:
5957:
5956:
5947:
5946:
5919:(Yugoslavia).
5886:code page 1104
5882:pound sterling
5850:
5847:
5834:
5831:
5819:World Wide Web
5759:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:Unit Separator
3497:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:File Separator
3392:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:Horizontal Tab
2726:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:Caret notation
2348:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2300:null character
2260:
2257:
2112:
2109:
2037:
2034:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:respectively.
1875:Main article:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1328: SP
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316: US
1312:
1309: RS
1305:
1302: GS
1298:
1295: FS
1291:
1284:
1277:
1274: EM
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199: SI
1195:
1192: SO
1188:
1185: CR
1181:
1178: FF
1174:
1171: VT
1167:
1164: LF
1160:
1157: HT
1153:
1150: BS
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
990:
987:
979:end of message
969:
882:, notably the
812:"#$ %_&'()
763:
737:
721:
718:
710:error checking
631:symbols (i.e.
620:
617:
615:
612:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:ANSI X3.4-1986
571:
570:ANSI X3.4-1977
568:
567:USAS X3.4-1968
565:
564:USAS X3.4-1967
562:
547:
542:
539:
487:ASCII (1963).
480:
477:
335:telegraph code
330:
327:
233:
232:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
204:
203:
189:
185:
184:
175:
171:
170:
169:
168:
163:
157:
151:
146:
140:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:Classification
119:
118:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
63:
44:extended ASCII
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10955:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10895:
10885:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10834:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10789:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10763:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10753:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10689:
10686:
10682:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10661:
10657:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10618:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10543:ISO/IEC 10646
10540:
10536:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10360:Compucolor II
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10315:Acorn RISC OS
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10277:
10275:
10271:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10244:8-bit Turkish
10242:
10240:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10184:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9901:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
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9857:
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9807:
9805:
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9800:
9797:
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9792:
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9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
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9772:
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9762:
9760:
9757:
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9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9429:
9424:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9412:ISO/IEC 10367
9410:
9408:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9396:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
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9260:
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9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:-5 (Cyrillic)
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9035:
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9014:
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8909:
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8902:
8898:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8879:
8877:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8850:
8846:
8845:Unicode, Inc.
8842:
8835:
8831:
8830:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8785:
8777:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8754:
8750:
8746:
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8740:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8694:
8684:on 2013-10-17
8683:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8663:
8658:
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8649:
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8637:
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8470:
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8437:
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8413:
8409:
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8401:
8394:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8306:
8298:
8294:
8288:
8281:
8269:on 2013-10-17
8268:
8264:
8260:
8254:
8247:
8245:
8231:
8224:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8194:
8187:
8172:
8168:
8165:
8159:
8144:
8141:. Mercurial.
8140:
8134:
8120:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8094:(June 1980).
8093:
8087:
8073:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8056:
8052:
8051:
8043:
8029:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8007:
7999:
7992:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7967:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7929:
7925:
7924:DosMan Drivel
7921:
7917:
7911:
7897:
7891:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7848:
7844:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7810:
7806:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7760:
7746:on 2014-02-27
7745:
7741:
7734:
7719:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7702:
7701:
7693:
7678:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7586:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7537:on 2023-08-21
7536:
7529:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7429:
7423:
7415:
7409:
7406:p. 118.
7405:
7401:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7365:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7311:. 1968-10-10.
7310:
7306:
7305:
7298:
7296:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7262:
7253:
7244:
7235:
7225:
7221:
7220:Interface Age
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7204:Interface Age
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7188:Interface Age
7185:
7181:
7180:
7170:on 2016-08-27
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7105:on 2016-03-03
7104:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7083:
7076:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7057:
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7018:
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6990:
6983:
6971:
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6963:
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6954:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6940:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6886:
6879:. 1967-07-07.
6878:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6832:
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6828:
6812:
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6632:
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6599:
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6582:
6575:
6561:
6550:
6544:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6520:
6505:
6499:
6488:
6487:Tab character
6482:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6398:
6391:
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6360:
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6309:
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6279:
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6273:
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6262:
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6255:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6208:ISO/IEC 10646
6205:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6116:code page 437
6112:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:inverse video
6079:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6057:for Vietnam.
6056:
6052:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6008:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:{ a = '\n'; }
5952:
5951:
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3617:
3612:
3607:
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3598:
3595:
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3333:
3330:
3327:
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3320:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:End of Medium
3282:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
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3110:
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3097:
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3077:
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3068:
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3028:
3022:
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3008:
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2999:
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2800:
2795:
2790:
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2781:
2778:
2775:
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2769:
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2757:
2752:
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2737:
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2730:
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2722:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
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2692:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
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2620:
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2616:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
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2541:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:Start of Text
2476:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2439:
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2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:systems, and
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1020:Character set
1017:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
975:
972:
967:
963:
959:
934:
931::* ;+ -=
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:IBM Selectric
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
861:
857:
853:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
805:
801:
799:
794:
790:
785:
783:
780:, where 5 is
779:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
750:code (1963).
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
611:
609:
605:
601:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:ASA X3.4-1963
545:
544:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
512:6 and 7, and
511:
505:
503:
499:
490:
485:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:control codes
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
354:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
326:
324:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
270:
263:
239:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
205:
201:
197:
196:ISO/IEC 10646
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
50:
45:
41:
34:
19:
10810:ISO/IEC 6429
10767:Stanford/ITS
10754:
10688:ARIB STD-B24
10469:Sega SC-3000
10370:DEC RADIX 50
9407:ISO/IEC 8859
9399:ISO/IEC 2022
9144:Adaptations
9103:-14 (Celtic)
9098:-13 (Baltic)
9088:-10 (Nordic)
9083:-9 (Turkish)
9032:ISO/IEC 8859
8959:
8856:. Retrieved
8840:
8816:. Retrieved
8788:
8748:
8742:
8711:
8705:
8686:. Retrieved
8682:the original
8650:(2): 71–72.
8647:
8643:
8616:. Retrieved
8602:
8591:. Retrieved
8565:
8552:
8539:
8533:
8519:
8511:
8505:
8496:
8485:. Retrieved
8476:
8463:
8452:. Retrieved
8443:
8416:. Retrieved
8403:
8393:
8371:
8365:
8334:
8323:. Retrieved
8305:
8287:
8271:. Retrieved
8267:the original
8253:
8240:
8234:. Retrieved
8223:
8212:. Retrieved
8192:
8186:
8175:. Retrieved
8158:
8147:. Retrieved
8133:
8122:. Retrieved
8096:
8086:
8075:. Retrieved
8049:
8042:
8031:. Retrieved
8005:
7998:
7989:
7983:. Retrieved
7963:
7943:
7932:. Retrieved
7923:
7916:Tim Paterson
7910:
7899:. Retrieved
7890:
7879:. Retrieved
7865:
7854:. Retrieved
7816:. Retrieved
7778:. Retrieved
7769:
7759:
7748:. Retrieved
7744:the original
7733:
7721:. Retrieved
7699:
7692:
7681:. Retrieved
7670:
7661:
7650:. Retrieved
7635:
7624:. Retrieved
7592:
7585:
7574:. Retrieved
7539:. Retrieved
7535:the original
7522:
7509:
7504:
7495:
7486:
7475:. Retrieved
7461:
7450:. Retrieved
7436:
7427:
7422:
7399:
7393:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7353:. Retrieved
7303:
7286:the original
7261:
7252:
7243:
7234:
7223:
7219:
7207:
7203:
7194:(5): 96–102.
7191:
7187:
7172:. Retrieved
7168:the original
7145:
7107:. Retrieved
7103:the original
7098:
7092:
7082:
7074:
7055:
7048:
7037:. Retrieved
7015:
7008:
6989:
6973:. Retrieved
6951:
6925:
6902:. Retrieved
6898:
6885:
6872:
6851:. Retrieved
6849:. 1963-06-17
6842:
6815:. Retrieved
6782:. Retrieved
6780:. 2016-03-29
6777:
6768:
6756:. Retrieved
6718:
6663:. Retrieved
6661:. 2007-05-14
6658:
6629:
6619:
6598:
6581:
6560:
6543:
6519:
6498:
6481:
6439:
6426:
6409:
6390:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6247:
6230:
6217:
6188:ISO/IEC 4873
6186:
6170:Windows-1252
6166:ISO/IEC 8859
6163:
6153:defined the
6147:Mac OS Roman
6124:smiley faces
6114:IBM defined
6113:
6094:
6074:semigraphics
6066:
6048:
6020:
6013:ISO/IEC 8859
5987:
5972:
5958:
5948:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5890:
5871:
5868:
5836:
5829:with ASCII.
5816:
5804:
5792:
5787:
5761:
3576:
3569:
3554:
3543:graphics or
3538:
2802:Vertical Tab
2360:Name (1967)
2341:Abbreviation
2293:
2286:
2282:mnemonic aid
2262:
2229:
2209:Macintosh OS
2181:
2165:
2157:Gary Kildall
2130:
2114:
2093:text editors
2077:
2075:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2009:
2006:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1969:flow control
1965:
1955:
1940:
1932:
1908:
1880:
1015:
995:ASCIIbetical
994:
992:
976:
965:
961:
957:
935:
894:
888:
875:
871:
867:
859:
855:
851:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
797:
792:
788:
786:
784:in binary).
781:
777:
759:
726:ASCII sticks
725:
723:
712:if desired.
695:
687:six-bit code
676:
669:
622:
608:punched card
597:
534:vertical bar
527:
518:
509:
506:
494:
461:proper nouns
442:
433:
419:
417:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
355:
332:
325:milestones.
320:
315:
309:
284:
237:
236:
192:ISO/IEC 8859
188:Succeeded by
160:Windows-125x
143:ISO/IEC 8859
49:
40:Windows-1252
10529:ZX Spectrum
10484:Sinclair QL
10320:Amstrad CPC
10239:8-bit Greek
10166:terminals (
9879:Iran System
9431:("scripts")
9078:-8 (Hebrew)
9068:-6 (Arabic)
8965:ISO/IEC 646
8751:(12): 642.
8469:Davis, Mark
8436:Davis, Mark
8092:Postel, Jon
7672:PC Magazine
7226:(7): 80–87.
7210:(6): 64–74.
6591:← Backspace
6449:← Backspace
6325:Jargon File
6231:code points
6192:hexadecimal
6029:(and later
6001:8-bit codes
5988:In Europe,
5960:C trigraphs
5949:instead of
5924:code points
5855:ISO/IEC 646
5849:7-bit codes
3545:hexadecimal
2513:End of Text
2266:end-of-file
2195:documents.
2111:End of line
2082:out-of-band
2061:", "CSI", "
1936:data stream
1923:white space
1883:code points
917:(comma) or
911:,< .>
802:set by the
672:Baudot code
430:hexadecimal
346:teleprinter
297:code points
174:Preceded by
108:Interlingua
92:Language(s)
74:MIME / IANA
18:7-bit ASCII
10907:Categories
10815:JIS X 0211
10723:ISO-IR-169
10576:UTF-EBCDIC
10142:code pages
9869:CSX+ Indic
9473:Devanagari
9428:Code pages
9349:LST 1590-4
9319:JIS X 0213
9314:JIS X 0212
9309:JIS X 0208
9304:JIS X 0201
9269:GOST 10859
9191:CCCII/EACC
9093:-11 (Thai)
9073:-7 (Greek)
9008:background
8931:Wabun/Kana
8858:2016-05-26
8818:2016-05-26
8688:2016-05-09
8618:2014-04-21
8593:2015-03-13
8487:2010-08-15
8454:2010-08-15
8418:2010-08-15
8325:2008-04-14
8273:2008-04-14
8236:2023-02-14
8214:2017-10-07
8177:2013-01-28
8149:2017-06-24
8124:2013-01-28
8077:2013-01-28
8033:2013-01-28
7985:2013-01-29
7934:2018-04-19
7901:2024-01-17
7881:2018-07-11
7856:2014-07-10
7818:2014-07-10
7780:2014-07-11
7750:2014-05-11
7723:2016-06-13
7683:2008-04-14
7652:2014-08-24
7626:2016-10-29
7576:2008-07-11
7541:2024-06-09
7477:2020-02-28
7452:2020-02-28
7355:2016-06-13
7174:2016-08-27
7109:2016-05-22
7039:2016-06-13
6975:2016-06-13
6947:Cerf, Vint
6904:2020-03-08
6853:2020-06-06
6817:2008-04-14
6784:2024-02-26
6758:August 25,
6665:2019-08-25
6612:References
6272:3568 ASCII
6212:See also:
6174:ISO-8859-1
6159:PostScript
6103:for their
6011:See also:
5863:See also:
3322:Substitute
2184:plain text
2125:typewriter
2099:(GUI) and
2043:C language
1961:underscore
1947:paper tape
789:mechanical
748:DEC SIXBIT
706:parity bit
645:alphabetic
428:1101001 =
365:characters
132:Extensions
10868:MICR code
10703:IEC-P27-1
10681:ISO-IR-68
10586:DIN 91379
10464:SAM Coupé
10399:GSM 03.38
10389:Galaksija
9884:Kamenický
9864:CSX Indic
9573:Ukrainian
9359:Shift JIS
9339:KS X 1002
9334:KS X 1001
9259:DIN 66003
9254:CNS 11643
9022:Transcode
9000:ITU T.101
8926:Non-Latin
8345:Newsgroup
7598:CRC Press
7385:e24931041
6564:^^ means
6465:Backspace
6445:Backspace
6432:C-strings
6385:properly.
6293:ASCII art
6278:Alt codes
5975:backslash
5776:Bob Bemer
3547:numbers.
2904:Shift Out
2837:Form Feed
2764:Line Feed
2691:Backspace
2278:control-C
2213:Apple DOS
2201:Unix-like
2101:windowing
2030:GNU Emacs
1954:) became
1911:backspace
1893:(such as
999:Collation
946:< >
808:23456789-
756:uppercase
752:Lowercase
714:Eight-bit
633:graphemes
629:character
619:Bit width
610:formats.
541:Revisions
409:line feed
84:Alias(es)
10873:Mojibake
10728:ISO 2033
10693:Fieldata
10671:ASMO 449
10581:GB 18030
10541: /
10489:Teletext
10479:Sharp MZ
10409:HP FOCAL
10404:HP Roman
10335:Atari ST
10325:Apple II
9859:CS Indic
9553:Romanian
9528:Keyboard
9508:Gurmukhi
9503:Gujarati
9493:Georgian
9468:Cyrillic
9463:Croatian
9438:Armenian
9344:LST 1564
9329:KPS 9566
9289:GB 18030
9284:GB 12052
9279:GB 12345
9264:ELOT 927
9198:ISO 5426
9158:Estonian
8995:ITU T.61
8985:Teletext
8981:Videotex
8955:Fieldata
8941:Cyrillic
8849:Archived
8812:Archived
8790:Computer
8776:Archived
8730:21403172
8638:(1960).
8612:Archived
8584:Archived
8481:Archived
8448:Archived
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8319:Archived
8297:Archived
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8205:Archived
8171:Archived
8143:Archived
8104:(IETF).
8057:(IETF).
7991:meaning.
7976:Archived
7928:Archived
7875:Archived
7847:Archived
7809:Archived
7774:Archived
7677:Archived
7646:Archived
7620:Archived
7567:Archived
7471:Archived
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6811:Archived
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5983:Won sign
5979:Yen sign
5929:de facto
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