702:
1909:
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1190:, was easily recaptured but the Uzbek leader Din Mohammed Khan was safely behind the walls of the other chief city, Herat. Abbas managed to lure the Uzbek army out of the town by feigning a retreat. A bloody battle ensued on 9 August 1598, in the course of which the Uzbek khan was wounded and his troops retreated (the khan was murdered by his own men during the retreat). However, during the battle, Farhad Khan had fled after being wounded and was later accused of fleeing due to cowardice. He was nevertheless forgiven by Abbas, who wanted to appoint him as the governor of Herat, which Farhad Khan refused. According to Oruch Beg, Farhad Khan's refusal made Abbas feel that he had been insulted. Due to Farhad Khan's arrogant behaviour and his suspected treason, he was seen as a threat to Abbas, so Abbas had him executed. Abbas then converted Gilan and Mazandaran into the crown domain (
1389:
1035:
995:, one of the richest provinces in Persia. His power reached its peak in 1598, when he became the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces. Not only did the ghulam system allow the shah to control and manage the rival Qizilbash Turks and Persians, it also resolved budgetary problems, in the short term at least, for by restoring the Shah's complete control of the provinces formerly governed by the Qizilbash chiefs, the provinces' revenues now supplemented the royal treasury. From now on, government officials collected the taxes and remitted them directly to the royal treasury. In the harem, the Circassians and Georgians rapidly replaced the Turcoman factions and, as a result, gained a significant direct influence on the
635:
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government posts among his own friends, gradually confining Abbas to the palace. Meanwhile, the Uzbeks continued their conquest of
Khorasan. When Abbas heard they were besieging his old friend Ali Qoli Khan Shamlu in Herat, he pleaded with Murshid to take action. Fearing a rival, Murshid did nothing until the news came that Herat had fallen and the Uzbeks had slaughtered the entire population. Only then did he set out on campaign to Khorasan. But Abbas planned to avenge the death of Ali Qoli Khan, and he arranged for four Qizilbash leaders to kill Murshid after a banquet on 23 July 1589. With Murshid gone, Abbas could now rule Iran in his own right.
938:
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555:. The new king's reign turned out to be short and murderous. The long years of imprisonment had left him suffering from paranoia, with the result that he saw enemies everywhere who had to be eliminated. First and foremost, he began murdering most of the members of Ustajlu tribe regardless of whether or not they had supported Haydar Mirza. He also executed people whose only crime was having held a position during Tahmasp's reign. The young Abbas was directly affected by his uncle's purge when a group of horsemen rushed into his guardian's house, Shah Qoli Sultan, and killed him.
514:(guardian). Abbas's Qizilbash guardians and their wives became substitute parents for him. He never saw his mother again and only saw his father fifteen years later. Abbas learnt the necessary skills of a soldier from his Qizilbash guardians. He played polo and went frequently on hunts. Like most of the Iranian kings, he developed a passion for hunting, which was regarded as a form of military training. Abbas was educated alongside household "slaves" (ghulams), who would have become his childhood companions. Some or perhaps most of them are likely to have been
1760:
57:
591:
the administration and made all the decisions, even in military matters. The
Qizilbash were not happy to see her taking power. The divisions in the Safavid court encouraged rebellions in various parts of the country and the old Qizilbash rivalries rose again, with the Ustajlu and Shamlu tribes immediately confronting each other. Mohammad Khodabanda and the queen asked Ali-Qoli Khan to bring Abbas to Qazvin, fearing that Ali-Qoli Khan was conspiring to enthrone Abbas, but the Qizilbash amirs of Khorasan argued that with the threat of the
1700:
1797:, a town the shah had built for the Armenians primarily meant for these Armenians from Jugha ("Old Julfa"), near his capital Isfahan. Thousands of Armenians died on the journey. Those who survived enjoyed considerable religious freedom in New Julfa, where the shah built them a new cathedral. Abbas' aim was to boost the Iranian economy by encouraging the Armenian merchants who had moved to New Julfa. As well as religious liberties, he also offered them interest-free loans and allowed the town to elect its own mayor (
1510:; however Saakadze intercepted a courier and uncovered the plot. Saakadze then defected to the Georgians, and led a new rebellion which succeeded in throwing the Persians out of Kartli and Kakheti while crowning Teimuraz as king of both territories. Abbas counterattacked in June, won the subsequent war and dethroned Teimuraz, but lost half his army at the hands of the Georgians and was forced to accept Kartli and Kakheti only as vassal states while abandoning his plans to eliminate Christians from the area.
1272:
2984:
2119:
658:, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak. The Takkalu tribe eventually seized the power in Qazvin and proceeded to purge a number of prominent Shamlu members, among them being the mother and father of Ali-Qoli Khan. This angered Ali-Qoli Khan and, just as the queen had predicted, in 1581, he took arms against the crown and made his ward, the ten-year-old Abbas, the figurehead of a rebellion in Khorasan by proclaiming him Shah of Iran. Ali-Qoli and Murshid Qoli Khan took control of
2100:
1852:
721:
on the way, came to pledge their allegiance. By the time they approached Qazvin, their small force had increased to 2,000 armed horsemen. The lord mayor of Qazvin and the
Qizilbash amirs inside the city at first urged resistance. But they gave up when crowds of citizens and soldiers, anxious to avoid fighting, came out onto the streets and voiced their support for Abbas, who rode into the capital beside Murshid Qoli Khan in late-September 1587.
1572:
1885:
1685:
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495:. The nominal governorship of Herat was handed over to Abbas. At first, Tahmasp intended to make Hamza the governor of Herat, but Khayr al-Nisa Begum was unwilling to be separated from Hamza, who was her favourite son. So she persuaded the king to appoint Abbas instead. The fact that Abbas was still a baby was not considered an obstacle, as Tahmasp himself had been appointed titular governor of Khorasan at the age of two.
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in the harem, their exclusion from the affairs of state and from contact with the leading aristocracy of the empire and the generals, all the abuses of the princes' education, which were nothing new but which became the normal practice with Abbas at the court of
Isfahan, effectively put a stop to the training of competent successors, that is to say, efficient princes prepared to meet the demands of ruling as kings."
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blinding was only partially successful and the prince's followers planned to smuggle him out of the country to safety with the
Mughals whose aid they would use to overthrow Abbas and install Mohammed on the throne. But the plot was betrayed, the prince's followers were executed and the prince himself imprisoned in the fortress of Alamut where he would later be murdered by Abbas' successor, Shah Safi.
728:. When the news reached them, the amirs decided to abandon the shah and his heir for Abbas Mirza. Mohammad Khodabanda decide that he had no choice but to abdicate. On 1 October 1587, at a ceremony in the palace in Qazvin, he placed his crown on the head of his seventeen-year-old son, who ascended the throne as Abbas I. Murshid Qoli Khan, to whom Abbas owed the crown, was rewarded with the title of
1486:
his invasion after brokering a truce with the
Ottomans. Now Iranian rule was fully restored over eastern Georgia. In a punitive expedition to Kakhetia, his army then killed perhaps 60,000–70,000 or 100,000 Georgians, with twice as many more being deported to Iran, removing about two-thirds of the Kakhetian population. More refugees were rounded up in 1617. In 1619 Abbas appointed the loyal
679:. He remained as the governor and as Abbas' guardian and even received a reward from the shah. Mohammad Khodabanda removed Ali-Qoli Khan's old enemy, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak, from his position as governor of Mashhad and replaced him with an Ustajlu amir. According to Iskandar Beg Monshi, many came to believe Abbas Mirza's claim would eventually prevail over Hamza Mirza's.
675:, where Murshid Qoli was in control, and on Herat, where both Ali-Qoli Khan and Abbas resided. Both attempts proved futile. Upon hearing the news of another Ottoman attack on northwest Iran, the leading ministers of the campaign hurriedly reached an agreement with Ali-Qoli Khan. The former rebel suffered no repercussions and only had to pledge loyalty to Hamza Mirza as the
1992:, the chief opponent of the Ottomans in Europe. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. But the stumbling block of Hormuz remained, a port that had fallen into Spanish hands when the King of Spain inherited the throne of Portugal in 1580. The Spanish demanded Abbas break off relations with the
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913:
represented a serious threat to the ruler or could lead to unnecessary court intrigues. For
Tahmasp, the problem revolved around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qizilbash, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune and material advancement.
2060:. Shortly after, Mohammed Baqir broke protocol during a hunt by killing a boar before the shah had a chance to put his spear in the animal. This seemed to confirm Abbas' suspicions and he sunk into melancholy; he no longer trusted any of his three sons. In 1615, he decided he had no choice but to have Mohammed killed. A Circassian named
863:(a word literally meaning "slaves"). From these newly introduced slaves, the Shah created a military force of up to 37,000 soldiers, completely funded by the Crown. This weakened the power that the Qizilbash had against the crown significantly as they no longer had a "military monopoly" in Iran. Like the
2130:
Abbas projected great military power, regained most of the lands lost by his predecessors, and adopted a set of forward-looking policies designed to optimise military strength, centralise state control, and expand Iran’s internal and international commercial scope. He paired ruthlessness with justice
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and Qazvin, which they could use as bargaining chips in exchange for other territories. The shah decided to lay a trap. He would allow the
Ottomans to enter the country, then destroy them. He had Tabriz evacuated of its inhabitants while he waited at Ardabil with his army. In 1618, an Ottoman army of
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Learning from his grandfather, Abbas (who had been used by the vying
Qizilbash factions during his youth) decided to encourage this new (Caucasian) grouping in Iranian society, as he realised that he must impose his authority on the Qezelbāš or remain their puppet. So Abbas single-handedly encouraged
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slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military. With the help of these newly created layers in
Iranian society (initiated by his predecessors but significantly expanded during his rule), Abbas managed to eclipse the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, the royal house,
1497:
Having momentarily secured the region, Abbas took further acts of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz and Luarsab. He castrated Teimuraz's sons, who both died shortly afterwards. He executed Luarsab in 1622, and in 1624 he had Ketevan, who had been sent to the Shah as a negotiator, tortured to
1339:
invaded and easily seized Tabriz. The vizier sent an ambassador to the shah demanding he make peace and return the lands taken since 1602. Abbas refused and pretended he was ready to set fire to Ardabil and retreat further inland rather than face the Ottoman army. When Halil Pasha heard the news, he
1262:
The Safavids had not yet beaten their archrival, the Ottomans, in battle. After a particularly arrogant series of demands from the Ottoman ambassador, the Shah had him seized, had his beard shaved and sent it to his master, the sultan, in Constantinople. This was effectively a declaration of war. In
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Abbas greatly increased the number of cannon at his disposal so that he could field 500 cannon in a single battle. Ruthless discipline was enforced and looting was severely punished. Abbas was also able to draw on military advice from a number of European envoys, particularly the English adventurers
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from the very beginning of Safavid rule and they also occupied many posts in the government. As a result, effective power in the state in the early days of the dynasty was held by the Qizilbash, leaving the shah often powerless. To counterbalance their power and as a decisive answer to this problem,
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rejects the view that the death of Abbas marked the beginning of the decline of the Safavid dynasty as Iran continued to prosper throughout the 17th century, but blames him for the poor statesmanship of the later Safavid shahs: "The elimination of royal princes, whether by blinding or immuring them
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view, Abbas "was a talented administrator and military leader, and a ruthless autocrat. His reign was the outstanding creative period of the Safavid era. But the civil wars and troubles of his childhood (when many of his relatives were murdered) left him with a dark twist of suspicion and brutality
2138:: "Shah Abbas I possessed in abundance qualities which entitle him to be styled 'the Great'. He was a brilliant strategist and tactician whose chief characteristic was prudence. He preferred to obtain his ends by diplomacy rather than war, and showed immense patience in pursuing his objectives." In
2075:
In 1621, Abbas fell seriously ill. His heir, Mohammed Khodabanda, thought he was on his deathbed and began to celebrate his accession to the throne with his Qizilbash supporters. But the shah recovered and punished his son by blinding him, which would disqualify him from ever taking the throne. The
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and Muhammad Qasim. Despite the ascetic roots of the Ṣafavid dynasty and the religious injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the art of Abbas' time denoted a certain relaxation of the strictures. The portrait by Muhammad Qasim suggests that the Muslim prohibition against the
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During the first ten days of Ramadan 1586, Abbas, his guardian and a small escort of not more than a few hundred horsemen, decided to ride towards Qazvin. As they rode along the Silk Road, Qizilbash amirs from the powerful Takkalu, Afshar and Zul al-Qadr tribes, who controlled many of the key towns
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Unexpectedly, Abbas now chose as heir the son of Mohammed Baqir Mirza, Sam Mirza, a cruel and introverted character who was said to loathe his grandfather because of his father's murder. Nevertheless, he did succeed Shah Abbas at the age of 17 in 1629, taking the name Shah Safi. Abbas's health was
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Teimuraz returned to eastern Georgia in 1615, taking advantage of a resurgence in Ottoman–Safavid hostilities, and there he defeated a Safavid force. However, when the Ottoman army postponed its invasion of the Safavids, Abbas was able to briefly send an army back to defeat Teimuraz, and redoubled
929:
of the neighbouring Ottoman Empire. Their arrival in such large numbers led to the formation of a new grouping in Iranian society solely composed of ethnic Caucasians. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organised until Abbas' reign, during Tahmasp's time Caucasians would already become
649:
After the queen's death, Hamza Mirza, aged eleven, was proclaimed crown prince. The Qizilbash found no reason to fear a child. So they took control over the realm while fighting among themselves over the division of power. The conflict was most intense at the court in Qazvin and in Khorasan, where
590:
On 11 or 13 February 1578, Mohammad Khodabanda was chosen by the Qizilbash as the new shah. The new shah appeared weak, indifferent and incompetent. In these circumstances power soon passed into other hands. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was a strong-willed woman. She took complete charge of
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Ismail then turned on his family. He ordered the execution of many of his half-brothers, cousins and nephews. He spared Mohammad Khodabandae, possibly because they were full-brothers and perhaps because Mohammad Khodabanda was already blind and disqualified as a possible claimant to the throne. In
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Abbas gained strong support from the common people. Sources report him spending much of his time among them, personally visiting bazaars and other public places in Isfahan. Short in stature but physically strong until his health declined in his final years, Abbas could go for long periods without
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bordering the Ottoman Empire. From 1604 Abbas implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved the forced resettlement of up to 300,000 Armenians from their homelands. The Armenians came primarily
970:
corps. Many of those deported from the Caucasus settled in various regions of Iran and became craftsmen, farmers, cattle breeders, traders, soldiers, generals, governors and peasants within Iranian society. As part of the ghulam slave system, Abbas greatly expanded the ghulam military corps (also
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before they would consider relinquishing the town. Abbas was unable to comply. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his 400,000+ Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the
1481:
Abbas threatened Imeretia with devastation if they did not give up the fugitive kings; the Imeretian, Mingrelian and Gurian rulers jointly refused his demand. Luarsab, however, surrendered voluntarily to the Shah; Abbas initially treated him well but when he learned that Luarsab and Teimuraz had
912:
Tahmasp I, the second Safavid shah, had realised, by looking at his own empire and that of the neighbouring Ottomans, that he faced ongoing threats from dangerous rival factions and internal family rivalries that were a threat to him as the head of state. If not properly managed, these rivalries
779:
Firstly, Abbas settled his score with his mother's killers, executing three of the ringleaders of the plot and exiling four others. His next task was to free himself from the power of Murshid Qoli Khan. Murshid made Abbas marry Hamza's widow and a Safavid cousin, and began distributing important
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and destroyed the fortress in the city, which the Ottomans had planned to use as an advance base for attacks on Iran. The next year, Abbas pretended he was setting off on a hunting expedition to Mazandaran with his men. This was merely a ruse to deceive the Ottoman spies in his court – his real
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In the meantime, in Khorasan, Murshid Qoli Khan emerged as a rival to Ali-Qoli. He successfully seized Mashhad and abducted Abbas from Ali-Qoli's possession. An Uzbek invasion advanced through Khorasan and laid siege to Herat. This threatened Murshid Qoli's position who realised it was his last
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The increasing numbers of Georgians and Circassians in the Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state vied with the Qizilbash for power and as a result also became involved in court intrigues. This competition for influence saw queens (and their supporters in the harem, court and
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ghulams. Abbas then reduced the number of Qizilbash provincial governorships and systematically moved Qizilbash governors to other districts, thus disrupting their ties with the local community and reducing their power. Most were eventually replaced by ghulams, whose loyalty was to the shah.
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Abbas' tolerance towards most Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The idea of such an anti-Ottoman alliance was not a new one – over a century before,
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where the queen resided and strangled Khayr al-Nisa Begum. Although Abbas was still only a boy and barely knew his mother, her murder at the hands of the Qizilbash made a deep impression on him. That experience probably led to his belief that the power of the Qizilbash had to be broken.
1291:, a town that had become one of the main Ottoman strongholds in the Caucasus since the Safavids had ceded it in 1590. It finally fell in June 1604 and with it the Ottomans lost the support of most Armenians, Georgians and other Caucasians. But Abbas was unsure how the new Sultan
1205:, Baqi Muhammad Khan attempted to retake Balkh and Abbas found his troops were still no match for the Uzbeks. By 1603, the battle lines had stabilized, albeit with the loss of the majority of the Persian artillery. Abbas was able to hold onto most of Khorassan, including Herat,
344:
Although Abbas would preside over the apex of Safavid Iran's military, political and economic power, he came to the throne during a troubled time for the country. Under the ineffective rule of his father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the
1970:
in 1602. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe and Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture – Shakespeare's 1601–02
893:(by conquest and slave trade), had converted or had been converted to Islam, and had taken up service in the army, royal household or the civil administration, and were loyal only to the shah. Under Abbas' leadership this new grouping in Iranian society (also called the
1548:
After the conquest, he was very conciliatory to Jahangir, claiming he had only taken back what was rightly his and disavowing any further territorial ambitions. Jahangir was not appeased but he was unable to recapture the province. A childhood friend of Abbas, named
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had there been such a comprehensive example of town-planning in the Islamic world, and the scope and layout of the city centre clearly reflect its status as the capital of an empire." Isfahan became the centre of Safavid architectural achievement, with the mosques
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In making Isfahan the centre of Safavid Empire, Abbas utilized the Armenian people, whom he had forcibly relocated to Isfahan from their Armenian homelands. Once they were settled, he allowed them considerable freedom and encouraged them to continue in their
1505:
Abbas was then warned of another imminent Kakhetian uprising, so he returned to Georgia in early 1625. He lured Kakhetian soldiers on a false pretext and then began executing them. He also had plans to execute all armed Kartlians, including his own general
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chance to enthrone Abbas. Many of the Qizilbash amirs gave their assurance of their support for placing Abbas on the throne. After learning that Mohammad Khodabanda had left Qazvin to confront rebels in the south, Murshid Qoli Khan decided to strike.
1067:), and to a much lesser extent Iranians, to fight alongside the traditional, feudal force provided by the Qizilbash. The new army regiments' loyalty was to the Shah. The new army consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 cavalry or squires (conscripted Caucasian
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organization, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, of the majority of the population, as well as of the court when Isfahan became the capital under his reign (1598). According to
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Several years of peace followed as the Ottomans carefully planned their response. But their secret training manoeuvres were observed by Iranian spies. Abbas learnt that the Ottoman plan was to invade Iran via Azerbaijan, take Tabriz then move on to
1727:
increased its role as an important part of Persian industry and culture, as wealthy Europeans started importing Persian rugs. Silk production became a monopoly of the crown, and manuscripts, bookbinding, and ceramics were also important exports.
1450:, they did not appear as they feared that they would be either imprisoned or killed. At this point war broke out, Iranian armies invaded the two territories in March 1614, and the two allied kings subsequently sought refuge in the Ottoman vassal
1540:
seized Kandahar. Abbas continued to maintain cordial relations with the Mughals, even though he pursued the return of Kandahar. Finally, in 1620, a diplomatic incident, in which the Iranian ambassador refused to bow down in front of the Emperor
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Even then, Saakadze and Teimuraz launched another rebellion in 1626, and were effective in clearing Iranian forces from most of the region. Thus, the Georgian territories continued to resist Safavid encroachments until Abbas' death.
701:
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decided to march on Ardabil right away. This was just what Abbas wanted. His army of 40,000 was hiding at a crossroads on the way and they ambushed the Ottoman army in a battle, which ended in complete victory for the Iranians.
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Circassian and Georgian slaves (30,000 in just four raids). These slaves would form the basis of a Safavid military slave system. These slaves would serve a similar role in their formation, implementation and use to the
755:) and the Uzbeks had overrun half of Khorasan in the north-east. Iran itself was riven by fighting between the various factions of the Qizilbash, who had mocked royal authority by killing the queen in 1579 and the
436:, making the city the pinnacle of Safavid architecture. In his later years, following a court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, Abbas became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded.
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trade. Silk was an integral part of the economy and considered to be the best form of hard currency available. The Armenians had already established trade networks that allowed Abbas to strengthen Iran's economy.
5138:. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian"
1132:, since Khan Ahmad Khan had no male successor. Khan Ahmad Khan disagreed due to the age of his daughter. This resulted in a Safavid invasion of Gilan in 1591 under the leadership of one of Abbas' favourites,
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1081:(also 12,000 strong). In addition Abbas had a personal bodyguard, composed of Caucasian ghulams, that was increased to 3,000. This force amounted to about 40,000 soldiers paid for and beholden to the Shah.
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for military aid – but none of the Safavids had made diplomatic overtures to Europe and Abbas' attitude was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller
1185:
Abbas' first campaign with his reformed army was against the Uzbeks who had seized Khorasan and were ravaging the province. In April 1598 he went on the attack. One of the two main cities of the province,
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bureaucracy) compete against each other in order to get their own sons on the throne. This competition increased under Abbas and his successors which weakened the dynasty considerably. Abbas' own son and
2079:
Imam Qoli Mirza, the third and last son, then became the crown prince. Abbas groomed him carefully for the throne but, for some reason, in 1627, he had him partially blinded and imprisoned in Alamut.
1753:
1351:, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi'ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad. However, Abbas was then distracted by a rebellion in Georgia in 1624 led by
1780:
was astonished at the Shah's knowledge of Christian history and theology and establishing diplomatic links with European Christian states was a vital part of the shah's foreign policy. Christian
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consumption of wine, as well as that against male intimacy, "were more honoured in the breach than in the observance". Abbas brought in 300 Chinese potters to Iran to enhance local production of
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698:. On 5 December 1586, he was assassinated by his personal barber, who may have had been bribed by a group of Qizilbash conspirators. This assassination provided a pathway for Abbas' ascension.
1908:
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from the Caucasus to Persia's heartland, with a significant number gaining responsibilities and roles in Iranian society, including some of the highest positions of the state, including the
2012:
had little interest in fighting against the Ottomans. The Shirley brothers arrived in 1598 and helped reorganise the Iranian army, which proved to be pivotal for the Safavid victory in the
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In 1638, however, after Abbas' death, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Iranian–Ottoman border was finalised to be roughly the same as the current Iran–Turkey and Iran–Iraq borders.
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from his court upon hearing he was a Christian. For his part, Abbas declared that he "preferred the dust from the shoe soles of the lowest Christian to the highest Ottoman personage".
1446:; both seemed like malleable youths. However, tensions soon arose between the Shah and the Georgian kings. In 1613, when the Shah summoned them to join him on a hunting expedition in
2052:(born 1587; better known in the West as Safi Mirza). In 1614, however, during a campaign in Georgia, the shah heard rumours that the prince was conspiring against him with a leading
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460:, the second Shah of Safavid Iran. He chose the name Abbas for the infant. Abbas' father, Mohammad Khodabanda, was the governor of Herat, the capital city of the major province of
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tortured to death when she refused. Abbas's anger at Georgian rebelliousness also generated his plan to deport or exterminate eastern Georgia's Christians and replace them with
468:, describes Mohammad Khodabanda as ‘a pious, ascetic and gentle soul’. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was the daughter of Mir Abdollah II, a local ruler in the province of
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Abbas' north-east frontier was now safe for the time being and he could turn his attention to the Ottomans in the west. After defeating the Uzbeks, he moved his capital from
1172:. In response, in 1598 Abbas invaded his domains and besieged Kojur. Jahangir managed to flee, but was captured and killed by a pro-Safavid Paduspanid named Hasan Lavasani.
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Abbas' painting studios (of the Isfahan school established under his patronage) created some of the finest art in modern Iranian history, by such illustrious painters as
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Kouymjian, Dickran (2004). "1: Armenia From the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
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tribe to Herat to kill the young Abbas. Ali-Qoli delayed Abbas' execution, giving as a reason that it would be "inappropriate" to execute an "innocent" descendant of a
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Abbas was more intolerant of Christians in Georgia, where the threat of rebellion loomed larger. Abbas frequently demanded that nobles convert to Shia Islam, and had
1545:, led to war. India was embroiled in civil turmoil and Abbas realized that he needed just a lightning raid to take back the far easternmost town of Kandahar in 1622.
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took swaths of territory from Iran. He also used military reorganisation as another way of side-lining the Qizilbash. He created a standing army of many thousands of
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and dealt harshly with threats to his power, while remaining in touch with his people. All these qualities eventually entitled him to be styled as Abbas the Great.
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For the first time, the Iranians made great use of their artillery and the town – which had been ruined by Ottoman occupation – soon fell. Abbas set off to besiege
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Havva Begum (died 1617, Zanjan), married firstly to Mirza Riza Shahristani (Sadr), married secondly to Mirza Rafi al-Din Muhammad (Sadr), and had issue three sons;
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needing to sleep or eat and could ride great distances. At the age of 19, Abbas shaved off his beard, keeping only his moustache, thus setting a fashion in Iran.
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in 1598. Embellished by a magnificent series of new mosques, baths, colleges, and caravansarais, Isfahan became one of the most beautiful cities in the world. As
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target was Azerbaijan. He changed course for Qazvin where he assembled a large army and set off to retake Tabriz, which had been in Ottoman hands for some time.
609:. The Safavid armies suffered several defeats before Khayr al-Nisa Begum organised a counter-offensive. Together with her son, Hamza Mirza and the grand vizier,
1055:
Abbas needed ten years to get his army into shape so that he could effectively confront his Ottoman and Uzbek enemies. During this period, the Uzbeks and the
464:. Mohammad Khodanbanda was disqualified from succeeding his father because an eye disease had left him almost completely blind. The Safavid court chronicler,
541:, proclaimed himself king with the support of the Ustajlu tribe and the powerful court Georgians. However, he was immediately overthrown and killed by the
357:, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a
783:
Abbas decided he must re-establish order within Iran before he took on the foreign invaders. To this end he made a humiliating peace treaty, known as the
751:
The empire Abbas inherited was in a desperate state. The Ottomans had seized vast territories in the west and the north-west (including the major city of
537:
On 14 May 1576, Tahmasp I died without a designated heir, which led to the realm descending into civil war. The following day, Tahmasp I's favourite son,
6577:
1494:) as a puppet ruler of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule over districts where the rebellious inhabitants were mostly located.
547:(the royal bodyguards). After his death, with the support of the majority of the Qizilbash tribes and the endorsement of Tahmasp's influential daughter,
1985:, for men—were enthusiastically adopted by European aristocrats. Henceforward, the number of diplomatic missions to and from Persia greatly increased.
724:
Mohammad Khodabanda and his heir apparent, Abu Taleb Mirza, and their entourage of Ustajlu and Shamlu amirs, were camped 200 miles away in the city of
1816:
1295:, would respond and withdrew from the region using scorched earth tactics. For a year, neither side made a move, but in 1605, Abbas sent his general
6667:
1201:. This would be a short-lived victory and he would eventually have to settle on controlling only some of this conquest after the new ruler of the
975:, "crown servants") from just a few hundred during Tahmasp's era, to 15,000 highly trained cavalrymen, as part of a whole army division of 40,000
491:
When Abbas was barely eighteen months old, he was separated from his father and his mother, who were transferred by Tahmasp to govern the city of
3088:
Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193
7481:
7171:
6321:
5755:
1528:
The Safavids were traditionally allied with the Mughals in India against the Uzbeks, who coveted the province of Khorasan. The Mughal emperor
1388:
2048:
Of Abbas' five sons, three had survived past childhood, so the Safavid succession seemed secure. He was on good terms with the crown prince,
2032:
and other commodities for silk, with did not become very profitable due to the lack of Persian interest and small quantity of English goods.
1383:
390:
621:. But her attempt to dictate the campaign strategy angered the Qizilbash amirs. Eventually, on 26 July 1579, the Qizilbash stormed into the
1011:, was caught in the court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, which eventually led to him being executed under Abbas' orders.
5883:
5687:
5558:
5480:
5282:
3908:
5636:
5597:
7065:
4127:
7043:
1104:, in conjunction with Robert Shirley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which led to a further increase in the number of
3036:
3031:
1935:
7180:
7729:
7573:
1034:
2024:
between 1609 and 1615. The English East India Company also began to take an interest in Iran and in 1622 four of its ships helped
6847:
6371:. Vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
2021:
2013:
1917:
1408:
1237:
606:
394:
341:, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers in Iranian history and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty.
7016:
6490:
1148:, travelled to the court of the Abbas, where he handed over his domains to him, and spend the rest of his life on an estate at
7149:
7254:
7219:
6754:
6719:
6692:
6540:
6428:
6272:
6245:
6158:
6020:
6001:
5974:
5877:
5850:
5800:
5681:
5630:
5591:
5552:
5513:
5474:
5432:
5405:
5380:
5318:
5276:
3874:
3849:
1367:
5806:
5716:
5519:
5438:
5324:
1482:
offered an alliance with the Ottomans he demanded that Luarsab accept Islam. When Luarsab refused, he was thrown in prison.
7724:
7719:
7473:
6971:
6096:
1073:
5544:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
671:
In the following year, an army from western Iran advanced into Khorasan to resolve the situation. This army laid siege to
7704:
1344:
7022:
2263:
Olghan Pasha Khanum (m. 1587), daughter of Husayn Mirza, son of Bahram Mirza Safavi, and widow of Hamza Mirza;
2181:
7398:
6661:
6403:
5921:
5749:
4764:
4725:
3928:
3895:
3101:, translated by Janet Watson, Marian Hill, Edition: 2, illustrated, published by Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 80
1998:
1523:
1250:
1094:
2028:. The capture of Ormuz gave the opportunity for the Company to develop trade with Persia, attempting to trade English
7413:
7327:
7300:
7099:
6996:
6957:
6926:
6891:
6872:
6833:
6810:
6783:
6629:
6602:
6563:
6476:
6376:
6349:
6291:
6189:
6082:
6051:
5944:
5205:
5127:
3051:
17:
2134:
Abbas I is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. According to
1562:
1356:
1245:
909:
becoming an integral part of Iranian society and taking up key government, royal household and military positions.
1536:
as a reward for helping him regain his throne. In 1590, profiting from the confusion in Iran, Humayun's successor
2016:
and the first Safavid victory in battle over their neighbouring Ottoman archrivals. One of the Shirley brothers,
1785:
1255:
851:
382:
920:
region which provided battle experience for his soldiers, as well as leading to the capture of large numbers of
650:
Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu, and his principal ally, Murshid Qoli Khan Ustajlu, had for some time been at war with the
3920:
6551:
991:, had become one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state when he was appointed the Governor-General of
634:
7754:
6778:]. Persian Heritage (in Arabic and English). Translated by Savory, Roger M. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
2151:
477:
7458:
7345:
Wilson, Richard (March 2010). "When Golden Time Convents: Twelfth Night and Shakespeare's Eastern Promise".
2463:
Princess Izz-i-Sharif Begum, married to Sayyid Abdullah, son of Mirza Muhammad Shafi. she had issue, a son:
1343:
In 1623, Abbas decided to take back Mesopotamia, which had been lost by his grandfather Tahmasp through the
7744:
7566:
4718:
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa
3910:
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa
2147:
described him as "exceptionally perspicacious and active," but also "a murderous paranoiac when aroused."
1809:, but the climate was unhealthy and malarial. Many settlers died and others gradually abandoned the city.
1071:) armed with muskets and other weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world), a corps of musketeers, or
7739:
6215:. Vol. IV: Bāyjū – Carpets. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 818–819. Archived from
2291:
Fatima Sultan Begum also known a Peri and Lela, née Tinatin (married 1604 – div.), daughter of King
1022:
would continue to play a crucial role during the rest of the Safavid era and later until the fall of the
954:. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000 to 200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of
3016:
2192:
Abbas was also a charismatic orator who could persuade and influence people with his eloquence. Classic
2169:
7749:
7734:
7533:
7165:
7059:
6651:
3046:
1498:
death when she refused to renounce Christianity. Teimuraz, meanwhile, sought aid from the Ottomans and
67:
6112:
Cole, Juan R. I. (May 1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shi'ism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800".
5673:
Isfahan and its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi'ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran
3026:
2308:
2123:
2088:
1592:
1355:
thus allowing an Ottoman force to besiege Baghdad, but the Shah came to its relief the next year and
1241:
784:
183:
157:
855:
Abbas turned to the newly introduced members of Iranian society (an initiative put in place by Shah
7582:
6310:
5739:
1652:
1553:, was then appointed as the governor of the city, which he would govern until his death in 1624/5.
1276:
937:
827:
543:
7469:
5622:
The Lives of Girls and Women from the Islamic World in Early Modern British Literature and Culture
7559:
7517:
2457:
2025:
1860:
1805:
and Mazandaran. These were less lucky. Abbas wanted to establish a second capital in Mazandaran,
1603:
1576:
1566:
1463:
976:
583:). This dealy saved Abbas' life, for on 24 November 1577, Ismail II died from consuming poisoned
299:
1458:, was infuriated by what was perceived as the defection of two of his most trusted subjects and
349:
army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, its arch-rival the
6828:. Vol. X: Fisheries – Gindaros. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 284–285.
3887:
1978:
7423:
7033:
5867:
5671:
5542:
5464:
5266:
4756:
4750:
2172:, the Spanish ambassador to the Safavid court during Abbas' later reign, he heard Abbas speak
385:, enabled him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces, including
361:
and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. However, Abbas soon seized power for himself.
7419:
6882:
Roemer, H. R. (1986). "5: The Safavid Period". In Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence (eds.).
6647:
5620:
5581:
2500:
Malik Nissa Begum, married to Mir Jalal Shahristani, the mutvalli of the shrine of Imam Riza;
2473:
2378:
2084:
1901:
1806:
1664:
1648:
1420:
1371:
1316:
1303:. On 6 November 1605 the Iranians, led by Abbas, scored a decisive victory over the Ottomans
1133:
942:
42:
6267:. Vol. 1: Strategic Information and Developments. International Business Publications.
4119:
551:, Ismail Mirza, who had been imprisoned by his father for twenty years, was crowned king as
207:
7714:
7709:
7656:
6886:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6471:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Bayhaqī. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 385–391.
6286:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6077:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Beyhaqi. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 774–776.
2467:
2453:
2321:
2250:
2049:
1982:
1416:
1129:
1008:
560:
7461:, in association with Iran Heritage Foundation, 19 February – 14 June 2009,
2332:, Gilan), was Governor of Mashhad 1587–1588, and of Hamadan 1591–1592. Married firstly at
8:
7624:
7526:
2855:
2801:
2621:
2160:
2061:
1967:
1812:
1455:
1447:
1116:
During the 1590s, Abbas moved to depose the provincial rulers of Persia. He started with
759:
610:
587:, and Ali-Qoli Khan assumed the governorship of Herat and the role of guardian of Abbas.
538:
469:
465:
453:
449:
338:
268:
258:
95:
6240:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3679:
Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East" (Westview Press, 2013) p. 50
1759:
7648:
7370:
7141:
6233:
6137:
5232:
The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Spiritual and the Temporal in Seventeenth Century Iran
4746:
3870:
2449:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2057:
2009:
1993:
1873:
1836:
1777:
1744:. In 1601, he made a pilgrimage on foot from Isfahan to Mashhad, site of the shrine of
1693:
1656:
1487:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1312:
1210:
672:
639:
596:
481:
354:
6821:
6342:
The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran
5346:
1197:
By 1599, Abbas had conquered not only Herat and Mashhad, but had moved as far east as
56:
7551:
7429:
7409:
7394:
7374:
7362:
7333:
7323:
7306:
7296:
7279:
7260:
7250:
7233:
7225:
7215:
7186:
7128:
7095:
7002:
6992:
6963:
6953:
6932:
6922:
6915:
6910:
6897:
6887:
6868:
6839:
6829:
6806:
6789:
6779:
6746:
6725:
6715:
6698:
6688:
6657:
6635:
6625:
6608:
6598:
6569:
6559:
6536:
6482:
6472:
6451:
6434:
6424:
6382:
6372:
6355:
6345:
6297:
6287:
6268:
6251:
6241:
6195:
6185:
6164:
6154:
6141:
6129:
6088:
6078:
6057:
6047:
6026:
6016:
5997:
5980:
5970:
5950:
5940:
5917:
5873:
5846:
5796:
5745:
5677:
5626:
5587:
5548:
5509:
5505:
European Georgia: (ethnogeopolitics in Caucasus and Ethnogenetical History of Europe)
5470:
5428:
5401:
5376:
5314:
5272:
5201:
5123:
4760:
4721:
3924:
3891:
2173:
2002:
1963:
1955:
1927:
1878:
1584:
1435:
1400:
1336:
1304:
1157:
1153:
804:
796:
508:
tribes called the Ustajlu tribe, was appointed as the actual governor and as Abbas's
414:
201:
7273:
6952:. Vol. I: Āb - Anāhid. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 71–75.
6464:
1981:', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. Persian fashions—such as shoes with
1699:
1194:), and appointed Allahverdi Khan as the new commander-in-chief of the Safavid army.
1124:, who had disobeyed Abbas' orders when he requested that Khan Ahmad Khan's daughter
1097:
on an unofficial mission to persuade Persia to enter into an anti-Ottoman alliance.
7354:
7116:
6121:
5962:
3079:
George Lenczowski, "Iran under the Pahlavis", Hoover Institution Press, 1978, p. 79
3011:
2975:
2304:
2256:
A daughter of Mustafa Mirza (m. 1587), daughter of Mustafa Mirza, son of Shah
2139:
1897:
1893:
1467:
1392:
1347:. Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new Ottoman Sultan
1202:
1044:
548:
461:
406:
290:
228:
191:
7179:
Shakespeare, William (1863). Clark, William George; Wright, William Aldis (eds.).
6738:
3841:
7495:
7078:
5790:
5786:
5710:
5503:
5422:
5308:
3917:
3883:
3021:
2989:
2488:
2442:
2270:
2144:
1717:
1537:
1507:
1434:
In 1606, Abbas had appointed these Georgians onto the thrones of Safavid vassals
1352:
1296:
1117:
1101:
1086:
984:
916:
Therefore, between 1540 and 1555, Tahmasp conducted a series of invasions of the
831:
485:
248:
6945:
6070:
1997:
Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. Contacts with the Pope,
1271:
480:. She and Mohammad Khodabanda had already two children before Abbas, Hassan and
7640:
7543:
7210:
Starkey, Paul (2010). "Tawfīq Yūsuf Awwād (1911–1989)". In Allen, Roger (ed.).
7120:
6395:
3003:
2679:
2352:
2341:
2193:
2072:. The shah almost immediately regretted his action and was plunged into grief.
2017:
1989:
1913:
1768:
1724:
1631:
1090:
1056:
868:
835:
603:
422:
350:
105:
7358:
6612:
6125:
2389:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1621. Had issue, one daughter:
1283:
of the severed heads of Ottoman soldiers. Drawn by a European traveller, 1603.
7698:
7664:
7366:
7229:
7132:
6750:
6133:
5676:. Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art. Edinburgh University Press. p. 109.
4752:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)
3876:
A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)
2438:
2111:
1973:
1889:
1660:
1606:
1550:
1462:. He deported 30,000 Kakhetian peasants to Iran, and appointed a grandson of
1023:
992:
676:
398:
5122:, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003,
2412:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1627. He had issue, one son:
2118:
7586:
5909:
5424:
Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson
2595:
2274:
2266:
2135:
2065:
1824:
1745:
1741:
1635:
1610:
1588:
1333:
1280:
1137:
1125:
1004:
996:
963:
921:
756:
510:
473:
327:
175:
146:
125:
6514:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 816–819. Archived from
5625:. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 30.
2983:
2040:
1966:
gave the travellers a long audience. They finally arrived at the court of
5843:
Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran
5469:. Hakluyt Society, Second Series. Taylor & Francis. pp. 431–32.
2392:
Gawhar Shad Begum, married to Mirza Qazi, the Shaykh-ul-Islam of Isfahan;
2099:
2053:
1939:
1869:
1749:
1712:
1609:
from the Portuguese. He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port,
1161:
1064:
955:
926:
902:
882:
864:
579:
523:
410:
369:
129:
1851:
1575:
The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force in the 1622
950:
the growth in influence and power of this new grouping, also called the
822:
682:
Meanwhile, Hamza Mirza was preoccupied with pushing the Ottomans out of
599:
raiding near Herat, the presence of a prince in the city was necessary.
7672:
2435:
Shahzada Begum, married to Mirza Mohsin Razavi. and had issue two sons;
2368:
2197:
1828:
1752:
was the religion of Iran's main rival, the Ottoman Empire, Abbas often
1737:
1475:
1214:
1141:
788:
695:
573:
381:
and the military. These actions, as well as his reforms of the Iranian
278:
82:
6712:
The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric
6535:. International Library of Iranian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
7680:
7616:
7608:
6558:. Vol. IX: Ethé – Fish. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5371:
Munshī, I.; Beg, M.I.; Munšī, I.T.; Savory, R.; Bernhard, R. (1978).
3125:, chpt.Shah Abbas as the 'Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction'
2563:
2345:
2337:
2257:
2177:
2164:
1794:
1643:
1595:
1571:
1412:
1145:
988:
959:
906:
898:
886:
878:
856:
847:
812:
691:
687:
552:
519:
515:
505:
457:
377:
373:
346:
6917:
Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts
5466:
Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605: Volumes I and II
1884:
1856:
1684:
1319:
in 1612, effectively granting them back suzerainty over most of the
7600:
5427:. University of Utah Press. University of Utah Press. p. 242.
2797:
2771:
2537:
2107:
1840:
1820:
1704:
1542:
1533:
1348:
1320:
1308:
1300:
1264:
1206:
917:
808:
800:
792:
659:
651:
402:
142:
7310:
7264:
7237:
6729:
6702:
6438:
6386:
6359:
6255:
6199:
6168:
6030:
5984:
4711:
4709:
3793:
3791:
1776:
Abbas was usually tolerant of Christianity. The Italian traveller
49:Ṣāḥeb-i Qerān-i ʿAlāʾ (Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction)
7214:. Vol. 3: 1850–1950. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz.
6622:
The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730
5135:
2405:
2398:
2333:
2325:
2298:
A sister of Ismail Khan, a Circassian, and Abbas' favourite wife;
1951:
1781:
1748:, which he restored (it had been despoiled by the Uzbeks). Since
1689:
1639:
1599:
1529:
1471:
1328:
1292:
1288:
1225:
1187:
873:
735:
664:
655:
618:
529:
433:
418:
386:
365:
243:
7433:
7337:
7283:
7190:
7006:
6967:
6936:
6901:
6843:
6793:
6639:
6573:
6486:
6455:
6301:
6092:
6061:
5954:
5347:"History Of Shah Abbas The Great Vol. 2 : Savory, Roger M."
2497:
Shahr Banu Begum, married to Mir Abdulazim, darughah of Isfahan;
1977:, for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the
5131:
4706:
3788:
2466:
Sayyid Muhammad Daud, married to Shahr Banu Begum, daughter of
2420:
2409:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2359:
2044:
Shah Abbas in later life with a page. By Muhammad Qasim (1627).
1947:
1943:
1827:, the palace that was the main residence of Abbas the Great in
1627:
1499:
1221:
1169:
816:
752:
706:
683:
614:
592:
568:
564:
492:
429:
428:
Abbas was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from
5398:
Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World
1018:
system did not work as well as it had after the Safavids, the
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5702:
5414:
5245:
5243:
5241:
2329:
2253: and Queen Anna of Kakheti, and mother of Zubayda Begum;
2200:, who lived a century after Abbas, mentioned him in the poem
2069:
2029:
1802:
1790:
1198:
1165:
1149:
1121:
931:
897:) grew in influence and power, with many thousands of ethnic
787:, with the Ottomans in 1590, ceding to them the provinces of
730:
638:
Prince ʽAbbās proclaimed Shah in Khorasan in 1581. Page from
622:
584:
445:
121:
6805:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
5996:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
5534:
2064:
executed the Shah's orders and the prince was murdered in a
1532:
had given Abbas' grandfather, Shah Tahmasp, the province of
686:. However, he became caught up in the rivalries between the
5930:
4457:
1959:
1672:
1311:, during the war Abbas also managed to capture what is now
1168:, killed two prominent Safavid nobles during a festival in
1152:, which Abbas had given to him. In 1597, Abbas deposed the
815:. This demeaning treaty even ceded the previous capital of
500:
358:
334:
330:
7247:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
6071:"Barda and Barda-Dāri v. Military Slavery in Islamic Iran"
6013:
Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend
5770:
5238:
5112:
4535:
1916:
being honoured by the Trumpets of Fame, together with the
1613:, nearby on the mainland, but it never became successful.
6595:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
6533:
Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan
6151:
The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
6120:(2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 177–203.
5540:
5389:
5141:
4720:. California: University of California Press. p. 1.
1442:, at the behest of Kartlian nobles and Teimuraz's mother
1411:, Abbas suppressed a rebellion led by his formerly loyal
725:
5364:
2301:
A daughter of Shaykh Lotfullah Maisi, a Shia theologian;
2008:
More came of Abbas' contacts with the English, although
1801:). Other Armenians were transferred to the provinces of
1731:
999:
Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state.
309:; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as
7185:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Macmillan and Company.
6446:
Lockhart, Lawrence (1953). Arberry, Arthur John (ed.).
5708:
5028:
3276:
3274:
2246:
A Circassian concubine, mother of Mohammad Baqer Mirza;
7581:
5541:
Fukasawa, K.; Kaplan, B.J.; Beaurepaire, P.Y. (2017).
5339:
5040:
4451:
3842:"GEORGIA vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration"
3808:
3806:
3176:
1470:(also known as "Isā Khān"). Raised up at the court in
6178:
The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors
5420:
4547:
3549:
3523:
3521:
3506:
3482:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3415:
3391:
3355:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
2307:, daughter of Faramarz Amilakhori and sister of
823:
Reducing the Qizilbash's power and Caucasus invasions
321:
304:
6911:"Asia and Islam: Ancient Cultures, Modern Conflicts"
6685:
New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society
5931:
Asat'iani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997).
5651:
5421:
Dickson, M.B.; Mazzaoui, M.M.; Moreen, V.B. (1990).
5375:. Bibliotheca Persica. Westview Press. p. 220.
5370:
5100:
5052:
4741:
4739:
4737:
3343:
3319:
3271:
3200:
3145:
3143:
2965:
1736:
Like almost all other Safavid monarchs, Abbas was a
1454:. Abbas, as reported by the Safavid court historian
613:, she led an army north to confront the Ottoman and
4600:
4598:
4409:
4407:
3803:
3128:
2159:Abbas was fluent in the Turkic dialect used by the
533:
Ismail II, the third Shah of Iran and Abbas' uncle.
7110:
7015:
6914:
6450:. The Legacy Series. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
5583:Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature
5395:
4419:
3518:
3494:
3470:
3439:
3403:
3379:
3367:
3331:
3286:
3259:
3247:
3212:
3188:
3155:
1688:The Statue of Shah Abbas, which was on display in
1362:
1077:, (12,000 strong) and a corp of artillery, called
425:, beyond the traditional territories of Dagestan.
7425:Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa
6282:Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986).
4734:
4154:
3140:
3042:Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism
2083:poor from 1621 onwards. He died at his palace in
1988:The shah had set great store on an alliance with
1591:. In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of
690:tribes and angered his officers by executing the
476:who claimed descent from the fourth Shi'ia imam,
7696:
6421:A Global History of Pre-modern Islamic Societies
6369:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
5495:
5271:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 54, 201 n. 4.
4595:
4404:
2336:, 1601, Princess Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of
1793:(also known as Jolfa). Many were transferred to
1602:. In 1622, with the help of four English ships,
6281:
6037:
5939:] (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
5260:
5258:
5183:
5171:
5022:
5010:
4998:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4700:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4604:
4589:
4565:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4469:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4210:
4105:
4093:
3619:
3607:
3595:
3583:
2228:There are many who'd say they are good orators,
2087:on the Caspian coast in 1629 and was buried in
1478:, he was perceived as fully loyal to the Shah.
1263:the resulting conflict, Abbas first recaptured
421:and expanded Iranian rule and influence in the
61:Shah Abbas I in a 16th or 17th century portrait
5994:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran
5859:
5458:
5456:
5302:
5300:
5234:. Princeton University. pp. 91, 309, 310.
4019:
4017:
1111:
1063:(always conscripted from ethnic Georgians and
934:and in the civil and military administration.
930:important members of the royal household, the
7567:
7322:(7th ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins.
7032:Savory, R.N. (1985). "ʿAlī-Qolī Khan Šāmlū".
6991:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6714:. Persian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
6624:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6423:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6153:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5130:, p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from
3823:
3821:
2491:, and had issue four sons and four daughters;
2358:Sultan Suleiman Mirza (killed August 1632 at
2219:
2210:
2201:
2176:, which he had doubtlessly acquired from his
2035:
1556:
484:, and she gave birth to two more sons later:
7393:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles,
6114:International Journal of Middle East Studies
5738:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012).
5663:
5612:
5573:
5255:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
3113:, chpt. Shah Abbas and political legitimacy'
1872:, then ruler of part of Iran, had asked the
1756:living in western border provinces harshly.
1315:. The Persian victory was recognised in the
7178:
6646:
5737:
5453:
5297:
5249:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5195:
4875:
4745:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4063:
4061:
4014:
3797:
2231:Though nobody is as eloquent as Shah Abbas.
1843:, which has been described as "genocidal".
1789:from the wealthy Armenian merchant town of
1517:
1231:
7574:
7560:
7428:. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton and Company.
7170:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7023:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6505:
6046:] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin.
6038:Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998).
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5586:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48.
5501:
4442:
3818:
3772:
3708:
3706:
3704:
2351:Sultan Abul-Naser Sam Mirza, succeeded as
2221:
2212:
1384:Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns
559:November 1577, however, Ismail dispatched
55:
7244:
6865:Shah Abbas: The King who Refashioned Iran
6820:Parizi, Mohammad-Ebrahim Bastani (2000).
6803:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
6736:
6366:
6339:
6308:
6184:. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5715:. Indian History Congress. p. 1242.
5268:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire
4898:
4896:
4815:
4437:
4425:
3749:
3738:
2249:Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of King
2206:(Not a jewel) with the following verses:
1855:Persian ambassador during his entry into
1621:
1180:
1100:From 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman
1093:, who arrived in 1598 as envoys from the
705:Accession of Shah Abbas to the throne in
364:Under his leadership, Iran developed the
7317:
7291:Thorne, John O., ed. (1984). "Abbas I".
6709:
6682:
6656:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
6619:
6552:"Farhād Khan Qaramānlū, Rokn-al-Saltana"
6506:Manz, Beatrice; Haneda, Masashi (1990).
6462:
6445:
6068:
6044:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629
6040:Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629
5961:
5865:
5214:
5082:
4827:
4755:(2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. p.
4715:
4413:
4395:
4360:
4171:
4169:
4160:
4089:
4087:
4058:
4052:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3940:
3761:
3723:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3237:
3182:
2269:(m. 1 September 1602), daughter of
2220:
2211:
2117:
2114:, the palace where Abbas the Great died.
2098:
2039:
1907:
1883:
1850:
1811:
1758:
1698:
1683:
1616:
1570:
1387:
1366:
1299:to meet Ottoman forces on the shores of
1270:
1249:
1033:
936:
826:
764:
700:
633:
528:
7391:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629
7278:. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
7209:
7139:
7108:
6592:
6549:
6530:
6418:
6318:Friends of Academic Research in Georgia
6231:
5840:
5821:
5508:. publisher not indicated. p. 60.
5396:Necipogulu, G.; Roxburgh, D.J. (2000).
5310:The Golden Age of Persian Art 1501-1722
5229:
5034:
4175:
4148:
4040:
3839:
3783:
3701:
3571:
3543:
3464:
3170:
3097:Heinz Halm, Janet Watson, Marian Hill,
2445:Shaykhavand, and had issue a daughter;
2397:Sultan Ismail Mirza (6 September 1601,
2094:
2026:Abbas retake Hormuz from the Portuguese
1904:receiving the Persian ambassadors, 1603
1846:
769:Portrait of Shah Abbas as a young man,
602:The weak state of the realm led to the
456:. His father was the first-born son of
14:
7697:
7418:
7401:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi.
7344:
7290:
7089:
7072:
7064:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
7040:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8
7031:
7013:
6986:
6943:
6908:
6881:
6819:
6800:
6769:
6396:"Why Did Men Stop Wearing High Heels?"
6393:
6206:
5991:
5908:
5669:
5618:
5579:
5264:
5200:. Iran: Gonbad-e Qabous. p. 325.
5159:
5094:
5070:
5058:
5046:
4986:
4893:
4887:
4652:
4640:
4616:
4553:
4541:
4270:
4222:
4198:
4186:
4078:
4067:
4023:
4008:
3975:
3963:
3827:
3734:
3732:
3712:
3695:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3631:
3567:
3539:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3460:
3421:
3397:
3361:
3349:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3280:
3206:
3149:
3134:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2637:
2527:
2523:
2441:(killed 20 February 1632), married to
1638:writes, "Not since the development of
746:
27:Shah of Safavid Iran from 1587 to 1629
7555:
7271:
7197:from the original on 19 November 2015
6862:
6493:from the original on 17 November 2014
6175:
5967:Empire of the Mind: A History of Iran
5869:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
5785:
5741:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age
5657:
5547:. Taylor & Francis. p. 276.
5462:
5306:
4529:
4481:
4166:
4130:from the original on 24 December 2017
4084:
4036:
4034:
4032:
3981:
3682:
3122:
3110:
3037:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
3032:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602)
2914:
2911:
2901:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2831:
2821:
2817:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2769:
2759:
2755:
2731:
2721:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2683:
2678:
2668:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2619:
2609:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2470:. She had issue, two sons including:
2456:by his wife, Queen Anna, daughter of
2328:, Khorasan – killed 25 January 1615,
1740:. He had a particular veneration for
1732:Attitude towards religious minorities
1598:managed to expel the Portuguese from
1403:, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658.
1357:defeated the Turkish army decisively.
1029:
397:, Abbas had regained possession over
7146:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
7083:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
7046:from the original on 14 October 2022
6776:The History of Shah 'Abbas the Great
6148:
6111:
6010:
5992:Babaie, Sussan; et al. (2004).
5795:. British Museum Press. p. 21.
5373:The History of Shah ʻAbbas the Great
5198:Explanatory Dictionary of Magtymguly
5147:
5106:
4628:
4577:
3951:
3812:
3555:
3527:
3476:
3448:
3433:
3409:
3385:
3373:
3309:
3297:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3225:
3194:
2367:Sultan Hasan Mirza (September 1588,
842:) helped modernize the Persian Army.
803:and Qarajadagh, as well as parts of
662:; there, they struck coins and read
391:widescale massacres and deportations
337:from 1588 to 1629. The third son of
7482:"Shah 'Abbas: The Remaking of Iran"
7466:Iranian treasures bound for Britain
7389:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,
7212:Essays in Arabic Literary Biography
6406:from the original on 17 August 2014
6394:Kremer, William (25 January 2013).
6262:
4458:Asat'iani & Bendianachvili 1997
3729:
2448:Jahan Banu Begum, married in 1624,
2404:Imam Qoli Mirza (12 November 1602,
2143:at the centre of his personality."
2022:second diplomatic mission to Europe
1859:for the wedding ceremonies of King
1254:"Abbas King of Persia", as seen by
314:
294:
232:
24:
7383:
7295:. Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap.
7085:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
6670:from the original on 21 April 2023
6597:. New York: Taylor & Francis.
5886:from the original on 21 April 2023
5809:from the original on 21 April 2023
5758:from the original on 21 April 2023
5719:from the original on 21 April 2023
5690:from the original on 21 April 2023
5639:from the original on 21 April 2023
5600:from the original on 21 April 2023
5561:from the original on 21 April 2023
5522:from the original on 21 April 2023
5483:from the original on 21 April 2023
5441:from the original on 21 April 2023
5327:from the original on 21 April 2023
5285:from the original on 21 April 2023
4029:
2280:Princess Helena, daughter of King
1936:first diplomatic mission to Europe
1655:and other monuments including the
1642:in the eighth century A.D. by the
1407:Between 1614 and 1616, during the
607:declaring war against Iran in 1578
413:. He also took back land from the
25:
7766:
7448:
7318:Wallbank, Thomas Walter (1992) .
5792:Shah ʻAbbas: The Remaking of Iran
3840:Matthee, Rudi (7 February 2012).
2622:Muhammad Khodabanda, Shah of Iran
1703:The Statue of Abbas the Great in
850:had provided the backbone of the
709:. Page from Ahmad Monshi Ghomi's
7468:, BBC Radio 4, 19 January 2009,
7455:Shah Abbās: The Remaking of Iran
7406:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran
7293:Chambers Biographical Dictionary
7182:The Works of William Shakespeare
7152:from the original on 18 May 2022
6850:from the original on 17 May 2015
6757:from the original on 17 May 2015
6683:Mitchell, Colin P., ed. (2011).
6653:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
6580:from the original on 17 May 2015
6327:from the original on 18 May 2015
6209:"Čarkas: ii. Under the Safavids"
6099:from the original on 17 May 2015
5845:. Harvard CMES. pp. 400–1.
5731:
5709:Indian History Congress (2004).
5313:. Harry N. Abrams. p. 118.
5189:
5177:
5165:
5153:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4968:
4956:
4944:
4932:
4920:
4908:
4881:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4117:
3852:from the original on 19 May 2021
2996:
2982:
2968:
2222:هيچ کيم شاه عباس دک سخنور بولماز
1039:Shah 'Abbās King of the Persians
77:1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629
7730:17th-century monarchs of Persia
7320:Civilization Past & Present
7249:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
6974:from the original on 7 May 2015
6149:Dale, Stephen Frederic (2010).
5969:. London, UK: C. Hurst and Co.
5901:
5872:. Reaktion Books. p. 198.
4431:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4142:
4111:
4099:
4072:
4046:
4002:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3934:
3901:
3864:
3833:
3777:
3766:
3755:
3743:
3717:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3561:
3533:
3454:
3303:
3231:
2014:Ottoman-Safavid War (1603–1618)
1363:Quelling the Georgian uprisings
1345:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555)
1238:Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612)
941:Portrait of Abbas the Great on
889:who had been brought into Iran
741:
389:, whose people he subjected to
7408:, 2009, British Museum Press,
7272:Sykes, Ella Constance (1910).
7245:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011).
7094:. Cambridge University Press.
6687:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge.
6232:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
6182:Emperors of the Peacock Throne
5352:. 27 October 2021. p. 549
5196:Nūrmuhammed, Ashūrpūr (1997).
3921:University of California Press
3116:
3104:
3091:
3082:
3073:
2489:Sultan al-Ulama Khalife Sultan
1524:Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623)
13:
1:
7404:Canby, Sheila R. (ed), 2009,
7140:Simpson, Marianna S. (1997).
7125:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
6948:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6884:The Cambridge History of Iran
6824:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6770:Monshi, Eskandar Beg (1978).
6620:Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999a).
6554:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6467:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6284:The Cambridge History of Iran
6211:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
6073:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
5120:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
3057:
2460:. She had issue, a daughter:
2416:
2362:, Qazvin) – with Fakhr Jahan;
2152:The Cambridge History of Iran
1626:Abbas moved his capital from
1587:had established bases in the
1583:During the 16th century, the
1175:
770:
498:Shah Qoli Sultan Ustajlu, an
478:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
448:, Abbas was the third son of
439:
6772:Tārīk̲-e ʻālamārā-ye ʻAbbāsī
6737:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009a).
6419:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2012).
6344:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
6015:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris.
3067:
2513:Ancestors of Abbas the Great
2295:and Queen Mariam Lipartiani;
2163:portion of the multi-ethnic
1946:, before proceeding through
1630:to the more central city of
1563:Safavid–Portuguese conflicts
1246:Siege of Baghdad (1625–1626)
629:
7:
7725:17th-century Iranian people
7720:16th-century Iranian people
7470:BBC Radio 4's live magazine
6710:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009).
6265:Armenia Country Study Guide
5744:. I.B.Tauris. p. 483.
5184:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5172:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5023:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
5011:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4999:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4975:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4963:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4951:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4939:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4927:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4915:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4903:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4864:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4852:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4840:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4804:Jackson & Lockhart 1986
4792:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4780:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4701:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4689:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4677:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4665:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4605:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4590:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4566:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4518:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4506:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4494:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4470:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4355:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4343:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4331:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4319:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4307:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4295:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4283:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4259:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4247:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4235:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4211:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4106:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
4094:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3620:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3608:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3596:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
3584:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998
2961:
2504:
2419:1625 – killed August 1632,
2213:سخنور من ديان کوپدير جهانده
2106:Palace (or Shah Palace) in
1112:Consolidation of the Empire
973:ḡolāmān-e ḵāṣṣa-ye-e šarifa
444:Born in 27 January 1571 in
322:
305:
10:
7771:
7705:16th-century Safavid shahs
6801:Newman, Andrew J. (2006).
3047:Shah Abbas Mosque, Yerevan
2749:
2631:
2525:
2348:. He had issue, two sons:
2036:Family tragedies and death
1994:English East India Company
1954:(where it was received by
1560:
1557:War against the Portuguese
1521:
1381:
1235:
1164:, the Paduspanid ruler of
368:system where thousands of
7596:
7540:
7531:
7523:
7516:
7489:
7359:10.1080/17450911003790331
7353:(2). Routledge: 209–226.
7090:Savory, Roger M. (2007).
6987:Savory, Roger M. (1980).
6944:Savory, Roger M. (1983).
6909:Saslow, James M. (1999).
6867:. Oneworld Publications.
6340:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006).
6126:10.1017/s0020743800031834
5916:. Yale University Press.
5841:Babayan, Kathryn (2002).
4716:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011).
4396:Rayfield, Donald (2013).
3890:) Mazda Publishers, 2002
3027:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
2895:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2837:
2819:
2811:
2779:
2757:
2753:
2715:
2697:
2689:
2662:
2643:
2639:
2603:
2581:
2573:
2545:
2529:
2401:– killed 16 August 1613);
2309:Abd-ol-Ghaffar Amilakhori
2235:
2124:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
1918:1609–1615 Persian embassy
1900:in Venice depicting doge
1653:Masjed-e Sheykh Lotfollah
1466:to the throne of Kartli,
1242:Capture of Baghdad (1624)
274:
264:
254:
242:
224:
222:
217:
213:
200:
165:
158:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I
152:
140:19 January 1629 (aged 57)
136:
115:
111:
101:
91:
81:
73:
66:
54:
47:Ẓellollāh (Shadow of God)
39:
34:
6921:. New York, NY: Viking.
6176:Eraly, Abraham (2003) .
6069:Bosworth, C. E. (1989).
4878:, pp. 258, 262, 282
3062:
3052:Shah Abbas Mosque, Ganja
3017:García de Silva Figueroa
2796:6. Mir Abdullah Khan II
2170:García de Silva Figueroa
1942:and spent the winter in
1938:. The group crossed the
1934:In 1599, Abbas sent his
1518:Kandahar and the Mughals
1279:and the parading before
1232:War against the Ottomans
1049:Atrium heroicum Caesarum
945:, Vagharshapat, Armenia.
339:Shah Mohammad Khodabanda
7109:Rahimlu, Yusof (2015).
7092:Iran Under the Safavids
6989:Iran under the Safavids
6309:Kacharava, Eka (2011).
6238:Encyclopædia Britannica
6207:Haneda, Masahi (1990).
5502:Anchabadze, Z. (2014).
2656:10. Musa Sultan Musullu
2564:Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran
2538:Isma'il I, Shah of Iran
2487:Agha Begum, married to
2458:Alexander II of Kakheti
2005:were no more fruitful.
1923:Allégorie de l'Occasion
1861:Sigismund III of Poland
1679:
1567:Capture of Ormuz (1622)
1464:Alexander II of Imereti
405:, as well as swaths of
7420:Pearce, Francis Barrow
7073:Savory, R. M. (1982).
7027:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
6863:Quinn, Sholeh (2015).
6648:Mikaberidze, Alexander
6593:Matthee, Rudi (2019).
6550:Matthee, Rudi (1999).
6531:Matthee, Rudi (2011).
5933:Histoire de la Géorgie
5914:Iran: A Modern History
5463:Allen, W.E.D. (2017).
3888:University of Michigan
3871:Bournoutian, George A.
3773:Manz & Haneda 1990
2408:– killed August 1632,
2385:– killed August 1632,
2202:
2127:
2115:
2045:
1931:
1905:
1864:
1832:
1786:a key Safavid province
1773:
1718:Chinese-style ceramics
1708:
1696:
1622:Isfahan: a new capital
1580:
1404:
1379:
1307:, near Tabriz. In the
1284:
1259:
1181:War against the Uzbeks
1052:
946:
843:
776:
713:
646:
534:
7275:Persia and its People
7014:Savory, R.M. (2012).
6463:Madelung, W. (1988).
5866:Rayfield, D. (2013).
5400:. Brill. p. 85.
5265:Newman, A.J. (2012).
4124:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4120:"ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)"
2734:Abbas I, Shah of Iran
2379:Soltan Mohammad Mirza
2121:
2102:
2043:
1911:
1887:
1854:
1815:
1762:
1702:
1687:
1665:Naghsh-i Jahan Square
1617:Shah and his subjects
1574:
1391:
1372:Teimuraz I of Kakheti
1370:
1317:Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
1274:
1253:
1134:Farhad Khan Qaramanlu
1037:
958:, and around 300,000
943:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
940:
830:
768:
704:
637:
532:
395:1603–1618 Ottoman War
43:King of Kings of Iran
7755:Iranian slave owners
7042:. pp. 875–876.
6950:Encyclopædia Iranica
6826:Encyclopædia Iranica
6743:Encyclopædia Iranica
6556:Encyclopædia Iranica
6512:Encyclopædia Iranica
6469:Encyclopædia Iranica
6448:The Legacy of Persia
6213:Encyclopædia Iranica
6075:Encyclopædia Iranica
6011:Blow, David (2009).
5230:Babayan, K. (1993).
5150:, pp. 166, 118.
5118:Cyril Glassé (ed.),
3916:5 April 2023 at the
3882:5 April 2023 at the
3800:, pp. 291, 536.
2454:Bagrat VII of Kartli
2324:(15 September 1587,
2322:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
2251:Bagrat VII of Kartli
2095:Character and legacy
2050:Mohammed Baqir Mirza
1847:Contacts with Europe
1723:Under Abbas' reign,
1130:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
1043:Copper engraving by
1009:Mohammad Baqer Mirza
867:of the neighbouring
711:Kholāsat al-tavārikh
644:Kholāsat al-tavārikh
393:. By the end of the
7745:Patrons of the arts
7625:Mohammad Khodabanda
7527:Mohammad Khodabanda
5670:Babaie, S. (2008).
5619:Andrea, B. (2017).
5580:Andrea, B. (2008).
4747:Bournoutian, George
4544:, pp. 284–285.
3886:(original from the
2912:Fakhr al-Nisa Begum
2856:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
2340:, married secondly
1968:Philip III of Spain
1456:Iskander Beg Munshi
1409:Ottoman–Safavid War
1332:100,000 led by the
760:Mirza Salman Jabiri
747:Abbas takes control
611:Mirza Salman Jaberi
466:Iskandar Beg Monshi
454:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
450:Mohammad Khodabanda
269:Khayr al-Nisa Begum
259:Mohammad Khodabanda
188:Fatima Sultan Begum
172:Oghlan Pasha Khanum
96:Mohammad Khodabanda
7740:Mazandarani people
7459:The British Museum
6311:"Alaverdy Eparchy"
6234:"Abbas I (Persia)"
5937:History of Georgia
5307:Canby, S. (2000).
5025:, pp. 243–246
5013:, pp. 241–242
5001:, pp. 240–241
4977:, pp. 236–237
4965:, pp. 235–236
4941:, pp. 161–162
4929:, pp. 136–137
4917:, pp. 134–135
4508:, pp. 123–124
4357:, pp. 158–159
4333:, pp. 157–158
4261:, pp. 150–151
4249:, pp. 149–150
4237:, pp. 148–149
4213:, pp. 147–148
4096:, pp. 141–142
4055:, pp. 134–135
4011:, pp. 183–184
3907:Aslanian, Sebouh.
2770:12. Sultan Mahmud
2450:Simon II of Kartli
2415:Najaf Qoli Mirza (
2371:– 18 August 1591,
2293:George X of Kartli
2286:Ketevan the Martyr
2282:David I of Kakheti
2140:Michael Axworthy's
2128:
2116:
2058:Farhad Beg Cherkes
2046:
1932:
1906:
1865:
1837:Ketevan the Martyr
1833:
1778:Pietro della Valle
1774:
1709:
1707:, Mazandaran, Iran
1697:
1694:Iranian Revolution
1581:
1429:Kingdom of Kakheti
1405:
1380:
1313:Kabardino-Balkaria
1285:
1260:
1160:. One year later,
1128:marry Abbas' son,
1053:
1030:Reforming the army
947:
844:
785:Treaty of Istanbul
777:
714:
673:Torbat-e Heydarieh
647:
640:Ahmad Monshi Ghomi
535:
7750:People from Herat
7735:Filicides in Iran
7692:
7691:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7605:
7591:
7550:
7549:
7541:Succeeded by
7256:978-0-8133-1359-7
7221:978-3-447-06141-4
7166:cite encyclopedia
7117:Madelung, Wilferd
7060:cite encyclopedia
6721:978-0-8577-1588-3
6694:978-0-4157-7462-8
6542:978-1-8451-1745-0
6430:978-0-5217-3298-7
6400:BBC News Magazine
6274:978-1-4387-7382-7
6247:978-1-59339-837-8
6180:. original title
6160:978-0-521-69142-0
6022:978-1-84511-989-8
6003:978-1-8606-4721-5
5976:978-1-8506-5871-9
5963:Axworthy, Michael
5879:978-1-78023-070-2
5852:978-0-932-88528-9
5802:978-0-7141-2452-0
5683:978-0-7486-3376-0
5632:978-1-4875-1280-4
5593:978-1-139-46802-2
5554:978-1-351-72217-9
5515:978-9941-0-6322-0
5476:978-1-317-06039-0
5434:978-0-87480-342-6
5407:978-90-04-11669-6
5382:978-0-89158-296-0
5320:978-0-8109-4144-1
5278:978-0-85773-366-5
4400:. Reaktion Books.
3846:iranicaonline.org
3558:, pp. 29–30.
3436:, pp. 25–26.
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
1964:Pope Clement VIII
1956:Emperor Rudolf II
1928:Frans II Francken
1912:Abbas I as a new
1879:Anthony Jenkinson
1337:Damat Halil Pasha
1277:capture of Tabriz
819:to the Ottomans.
326:), was the fifth
320:
303:
284:
283:
238:
237:
180:Fakhr Jahan Begum
41:Šāhanšāh-i Īrān (
35:Abbas I the Great
18:Abbas I of Persia
16:(Redirected from
7762:
7683:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7589:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7553:
7552:
7524:Preceded by
7512:
7505:
7491:Abbas the Great
7487:
7486:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7378:
7341:
7314:
7287:
7268:
7241:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7175:
7169:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7136:
7127:. Brill Online.
7114:
7105:
7086:
7079:Yarshater, Ehsan
7069:
7063:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7028:
7019:
7010:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6940:
6920:
6905:
6878:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6822:"Ganj-ʿAlī Khan"
6816:
6797:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6733:
6706:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6643:
6616:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6546:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6459:
6442:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6390:
6363:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6315:
6305:
6278:
6259:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6203:
6172:
6145:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6065:
6034:
6007:
5988:
5958:
5927:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5838:
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5818:
5816:
5814:
5783:
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5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5667:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5350:Internet Archive
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5304:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5262:
5253:
5250:Mikaberidze 2015
5247:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5212:
5211:
5193:
5187:
5186:, pp. 57–58
5181:
5175:
5174:, pp. 44–47
5169:
5163:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5116:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5092:
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5080:
5074:
5068:
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5056:
5050:
5044:
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5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4876:Shakespeare 1863
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4679:, pp. 98–99
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
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4455:
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4393:
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4097:
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4044:
4038:
4027:
4021:
4012:
4006:
4000:
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3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3905:
3899:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3801:
3798:Mikaberidze 2015
3795:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3727:
3721:
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3693:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3622:, pp. 38–39
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
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3153:
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3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3012:Battle of DimDim
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2976:Biography portal
2973:
2972:
2971:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2418:
2381:(18 March 1591,
2305:Tamar Amilakhori
2225:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2185:and concubines.
1894:Gabriele Caliari
1644:Caliph al-Mansur
1577:Capture of Ormuz
1468:Jesse of Kakheti
1203:Khanate of Khiva
1089:and his brother
1045:Dominicus Custos
840:pictured in 1622
775:
772:
668:in Abbas' name.
549:Pari Khan Khanum
504:from one of the
474:Mar'ashi dynasty
407:Eastern Anatolia
325:
319:romanized:
318:
316:
308:
298:
296:
234:
226:
215:
214:
192:Tamar Amilakhori
59:
32:
31:
21:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7592:
7580:
7546:
7537:
7529:
7518:Iranian royalty
7511:19 January 1629
7506:
7504:27 January 1571
7500:
7499:
7496:Safavid dynasty
7492:
7478:(audio report).
7451:
7438:
7436:
7386:
7384:Further reading
7381:
7330:
7303:
7257:
7222:
7200:
7198:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7142:"Ebrāhīm Mīrzā"
7121:Daftary, Farhad
7102:
7057:
7056:
7049:
7047:
6999:
6977:
6975:
6960:
6929:
6894:
6875:
6853:
6851:
6836:
6813:
6786:
6760:
6758:
6722:
6695:
6673:
6671:
6664:
6632:
6605:
6583:
6581:
6566:
6543:
6521:
6519:
6496:
6494:
6479:
6431:
6409:
6407:
6379:
6352:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6313:
6294:
6275:
6248:
6222:
6220:
6192:
6161:
6102:
6100:
6085:
6054:
6023:
6004:
5977:
5947:
5924:
5904:
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4405:
4398:Edge of Empires
4394:
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4325:
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4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3918:Wayback Machine
3906:
3902:
3884:Wayback Machine
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3819:
3811:
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3796:
3789:
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3614:
3606:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3542:, p. 261;
3538:
3534:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:, p. 259;
3459:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
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3360:
3356:
3348:
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3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3287:
3279:
3272:
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3260:
3252:
3248:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3022:History of Iran
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:Monarchy portal
2988:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2507:
2355:– with Dilaram;
2273: and
2271:Khan Ahmad Khan
2238:
2145:Donald Rayfield
2097:
2068:in the city of
2038:
1849:
1817:SafiAbad Palace
1772:
1734:
1682:
1663:palace and the
1624:
1619:
1569:
1561:Main articles:
1559:
1526:
1520:
1508:Giorgi Saakadze
1423:(also known as
1395:(also known as
1386:
1374:(also known as
1365:
1353:Giorgi Saakadze
1297:Allahverdi Khan
1275:Drawing of the
1248:
1234:
1183:
1178:
1120:, the ruler of
1118:Khan Ahmad Khan
1114:
1102:Allāhverdī Khan
1087:Anthony Shirley
1051:pub. 1600–1602.
1042:
1032:
985:Allahverdi Khan
832:Anthony Shirley
825:
773:
749:
744:
632:
442:
323:ʿAbbās-e Bozorg
311:Abbas the Great
227:
225:Abbas the Great
196:
161:
141:
120:
119:27 January 1571
62:
48:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7768:
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7521:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7493:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7462:
7450:
7449:External links
7447:
7446:
7445:
7416:
7402:
7399:978-1595845672
7385:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7342:
7328:
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6997:
6984:
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6879:
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6860:
6834:
6817:
6811:
6798:
6784:
6767:
6734:
6720:
6707:
6693:
6680:
6663:978-1442241466
6662:
6644:
6630:
6617:
6603:
6590:
6564:
6547:
6541:
6528:
6518:on 17 May 2015
6503:
6477:
6460:
6443:
6429:
6416:
6391:
6377:
6364:
6350:
6337:
6306:
6292:
6279:
6273:
6260:
6246:
6229:
6219:on 17 May 2015
6204:
6190:
6173:
6159:
6146:
6109:
6083:
6066:
6052:
6035:
6021:
6008:
6002:
5989:
5975:
5959:
5945:
5928:
5923:978-0300112542
5922:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5878:
5858:
5851:
5820:
5801:
5769:
5751:978-1780769905
5750:
5730:
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5682:
5662:
5650:
5631:
5611:
5592:
5572:
5553:
5533:
5514:
5494:
5475:
5452:
5433:
5413:
5406:
5388:
5381:
5363:
5338:
5319:
5296:
5277:
5254:
5237:
5213:
5206:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5152:
5140:
5111:
5109:, p. 165.
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5051:
5049:, p. 101.
5039:
5037:, p. 247.
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4892:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4816:Kouymjian 2004
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4766:978-1568591414
4765:
4733:
4727:978-0520947573
4726:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4669:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4594:
4582:
4570:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4441:
4438:Kacharava 2011
4430:
4426:Khanbaghi 2006
4418:
4403:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4203:
4191:
4179:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4118:R.M., Savory.
4110:
4098:
4083:
4071:
4057:
4045:
4028:
4013:
4001:
3980:
3968:
3956:
3944:
3933:
3929:978-0520947573
3900:
3896:978-1568591414
3863:
3832:
3830:, p. 1116
3817:
3815:, p. 174.
3802:
3787:
3776:
3765:
3754:
3750:Streusand 2011
3742:
3739:Mitchell 2009a
3728:
3716:
3700:
3681:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3560:
3548:
3532:
3517:
3515:, p. 261.
3505:
3493:
3491:, p. 260.
3481:
3469:
3453:
3438:
3426:
3424:, p. 256.
3414:
3402:
3400:, p. 255.
3390:
3378:
3366:
3364:, p. 253.
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3312:, p. 21;
3302:
3285:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3240:, p. 58;
3230:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3185:, p. 160.
3175:
3154:
3139:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3090:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3004:History portal
2993:
2979:
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2700:
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2682:
2680:Sultanum Begum
2677:
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2364:
2363:
2356:
2342:Dilaram Khanum
2318:
2317:
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2299:
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2217:
2096:
2093:
2037:
2034:
2018:Robert Shirley
1902:Marino Grimani
1848:
1845:
1771:) in New Julfa
1769:Vank Cathedral
1767:(the Armenian
1763:
1754:treated Sunnis
1738:Shi'ite Muslim
1733:
1730:
1725:carpet weaving
1681:
1678:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1593:Imam Quli Khan
1558:
1555:
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1399:), viceroy of
1364:
1361:
1256:Thomas Herbert
1233:
1230:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1136:. In 1593–94,
1113:
1110:
1091:Robert Shirley
1031:
1028:
869:Ottoman Empire
836:Robert Shirley
824:
821:
748:
745:
743:
740:
631:
628:
604:Ottoman Empire
571:on holy days (
452:and his wife,
441:
438:
423:North Caucasus
351:Ottoman Empire
282:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
256:
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239:
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195:
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189:
186:
184:Princess Marta
181:
178:
173:
169:
167:
163:
162:
160:, Kashan, Iran
156:
154:
150:
149:
145:, Mazandaran,
138:
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117:
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103:
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26:
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4:
3:
2:
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7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
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7700:
7682:
7679:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7665:Soltan Hoseyn
7663:
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7510:
7503:
7498:
7497:
7488:
7483:
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7477:
7476:
7471:
7467:
7464:John Wilson,
7463:
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7435:
7431:
7427:
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7417:
7415:
7414:9780714124520
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7329:0-6733-8867-0
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7302:0-550-18022-2
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7045:
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7037:
7036:
7035:Archived copy
7030:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7017:"Ḥamza Mīrzā"
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6998:0-521-22483-7
6994:
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6959:0-7100-9090-0
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6889:
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6637:
6633:
6631:0-5216-4131-4
6627:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6604:9781000392876
6600:
6596:
6591:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6565:0-7100-9090-0
6561:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6478:0-7100-9121-4
6474:
6470:
6466:
6465:"Baduspanids"
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6378:1-4039-6422-X
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6351:1-8451-1056-0
6347:
6343:
6338:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6293:0-5212-0094-6
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6191:1-8421-2723-3
6187:
6183:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6084:0-7100-9090-0
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6053:2-2620-1131-1
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6005:
5999:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5946:2-7384-6186-7
5942:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5910:Amanat, Abbas
5907:
5906:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5705:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5660:, p. 54.
5659:
5654:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5576:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5537:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5498:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5459:
5457:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5351:
5348:
5342:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5301:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5259:
5252:, p. 61.
5251:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5209:
5207:964-7836-29-5
5203:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5162:, p. 103
5161:
5156:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5128:0-7591-0190-6
5125:
5121:
5115:
5108:
5103:
5097:, p. 278
5096:
5091:
5085:, p. 134
5084:
5083:Axworthy 2007
5079:
5073:, p. 101
5072:
5067:
5060:
5055:
5048:
5043:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4988:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4959:
4953:, p. 235
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4905:, p. 131
4904:
4899:
4897:
4890:, p. 210
4889:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4866:, p. 129
4865:
4860:
4854:, p. 128
4853:
4848:
4842:, p. 114
4841:
4836:
4830:, p. 347
4829:
4828:Lockhart 1953
4824:
4817:
4812:
4806:, p. 454
4805:
4800:
4794:, p. 104
4793:
4788:
4782:, p. 209
4781:
4776:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4729:
4723:
4719:
4712:
4710:
4703:, p. 107
4702:
4697:
4691:, p. 111
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4643:, p. 147
4642:
4637:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4613:
4607:, p. 162
4606:
4601:
4599:
4592:, p. 161
4591:
4586:
4580:, p. 186
4579:
4574:
4568:, p. 159
4567:
4562:
4556:, p. 94.
4555:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4532:, p. 264
4531:
4526:
4520:, p. 124
4519:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4496:, p. 121
4495:
4490:
4484:, p. 263
4483:
4478:
4472:, p. 120
4471:
4466:
4460:, p. 188
4459:
4454:
4445:
4439:
4434:
4428:, p. 131
4427:
4422:
4415:
4414:Mitchell 2011
4410:
4408:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4345:, p. 158
4344:
4339:
4332:
4327:
4321:, p. 156
4320:
4315:
4309:, p. 155
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 154
4296:
4291:
4285:, p. 153
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4189:, p. 267
4188:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4163:, p. 390
4162:
4161:Madelung 1988
4157:
4150:
4145:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4108:, p. 143
4107:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:Axworthy 2007
4049:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4026:, p. 818
4025:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3998:
3997:Mitchell 2011
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3941:Matthee 1999a
3937:
3930:
3926:
3923:, 4 mei 2011
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3809:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3762:Bosworth 1989
3758:
3752:, p. 148
3751:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3726:, p. 369
3725:
3724:Wallbank 1992
3720:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3698:, p. 265
3697:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3676:
3670:, p. 266
3669:
3664:
3657:
3652:
3645:
3640:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3530:, p. 29.
3529:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3479:, p. 27.
3478:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3451:, p. 26.
3450:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3412:, p. 24.
3411:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3388:, p. 23.
3387:
3382:
3376:, p. 22.
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3352:, p. 70.
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3328:, p. 42.
3327:
3322:
3316:, p. 69.
3315:
3311:
3306:
3300:, p. 21.
3299:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3283:, p. 69.
3282:
3277:
3275:
3268:, p. 19.
3267:
3262:
3256:, p. 18.
3255:
3250:
3244:, p. 17.
3243:
3239:
3238:Mitchell 2009
3234:
3228:, p. 17.
3227:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3209:, p. 71.
3208:
3203:
3197:, p. 16.
3196:
3191:
3184:
3183:Mitchell 2009
3179:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3137:, p. 77.
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2966:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:Zubayda Begum
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2112:Jules Laurens
2109:
2105:
2104:Chehel Sotoun
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:, led Abbas'
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1974:Twelfth Night
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1898:Doge's Palace
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1765:Kelisa-e Vank
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:Chehel Sotoun
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Masjed-e Shah
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1551:Ganj Ali Khan
1546:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:Tahmuras Khan
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:Tahmuras Khan
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:Earl of Essex
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1024:Qajar dynasty
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
944:
939:
935:
933:
928:
923:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
767:
763:
761:
758:
754:
739:
737:
733:
732:
727:
722:
718:
712:
708:
703:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
677:heir apparent
674:
669:
667:
666:
661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
636:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
600:
598:
594:
588:
586:
582:
581:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:Ali-Qoli Khan
556:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
496:
494:
489:
488:and Tahmasp.
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Transcaucasia
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
329:
324:
312:
307:
301:
292:
288:
280:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
245:
241:
230:
221:
216:
212:
209:
205:
203:
199:
193:
190:
187:
185:
182:
179:
177:
174:
171:
170:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
58:
53:
50:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7632:
7587:Safavid Iran
7534:Shah of Iran
7532:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7474:
7465:
7454:
7439:13 September
7437:. Retrieved
7424:
7405:
7390:
7350:
7346:
7319:
7292:
7274:
7246:
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7181:
7154:. Retrieved
7148:. New York.
7145:
7124:
7091:
7082:
7048:. Retrieved
7039:
7034:
7021:
6988:
6976:. Retrieved
6949:
6946:"'Abbās (I)"
6916:
6883:
6864:
6852:. Retrieved
6825:
6802:
6775:
6771:
6759:. Retrieved
6742:
6711:
6684:
6672:. Retrieved
6652:
6621:
6594:
6582:. Retrieved
6555:
6532:
6520:. Retrieved
6516:the original
6511:
6497:13 September
6495:. Retrieved
6468:
6447:
6420:
6410:13 September
6408:. Retrieved
6399:
6368:
6341:
6329:. Retrieved
6317:
6283:
6264:
6263:IBP (2013).
6237:
6223:13 September
6221:. Retrieved
6217:the original
6212:
6181:
6177:
6150:
6117:
6113:
6101:. Retrieved
6074:
6043:
6039:
6012:
5993:
5966:
5936:
5932:
5913:
5902:Bibliography
5888:. Retrieved
5868:
5861:
5842:
5811:. Retrieved
5791:
5760:. Retrieved
5740:
5733:
5721:. Retrieved
5711:
5704:
5692:. Retrieved
5672:
5665:
5653:
5641:. Retrieved
5621:
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5582:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5543:
5536:
5524:. Retrieved
5504:
5497:
5485:. Retrieved
5465:
5443:. Retrieved
5423:
5416:
5397:
5391:
5372:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5349:
5341:
5329:. Retrieved
5309:
5287:. Retrieved
5267:
5231:
5197:
5191:
5179:
5167:
5155:
5143:
5119:
5114:
5102:
5090:
5078:
5066:
5061:, p. 1.
5054:
5042:
5035:Matthee 2019
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4989:, p. 95
4982:
4970:
4958:
4946:
4934:
4922:
4910:
4883:
4871:
4859:
4847:
4835:
4823:
4818:, p. 20
4811:
4799:
4787:
4775:
4751:
4717:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4667:, p. 96
4660:
4655:, p. 67
4648:
4636:
4631:, p. 94
4624:
4619:, p. 96
4612:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4477:
4465:
4453:
4444:
4433:
4421:
4416:, p. 70
4397:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4273:, p. 87
4266:
4254:
4242:
4230:
4225:, p. 85
4218:
4206:
4201:, p. 84
4194:
4182:
4176:Matthee 1999
4156:
4151:, p. 38
4149:Starkey 2010
4144:
4132:. Retrieved
4123:
4113:
4101:
4081:, p. 79
4074:
4048:
4041:Hoiberg 2010
4004:
3999:, p. 69
3978:, p. 82
3971:
3966:, p. 81
3959:
3954:, p. 37
3947:
3936:
3909:
3903:
3875:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3845:
3835:
3784:Lapidus 2012
3779:
3768:
3757:
3745:
3719:
3675:
3663:
3658:, p. 52
3651:
3646:, p. 77
3639:
3634:, p. 50
3627:
3615:
3610:, p. 38
3603:
3598:, p. 37
3591:
3586:, p. 36
3579:
3572:Rahimlu 2015
3563:
3551:
3544:Rahimlu 2015
3535:
3508:
3496:
3484:
3472:
3465:Rahimlu 2015
3456:
3429:
3417:
3405:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3333:
3321:
3305:
3261:
3249:
3233:
3202:
3190:
3178:
3171:Rahimlu 2015
3130:
3118:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3084:
3075:
2733:
2596:Tajlu Khanum
2275:Maryam Begum
2267:Yakhan Begum
2203:"Zer bolmaz"
2191:
2187:
2180:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2136:Roger Savory
2133:
2129:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2047:
2007:
1987:
1972:
1933:
1921:
1866:
1834:
1825:Jean Chardin
1798:
1775:
1764:
1742:Imam Hussein
1735:
1722:
1710:
1669:
1636:Roger Savory
1625:
1611:Bandar Abbas
1604:Abbas retook
1589:Persian Gulf
1582:
1547:
1527:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1492:Semayun Khan
1491:
1484:
1480:
1459:
1433:
1424:
1406:
1396:
1375:
1342:
1334:Grand Vizier
1325:
1286:
1281:Shah Abbas I
1261:
1219:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1138:Jahangir III
1126:Yakhan Begum
1115:
1105:
1099:
1083:
1078:
1074:tufangchiyan
1072:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1038:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1005:crown prince
1001:
997:meritocratic
982:
972:
967:
951:
948:
915:
911:
894:
890:
877:were mainly
872:
860:
852:Safavid army
845:
839:
782:
778:
757:grand vizier
750:
742:Rule as shah
729:
723:
719:
715:
710:
694:governor of
681:
670:
663:
654:governor of
648:
643:
601:
589:
578:
572:
557:
542:
539:Haydar Mirza
536:
509:
499:
497:
490:
443:
427:
363:
343:
310:
306:ʿAbbās yekom
286:
285:
176:Yakhan Begum
147:Safavid Iran
128:(modern-day
126:Safavid Iran
68:Shah of Iran
40:
29:
7715:1629 deaths
7710:1571 births
7684:(1732–1736)
7676:(1722–1732)
7668:(1694-1722)
7660:(1666–1694)
7652:(1642–1666)
7644:(1629–1642)
7636:(1587–1629)
7628:(1577–1587)
7620:(1576–1577)
7612:(1524–1576)
7604:(1501–1524)
7590:(1501–1736)
7347:Shakespeare
7156:5 September
7050:5 September
6739:"Ṭahmāsp I"
5890:25 November
5813:25 November
5787:Canby, S.R.
5762:23 November
5723:25 November
5712:Proceedings
5694:25 November
5643:25 November
5604:25 November
5565:25 November
5526:25 November
5487:25 November
5445:25 November
5356:21 November
5331:25 November
5289:25 November
5160:Savory 1980
5095:Roemer 1986
5071:Savory 1980
5059:Thorne 1984
5047:Savory 2007
4987:Savory 1980
4888:Wilson 2010
4653:Newman 2006
4641:Saslow 1999
4617:Savory 1980
4554:Babaie 2004
4542:Parizi 2000
4271:Savory 1980
4223:Savory 1980
4199:Savory 1980
4187:Roemer 1986
4079:Savory 1980
4068:Kremer 2013
4043:, p. 9
4024:Haneda 1990
4009:Savory 1980
3976:Savory 1980
3964:Savory 1980
3828:Monshi 1978
3713:Savory 1983
3696:Roemer 1986
3668:Roemer 1986
3656:Newman 2006
3644:Savory 1980
3632:Newman 2006
3568:Savory 1982
3540:Roemer 1986
3513:Roemer 1986
3501:Savory 2012
3489:Roemer 1986
3461:Roemer 1986
3422:Roemer 1986
3398:Roemer 1986
3362:Roemer 1986
3350:Savory 1980
3338:Savory 1985
3326:Newman 2006
3314:Savory 1980
3281:Savory 1980
3207:Savory 1980
3150:Savory 1982
3135:Amanat 2017
2800:, Ruler of
2474:Suleiman II
1940:Caspian Sea
1870:Uzun Hassan
1750:Sunni Islam
1713:Reza Abbasi
1692:before the
1397:Rustam Khan
1162:Jahangir IV
1108:to 25,000.
1065:Circassians
1047:, from his
1020:third force
1014:Though the
956:Circassians
952:third force
927:janissaries
903:Circassians
895:third force
883:Circassians
865:janissaries
774: 1590
580:Eid al-Fitr
524:Circassians
411:Mesopotamia
130:Afghanistan
92:Predecessor
7699:Categories
7673:Tahmasp II
7657:Suleiman I
7538:1588–1629
7311:2010367095
7265:2010024984
7238:2010359879
7112:"ʿAbbās I"
7075:"ʿAbbas I"
7025:(12 vols.)
6730:2010292168
6703:2010032352
6674:8 November
6613:1274244049
6439:2011043732
6387:2004273378
6360:2006296797
6256:2008934270
6200:2005440260
6169:2010278301
6031:2009464064
5985:2008399438
5658:Quinn 2015
4530:Eraly 2003
4482:Eraly 2003
4448:Suny p. 50
3123:Quinn 2015
3111:Quinn 2015
3058:References
2802:Mazandaran
2468:Suleiman I
2423:, Qazvin);
2369:Mazandaran
2284:and Queen
2198:Magtymguly
2122:Tomb, the
2062:Behbud Beg
2054:Circassian
1888:Canvas by
1829:Mazandaran
1585:Portuguese
1448:Mazandaran
1421:Teimuraz I
1417:Luarsab II
1382:See also:
1305:at Sufiyan
1236:See also:
1176:Reconquest
1142:Paduspanid
789:Azerbaijan
696:Azarbaijan
617:forces in
574:Qadr Night
470:Mazandaran
440:Early life
415:Portuguese
370:Circassian
313:(Persian:
279:Shia Islam
83:Coronation
7681:Abbas III
7617:Ismail II
7609:Tahmasp I
7475:Front Row
7375:191598902
7367:1745-0918
7230:0938-9024
7133:1875-9831
6751:2330-4804
6142:162702326
6134:0020-7438
5148:Blow 2009
5107:Blow 2009
4629:Dale 2010
4578:Cole 1987
4134:1 January
3952:Blow 2009
3813:Blow 2009
3556:Blow 2009
3528:Blow 2009
3477:Blow 2009
3449:Blow 2009
3434:Blow 2009
3410:Blow 2009
3386:Blow 2009
3374:Blow 2009
3310:Blow 2009
3298:Blow 2009
3266:Blow 2009
3254:Blow 2009
3242:Blow 2009
3226:Blow 2009
3195:Blow 2009
3068:Citations
2452:, son of
2430:Daughters
2338:Ismail II
2258:Tahmasp I
2165:Qizilbash
2085:Farahabad
1874:Venetians
1807:Farahabad
1795:New Julfa
1746:Imam Reza
1596:Undiladze
1427:) in the
1415:subjects
1156:ruler of
1154:Khorshidi
1144:ruler of
1079:tupchiyan
983:By 1595,
977:Caucasian
971:known as
960:Armenians
922:Christian
907:Armenians
899:Georgians
887:Armenians
879:Georgians
857:Tahmasp I
848:Qizilbash
813:Kurdistan
762:in 1583.
692:Qizilbash
688:Qizilbash
630:Ascension
563:from the
553:Ismail II
520:Armenians
516:Georgians
506:Qizilbash
486:Abu Taleb
472:from the
458:Tahmasp I
347:Qizilbash
315:عباس بزرگ
300:romanized
233:عباس بزرگ
223:English:
102:Successor
7649:Abbas II
7601:Ismail I
7434:20008651
7422:(1920).
7338:91025406
7284:10001477
7195:Archived
7191:20000243
7150:Archived
7123:(eds.).
7044:Archived
7007:78073817
6972:Archived
6968:84673402
6937:99019960
6902:67012845
6848:Archived
6844:84673402
6794:78020663
6755:Archived
6668:Archived
6650:(2015).
6640:99012830
6578:Archived
6574:84673402
6508:"Čarkas"
6491:Archived
6487:84673402
6456:53002314
6404:Archived
6322:Archived
6302:67012845
6097:Archived
6093:84673402
6062:99161812
5965:(2007).
5955:98159624
5912:(2017).
5884:Archived
5807:Archived
5789:(2009).
5756:Archived
5717:Archived
5688:Archived
5637:Archived
5598:Archived
5559:Archived
5520:Archived
5481:Archived
5439:Archived
5325:Archived
5283:Archived
4749:(2002).
4128:Archived
3914:Archived
3880:Archived
3850:Archived
2962:See also
2505:Ancestry
2443:Isa Khan
2346:Georgian
2241:Consorts
2178:Georgian
2174:Georgian
2161:Turkoman
2108:Behshahr
1863:in 1605.
1841:Turkmens
1821:Behshahr
1799:kalantar
1705:Behshahr
1657:Ali Qapu
1651:and the
1543:Jahangir
1534:Kandahar
1488:Simon II
1452:Imeretia
1413:Georgian
1349:Murad IV
1321:Caucasus
1309:Caucasus
1301:Lake Van
1265:Nahavand
1258:in 1627.
1207:Sabzevar
1158:Luristan
1057:Ottomans
989:Georgian
964:deported
918:Caucasus
891:en masse
809:Luristan
801:Dagestan
793:Karabagh
660:Nishapur
462:Khorasan
417:and the
403:Dagestan
378:Armenian
374:Georgian
353:and the
295:عباس یکم
275:Religion
143:Behshahr
7633:Abbas I
7081:(ed.).
5136:Isfahan
3099:Shi'ism
2798:Marashi
2772:Marashi
2406:Esfahan
2399:Esfahan
2334:Esfahan
2326:Mashhad
2194:Turkmen
2182:gholams
2010:England
2003:Muscovy
1952:Germany
1930:, 1628.
1896:in the
1782:Armenia
1690:Isfahan
1640:Baghdad
1632:Isfahan
1600:Bahrain
1530:Humayun
1472:Isfahan
1460:gholams
1444:Ketevan
1440:Kakheti
1329:Ardabil
1293:Ahmed I
1289:Yerevan
1226:Isfahan
1192:khasseh
1188:Mashhad
1106:ghulams
1069:ghulams
1061:ghulams
874:ghulams
861:ghulams
805:Georgia
736:viceroy
656:Mashhad
652:Turkman
619:Shirvan
597:Bukhara
544:qurchis
434:Isfahan
419:Mughals
387:Kakheti
366:ghilman
328:Safavid
302::
291:Persian
287:Abbas I
249:Safavid
244:Dynasty
229:Persian
166:Consort
7583:Rulers
7507:
7432:
7412:
7397:
7373:
7365:
7336:
7326:
7309:
7299:
7282:
7263:
7253:
7236:
7228:
7218:
7201:24 May
7189:
7131:
7098:
7005:
6995:
6978:24 May
6966:
6956:
6935:
6925:
6900:
6890:
6871:
6854:24 May
6842:
6832:
6809:
6792:
6782:
6761:12 May
6749:
6728:
6718:
6701:
6691:
6660:
6638:
6628:
6611:
6601:
6584:24 May
6572:
6562:
6539:
6522:24 May
6485:
6475:
6454:
6437:
6427:
6385:
6375:
6358:
6348:
6331:24 May
6300:
6290:
6271:
6254:
6244:
6198:
6188:
6167:
6157:
6140:
6132:
6103:24 May
6091:
6081:
6060:
6050:
6029:
6019:
6000:
5983:
5973:
5953:
5943:
5920:
5876:
5849:
5799:
5748:
5680:
5629:
5590:
5551:
5512:
5473:
5431:
5404:
5379:
5317:
5275:
5204:
5132:Qazvin
5126:
4763:
4724:
3927:
3894:
3856:14 May
2421:Alamut
2410:Alamut
2387:Alamut
2383:Qazvin
2373:Qazvin
2360:Alamut
2236:Family
2089:Kashan
2066:hammam
1999:Poland
1962:where
1948:Norway
1944:Moscow
1914:Caesar
1857:Kraków
1659:, the
1628:Qazvin
1607:Hormuz
1500:Russia
1476:Muslim
1474:and a
1436:Kartli
1401:Kartli
1393:Rostom
1244:, and
1222:Qazvin
1213:, and
1170:Qazvin
1140:, the
1016:ghulam
968:ghulam
871:, the
859:) the
817:Tabriz
753:Tabriz
707:Qazvin
684:Tabriz
665:khutba
593:Uzbeks
565:Shamlu
493:Shiraz
430:Qazvin
376:, and
355:Uzbeks
265:Mother
255:Father
153:Burial
7509:Died:
7502:Born:
7371:S2CID
7115:. In
7077:. In
6774:[
6325:(PDF)
6314:(PDF)
6138:S2CID
6042:[
5935:[
3898:p 208
3063:Notes
2330:Rasht
2196:poet
2070:Resht
2030:cloth
1990:Spain
1983:heels
1979:Sophy
1958:) to
1926:, by
1920:, in
1890:Carlo
1803:Gilan
1791:Jugha
1538:Akbar
1211:Farah
1199:Balkh
1166:Kojur
1150:Saveh
1122:Gilan
962:were
932:harem
797:Ganja
731:vakil
623:harem
615:Tatar
585:opium
569:seyed
482:Hamza
446:Herat
218:Names
208:below
202:Issue
122:Herat
74:Reign
7641:Safi
7544:Safi
7441:2014
7430:LCCN
7410:ISBN
7395:ISBN
7363:ISSN
7334:LCCN
7324:ISBN
7307:LCCN
7297:ISBN
7280:LCCN
7261:LCCN
7251:ISBN
7234:LCCN
7226:ISSN
7216:ISBN
7203:2015
7187:LCCN
7172:link
7158:2022
7129:ISSN
7096:ISBN
7066:link
7052:2022
7003:LCCN
6993:ISBN
6980:2015
6964:LCCN
6954:ISBN
6933:LCCN
6923:ISBN
6898:LCCN
6888:ISBN
6869:ISBN
6856:2015
6840:LCCN
6830:ISBN
6807:ISBN
6790:LCCN
6780:ISBN
6763:2015
6747:ISSN
6726:LCCN
6716:ISBN
6699:LCCN
6689:ISBN
6676:2020
6658:ISBN
6636:LCCN
6626:ISBN
6609:OCLC
6599:ISBN
6586:2015
6570:LCCN
6560:ISBN
6537:ISBN
6524:2015
6499:2014
6483:LCCN
6473:ISBN
6452:LCCN
6435:LCCN
6425:ISBN
6412:2014
6383:LCCN
6373:ISBN
6356:LCCN
6346:ISBN
6333:2015
6298:LCCN
6288:ISBN
6269:ISBN
6252:LCCN
6242:ISBN
6225:2014
6196:LCCN
6186:ISBN
6165:LCCN
6155:ISBN
6130:ISSN
6105:2015
6089:LCCN
6079:ISBN
6058:LCCN
6048:ISBN
6027:LCCN
6017:ISBN
5998:ISBN
5981:LCCN
5971:ISBN
5951:LCCN
5941:ISBN
5918:ISBN
5892:2021
5874:ISBN
5847:ISBN
5815:2021
5797:ISBN
5764:2021
5746:ISBN
5725:2021
5696:2021
5678:ISBN
5645:2021
5627:ISBN
5606:2021
5588:ISBN
5567:2021
5549:ISBN
5528:2021
5510:ISBN
5489:2021
5471:ISBN
5447:2021
5429:ISBN
5402:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5358:2021
5333:2021
5315:ISBN
5291:2021
5273:ISBN
5202:ISBN
5124:ISBN
4761:ISBN
4722:ISBN
4136:2016
3925:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3858:2021
2353:Safi
2344:, a
2316:Sons
2001:and
1960:Rome
1892:and
1784:was
1680:Arts
1673:silk
1565:and
1490:(or
1438:and
1419:and
1215:Nisa
1085:Sir
993:Fars
987:, a
905:and
885:and
846:The
834:and
811:and
577:and
511:lala
501:amir
409:and
401:and
383:army
359:coup
335:Iran
331:shah
206:See
137:Died
116:Born
106:Safi
87:1588
7585:of
7355:doi
6122:doi
5134:to
4757:208
3931:p 1
2854:3.
2732:1.
2620:2.
2594:9.
2562:4.
2536:8.
2110:by
1823:by
1819:in
1224:to
1146:Nur
738:).
726:Qom
642:'s
595:of
522:or
432:to
333:of
7701::
7472:,
7457:,
7369:.
7361:.
7349:.
7332:.
7305:.
7259:.
7232:.
7224:.
7193:.
7168:}}
7164:{{
7144:.
7119:;
7062:}}
7058:{{
7038:.
7020:.
7001:.
6970:.
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