Abbas the Great - Knowledge

702: 1909: 766: 1190:, was easily recaptured but the Uzbek leader Din Mohammed Khan was safely behind the walls of the other chief city, Herat. Abbas managed to lure the Uzbek army out of the town by feigning a retreat. A bloody battle ensued on 9 August 1598, in the course of which the Uzbek khan was wounded and his troops retreated (the khan was murdered by his own men during the retreat). However, during the battle, Farhad Khan had fled after being wounded and was later accused of fleeing due to cowardice. He was nevertheless forgiven by Abbas, who wanted to appoint him as the governor of Herat, which Farhad Khan refused. According to Oruch Beg, Farhad Khan's refusal made Abbas feel that he had been insulted. Due to Farhad Khan's arrogant behaviour and his suspected treason, he was seen as a threat to Abbas, so Abbas had him executed. Abbas then converted Gilan and Mazandaran into the crown domain ( 1389: 1035: 995:, one of the richest provinces in Persia. His power reached its peak in 1598, when he became the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces. Not only did the ghulam system allow the shah to control and manage the rival Qizilbash Turks and Persians, it also resolved budgetary problems, in the short term at least, for by restoring the Shah's complete control of the provinces formerly governed by the Qizilbash chiefs, the provinces' revenues now supplemented the royal treasury. From now on, government officials collected the taxes and remitted them directly to the royal treasury. In the harem, the Circassians and Georgians rapidly replaced the Turcoman factions and, as a result, gained a significant direct influence on the 635: 1368: 1251: 780:

government posts among his own friends, gradually confining Abbas to the palace. Meanwhile, the Uzbeks continued their conquest of Khorasan. When Abbas heard they were besieging his old friend Ali Qoli Khan Shamlu in Herat, he pleaded with Murshid to take action. Fearing a rival, Murshid did nothing until the news came that Herat had fallen and the Uzbeks had slaughtered the entire population. Only then did he set out on campaign to Khorasan. But Abbas planned to avenge the death of Ali Qoli Khan, and he arranged for four Qizilbash leaders to kill Murshid after a banquet on 23 July 1589. With Murshid gone, Abbas could now rule Iran in his own right.

938: 828: 1813: 555:. The new king's reign turned out to be short and murderous. The long years of imprisonment had left him suffering from paranoia, with the result that he saw enemies everywhere who had to be eliminated. First and foremost, he began murdering most of the members of Ustajlu tribe regardless of whether or not they had supported Haydar Mirza. He also executed people whose only crime was having held a position during Tahmasp's reign. The young Abbas was directly affected by his uncle's purge when a group of horsemen rushed into his guardian's house, Shah Qoli Sultan, and killed him. 514:(guardian). Abbas's Qizilbash guardians and their wives became substitute parents for him. He never saw his mother again and only saw his father fifteen years later. Abbas learnt the necessary skills of a soldier from his Qizilbash guardians. He played polo and went frequently on hunts. Like most of the Iranian kings, he developed a passion for hunting, which was regarded as a form of military training. Abbas was educated alongside household "slaves" (ghulams), who would have become his childhood companions. Some or perhaps most of them are likely to have been 1760: 57: 591:

the administration and made all the decisions, even in military matters. The Qizilbash were not happy to see her taking power. The divisions in the Safavid court encouraged rebellions in various parts of the country and the old Qizilbash rivalries rose again, with the Ustajlu and Shamlu tribes immediately confronting each other. Mohammad Khodabanda and the queen asked Ali-Qoli Khan to bring Abbas to Qazvin, fearing that Ali-Qoli Khan was conspiring to enthrone Abbas, but the Qizilbash amirs of Khorasan argued that with the threat of the

1700: 1797:, a town the shah had built for the Armenians primarily meant for these Armenians from Jugha ("Old Julfa"), near his capital Isfahan. Thousands of Armenians died on the journey. Those who survived enjoyed considerable religious freedom in New Julfa, where the shah built them a new cathedral. Abbas' aim was to boost the Iranian economy by encouraging the Armenian merchants who had moved to New Julfa. As well as religious liberties, he also offered them interest-free loans and allowed the town to elect its own mayor ( 1510:; however Saakadze intercepted a courier and uncovered the plot. Saakadze then defected to the Georgians, and led a new rebellion which succeeded in throwing the Persians out of Kartli and Kakheti while crowning Teimuraz as king of both territories. Abbas counterattacked in June, won the subsequent war and dethroned Teimuraz, but lost half his army at the hands of the Georgians and was forced to accept Kartli and Kakheti only as vassal states while abandoning his plans to eliminate Christians from the area. 1272: 2984: 2119: 658:, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak. The Takkalu tribe eventually seized the power in Qazvin and proceeded to purge a number of prominent Shamlu members, among them being the mother and father of Ali-Qoli Khan. This angered Ali-Qoli Khan and, just as the queen had predicted, in 1581, he took arms against the crown and made his ward, the ten-year-old Abbas, the figurehead of a rebellion in Khorasan by proclaiming him Shah of Iran. Ali-Qoli and Murshid Qoli Khan took control of 2100: 1852: 721:

on the way, came to pledge their allegiance. By the time they approached Qazvin, their small force had increased to 2,000 armed horsemen. The lord mayor of Qazvin and the Qizilbash amirs inside the city at first urged resistance. But they gave up when crowds of citizens and soldiers, anxious to avoid fighting, came out onto the streets and voiced their support for Abbas, who rode into the capital beside Murshid Qoli Khan in late-September 1587.

1572: 1885: 1685: 2041: 495:. The nominal governorship of Herat was handed over to Abbas. At first, Tahmasp intended to make Hamza the governor of Herat, but Khayr al-Nisa Begum was unwilling to be separated from Hamza, who was her favourite son. So she persuaded the king to appoint Abbas instead. The fact that Abbas was still a baby was not considered an obstacle, as Tahmasp himself had been appointed titular governor of Khorasan at the age of two. 2156:

in the harem, their exclusion from the affairs of state and from contact with the leading aristocracy of the empire and the generals, all the abuses of the princes' education, which were nothing new but which became the normal practice with Abbas at the court of Isfahan, effectively put a stop to the training of competent successors, that is to say, efficient princes prepared to meet the demands of ruling as kings."

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blinding was only partially successful and the prince's followers planned to smuggle him out of the country to safety with the Mughals whose aid they would use to overthrow Abbas and install Mohammed on the throne. But the plot was betrayed, the prince's followers were executed and the prince himself imprisoned in the fortress of Alamut where he would later be murdered by Abbas' successor, Shah Safi.

728:. When the news reached them, the amirs decided to abandon the shah and his heir for Abbas Mirza. Mohammad Khodabanda decide that he had no choice but to abdicate. On 1 October 1587, at a ceremony in the palace in Qazvin, he placed his crown on the head of his seventeen-year-old son, who ascended the throne as Abbas I. Murshid Qoli Khan, to whom Abbas owed the crown, was rewarded with the title of 1486:

his invasion after brokering a truce with the Ottomans. Now Iranian rule was fully restored over eastern Georgia. In a punitive expedition to Kakhetia, his army then killed perhaps 60,000–70,000 or 100,000 Georgians, with twice as many more being deported to Iran, removing about two-thirds of the Kakhetian population. More refugees were rounded up in 1617. In 1619 Abbas appointed the loyal

679:. He remained as the governor and as Abbas' guardian and even received a reward from the shah. Mohammad Khodabanda removed Ali-Qoli Khan's old enemy, Morteza Quli Khan Pornak, from his position as governor of Mashhad and replaced him with an Ustajlu amir. According to Iskandar Beg Monshi, many came to believe Abbas Mirza's claim would eventually prevail over Hamza Mirza's. 675:, where Murshid Qoli was in control, and on Herat, where both Ali-Qoli Khan and Abbas resided. Both attempts proved futile. Upon hearing the news of another Ottoman attack on northwest Iran, the leading ministers of the campaign hurriedly reached an agreement with Ali-Qoli Khan. The former rebel suffered no repercussions and only had to pledge loyalty to Hamza Mirza as the 1992:, the chief opponent of the Ottomans in Europe. Abbas offered trading rights and the chance to preach Christianity in Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. But the stumbling block of Hormuz remained, a port that had fallen into Spanish hands when the King of Spain inherited the throne of Portugal in 1580. The Spanish demanded Abbas break off relations with the 2970: 913:

represented a serious threat to the ruler or could lead to unnecessary court intrigues. For Tahmasp, the problem revolved around the military tribal elite of the empire, the Qizilbash, who believed that physical proximity to and control of a member of the immediate Safavid family guaranteed spiritual advantages, political fortune and material advancement.

2060:. Shortly after, Mohammed Baqir broke protocol during a hunt by killing a boar before the shah had a chance to put his spear in the animal. This seemed to confirm Abbas' suspicions and he sunk into melancholy; he no longer trusted any of his three sons. In 1615, he decided he had no choice but to have Mohammed killed. A Circassian named 863:(a word literally meaning "slaves"). From these newly introduced slaves, the Shah created a military force of up to 37,000 soldiers, completely funded by the Crown. This weakened the power that the Qizilbash had against the crown significantly as they no longer had a "military monopoly" in Iran. Like the 2130:

Abbas projected great military power, regained most of the lands lost by his predecessors, and adopted a set of forward-looking policies designed to optimise military strength, centralise state control, and expand Iran’s internal and international commercial scope. He paired ruthlessness with justice

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and Qazvin, which they could use as bargaining chips in exchange for other territories. The shah decided to lay a trap. He would allow the Ottomans to enter the country, then destroy them. He had Tabriz evacuated of its inhabitants while he waited at Ardabil with his army. In 1618, an Ottoman army of

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Learning from his grandfather, Abbas (who had been used by the vying Qizilbash factions during his youth) decided to encourage this new (Caucasian) grouping in Iranian society, as he realised that he must impose his authority on the Qezelbāš or remain their puppet. So Abbas single-handedly encouraged

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slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military. With the help of these newly created layers in Iranian society (initiated by his predecessors but significantly expanded during his rule), Abbas managed to eclipse the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, the royal house,

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Having momentarily secured the region, Abbas took further acts of revenge for the recalcitrance of Teimuraz and Luarsab. He castrated Teimuraz's sons, who both died shortly afterwards. He executed Luarsab in 1622, and in 1624 he had Ketevan, who had been sent to the Shah as a negotiator, tortured to

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invaded and easily seized Tabriz. The vizier sent an ambassador to the shah demanding he make peace and return the lands taken since 1602. Abbas refused and pretended he was ready to set fire to Ardabil and retreat further inland rather than face the Ottoman army. When Halil Pasha heard the news, he

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The Safavids had not yet beaten their archrival, the Ottomans, in battle. After a particularly arrogant series of demands from the Ottoman ambassador, the Shah had him seized, had his beard shaved and sent it to his master, the sultan, in Constantinople. This was effectively a declaration of war. In

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Abbas greatly increased the number of cannon at his disposal so that he could field 500 cannon in a single battle. Ruthless discipline was enforced and looting was severely punished. Abbas was also able to draw on military advice from a number of European envoys, particularly the English adventurers

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from the very beginning of Safavid rule and they also occupied many posts in the government. As a result, effective power in the state in the early days of the dynasty was held by the Qizilbash, leaving the shah often powerless. To counterbalance their power and as a decisive answer to this problem,

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rejects the view that the death of Abbas marked the beginning of the decline of the Safavid dynasty as Iran continued to prosper throughout the 17th century, but blames him for the poor statesmanship of the later Safavid shahs: "The elimination of royal princes, whether by blinding or immuring them

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view, Abbas "was a talented administrator and military leader, and a ruthless autocrat. His reign was the outstanding creative period of the Safavid era. But the civil wars and troubles of his childhood (when many of his relatives were murdered) left him with a dark twist of suspicion and brutality

2138:: "Shah Abbas I possessed in abundance qualities which entitle him to be styled 'the Great'. He was a brilliant strategist and tactician whose chief characteristic was prudence. He preferred to obtain his ends by diplomacy rather than war, and showed immense patience in pursuing his objectives." In 2075:

In 1621, Abbas fell seriously ill. His heir, Mohammed Khodabanda, thought he was on his deathbed and began to celebrate his accession to the throne with his Qizilbash supporters. But the shah recovered and punished his son by blinding him, which would disqualify him from ever taking the throne. The

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and Muhammad Qasim. Despite the ascetic roots of the Ṣafavid dynasty and the religious injunctions restricting the pleasures lawful to the faithful, the art of Abbas' time denoted a certain relaxation of the strictures. The portrait by Muhammad Qasim suggests that the Muslim prohibition against the

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During the first ten days of Ramadan 1586, Abbas, his guardian and a small escort of not more than a few hundred horsemen, decided to ride towards Qazvin. As they rode along the Silk Road, Qizilbash amirs from the powerful Takkalu, Afshar and Zul al-Qadr tribes, who controlled many of the key towns

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Unexpectedly, Abbas now chose as heir the son of Mohammed Baqir Mirza, Sam Mirza, a cruel and introverted character who was said to loathe his grandfather because of his father's murder. Nevertheless, he did succeed Shah Abbas at the age of 17 in 1629, taking the name Shah Safi. Abbas's health was

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Teimuraz returned to eastern Georgia in 1615, taking advantage of a resurgence in Ottoman–Safavid hostilities, and there he defeated a Safavid force. However, when the Ottoman army postponed its invasion of the Safavids, Abbas was able to briefly send an army back to defeat Teimuraz, and redoubled

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of the neighbouring Ottoman Empire. Their arrival in such large numbers led to the formation of a new grouping in Iranian society solely composed of ethnic Caucasians. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organised until Abbas' reign, during Tahmasp's time Caucasians would already become

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After the queen's death, Hamza Mirza, aged eleven, was proclaimed crown prince. The Qizilbash found no reason to fear a child. So they took control over the realm while fighting among themselves over the division of power. The conflict was most intense at the court in Qazvin and in Khorasan, where

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On 11 or 13 February 1578, Mohammad Khodabanda was chosen by the Qizilbash as the new shah. The new shah appeared weak, indifferent and incompetent. In these circumstances power soon passed into other hands. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was a strong-willed woman. She took complete charge of

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Ismail then turned on his family. He ordered the execution of many of his half-brothers, cousins and nephews. He spared Mohammad Khodabandae, possibly because they were full-brothers and perhaps because Mohammad Khodabanda was already blind and disqualified as a possible claimant to the throne. In

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Abbas gained strong support from the common people. Sources report him spending much of his time among them, personally visiting bazaars and other public places in Isfahan. Short in stature but physically strong until his health declined in his final years, Abbas could go for long periods without

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bordering the Ottoman Empire. From 1604 Abbas implemented a "scorched earth" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy that involved the forced resettlement of up to 300,000 Armenians from their homelands. The Armenians came primarily

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corps. Many of those deported from the Caucasus settled in various regions of Iran and became craftsmen, farmers, cattle breeders, traders, soldiers, generals, governors and peasants within Iranian society. As part of the ghulam slave system, Abbas greatly expanded the ghulam military corps (also

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before they would consider relinquishing the town. Abbas was unable to comply. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his 400,000+ Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the

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Abbas threatened Imeretia with devastation if they did not give up the fugitive kings; the Imeretian, Mingrelian and Gurian rulers jointly refused his demand. Luarsab, however, surrendered voluntarily to the Shah; Abbas initially treated him well but when he learned that Luarsab and Teimuraz had

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Tahmasp I, the second Safavid shah, had realised, by looking at his own empire and that of the neighbouring Ottomans, that he faced ongoing threats from dangerous rival factions and internal family rivalries that were a threat to him as the head of state. If not properly managed, these rivalries

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Firstly, Abbas settled his score with his mother's killers, executing three of the ringleaders of the plot and exiling four others. His next task was to free himself from the power of Murshid Qoli Khan. Murshid made Abbas marry Hamza's widow and a Safavid cousin, and began distributing important

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and destroyed the fortress in the city, which the Ottomans had planned to use as an advance base for attacks on Iran. The next year, Abbas pretended he was setting off on a hunting expedition to Mazandaran with his men. This was merely a ruse to deceive the Ottoman spies in his court – his real

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In the meantime, in Khorasan, Murshid Qoli Khan emerged as a rival to Ali-Qoli. He successfully seized Mashhad and abducted Abbas from Ali-Qoli's possession. An Uzbek invasion advanced through Khorasan and laid siege to Herat. This threatened Murshid Qoli's position who realised it was his last

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The increasing numbers of Georgians and Circassians in the Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state vied with the Qizilbash for power and as a result also became involved in court intrigues. This competition for influence saw queens (and their supporters in the harem, court and

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ghulams. Abbas then reduced the number of Qizilbash provincial governorships and systematically moved Qizilbash governors to other districts, thus disrupting their ties with the local community and reducing their power. Most were eventually replaced by ghulams, whose loyalty was to the shah.

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Abbas' tolerance towards most Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. The idea of such an anti-Ottoman alliance was not a new one – over a century before,

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where the queen resided and strangled Khayr al-Nisa Begum. Although Abbas was still only a boy and barely knew his mother, her murder at the hands of the Qizilbash made a deep impression on him. That experience probably led to his belief that the power of the Qizilbash had to be broken.

1291:, a town that had become one of the main Ottoman strongholds in the Caucasus since the Safavids had ceded it in 1590. It finally fell in June 1604 and with it the Ottomans lost the support of most Armenians, Georgians and other Caucasians. But Abbas was unsure how the new Sultan 1205:, Baqi Muhammad Khan attempted to retake Balkh and Abbas found his troops were still no match for the Uzbeks. By 1603, the battle lines had stabilized, albeit with the loss of the majority of the Persian artillery. Abbas was able to hold onto most of Khorassan, including Herat, 344:

Although Abbas would preside over the apex of Safavid Iran's military, political and economic power, he came to the throne during a troubled time for the country. Under the ineffective rule of his father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the

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in 1602. Although the expedition never managed to return to Iran, being shipwrecked on the journey around Africa, it marked an important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe and Europeans began to be fascinated by the Iranians and their culture – Shakespeare's 1601–02

893:(by conquest and slave trade), had converted or had been converted to Islam, and had taken up service in the army, royal household or the civil administration, and were loyal only to the shah. Under Abbas' leadership this new grouping in Iranian society (also called the 1548:

After the conquest, he was very conciliatory to Jahangir, claiming he had only taken back what was rightly his and disavowing any further territorial ambitions. Jahangir was not appeased but he was unable to recapture the province. A childhood friend of Abbas, named

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had there been such a comprehensive example of town-planning in the Islamic world, and the scope and layout of the city centre clearly reflect its status as the capital of an empire." Isfahan became the centre of Safavid architectural achievement, with the mosques

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In making Isfahan the centre of Safavid Empire, Abbas utilized the Armenian people, whom he had forcibly relocated to Isfahan from their Armenian homelands. Once they were settled, he allowed them considerable freedom and encouraged them to continue in their

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Abbas was then warned of another imminent Kakhetian uprising, so he returned to Georgia in early 1625. He lured Kakhetian soldiers on a false pretext and then began executing them. He also had plans to execute all armed Kartlians, including his own general

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chance to enthrone Abbas. Many of the Qizilbash amirs gave their assurance of their support for placing Abbas on the throne. After learning that Mohammad Khodabanda had left Qazvin to confront rebels in the south, Murshid Qoli Khan decided to strike.

1067:), and to a much lesser extent Iranians, to fight alongside the traditional, feudal force provided by the Qizilbash. The new army regiments' loyalty was to the Shah. The new army consisted of 10,000 to 15,000 cavalry or squires (conscripted Caucasian 2167:

organization, although he was equally at ease speaking Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, of the majority of the population, as well as of the court when Isfahan became the capital under his reign (1598). According to

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Several years of peace followed as the Ottomans carefully planned their response. But their secret training manoeuvres were observed by Iranian spies. Abbas learnt that the Ottoman plan was to invade Iran via Azerbaijan, take Tabriz then move on to

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increased its role as an important part of Persian industry and culture, as wealthy Europeans started importing Persian rugs. Silk production became a monopoly of the crown, and manuscripts, bookbinding, and ceramics were also important exports.

1450:, they did not appear as they feared that they would be either imprisoned or killed. At this point war broke out, Iranian armies invaded the two territories in March 1614, and the two allied kings subsequently sought refuge in the Ottoman vassal 1540:

seized Kandahar. Abbas continued to maintain cordial relations with the Mughals, even though he pursued the return of Kandahar. Finally, in 1620, a diplomatic incident, in which the Iranian ambassador refused to bow down in front of the Emperor

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Even then, Saakadze and Teimuraz launched another rebellion in 1626, and were effective in clearing Iranian forces from most of the region. Thus, the Georgian territories continued to resist Safavid encroachments until Abbas' death.

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decided to march on Ardabil right away. This was just what Abbas wanted. His army of 40,000 was hiding at a crossroads on the way and they ambushed the Ottoman army in a battle, which ended in complete victory for the Iranians.

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Circassian and Georgian slaves (30,000 in just four raids). These slaves would form the basis of a Safavid military slave system. These slaves would serve a similar role in their formation, implementation and use to the

755:) and the Uzbeks had overrun half of Khorasan in the north-east. Iran itself was riven by fighting between the various factions of the Qizilbash, who had mocked royal authority by killing the queen in 1579 and the 436:, making the city the pinnacle of Safavid architecture. In his later years, following a court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, Abbas became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded. 1675:

trade. Silk was an integral part of the economy and considered to be the best form of hard currency available. The Armenians had already established trade networks that allowed Abbas to strengthen Iran's economy.

5138:. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian" 1132:, since Khan Ahmad Khan had no male successor. Khan Ahmad Khan disagreed due to the age of his daughter. This resulted in a Safavid invasion of Gilan in 1591 under the leadership of one of Abbas' favourites, 7111: 1081:(also 12,000 strong). In addition Abbas had a personal bodyguard, composed of Caucasian ghulams, that was increased to 3,000. This force amounted to about 40,000 soldiers paid for and beholden to the Shah. 1876:

for military aid – but none of the Safavids had made diplomatic overtures to Europe and Abbas' attitude was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller

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Abbas' first campaign with his reformed army was against the Uzbeks who had seized Khorasan and were ravaging the province. In April 1598 he went on the attack. One of the two main cities of the province,

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bureaucracy) compete against each other in order to get their own sons on the throne. This competition increased under Abbas and his successors which weakened the dynasty considerably. Abbas' own son and

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Imam Qoli Mirza, the third and last son, then became the crown prince. Abbas groomed him carefully for the throne but, for some reason, in 1627, he had him partially blinded and imprisoned in Alamut.

1753: 1351:, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi'ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad. However, Abbas was then distracted by a rebellion in Georgia in 1624 led by 1780:

was astonished at the Shah's knowledge of Christian history and theology and establishing diplomatic links with European Christian states was a vital part of the shah's foreign policy. Christian

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consumption of wine, as well as that against male intimacy, "were more honoured in the breach than in the observance". Abbas brought in 300 Chinese potters to Iran to enhance local production of

6515: 6216: 698:. On 5 December 1586, he was assassinated by his personal barber, who may have had been bribed by a group of Qizilbash conspirators. This assassination provided a pathway for Abbas' ascension. 1908: 966:

from the Caucasus to Persia's heartland, with a significant number gaining responsibilities and roles in Iranian society, including some of the highest positions of the state, including the

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had little interest in fighting against the Ottomans. The Shirley brothers arrived in 1598 and helped reorganise the Iranian army, which proved to be pivotal for the Safavid victory in the

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In 1638, however, after Abbas' death, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Iranian–Ottoman border was finalised to be roughly the same as the current Iran–Turkey and Iran–Iraq borders.

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from his court upon hearing he was a Christian. For his part, Abbas declared that he "preferred the dust from the shoe soles of the lowest Christian to the highest Ottoman personage".

1446:; both seemed like malleable youths. However, tensions soon arose between the Shah and the Georgian kings. In 1613, when the Shah summoned them to join him on a hunting expedition in 2052:(born 1587; better known in the West as Safi Mirza). In 1614, however, during a campaign in Georgia, the shah heard rumours that the prince was conspiring against him with a leading 7074: 460:, the second Shah of Safavid Iran. He chose the name Abbas for the infant. Abbas' father, Mohammad Khodabanda, was the governor of Herat, the capital city of the major province of 3913: 1839:

tortured to death when she refused. Abbas's anger at Georgian rebelliousness also generated his plan to deport or exterminate eastern Georgia's Christians and replace them with

468:, describes Mohammad Khodabanda as ‘a pious, ascetic and gentle soul’. Abbas' mother, Khayr al-Nisa Begum, was the daughter of Mir Abdollah II, a local ruler in the province of 7194: 1220:

Abbas' north-east frontier was now safe for the time being and he could turn his attention to the Ottomans in the west. After defeating the Uzbeks, he moved his capital from

1172:. In response, in 1598 Abbas invaded his domains and besieged Kojur. Jahangir managed to flee, but was captured and killed by a pro-Safavid Paduspanid named Hasan Lavasani. 1711:

Abbas' painting studios (of the Isfahan school established under his patronage) created some of the finest art in modern Iranian history, by such illustrious painters as

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Kouymjian, Dickran (2004). "1: Armenia From the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Emigration under Shah Abbas (1604)". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).

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tribe to Herat to kill the young Abbas. Ali-Qoli delayed Abbas' execution, giving as a reason that it would be "inappropriate" to execute an "innocent" descendant of a

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Abbas was more intolerant of Christians in Georgia, where the threat of rebellion loomed larger. Abbas frequently demanded that nobles convert to Shia Islam, and had

1545:, led to war. India was embroiled in civil turmoil and Abbas realized that he needed just a lightning raid to take back the far easternmost town of Kandahar in 1622. 1059:

took swaths of territory from Iran. He also used military reorganisation as another way of side-lining the Qizilbash. He created a standing army of many thousands of

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and dealt harshly with threats to his power, while remaining in touch with his people. All these qualities eventually entitled him to be styled as Abbas the Great.

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For the first time, the Iranians made great use of their artillery and the town – which had been ruined by Ottoman occupation – soon fell. Abbas set off to besiege

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Havva Begum (died 1617, Zanjan), married firstly to Mirza Riza Shahristani (Sadr), married secondly to Mirza Rafi al-Din Muhammad (Sadr), and had issue three sons;

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needing to sleep or eat and could ride great distances. At the age of 19, Abbas shaved off his beard, keeping only his moustache, thus setting a fashion in Iran.

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in 1598. Embellished by a magnificent series of new mosques, baths, colleges, and caravansarais, Isfahan became one of the most beautiful cities in the world. As

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target was Azerbaijan. He changed course for Qazvin where he assembled a large army and set off to retake Tabriz, which had been in Ottoman hands for some time.

609:. The Safavid armies suffered several defeats before Khayr al-Nisa Begum organised a counter-offensive. Together with her son, Hamza Mirza and the grand vizier, 1055:

Abbas needed ten years to get his army into shape so that he could effectively confront his Ottoman and Uzbek enemies. During this period, the Uzbeks and the

464:. Mohammad Khodanbanda was disqualified from succeeding his father because an eye disease had left him almost completely blind. The Safavid court chronicler, 541:, proclaimed himself king with the support of the Ustajlu tribe and the powerful court Georgians. However, he was immediately overthrown and killed by the 357:, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a 783:

Abbas decided he must re-establish order within Iran before he took on the foreign invaders. To this end he made a humiliating peace treaty, known as the

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The empire Abbas inherited was in a desperate state. The Ottomans had seized vast territories in the west and the north-west (including the major city of

537:

On 14 May 1576, Tahmasp I died without a designated heir, which led to the realm descending into civil war. The following day, Tahmasp I's favourite son,

6577: 1494:) as a puppet ruler of Kakheti, while placing a series of his own governors to rule over districts where the rebellious inhabitants were mostly located. 547:(the royal bodyguards). After his death, with the support of the majority of the Qizilbash tribes and the endorsement of Tahmasp's influential daughter, 1985:, for men—were enthusiastically adopted by European aristocrats. Henceforward, the number of diplomatic missions to and from Persia greatly increased. 724:

Mohammad Khodabanda and his heir apparent, Abu Taleb Mirza, and their entourage of Ustajlu and Shamlu amirs, were camped 200 miles away in the city of

1816: 1295:, would respond and withdrew from the region using scorched earth tactics. For a year, neither side made a move, but in 1605, Abbas sent his general 6667: 1201:. This would be a short-lived victory and he would eventually have to settle on controlling only some of this conquest after the new ruler of the 975:, "crown servants") from just a few hundred during Tahmasp's era, to 15,000 highly trained cavalrymen, as part of a whole army division of 40,000 491:

When Abbas was barely eighteen months old, he was separated from his father and his mother, who were transferred by Tahmasp to govern the city of

3088:

Stefan Sperl, C. Shackle, Nicholas Awde, "Qasida poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa", Brill Academic Pub; Set Only edition (February 1996), p. 193

7481: 7171: 6321: 5755: 1528:

The Safavids were traditionally allied with the Mughals in India against the Uzbeks, who coveted the province of Khorasan. The Mughal emperor

1388: 2048:

Of Abbas' five sons, three had survived past childhood, so the Safavid succession seemed secure. He was on good terms with the crown prince,

2032:

and other commodities for silk, with did not become very profitable due to the lack of Persian interest and small quantity of English goods.

1383: 390: 621:. But her attempt to dictate the campaign strategy angered the Qizilbash amirs. Eventually, on 26 July 1579, the Qizilbash stormed into the 1011:, was caught in the court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, which eventually led to him being executed under Abbas' orders. 5883: 5687: 5558: 5480: 5282: 3908: 5636: 5597: 7065: 4127: 7043: 1104:, in conjunction with Robert Shirley, undertook further reorganizations of the army, which led to a further increase in the number of 3036: 3031: 1935: 7180: 7729: 7573: 1034: 2024:

between 1609 and 1615. The English East India Company also began to take an interest in Iran and in 1622 four of its ships helped

6847: 6371:. Vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. 2021: 2013: 1917: 1408: 1237: 606: 394: 341:, he is generally considered one of the most important rulers in Iranian history and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. 7016: 6490: 1148:, travelled to the court of the Abbas, where he handed over his domains to him, and spend the rest of his life on an estate at 7149: 7254: 7219: 6754: 6719: 6692: 6540: 6428: 6272: 6245: 6158: 6020: 6001: 5974: 5877: 5850: 5800: 5681: 5630: 5591: 5552: 5513: 5474: 5432: 5405: 5380: 5318: 5276: 3874: 3849: 1367: 5806: 5716: 5519: 5438: 5324: 1482:

offered an alliance with the Ottomans he demanded that Luarsab accept Islam. When Luarsab refused, he was thrown in prison.

7724: 7719: 7473: 6971: 6096: 1073: 5544:

Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries

671:

In the following year, an army from western Iran advanced into Khorasan to resolve the situation. This army laid siege to

7704: 1344: 7022: 2263:

Olghan Pasha Khanum (m. 1587), daughter of Husayn Mirza, son of Bahram Mirza Safavi, and widow of Hamza Mirza;

2181: 7398: 6661: 6403: 5921: 5749: 4764: 4725: 3928: 3895: 3101:, translated by Janet Watson, Marian Hill, Edition: 2, illustrated, published by Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 80 1998: 1523: 1250: 1094: 17: 2028:. The capture of Ormuz gave the opportunity for the Company to develop trade with Persia, attempting to trade English 7413: 7327: 7300: 7099: 6996: 6957: 6926: 6891: 6872: 6833: 6810: 6783: 6629: 6602: 6563: 6476: 6376: 6349: 6291: 6189: 6082: 6051: 5944: 5205: 5127: 3051: 2134:

Abbas I is generally considered one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. According to

1562: 1356: 1245: 909:

becoming an integral part of Iranian society and taking up key government, royal household and military positions.

1536:

as a reward for helping him regain his throne. In 1590, profiting from the confusion in Iran, Humayun's successor

2016:

and the first Safavid victory in battle over their neighbouring Ottoman archrivals. One of the Shirley brothers,

1785: 1255: 851: 382: 920:

region which provided battle experience for his soldiers, as well as leading to the capture of large numbers of

650:

Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu, and his principal ally, Murshid Qoli Khan Ustajlu, had for some time been at war with the

3920: 6551: 991:, had become one of the most powerful men in the Safavid state when he was appointed the Governor-General of 634: 7754: 6778:]. Persian Heritage (in Arabic and English). Translated by Savory, Roger M. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 2151: 477: 7458: 7345:

Wilson, Richard (March 2010). "When Golden Time Convents: Twelfth Night and Shakespeare's Eastern Promise".

2463:

Princess Izz-i-Sharif Begum, married to Sayyid Abdullah, son of Mirza Muhammad Shafi. she had issue, a son:

1343:

In 1623, Abbas decided to take back Mesopotamia, which had been lost by his grandfather Tahmasp through the

7744: 7566: 4718:

From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa

3910:

From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa

2147:

described him as "exceptionally perspicacious and active," but also "a murderous paranoiac when aroused."

1809:, but the climate was unhealthy and malarial. Many settlers died and others gradually abandoned the city. 1071:) armed with muskets and other weapons (then the largest cavalry in the world), a corps of musketeers, or 7739: 6215:. Vol. IV: Bāyjū – Carpets. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 818–819. Archived from 2291:

Fatima Sultan Begum also known a Peri and Lela, née Tinatin (married 1604 – div.), daughter of King

1022:

would continue to play a crucial role during the rest of the Safavid era and later until the fall of the

954:. It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000 to 200,000 Georgians, tens of thousands of 3016: 2192:

Abbas was also a charismatic orator who could persuade and influence people with his eloquence. Classic

2169: 7749: 7734: 7533: 7165: 7059: 6651: 3046: 1498:

death when she refused to renounce Christianity. Teimuraz, meanwhile, sought aid from the Ottomans and

67: 6112:

Cole, Juan R. I. (May 1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shi'ism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800".

5673:

Isfahan and its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi'ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran

3026: 2308: 2123: 2088: 1592: 1355:

thus allowing an Ottoman force to besiege Baghdad, but the Shah came to its relief the next year and

1241: 784: 183: 157: 855:

Abbas turned to the newly introduced members of Iranian society (an initiative put in place by Shah

7582: 6310: 5739: 1652: 1553:, was then appointed as the governor of the city, which he would govern until his death in 1624/5. 1276: 937: 827: 543: 7469: 5622:

The Lives of Girls and Women from the Islamic World in Early Modern British Literature and Culture

7559: 7517: 2457: 2025: 1860: 1805:

and Mazandaran. These were less lucky. Abbas wanted to establish a second capital in Mazandaran,

1603: 1576: 1566: 1463: 976: 583:). This dealy saved Abbas' life, for on 24 November 1577, Ismail II died from consuming poisoned 299: 1458:, was infuriated by what was perceived as the defection of two of his most trusted subjects and 349:

army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, its arch-rival the

6828:. Vol. X: Fisheries – Gindaros. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 284–285. 3887: 1978: 7423: 7033: 5867: 5671: 5542: 5464: 5266: 4756: 4750: 2172:, the Spanish ambassador to the Safavid court during Abbas' later reign, he heard Abbas speak 385:, enabled him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces, including 361:

and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. However, Abbas soon seized power for himself.

7419: 6882:

Roemer, H. R. (1986). "5: The Safavid Period". In Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence (eds.).

6647: 5620: 5581: 2500:

Malik Nissa Begum, married to Mir Jalal Shahristani, the mutvalli of the shrine of Imam Riza;

2473: 2378: 2084: 1901: 1806: 1664: 1648: 1420: 1371: 1316: 1303:. On 6 November 1605 the Iranians, led by Abbas, scored a decisive victory over the Ottomans 1133: 942: 42: 6267:. Vol. 1: Strategic Information and Developments. International Business Publications. 4119: 551:, Ismail Mirza, who had been imprisoned by his father for twenty years, was crowned king as 207: 7714: 7709: 7656: 6886:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6471:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Bayhaqī. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 385–391. 6286:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6077:. Vol. III: Ātaš – Beyhaqi. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 774–776. 2467: 2453: 2321: 2250: 2049: 1982: 1416: 1129: 1008: 560: 7461:, in association with Iran Heritage Foundation, 19 February – 14 June 2009, 2332:, Gilan), was Governor of Mashhad 1587–1588, and of Hamadan 1591–1592. Married firstly at 8: 7624: 7526: 2855: 2801: 2621: 2160: 2061: 1967: 1812: 1455: 1447: 1116:

During the 1590s, Abbas moved to depose the provincial rulers of Persia. He started with

759: 610: 587:, and Ali-Qoli Khan assumed the governorship of Herat and the role of guardian of Abbas. 538: 469: 465: 453: 449: 338: 268: 258: 95: 6240:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3679:

Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East" (Westview Press, 2013) p. 50

1759: 7648: 7370: 7141: 6233: 6137: 5232:

The Waning of the Qizilbash: The Spiritual and the Temporal in Seventeenth Century Iran

4746: 3870: 2449: 2292: 2285: 2281: 2057: 2009: 1993: 1873: 1836: 1777: 1744:. In 1601, he made a pilgrimage on foot from Isfahan to Mashhad, site of the shrine of 1693: 1656: 1487: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1428: 1312: 1210: 672: 639: 596: 481: 354: 6821: 6342:

The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran

5346: 1197:

By 1599, Abbas had conquered not only Herat and Mashhad, but had moved as far east as

56: 7551: 7429: 7409: 7394: 7374: 7362: 7333: 7323: 7306: 7296: 7279: 7260: 7250: 7233: 7225: 7215: 7186: 7128: 7095: 7002: 6992: 6963: 6953: 6932: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6897: 6887: 6868: 6839: 6829: 6806: 6789: 6779: 6746: 6725: 6715: 6698: 6688: 6657: 6635: 6625: 6608: 6598: 6569: 6559: 6536: 6482: 6472: 6451: 6434: 6424: 6382: 6372: 6355: 6345: 6297: 6287: 6268: 6251: 6241: 6195: 6185: 6164: 6154: 6141: 6129: 6088: 6078: 6057: 6047: 6026: 6016: 5997: 5980: 5970: 5950: 5940: 5917: 5873: 5846: 5796: 5745: 5677: 5626: 5587: 5548: 5509: 5505:

European Georgia: (ethnogeopolitics in Caucasus and Ethnogenetical History of Europe)

5470: 5428: 5401: 5376: 5314: 5272: 5201: 5123: 4760: 4721: 3924: 3891: 2173: 2002: 1963: 1955: 1927: 1878: 1584: 1435: 1400: 1336: 1304: 1157: 1153: 804: 796: 508:

tribes called the Ustajlu tribe, was appointed as the actual governor and as Abbas's

414: 201: 7273: 6952:. Vol. I: Āb - Anāhid. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 71–75. 6464: 1981:', then the English term for the Shahs of Iran. Persian fashions—such as shoes with 1699: 1194:), and appointed Allahverdi Khan as the new commander-in-chief of the Safavid army. 1124:, who had disobeyed Abbas' orders when he requested that Khan Ahmad Khan's daughter 1097:

on an unofficial mission to persuade Persia to enter into an anti-Ottoman alliance.

7354: 7116: 6121: 5962: 3079:

George Lenczowski, "Iran under the Pahlavis", Hoover Institution Press, 1978, p. 79

3011: 2975: 2304: 2256:

A daughter of Mustafa Mirza (m. 1587), daughter of Mustafa Mirza, son of Shah

2139: 1897: 1893: 1467: 1392: 1347:. Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new Ottoman Sultan 1202: 1044: 548: 461: 406: 290: 228: 191: 7179:

Shakespeare, William (1863). Clark, William George; Wright, William Aldis (eds.).

6738: 3841: 7495: 7078: 5790: 5786: 5710: 5503: 5422: 5308: 3917: 3883: 3021: 2989: 2488: 2442: 2270: 2144: 1717: 1537: 1507: 1434:

In 1606, Abbas had appointed these Georgians onto the thrones of Safavid vassals

1352: 1296: 1117: 1101: 1086: 984: 916:

Therefore, between 1540 and 1555, Tahmasp conducted a series of invasions of the

831: 485: 248: 6945: 6070: 1997:

Emperor Rudolf signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans. Contacts with the Pope,

1271: 480:. She and Mohammad Khodabanda had already two children before Abbas, Hassan and 7640: 7543: 7210:

Starkey, Paul (2010). "Tawfīq Yūsuf Awwād (1911–1989)". In Allen, Roger (ed.).

7120: 6395: 3003: 2679: 2352: 2341: 2193: 2072:. The shah almost immediately regretted his action and was plunged into grief. 2017: 1989: 1913: 1768: 1724: 1631: 1090: 1056: 868: 835: 603: 422: 350: 105: 7358: 6612: 6125: 2389:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1621. Had issue, one daughter: 1283:

of the severed heads of Ottoman soldiers. Drawn by a European traveller, 1603.

7698: 7664: 7366: 7229: 7132: 6750: 6133: 5676:. Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art. Edinburgh University Press. p. 109. 4752:

A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)

3876:

A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present)

2438: 2111: 1973: 1889: 1660: 1606: 1550: 1462:. He deported 30,000 Kakhetian peasants to Iran, and appointed a grandson of 1023: 992: 676: 398: 5122:, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003, 2412:, Qazvin) Blinded on the orders of his father, 1627. He had issue, one son: 2118: 7586: 5909: 5424:

Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson

2595: 2274: 2266: 2135: 2065: 1824: 1745: 1741: 1635: 1610: 1588: 1333: 1280: 1137: 1125: 1004: 996: 963: 921: 756: 510: 473: 327: 175: 146: 125: 6514:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 816–819. Archived from 5625:. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. p. 30. 2983: 2040: 1966:

gave the travellers a long audience. They finally arrived at the court of

5843:

Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran

5469:. Hakluyt Society, Second Series. Taylor & Francis. pp. 431–32. 2392:

Gawhar Shad Begum, married to Mirza Qazi, the Shaykh-ul-Islam of Isfahan;

2099: 2053: 1939: 1869: 1749: 1712: 1609:

from the Portuguese. He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port,

1161: 1064: 955: 926: 902: 882: 864: 579: 523: 410: 369: 129: 1851: 1575:

The island of Hormuz was captured by an Anglo-Persian force in the 1622

950:

the growth in influence and power of this new grouping, also called the

822: 682:

Meanwhile, Hamza Mirza was preoccupied with pushing the Ottomans out of

599:

raiding near Herat, the presence of a prince in the city was necessary.

7672: 2435:

Shahzada Begum, married to Mirza Mohsin Razavi. and had issue two sons;

2368: 2197: 1828: 1752:

was the religion of Iran's main rival, the Ottoman Empire, Abbas often

1737: 1475: 1214: 1141: 788: 695: 573: 381:

and the military. These actions, as well as his reforms of the Iranian

278: 82: 6712:

The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric

6535:. International Library of Iranian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 7680: 7616: 7608: 6558:. Vol. IX: Ethé – Fish. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 5371:

Munshī, I.; Beg, M.I.; Munšī, I.T.; Savory, R.; Bernhard, R. (1978).

3125:, chpt.Shah Abbas as the 'Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction' 2563: 2345: 2337: 2257: 2177: 2164: 1794: 1643: 1595: 1571: 1412: 1145: 988: 959: 906: 898: 886: 878: 856: 847: 812: 691: 687: 552: 519: 515: 505: 457: 377: 373: 346: 6917:

Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts

5466:

Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605: Volumes I and II

1884: 1856: 1684: 1319:

in 1612, effectively granting them back suzerainty over most of the

7600: 5427:. University of Utah Press. University of Utah Press. p. 242. 2797: 2771: 2537: 2107: 1840: 1820: 1704: 1542: 1533: 1348: 1320: 1308: 1300: 1264: 1206: 917: 808: 800: 792: 659: 651: 402: 142: 7310: 7264: 7237: 6729: 6702: 6438: 6386: 6359: 6255: 6199: 6168: 6030: 5984: 4711: 4709: 3793: 3791: 1776:

Abbas was usually tolerant of Christianity. The Italian traveller

49:Ṣāḥeb-i Qerān-i ʿAlāʾ (Supreme Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction) 7214:. Vol. 3: 1850–1950. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. 6622:

The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730

5135: 2405: 2398: 2333: 2325: 2298:

A sister of Ismail Khan, a Circassian, and Abbas' favourite wife;

1951: 1781: 1748:, which he restored (it had been despoiled by the Uzbeks). Since 1689: 1639: 1599: 1529: 1471: 1328: 1292: 1288: 1225: 1187: 873: 735: 664: 655: 618: 529: 433: 418: 386: 365: 243: 7433: 7337: 7283: 7190: 7006: 6967: 6936: 6901: 6843: 6793: 6639: 6573: 6486: 6455: 6301: 6092: 6061: 5954: 5347:"History Of Shah Abbas The Great Vol. 2 : Savory, Roger M." 2497:

Shahr Banu Begum, married to Mir Abdulazim, darughah of Isfahan;

1977:, for example, makes two references (at II.5 and III.4) to 'the 5131: 4706: 3788: 2466:

Sayyid Muhammad Daud, married to Shahr Banu Begum, daughter of

2420: 2409: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2359: 2044:

Shah Abbas in later life with a page. By Muhammad Qasim (1627).

1947: 1943: 1827:, the palace that was the main residence of Abbas the Great in 1627: 1499: 1221: 1169: 816: 752: 706: 683: 614: 592: 568: 564: 492: 429: 428:

Abbas was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from

5398:

Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World

1018:

system did not work as well as it had after the Safavids, the

5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5702: 5414: 5245: 5243: 5241: 2329: 2253: and Queen Anna of Kakheti, and mother of Zubayda Begum; 2200:, who lived a century after Abbas, mentioned him in the poem 2069: 2029: 1802: 1790: 1198: 1165: 1149: 1121: 931: 897:) grew in influence and power, with many thousands of ethnic 787:, with the Ottomans in 1590, ceding to them the provinces of 730: 638:

Prince ʽAbbās proclaimed Shah in Khorasan in 1581. Page from

622: 584: 445: 121: 6805:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 5996:. Library of Middle East History. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 5534: 2064:

executed the Shah's orders and the prince was murdered in a

1532:

had given Abbas' grandfather, Shah Tahmasp, the province of

686:. However, he became caught up in the rivalries between the 5930: 4457: 1959: 1672: 1311:, during the war Abbas also managed to capture what is now 1168:, killed two prominent Safavid nobles during a festival in 1152:, which Abbas had given to him. In 1597, Abbas deposed the 815:. This demeaning treaty even ceded the previous capital of 500: 358: 334: 330: 7247:

Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

6071:"Barda and Barda-Dāri v. Military Slavery in Islamic Iran" 6013:

Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend

5770: 5238: 5112: 4535: 1916:

being honoured by the Trumpets of Fame, together with the

1613:, nearby on the mainland, but it never became successful. 6595:

Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan

6533:

Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan

6151:

The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

6120:(2). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 177–203. 5540: 5389: 5141: 4720:. California: University of California Press. p. 1. 1442:, at the behest of Kartlian nobles and Teimuraz's mother 1411:, Abbas suppressed a rebellion led by his formerly loyal 725: 5364: 2301:

A daughter of Shaykh Lotfullah Maisi, a Shia theologian;

2008:

More came of Abbas' contacts with the English, although

1801:). Other Armenians were transferred to the provinces of 1731: 999:

Safavid bureaucracy and the court of the Safavid state.

309:; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as 7185:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Macmillan and Company. 6446:

Lockhart, Lawrence (1953). Arberry, Arthur John (ed.).

5708: 5028: 3276: 3274: 2246:

A Circassian concubine, mother of Mohammad Baqer Mirza;

7581: 5541:

Fukasawa, K.; Kaplan, B.J.; Beaurepaire, P.Y. (2017).

5339: 5040: 4451: 3842:"GEORGIA vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration" 3808: 3806: 3176: 1470:(also known as "Isā Khān"). Raised up at the court in 6178:

The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors

5420: 4547: 3549: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3482: 3444: 3442: 3427: 3415: 3391: 3355: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 2307:, daughter of Faramarz Amilakhori and sister of 823:

Reducing the Qizilbash's power and Caucasus invasions

321: 304: 6911:"Asia and Islam: Ancient Cultures, Modern Conflicts" 6685:

New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society

5931:

Asat'iani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997).

5651: 5421:

Dickson, M.B.; Mazzaoui, M.M.; Moreen, V.B. (1990).

5375:. Bibliotheca Persica. Westview Press. p. 220. 5370: 5100: 5052: 4741: 4739: 4737: 3343: 3319: 3271: 3200: 3145: 3143: 2965: 1736:

Like almost all other Safavid monarchs, Abbas was a

1454:. Abbas, as reported by the Safavid court historian 613:, she led an army north to confront the Ottoman and 4600: 4598: 4409: 4407: 3803: 3128: 2159:Abbas was fluent in the Turkic dialect used by the 533:

Ismail II, the third Shah of Iran and Abbas' uncle.

7110: 7015: 6914: 6450:. The Legacy Series. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 5583:Women and Islam in Early Modern English Literature 5395: 4419: 3518: 3494: 3470: 3439: 3403: 3379: 3367: 3331: 3286: 3259: 3247: 3212: 3188: 3155: 1688:The Statue of Shah Abbas, which was on display in 1362: 1077:, (12,000 strong) and a corp of artillery, called 425:, beyond the traditional territories of Dagestan. 7425:Zanzibar, the Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa 6282:Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence, eds. (1986). 4734: 4154: 3140: 3042:Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism 2083:poor from 1621 onwards. He died at his palace in 1988:The shah had set great store on an alliance with 1591:. In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of 690:tribes and angered his officers by executing the 476:who claimed descent from the fourth Shi'ia imam, 7696: 6421:A Global History of Pre-modern Islamic Societies 6369:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times 5495: 5271:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 54, 201 n. 4. 4595: 4404: 2336:, 1601, Princess Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of 1793:(also known as Jolfa). Many were transferred to 1602:. In 1622, with the help of four English ships, 6281: 6037: 5939:] (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. 5260: 5258: 5183: 5171: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4604: 4589: 4565: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4469: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4210: 4105: 4093: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3583: 2228:There are many who'd say they are good orators, 2087:on the Caspian coast in 1629 and was buried in 1478:, he was perceived as fully loyal to the Shah. 1263:the resulting conflict, Abbas first recaptured 421:and expanded Iranian rule and influence in the 61:Shah Abbas I in a 16th or 17th century portrait 5994:Slaves of the Shah: New Elites of Safavid Iran 5859: 5458: 5456: 5302: 5300: 5234:. Princeton University. pp. 91, 309, 310. 4019: 4017: 1111: 1063:(always conscripted from ethnic Georgians and 934:and in the civil and military administration. 930:important members of the royal household, the 7567: 7322:(7th ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. 7032:Savory, R.N. (1985). "ʿAlī-Qolī Khan Šāmlū". 6991:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6714:. Persian Studies. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 6624:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6423:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6153:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 5130:, p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from 3823: 3821: 2491:, and had issue four sons and four daughters; 2358:Sultan Suleiman Mirza (killed August 1632 at 2219: 2210: 2201: 2176:, which he had doubtlessly acquired from his 2035: 1556: 484:, and she gave birth to two more sons later: 7393:, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, 6114:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5738:Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund, eds. (2012). 5663: 5612: 5573: 5255: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 3113:, chpt. Shah Abbas and political legitimacy' 1872:, then ruler of part of Iran, had asked the 1756:living in western border provinces harshly. 1315:. The Persian victory was recognised in the 7178: 6646: 5737: 5453: 5297: 5249: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5195: 4875: 4745: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4063: 4061: 4014: 3797: 2231:Though nobody is as eloquent as Shah Abbas. 1843:, which has been described as "genocidal". 1789:from the wealthy Armenian merchant town of 1517: 1231: 7574: 7560: 7428:. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton and Company. 7170:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7023:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6505: 6046:] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin. 6038:Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998). 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5586:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 5501: 4442: 3818: 3772: 3708: 3706: 3704: 2351:Sultan Abul-Naser Sam Mirza, succeeded as 2221: 2212: 1384:Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns 559:November 1577, however, Ismail dispatched 55: 7244: 6865:Shah Abbas: The King who Refashioned Iran 6820:Parizi, Mohammad-Ebrahim Bastani (2000). 6803:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 6736: 6366: 6339: 6308: 6184:. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5715:. Indian History Congress. p. 1242. 5268:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 4898: 4896: 4815: 4437: 4425: 3749: 3738: 2249:Fakhr Jahan Begum, daughter of King 2206:(Not a jewel) with the following verses: 1855:Persian ambassador during his entry into 1621: 1180: 1100:From 1600 onwards, the Safavid statesman 1093:, who arrived in 1598 as envoys from the 705:Accession of Shah Abbas to the throne in 364:Under his leadership, Iran developed the 7317: 7291:Thorne, John O., ed. (1984). "Abbas I". 6709: 6682: 6656:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 6619: 6552:"Farhād Khan Qaramānlū, Rokn-al-Saltana" 6506:Manz, Beatrice; Haneda, Masashi (1990). 6462: 6445: 6068: 6044:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629 6040:Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629 5961: 5865: 5214: 5082: 4827: 4755:(2 ed.). Mazda Publishers. p. 4715: 4413: 4395: 4360: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4089: 4087: 4058: 4052: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3940: 3761: 3723: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3237: 3182: 2269:(m. 1 September 1602), daughter of 2220: 2211: 2117: 2114:, the palace where Abbas the Great died. 2098: 2039: 1907: 1883: 1850: 1811: 1758: 1698: 1683: 1616: 1570: 1387: 1366: 1299:to meet Ottoman forces on the shores of 1270: 1249: 1033: 936: 826: 764: 700: 633: 528: 7391:Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia,1587–1629 7278:. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company. 7209: 7139: 7108: 6592: 6549: 6530: 6418: 6318:Friends of Academic Research in Georgia 6231: 5840: 5821: 5508:. publisher not indicated. p. 60. 5396:Necipogulu, G.; Roxburgh, D.J. (2000). 5310:The Golden Age of Persian Art 1501-1722 5229: 5034: 4175: 4148: 4040: 3839: 3783: 3701: 3571: 3543: 3464: 3170: 3097:Heinz Halm, Janet Watson, Marian Hill, 2445:Shaykhavand, and had issue a daughter; 2397:Sultan Ismail Mirza (6 September 1601, 2094: 2026:Abbas retake Hormuz from the Portuguese 1904:receiving the Persian ambassadors, 1603 1846: 769:Portrait of Shah Abbas as a young man, 602:The weak state of the realm led to the 456:. His father was the first-born son of 14: 7697: 7418: 7401:, English translation by Azizeh Azodi. 7344: 7290: 7089: 7072: 7064:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7040:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 8 7031: 7013: 6986: 6943: 6908: 6881: 6819: 6800: 6769: 6396:"Why Did Men Stop Wearing High Heels?" 6393: 6206: 5991: 5908: 5669: 5618: 5579: 5264: 5200:. Iran: Gonbad-e Qabous. p. 325. 5159: 5094: 5070: 5058: 5046: 4986: 4893: 4887: 4652: 4640: 4616: 4553: 4541: 4270: 4222: 4198: 4186: 4078: 4067: 4023: 4008: 3975: 3963: 3827: 3734: 3732: 3712: 3695: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3567: 3539: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3460: 3421: 3397: 3361: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3280: 3206: 3149: 3134: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2637: 2527: 2523: 2441:(killed 20 February 1632), married to 1638:writes, "Not since the development of 746: 27:Shah of Safavid Iran from 1587 to 1629 7555: 7271: 7197:from the original on 19 November 2015 6862: 6493:from the original on 17 November 2014 6175: 5967:Empire of the Mind: A History of Iran 5869:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 5785: 5741:Iran and the World in the Safavid Age 5657: 5547:. Taylor & Francis. p. 276. 5462: 5306: 4529: 4481: 4166: 4130:from the original on 24 December 2017 4084: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3981: 3682: 3122: 3110: 3037:Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615) 3032:Persian embassy to Europe (1599–1602) 2914: 2911: 2901: 2889: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2859: 2853: 2843: 2831: 2821: 2817: 2805: 2795: 2785: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2731: 2721: 2709: 2699: 2695: 2683: 2678: 2668: 2655: 2645: 2641: 2625: 2619: 2609: 2593: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2561: 2551: 2535: 2531: 2470:. She had issue, two sons including: 2456:by his wife, Queen Anna, daughter of 2328:, Khorasan – killed 25 January 1615, 1740:. He had a particular veneration for 1732:Attitude towards religious minorities 1598:managed to expel the Portuguese from 1403:, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658. 1357:defeated the Turkish army decisively. 1029: 397:, Abbas had regained possession over 7146:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition 7083:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 7046:from the original on 14 October 2022 6776:The History of Shah 'Abbas the Great 6148: 6111: 6010: 5992:Babaie, Sussan; et al. (2004). 5795:. British Museum Press. p. 21. 5373:The History of Shah ʻAbbas the Great 5198:Explanatory Dictionary of Magtymguly 5147: 5106: 4628: 4577: 3951: 3812: 3555: 3527: 3476: 3448: 3433: 3409: 3385: 3373: 3309: 3297: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3225: 3194: 2367:Sultan Hasan Mirza (September 1588, 842:) helped modernize the Persian Army. 803:and Qarajadagh, as well as parts of 662:; there, they struck coins and read 391:widescale massacres and deportations 337:from 1588 to 1629. The third son of 7482:"Shah 'Abbas: The Remaking of Iran" 7466:Iranian treasures bound for Britain 7389:Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi, 7212:Essays in Arabic Literary Biography 6406:from the original on 17 August 2014 6394:Kremer, William (25 January 2013). 6262: 4458:Asat'iani & Bendianachvili 1997 3729: 2448:Jahan Banu Begum, married in 1624, 2404:Imam Qoli Mirza (12 November 1602, 2143:at the centre of his personality." 2022:second diplomatic mission to Europe 1859:for the wedding ceremonies of King 1254:"Abbas King of Persia", as seen by 314: 294: 232: 24: 7383: 7295:. Edinburgh, UK: Chambers Harrap. 7085:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 6670:from the original on 21 April 2023 6597:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 5886:from the original on 21 April 2023 5809:from the original on 21 April 2023 5758:from the original on 21 April 2023 5719:from the original on 21 April 2023 5690:from the original on 21 April 2023 5639:from the original on 21 April 2023 5600:from the original on 21 April 2023 5561:from the original on 21 April 2023 5522:from the original on 21 April 2023 5483:from the original on 21 April 2023 5441:from the original on 21 April 2023 5327:from the original on 21 April 2023 5285:from the original on 21 April 2023 4029: 2280:Princess Helena, daughter of King 1936:first diplomatic mission to Europe 1655:and other monuments including the 1642:in the eighth century A.D. by the 1407:Between 1614 and 1616, during the 607:declaring war against Iran in 1578 413:. He also took back land from the 25: 7766: 7448: 7318:Wallbank, Thomas Walter (1992) . 5792:Shah ʻAbbas: The Remaking of Iran 3840:Matthee, Rudi (7 February 2012). 2622:Muhammad Khodabanda, Shah of Iran 1703:The Statue of Abbas the Great in 850:had provided the backbone of the 709:. Page from Ahmad Monshi Ghomi's 7468:, BBC Radio 4, 19 January 2009, 7455:Shah Abbās: The Remaking of Iran 7406:Shah Abbas; The Remaking of Iran 7293:Chambers Biographical Dictionary 7182:The Works of William Shakespeare 7152:from the original on 18 May 2022 6850:from the original on 17 May 2015 6757:from the original on 17 May 2015 6683:Mitchell, Colin P., ed. (2011). 6653:Historical Dictionary of Georgia 6580:from the original on 17 May 2015 6327:from the original on 18 May 2015 6209:"Čarkas: ii. Under the Safavids" 6099:from the original on 17 May 2015 5845:. Harvard CMES. pp. 400–1. 5731: 5709:Indian History Congress (2004). 5313:. Harry N. Abrams. p. 118. 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4117: 3852:from the original on 19 May 2021 2996: 2982: 2968: 2222:هيچ کيم شاه عباس دک سخنور بولماز 1039:Shah 'Abbās King of the Persians 77:1 October 1587 – 19 January 1629 7730:17th-century monarchs of Persia 7320:Civilization Past & Present 7249:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 6974:from the original on 7 May 2015 6149:Dale, Stephen Frederic (2010). 5969:. London, UK: C. Hurst and Co. 5901: 5872:. Reaktion Books. p. 198. 4431: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4142: 4111: 4099: 4072: 4046: 4002: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3934: 3901: 3864: 3833: 3777: 3766: 3755: 3743: 3717: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3561: 3533: 3454: 3303: 3231: 2014:Ottoman-Safavid War (1603–1618) 1363:Quelling the Georgian uprisings 1345:Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555) 1238:Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1612) 941:Portrait of Abbas the Great on 889:who had been brought into Iran 741: 389:, whose people he subjected to 7408:, 2009, British Museum Press, 7272:Sykes, Ella Constance (1910). 7245:Streusand, Douglas E. (2011). 7094:. Cambridge University Press. 6687:. Milton Park, UK: Routledge. 6232:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). 6182:Emperors of the Peacock Throne 5352:. 27 October 2021. p. 549 5196:Nūrmuhammed, Ashūrpūr (1997). 3921:University of California Press 3116: 3104: 3091: 3082: 3073: 2489:Sultan al-Ulama Khalife Sultan 1524:Mughal-Safavid War (1622–1623) 13: 1: 7404:Canby, Sheila R. (ed), 2009, 7140:Simpson, Marianna S. (1997). 7125:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online 6948:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 6884:The Cambridge History of Iran 6824:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 6770:Monshi, Eskandar Beg (1978). 6620:Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999a). 6554:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 6467:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 6284:The Cambridge History of Iran 6211:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 6073:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). 5120:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 3057: 2460:. She had issue, a daughter: 2416: 2362:, Qazvin) – with Fakhr Jahan; 2152:The Cambridge History of Iran 1626:Abbas moved his capital from 1587:had established bases in the 1583:During the 16th century, the 1175: 770: 498:Shah Qoli Sultan Ustajlu, an 478:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 448:, Abbas was the third son of 439: 6772:Tārīk̲-e ʻālamārā-ye ʻAbbāsī 6737:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009a). 6419:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2012). 6344:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 6015:. London, UK: I. B. Tauris. 3067: 2513:Ancestors of Abbas the Great 2295:and Queen Mariam Lipartiani; 2163:portion of the multi-ethnic 1946:, before proceeding through 1630:to the more central city of 1563:Safavid–Portuguese conflicts 1246:Siege of Baghdad (1625–1626) 629: 7: 7725:17th-century Iranian people 7720:16th-century Iranian people 7470:BBC Radio 4's live magazine 6710:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009). 6265:Armenia Country Study Guide 5744:. I.B.Tauris. p. 483. 5184:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 5172:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 5023:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 5011:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4999:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4975:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4963:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4951:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4939:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4927:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4915:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4903:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4864:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4852:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4840:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4804:Jackson & Lockhart 1986 4792:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4780:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4701:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4689:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4677:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4665:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4605:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4590:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4566:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4518:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4506:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4494:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4470:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4355:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4343:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4331:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4319:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4307:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4295:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4283:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4259:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4247:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4235:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4211:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4106:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 4094:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 3620:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 3608:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 3596:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 3584:Bomati & Nahavandi 1998 2961: 2504: 2419:1625 – killed August 1632, 2213:سخنور من ديان کوپدير جهانده 2106:Palace (or Shah Palace) in 1112:Consolidation of the Empire 973:ḡolāmān-e ḵāṣṣa-ye-e šarifa 444:Born in 27 January 1571 in 322: 305: 10: 7771: 7705:16th-century Safavid shahs 6801:Newman, Andrew J. (2006). 3047:Shah Abbas Mosque, Yerevan 2749: 2631: 2525: 2348:. He had issue, two sons: 2036:Family tragedies and death 1994:English East India Company 1954:(where it was received by 1560: 1557:War against the Portuguese 1521: 1381: 1235: 1164:, the Paduspanid ruler of 368:system where thousands of 7596: 7540: 7531: 7523: 7516: 7489: 7359:10.1080/17450911003790331 7353:(2). Routledge: 209–226. 7090:Savory, Roger M. (2007). 6987:Savory, Roger M. (1980). 6944:Savory, Roger M. (1983). 6909:Saslow, James M. (1999). 6867:. Oneworld Publications. 6340:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). 6126:10.1017/s0020743800031834 5916:. Yale University Press. 5841:Babayan, Kathryn (2002). 4716:Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). 4396:Rayfield, Donald (2013). 3890:) Mazda Publishers, 2002 3027:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I 2895: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2837: 2819: 2811: 2779: 2757: 2753: 2715: 2697: 2689: 2662: 2643: 2639: 2603: 2581: 2573: 2545: 2529: 2401:– killed 16 August 1613); 2309:Abd-ol-Ghaffar Amilakhori 2235: 2124:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I 1918:1609–1615 Persian embassy 1900:in Venice depicting doge 1653:Masjed-e Sheykh Lotfollah 1466:to the throne of Kartli, 1242:Capture of Baghdad (1624) 274: 264: 254: 242: 224: 222: 217: 213: 200: 165: 158:Mausoleum of Shah Abbas I 152: 140:19 January 1629 (aged 57) 136: 115: 111: 101: 91: 81: 73: 66: 54: 47:Ẓellollāh (Shadow of God) 39: 34: 6921:. New York, NY: Viking. 6176:Eraly, Abraham (2003) . 6069:Bosworth, C. E. (1989). 4878:, pp. 258, 262, 282 3062: 3052:Shah Abbas Mosque, Ganja 3017:García de Silva Figueroa 2796:6. Mir Abdullah Khan II 2170:García de Silva Figueroa 1942:and spent the winter in 1938:. The group crossed the 1934:In 1599, Abbas sent his 1518:Kandahar and the Mughals 1279:and the parading before 1232:War against the Ottomans 1049:Atrium heroicum Caesarum 945:, Vagharshapat, Armenia. 339:Shah Mohammad Khodabanda 7109:Rahimlu, Yusof (2015). 7092:Iran Under the Safavids 6989:Iran under the Safavids 6309:Kacharava, Eka (2011). 6238:Encyclopædia Britannica 6207:Haneda, Masahi (1990). 5502:Anchabadze, Z. (2014). 2656:10. Musa Sultan Musullu 2564:Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran 2538:Isma'il I, Shah of Iran 2487:Agha Begum, married to 2458:Alexander II of Kakheti 2005:were no more fruitful. 1923:Allégorie de l'Occasion 1861:Sigismund III of Poland 1679: 1567:Capture of Ormuz (1622) 1464:Alexander II of Imereti 405:, as well as swaths of 7420:Pearce, Francis Barrow 7073:Savory, R. M. (1982). 7027:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 6863:Quinn, Sholeh (2015). 6648:Mikaberidze, Alexander 6593:Matthee, Rudi (2019). 6550:Matthee, Rudi (1999). 6531:Matthee, Rudi (2011). 5933:Histoire de la Géorgie 5914:Iran: A Modern History 5463:Allen, W.E.D. (2017). 3888:University of Michigan 3871:Bournoutian, George A. 3773:Manz & Haneda 1990 2408:– killed August 1632, 2385:– killed August 1632, 2202: 2127: 2115: 2045: 1931: 1905: 1864: 1832: 1786:a key Safavid province 1773: 1718:Chinese-style ceramics 1708: 1696: 1622:Isfahan: a new capital 1580: 1404: 1379: 1307:, near Tabriz. In the 1284: 1259: 1181:War against the Uzbeks 1052: 946: 843: 776: 713: 646: 534: 7275:Persia and its People 7014:Savory, R.M. (2012). 6463:Madelung, W. (1988). 5866:Rayfield, D. (2013). 5400:. Brill. p. 85. 5265:Newman, A.J. (2012). 4124:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4120:"ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)" 2734:Abbas I, Shah of Iran 2379:Soltan Mohammad Mirza 2121: 2102: 2043: 1911: 1887: 1854: 1815: 1762: 1702: 1687: 1665:Naghsh-i Jahan Square 1617:Shah and his subjects 1574: 1391: 1372:Teimuraz I of Kakheti 1370: 1317:Treaty of Nasuh Pasha 1274: 1253: 1134:Farhad Khan Qaramanlu 1037: 958:, and around 300,000 943:Etchmiadzin Cathedral 940: 830: 768: 704: 637: 532: 395:1603–1618 Ottoman War 43:King of Kings of Iran 7755:Iranian slave owners 7042:. pp. 875–876. 6950:Encyclopædia Iranica 6826:Encyclopædia Iranica 6743:Encyclopædia Iranica 6556:Encyclopædia Iranica 6512:Encyclopædia Iranica 6469:Encyclopædia Iranica 6448:The Legacy of Persia 6213:Encyclopædia Iranica 6075:Encyclopædia Iranica 6011:Blow, David (2009). 5230:Babayan, K. (1993). 5150:, pp. 166, 118. 5118:Cyril Glassé (ed.), 3916:5 April 2023 at the 3882:5 April 2023 at the 3800:, pp. 291, 536. 2454:Bagrat VII of Kartli 2324:(15 September 1587, 2322:Mohammad Baqer Mirza 2251:Bagrat VII of Kartli 2095:Character and legacy 2050:Mohammed Baqir Mirza 1847:Contacts with Europe 1723:Under Abbas' reign, 1130:Mohammad Baqer Mirza 1043:Copper engraving by 1009:Mohammad Baqer Mirza 867:of the neighbouring 711:Kholāsat al-tavārikh 644:Kholāsat al-tavārikh 393:. By the end of the 7745:Patrons of the arts 7625:Mohammad Khodabanda 7527:Mohammad Khodabanda 5670:Babaie, S. (2008). 5619:Andrea, B. (2017). 5580:Andrea, B. (2008). 4747:Bournoutian, George 4544:, pp. 284–285. 3886:(original from the 2912:Fakhr al-Nisa Begum 2856:Khayr al-Nisa Begum 2340:, married secondly 1968:Philip III of Spain 1456:Iskander Beg Munshi 1409:Ottoman–Safavid War 1332:100,000 led by the 760:Mirza Salman Jabiri 747:Abbas takes control 611:Mirza Salman Jaberi 466:Iskandar Beg Monshi 454:Khayr al-Nisa Begum 450:Mohammad Khodabanda 269:Khayr al-Nisa Begum 259:Mohammad Khodabanda 188:Fatima Sultan Begum 172:Oghlan Pasha Khanum 96:Mohammad Khodabanda 7740:Mazandarani people 7459:The British Museum 6311:"Alaverdy Eparchy" 6234:"Abbas I (Persia)" 5937:History of Georgia 5307:Canby, S. (2000). 5025:, pp. 243–246 5013:, pp. 241–242 5001:, pp. 240–241 4977:, pp. 236–237 4965:, pp. 235–236 4941:, pp. 161–162 4929:, pp. 136–137 4917:, pp. 134–135 4508:, pp. 123–124 4357:, pp. 158–159 4333:, pp. 157–158 4261:, pp. 150–151 4249:, pp. 149–150 4237:, pp. 148–149 4213:, pp. 147–148 4096:, pp. 141–142 4055:, pp. 134–135 4011:, pp. 183–184 3907:Aslanian, Sebouh. 2770:12. Sultan Mahmud 2450:Simon II of Kartli 2415:Najaf Qoli Mirza ( 2371:– 18 August 1591, 2293:George X of Kartli 2286:Ketevan the Martyr 2282:David I of Kakheti 2140:Michael Axworthy's 2128: 2116: 2058:Farhad Beg Cherkes 2046: 1932: 1906: 1865: 1837:Ketevan the Martyr 1833: 1778:Pietro della Valle 1774: 1709: 1707:, Mazandaran, Iran 1697: 1694:Iranian Revolution 1581: 1429:Kingdom of Kakheti 1405: 1380: 1313:Kabardino-Balkaria 1285: 1260: 1160:. One year later, 1128:marry Abbas' son, 1053: 1030:Reforming the army 947: 844: 785:Treaty of Istanbul 777: 714: 673:Torbat-e Heydarieh 647: 640:Ahmad Monshi Ghomi 535: 18:Abbas I of Safavid 7750:People from Herat 7735:Filicides in Iran 7692: 7691: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7605: 7591: 7550: 7549: 7541:Succeeded by 7256:978-0-8133-1359-7 7221:978-3-447-06141-4 7166:cite encyclopedia 7117:Madelung, Wilferd 7060:cite encyclopedia 6721:978-0-8577-1588-3 6694:978-0-4157-7462-8 6542:978-1-8451-1745-0 6430:978-0-5217-3298-7 6400:BBC News Magazine 6274:978-1-4387-7382-7 6247:978-1-59339-837-8 6180:. original title 6160:978-0-521-69142-0 6022:978-1-84511-989-8 6003:978-1-8606-4721-5 5976:978-1-8506-5871-9 5963:Axworthy, Michael 5879:978-1-78023-070-2 5852:978-0-932-88528-9 5802:978-0-7141-2452-0 5683:978-0-7486-3376-0 5632:978-1-4875-1280-4 5593:978-1-139-46802-2 5554:978-1-351-72217-9 5515:978-9941-0-6322-0 5476:978-1-317-06039-0 5434:978-0-87480-342-6 5407:978-90-04-11669-6 5382:978-0-89158-296-0 5320:978-0-8109-4144-1 5278:978-0-85773-366-5 4400:. Reaktion Books. 3846:iranicaonline.org 3558:, pp. 29–30. 3436:, pp. 25–26. 2958: 2957: 2954: 2953: 1964:Pope Clement VIII 1956:Emperor Rudolf II 1928:Frans II Francken 1912:Abbas I as a new 1879:Anthony Jenkinson 1337:Damat Halil Pasha 1277:capture of Tabriz 819:to the Ottomans. 326:), was the fifth 320: 303: 284: 283: 238: 237: 180:Fakhr Jahan Begum 41:Šāhanšāh-i Īrān ( 35:Abbas I the Great 16:(Redirected from 7762: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7619: 7611: 7603: 7589: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7524:Preceded by 7512: 7505: 7491:Abbas the Great 7487: 7486: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7378: 7341: 7314: 7287: 7268: 7241: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7136: 7127:. Brill Online. 7114: 7105: 7086: 7079:Yarshater, Ehsan 7069: 7063: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7028: 7019: 7010: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6940: 6920: 6905: 6878: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6822:"Ganj-ʿAlī Khan" 6816: 6797: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6733: 6706: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6643: 6616: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6546: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6459: 6442: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6390: 6363: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6315: 6305: 6278: 6259: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6203: 6172: 6145: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6065: 6034: 6007: 5988: 5958: 5927: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5838: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5783: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5350:Internet Archive 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5262: 5253: 5250:Mikaberidze 2015 5247: 5236: 5235: 5227: 5212: 5211: 5193: 5187: 5186:, pp. 57–58 5181: 5175: 5174:, pp. 44–47 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4876:Shakespeare 1863 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4743: 4732: 4731: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4679:, pp. 98–99 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 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3060: 3022:History of Iran 3002: 2997: 2995: 2990:Monarchy portal 2988: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2507: 2355:– with Dilaram; 2273: and 2271:Khan Ahmad Khan 2238: 2145:Donald Rayfield 2097: 2068:in the city of 2038: 1849: 1817:SafiAbad Palace 1772: 1734: 1682: 1663:palace and the 1624: 1619: 1569: 1561:Main articles: 1559: 1526: 1520: 1508:Giorgi Saakadze 1423:(also known as 1395:(also known as 1386: 1374:(also known as 1365: 1353:Giorgi Saakadze 1297:Allahverdi Khan 1275:Drawing of the 1248: 1234: 1183: 1178: 1120:, the ruler of 1118:Khan Ahmad Khan 1114: 1102:Allāhverdī Khan 1087:Anthony Shirley 1051:pub. 1600–1602. 1042: 1032: 985:Allahverdi Khan 832:Anthony Shirley 825: 773: 749: 744: 632: 442: 323:ʿAbbās-e Bozorg 311:Abbas the Great 227: 225:Abbas the Great 196: 161: 141: 120: 119:27 January 1571 62: 48: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7768: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7678: 7670: 7662: 7654: 7646: 7638: 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2394: 2393: 2376: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2356: 2342:Dilaram Khanum 2318: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2289: 2278: 2264: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2217: 2096: 2093: 2037: 2034: 2018:Robert Shirley 1902:Marino Grimani 1848: 1845: 1771:) in New Julfa 1769:Vank Cathedral 1767:(the Armenian 1763: 1754:treated Sunnis 1738:Shi'ite Muslim 1733: 1730: 1725:carpet weaving 1681: 1678: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1593:Imam Quli Khan 1558: 1555: 1522:Main article: 1519: 1516: 1399:), viceroy of 1364: 1361: 1256:Thomas Herbert 1233: 1230: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1136:. In 1593–94, 1113: 1110: 1091:Robert Shirley 1031: 1028: 869:Ottoman Empire 836:Robert Shirley 824: 821: 748: 745: 743: 740: 631: 628: 604:Ottoman Empire 571:on holy days ( 452:and his wife, 441: 438: 423:North Caucasus 351:Ottoman Empire 282: 281: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 240: 239: 236: 235: 220: 219: 211: 210: 204: 198: 197: 195: 194: 189: 186: 184:Princess Marta 181: 178: 173: 169: 167: 163: 162: 160:, Kashan, Iran 156: 154: 150: 149: 145:, Mazandaran, 138: 134: 133: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7767: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7682: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7666: 7665:Soltan Hoseyn 7663: 7658: 7655: 7650: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7631: 7626: 7623: 7618: 7615: 7610: 7607: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7545: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7464:John Wilson, 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7414:9780714124520 7411: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7329:0-6733-8867-0 7325: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7302:0-550-18022-2 7298: 7294: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7101:9780521042512 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7035:Archived copy 7030: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017:"Ḥamza Mīrzā" 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6998:0-521-22483-7 6994: 6990: 6985: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6959:0-7100-9090-0 6955: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6928:0-6708-5953-2 6924: 6919: 6918: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6893:0-5212-0094-6 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6874:9781780745688 6870: 6866: 6861: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6835:0-7100-9090-0 6831: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6812:1-86064-667-0 6808: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6785:0-8915-8296-7 6781: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6631:0-5216-4131-4 6627: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6604:9781000392876 6600: 6596: 6591: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6565:0-7100-9090-0 6561: 6557: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6529: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6478:0-7100-9121-4 6474: 6470: 6466: 6465:"Baduspanids" 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6378:1-4039-6422-X 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6351:1-8451-1056-0 6347: 6343: 6338: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6293:0-5212-0094-6 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6191:1-8421-2723-3 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6084:0-7100-9090-0 6080: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6053:2-2620-1131-1 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5946:2-7384-6186-7 5942: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5910:Amanat, Abbas 5907: 5906: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5660:, p. 54. 5659: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5457: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5351: 5348: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5301: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5261: 5259: 5252:, p. 61. 5251: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5207:964-7836-29-5 5203: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5162:, p. 103 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128:0-7591-0190-6 5125: 5121: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5097:, p. 278 5096: 5091: 5085:, p. 134 5084: 5083:Axworthy 2007 5079: 5073:, p. 101 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4953:, p. 235 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4905:, p. 131 4904: 4899: 4897: 4890:, p. 210 4889: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4866:, p. 129 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 128 4853: 4848: 4842:, p. 114 4841: 4836: 4830:, p. 347 4829: 4828:Lockhart 1953 4824: 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 454 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 104 4793: 4788: 4782:, p. 209 4781: 4776: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4703:, p. 107 4702: 4697: 4691:, p. 111 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4643:, p. 147 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4607:, p. 162 4606: 4601: 4599: 4592:, p. 161 4591: 4586: 4580:, p. 186 4579: 4574: 4568:, p. 159 4567: 4562: 4556:, p. 94. 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4532:, p. 264 4531: 4526: 4520:, p. 124 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4496:, p. 121 4495: 4490: 4484:, p. 263 4483: 4478: 4472:, p. 120 4471: 4466: 4460:, p. 188 4459: 4454: 4445: 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 131 4427: 4422: 4415: 4414:Mitchell 2011 4410: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4351: 4345:, p. 158 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4321:, p. 156 4320: 4315: 4309:, p. 155 4308: 4303: 4297:, p. 154 4296: 4291: 4285:, p. 153 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4189:, p. 267 4188: 4183: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4163:, p. 390 4162: 4161:Madelung 1988 4157: 4150: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4108:, p. 143 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4053:Axworthy 2007 4049: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4026:, p. 818 4025: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3997:Mitchell 2011 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3941:Matthee 1999a 3937: 3930: 3926: 3923:, 4 mei 2011 3922: 3919: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3762:Bosworth 1989 3758: 3752:, p. 148 3751: 3746: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3726:, p. 369 3725: 3724:Wallbank 1992 3720: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3698:, p. 265 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3676: 3670:, p. 266 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3530:, p. 29. 3529: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3479:, p. 27. 3478: 3473: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3451:, p. 26. 3450: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 24. 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3388:, p. 23. 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 22. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3352:, p. 70. 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3328:, p. 42. 3327: 3322: 3316:, p. 69. 3315: 3311: 3306: 3300:, p. 21. 3299: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3283:, p. 69. 3282: 3277: 3275: 3268:, p. 19. 3267: 3262: 3256:, p. 18. 3255: 3250: 3244:, p. 17. 3243: 3239: 3238:Mitchell 2009 3234: 3228:, p. 17. 3227: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3209:, p. 71. 3208: 3203: 3197:, p. 16. 3196: 3191: 3184: 3183:Mitchell 2009 3179: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3137:, p. 77. 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2966: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2745: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439:Zubayda Begum 2437: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2112:Jules Laurens 2109: 2105: 2104:Chehel Sotoun 2101: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020:, led Abbas' 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1974:Twelfth Night 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1899: 1898:Doge's Palace 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1765:Kelisa-e Vank 1761: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1661:Chehel Sotoun 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Masjed-e Shah 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1551:Ganj Ali Khan 1546: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1425:Tahmuras Khan 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1377: 1376:Tahmuras Khan 1373: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1095:Earl of Essex 1092: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1024:Qajar dynasty 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 978: 974: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 944: 939: 935: 933: 928: 923: 919: 914: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 849: 841: 837: 833: 829: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 767: 763: 761: 758: 754: 739: 737: 733: 732: 727: 722: 718: 712: 708: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 677:heir apparent 674: 669: 667: 666: 661: 657: 653: 645: 641: 636: 627: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 600: 598: 594: 588: 586: 582: 581: 576: 575: 570: 566: 562: 561:Ali-Qoli Khan 556: 554: 550: 546: 545: 540: 531: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 512: 507: 503: 502: 496: 494: 489: 488:and Tahmasp. 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 437: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 399:Transcaucasia 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 342: 340: 336: 332: 329: 324: 312: 307: 301: 292: 288: 280: 277: 273: 270: 267: 263: 260: 257: 253: 250: 247: 245: 241: 230: 221: 216: 212: 209: 205: 203: 199: 193: 190: 187: 185: 182: 179: 177: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 118: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 58: 53: 50: 44: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7632: 7587:Safavid Iran 7534:Shah of Iran 7532: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7474: 7465: 7454: 7439:13 September 7437:. Retrieved 7424: 7405: 7390: 7350: 7346: 7319: 7292: 7274: 7246: 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7181: 7154:. Retrieved 7148:. New York. 7145: 7124: 7091: 7082: 7048:. Retrieved 7039: 7034: 7021: 6988: 6976:. Retrieved 6949: 6946:"'Abbās (I)" 6916: 6883: 6864: 6852:. Retrieved 6825: 6802: 6775: 6771: 6759:. Retrieved 6742: 6711: 6684: 6672:. Retrieved 6652: 6621: 6594: 6582:. Retrieved 6555: 6532: 6520:. Retrieved 6516:the original 6511: 6497:13 September 6495:. Retrieved 6468: 6447: 6420: 6410:13 September 6408:. Retrieved 6399: 6368: 6341: 6329:. Retrieved 6317: 6283: 6264: 6263:IBP (2013). 6237: 6223:13 September 6221:. Retrieved 6217:the original 6212: 6181: 6177: 6150: 6117: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6074: 6043: 6039: 6012: 5993: 5966: 5936: 5932: 5913: 5902:Bibliography 5888:. Retrieved 5868: 5861: 5842: 5811:. Retrieved 5791: 5760:. Retrieved 5740: 5733: 5721:. Retrieved 5711: 5704: 5692:. Retrieved 5672: 5665: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5621: 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5582: 5575: 5563:. 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