448:
imperialistic ideas, with materialistic ideas, with reactionary or revolutionary ideas and trying to implement them first by
British pressure and then by American pressure, and then by terrorism on his own part – he is not the old cousin and we do not extend to him a very good welcome. The Zionist, the new Jew, wants to dominate and he pretends that he has got a particular civilizing mission with which he returns to a backward, degenerate race in order to put the elements of progress into an area which wants no progress. Well, that has been the pretension of every power that wanted to colonize and aimed at domination. The excuse has always been that the people are backward and that he has got a human mission to put them forward. The Arabs simply stand and say NO. We are not reactionary and we are not backward. Even if we are ignorant, the difference between ignorance and knowledge is ten years in school. We are a living, vitally strong nation, we are in our renaissance; we are producing as many children as any nation in the world. We still have our brains. We have a heritage of civilization and of spiritual life. We are not going to allow ourselves to be controlled either by great nations or small nations or dispersed nations.
335:. After negotiations between the Italians and Tripolitanian chiefs, on 1 June 1919 the Fundamental Law of Tripolitania (granting the natives full Italian nationality) was enacted. Despite the agreement, the Italians refused to implement the law. This led to the formation of the National Reform Party, led by Azzam, to pressure the Italians to uphold the law. The Italians refused to concede, and in January 1923 Azzam accompanied Sayyid Idris into exile in Egypt. By 1924, opposition in Tripolitania had waned.
1841:
526:. In 1961, an Egyptian writer called the quotation "completely out of context": "Azzam actually said that he feared that if the people of Palestine were to be forcibly and against all right dispossessed, a tragedy comparable to the Mongol invasions and the Crusades might not be avoidable ... The reference to the Crusaders and the Mongols aptly describes the view of the foreign Zionist invaders shared by most Arabs."
379:–the Egyptian government refused to send an official delegate to the meeting. However, Azzam and several other members of the Egyptian opposition attended the conference. Taking an active part in the proceedings, he was elected to the congress' executive committee and discussed Arab nationalism at length. This conference is one of the first instances in which Arab nationalists included Egypt in the
222:
always clung tenaciously to Arab traditions and ideals of life", adding, "in estimating Abdul Rahman's character, his early up-bringing and his Arab blood must never be forgotten." However, Coury writes that the Azzams were completely assimilated into village life and did not see themselves as different from other
Egyptians. Azzam once said, "We were not brought up with a strong consciousness of
238:("notable peasants"), whose position was determined by land, wealth, and political power. The Azzam household was frequently home to gatherings of the village elite, and he developed an interest in politics at an early age. According to his brother, Abd al-Aziz Azzam, Azzam was a "born politician" who would stand at the top of the stairs as a child and give political speeches to his siblings.
547:: "Personally I hope the Jews do not force us into this war because it will be a war of elimination and it will be a dangerous massacre which history will record similarly to the Mongol massacre or the wars of the Crusades. I think the number of volunteers from outside Palestine will exceed the Palestinian population."
564:
around
Jerusalem. However, no decision had yet been made by the UN and no Arab state had formally decided on military intervention in Palestine. After the partition resolution was passed, the comparison of the Zionists to the Mongols and crusaders was repeated when Azzam told a student rally in Cairo
386:
In
November 1932, Azzam and several other party members left the Wafd. Although he was viewed by some as a traitor, he maintained that changes in his opinions were the reason. Azzam's reputation for knowledge of Arab affairs was valued, and he soon became a member of the palace entourage surrounding
221:
According to biographer Ralph Coury, scholars and others have concluded that Azzam's "Peninsular" origins explain his later assumption of Arab identity. As early as 1923, a
British official wrote: "The Azzam family, though settled in Egypt for some generations, come of good old Arab stock, and have
447:
Our brother has gone to Europe and to the West and come back something else. He has come back with a totally different conception of things, West and not
Eastern. That doesn't mean that we are necessarily quarreling with anyone who comes from the West. But the Jew, our old cousin, coming back with
342:
with his turn to
Arabism. In 1970, he said: "When I was a boy, I was an Egyptian Muslim. Being an Egyptian and Muslim didn't change. But from 1919 on, with Syria and Iraq gone, I started talking of Arabism. Living with the bedouin, etc. worked gradually to make me a supporter for something Arabic.
522:. Azzam reportedly said on that day (or on the eve of the war), "This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the Crusades." The quotation was usually cited to a press conference in Cairo, broadcast (in some versions) by the
483:
in the conflict began, Azzam told reporters: "We are fighting for an Arab
Palestine. Whatever the outcome the Arabs will stick to their offer of equal citizenship for Jews in Arab Palestine and let them be as Jewish as they like. In areas where they predominate, they will have complete autonomy."
576:
memorandum. Over the next few years, the same partial quotation appeared (with its correct 1947 source) in several books; however, by 1952 many publications (including one by the
Israeli government) had moved its date to 1948. With this inaccurate source, it has appeared in hundreds of books and
1279:
Jewish Agency for
Palestine, Memorandum on acts of Arab aggression to alter by force the settlement on the future government of Palestine approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations, Submitted to the United Nations Palestine Commission. Lake Success, New York. 2 February 1948. A copy
470:
On 11 May 1948, Azzam warned the Egyptian government that because of public pressure and strategic issues, it would be difficult for Arab leaders to avoid intervention in the Palestine War and Egypt might find itself isolated if it did not act in concert with its neighbours. Azzam believed that
1044:
253:. Azzam remained in Helwan through secondary school and, upon graduation, decided to study medicine. About his decision, he said: "I wanted to be active in politics and I thought that I could practice medicine wherever that struggle might lead." In 1912 Azzam left Egypt for
42:
685:." In the book Azzam extols Muhammad's virtues of bravery, love, the ability to forgive, and eloquence in pursuit of the diplomatic resolution of conflict, calling Islam incompatible with racism or fanatical attachment to "tribe, nation, color, language, or culture".
1023:
585:
According to historians Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Azzam denied that the Egyptian nation was a continuation of Pharaonic Egypt. Instead, he believed that "modern Egypt had been shaped primarily by 'Arab religion, customs, language, and
359:. Hoping to reestablish himself in the country, he ran for office in 1924 and was elected to parliament as a member of the Wafd. As a parliamentarian, Azzam became well-known through his articles for the party's newspaper.
214:; his father, Hassan Salim Azzam, was also active in many regional governing bodies. Azzam's mother, Nabiha, was also descended from a distinguished family. Her father, Khalaf al-Saudi, was a landowner and
1577:
Gerges, F. A. (2001). Egypt and the 1948 War: Internal conflict and regional ambition. In E. L. Rogan, A. Shlaim, C. Tripp, J. A. Clancy-Smith, I. Gershoni, R. Owen, Y. Sayigh & J. E. Tucker (Eds.),
362:
Due to his time in Libya, the Wafd often chose him to represent the party at formal meetings and international conferences. Azzam's most important trip as an Egyptian Wafd representative was to the 1931
456:, Syria, between 12 and 18 June 1946, which discussed the dangers of a possible confrontation with the Zionist movement and the Arab support to the Palestinians. He later returned to Egypt where he met
399:
After breaking with the Wafd, Azzam joined the elite ranks of liberals—all Wafd and Liberal Constitutionalist dissidents—who had supported liberal proposals for a coalition government in 1932. In 1936,
245:
who were frequent visitors to Shubak were now neighbors, and the friendships which quickly developed between the effendi children and Azzam led him to insist on attending a secular primary school (
226:
descent. We were Arabs because we were 'sons' or 'children' of the Arabs in contrast to the Turks, but the term 'Arab' as such was used for the Bedouin and we would not apply it to one another."
202:
Abd al-Rahman Azzam's father, Hassan Bey, was born into an upper-class Arab family which became prominent during the first half of the nineteenth century in Shubak al-Gharbi, a village near
287:
Back in Egypt, he was banned by occupation authorities from returning to England because of his nationalist activities there and in Egypt; arrangements were made for him to attend the
565:
in early December 1947: "The Arabs conquered the Tartars and the Crusaders and they are now ready to defeat the new enemy", echoing what he had said to a journalist the previous day.
475:
had decided to move his forces into Palestine on 15 May, regardless of what the other Arabs did, and would occupy the Arab part of Palestine (blaming other Arab states for failure).
1775:
327:
and the British signed a peace treaty in 1917, Nuri Bey and Azzam moved to Tripolitania in the hope of developing a centralized authority. On 18 November 1918, leaders met at
541:. It was the subject of an article by David Barnett and Efraim Karsh. Azzam's quote was found to have originated in an 11 October 1947 interview for the Egyptian newspaper
1218:
1905:
264:
In London Azzam joined the Sphinx Society, a political group where he quickly became prominent. However, after his first year of study he grew concerned with
728:
1768:
1262:
375:
ministry were strongly opposed to two of the conference's major agenda items–the creation of a new Islamic university in Jerusalem and restoration of the
695:
and his meeting with Azzam are recounted in his autobiography. These events marked the point at which he turned towards orthodox, traditional Islam.
1895:
1761:
268:
and felt compelled to contribute to the Ottoman cause. Unsure of the form that contribution would take, Azzam decided to leave London for the
1915:
551:
1208:
408:
ministry increased his diplomatic ministry to include Saudi Arabia. In 1944 he was appointed minister for Arab affairs and Azmir al Hajj.
1642:
Great Power Discord in Palestine: The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry into the Problems of European Jewry and Palestine, 1945-1946
467:
twice in 1946 and 1951, where he discussed Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco issues which brought him criticism from the French journals.
1428:
1920:
1284:
439:
into the problems of European Jewry and Palestine, Azzam explained the Arab League’s attitude towards Palestine and rejected the
1910:
1890:
1592:
Gershoni, Israel and James Jankowski (1995). Redefining the Egyptian Nation, 1930-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1880:
1870:
1154:
AH Joffe and A Romirowsky (2010). "A Tale of Two Galloways: Notes on the Early History of UNRWA and Zionist Historiography".
1784:
1735:
168:
53:
1875:
499:
436:
288:
479:
resolved to contain Abdullah and prevent him from gaining further influence and power in the Arab arena. Six days after
241:
In 1903, the Azzam family moved to Helwan to facilitate Hassan Bey's attendance at government meetings in the city. The
1705:
1691:
1677:
1663:
1649:
1635:
1621:
1604:
1587:
1536:
1438:
1410:
284:. During his travels, Azzam connected with like-minded political activists and spoke with many non-Egyptian Arabs.
234:
Abd al-Rahman Azzam, the eighth of twelve children, was born on 8 March 1893, in Shubak al-Gharbi. His family were
460:, and informed him of the Arab decision to discuss Palestine with the United Kingdom which controlled the ground.
1900:
1455:
739:
618:
1717:
559:
1597:
British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism
610:
356:
339:
606:
519:
1885:
1815:
1121:
599:
210:). His grandfather, Salim Ali Azzam, was one of the first Arabs to become director of the southern
1360:
1542:
Coury Ralph (1988). "'Arabian Ethnicity' and Arab Nationalism: The Case of Abd al-Rahman Azzam".
1346:
1315:
292:
614:
364:
332:
258:
1800:
518:
entered Palestine and joined several thousand Palestinians. This marked the beginning of the
493:
480:
86:
1338:
1113:
1865:
1860:
1745:
1528:
The Dispersion Of Egyptian Jewry. Culture, Politics, And The Formation Of A Modern Diaspora
669:, this man is known for valour of spirit and elevation of mind ... he combines in the best
603:
472:
183:
428:
rioting in Egypt in which Jewish- and other non-Muslim-owned shops were destroyed and the
8:
1753:
1114:
1354:
1559:
1502:
1339:
1309:
1171:
983:
555:
530:
191:
119:
1830:
1701:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1617:
1600:
1583:
1572:
The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893-1936
1532:
1434:
1281:
1175:
700:
The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893-1936
622:
405:
1232:
1551:
1163:
372:
324:
304:
265:
211:
115:
424:. One of his first acts as Secretary-General was to condemn the 2–3 November 1945
1288:
1167:
534:
457:
401:
388:
250:
152:
698:
In 1998 Ralph M. Coury published a book about his early nationalist activities,
637:
He died on 2 June 1976 in Cairo, and was later buried at Azam Mosque in Helwan.
1454:
Liptak, Kevin; Atwood, Kylie; Bertrand, Natasha; Judd, Donald (1 August 2022).
1376:
1071:
729:"Biographical Dictionary of Secretaries-General of International Organizations"
654:
316:
1526:
590:" and asserted a linguistic basis for Egyptian identification with the Arabs.
572:
quotation, without its initial caveat, appeared in English in a February 1948
1854:
1825:
573:
543:
425:
312:
1810:
1805:
1609:
1456:"US kills al Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri in drone strike in Afghanistan"
538:
421:
1045:"عبد الرحمن عزام باشا أول زعيم قررت ثورة يوليو الإطاحة به بعد الملك فاروق"
651:
The Hero of Heroes or the most Prominent Attribute of the Prophet Muhammad
487:
1840:
1522:
476:
417:
380:
218:
and her mother's family descended from several Arabian Peninsula tribes.
172:
1656:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
1563:
1506:
1490:
987:
971:
1820:
678:
352:
179:
295:; this revived his desire to leave the country and join the Ottomans.
1628:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-2001.
1555:
688:
429:
376:
368:
164:
1097:
404:
appointed him Egyptian ambassador to Iraq and Iran, and in 1937 the
343:
The Tripolitanian Republic decisively marked the shift to Arabism."
186:. He was an Egyptian nationalist, one of the foremost proponents of
1265:(1 December 1947). ""Will Fight to Finish," Says League Official".
662:
626:
328:
308:
281:
273:
187:
416:
In 1945, Azzam was selected as the first Secretary-General of the
351:
Azzam's return to Egypt coincided with a number of debates by the
1189:
Benny Morris (July–August 2010). "Revisionism on the West Bank".
682:
670:
666:
658:
453:
440:
411:
320:
277:
242:
223:
674:
515:
269:
254:
215:
203:
41:
1411:"Leading personalities in Egypt (British diplomatic document)"
1230:
511:
503:
464:
291:. While studying in Cairo, Azzam became disaffected with the
207:
135:
1374:
1582:(pp. 151–177). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
507:
311:
from 1915 to 1923. In December 1915, he left Egypt to join
1783:
1209:"The makings of history / The blind misleading the blind"
1153:
523:
1453:
529:
In 2010, doubt of the quotation's source was voiced by
1698:
The Limits of Coexistence: Identity Politics in Israel
1614:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
1300:
1254:"British Institute Gutted; Demonstration near Cairo".
726:
884:
882:
880:
878:
859:
857:
1580:
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
793:
791:
772:
770:
323:
army against the British. After fighting ceased and
432:synagogue in Cairo's Muski quarter was set ablaze.
875:
854:
673:mode, the aspects of thought and action, like the
1366:
788:
767:
677:warriors of another time who are typified for us
558:be partitioned into Arab and Jewish states and a
452:Azzam attended an Arab League council meeting in
1852:
1544:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1488:
1336:
1307:
1024:"صدقي باشا فاوض اليهود على هجرة خمسين ألفا فقط"
702:, which was printed by Ithaca Press in London.
298:
1670:Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
1426:
1013:, NY, Harper & Brothers, 1947, pp. 109–110
412:Secretary-General of the Arab League 1945–1952
1769:
1433:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 29.
1375:Israel Office of Information (January 1952).
1261:
1098:Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre (1972).
552:United Nations Special Committee on Palestine
488:Controversy over "war of extermination" quote
346:
159:; 8 March 1893 – 2 June 1976), also known as
1906:Egyptian people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1416:. Nasser Library. 8 October 1946. p. 8.
1352:
1188:
1137:The Egyptian Economic & Political Review
1111:
1039:
1037:
16:Egyptian diplomat and politician (1893–1976)
1541:
1328:
969:
727:Bob Reinalda; Kent Kille (21 August 2012).
554:had presented its report recommending that
355:, the palace and the British about the new
1776:
1762:
502:(14 May 1948), troops and volunteers from
229:
167:diplomat and politician. He was the first
40:
1616:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1206:
1034:
960:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, pp. 153–156
649:(published by Azzam in Arabic in 1938 as
1202:
1200:
1104:
197:
175:, from 22 March 1945 to September 1952.
54:1st Secretary-General of the Arab League
1231:David Barnett and Efraim Karsh (2011).
338:Azzam credited his tenure in the early
190:idealism, and opposed the partition of
66:22 March 1945 – September 1952
1896:Secretaries general of the Arab League
1853:
1785:Secretaries General of the Arab League
1356:Fulfillment: the epic story of Zionism
640:
609:. One of Azzam's daughters married to
580:
550:At the time of Azzam's interview, the
1757:
1430:Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia
1197:
1916:Ambassadors of Egypt to Saudi Arabia
1736:Secretary-General of the Arab League
1359:. World Publishing Company. p.
1011:Palestine Mission: A Personal Record
933:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 150
924:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 148
289:Cairo Medical School of Qasr al-Ayni
1599:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1400:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p.120
1391:Gershoni and Jankowski, 1995, p. 29
1371:. Philosophical Society. p. 6.
1088:, Fayard, Paris 2007 vol. 3 p. 106.
657:writes: "In Damascus as well as in
500:Israeli Declaration of Independence
437:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
371:. Because members of the Azhar and
303:Azzam actively participated in the
259:St. Thomas’ Hospital Medical School
178:Azzam also had a long career as an
156:
13:
1531:. University of California Press.
1333:. Schoken Books. pp. 164–165.
14:
1932:
1711:
435:In a 2 March 1946 address to the
1839:
1700:. University of Michigan Press.
1489:Ibrahim Abu Rabi (Winter 2000).
621:. One of Azzam's great-nephews,
593:
1921:20th-century Egyptian diplomats
1482:
1473:
1447:
1420:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1322:
1301:Isidor Feinstein Stone (1948).
1294:
1273:
1247:
1224:
1182:
1147:
1128:
1091:
1078:
1064:
1055:
1016:
1003:
994:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
866:
845:
836:
827:
818:
693:The Eternal Message of Muhammad
647:The Eternal Message of Muhammad
272:and spent considerable time in
1009:Quoted Richard H.S. Crossman,
809:
800:
779:
758:
749:
720:
711:
1:
1911:Endowments ministers of Egypt
1891:20th-century Egyptian writers
1331:I saw the Battle of Jerusalem
1258:. 3 December 1947. p. 5.
1207:Tom Segev (21 October 2011).
1135:"The Toynbee-Herzog debate".
705:
629:from June 2011 to July 2022.
1881:Ambassadors of Egypt to Iraq
1871:Ambassadors of Egypt to Iran
1574:. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press.
1305:. Boni and Gaer. p. 21.
1168:10.1080/00263206.2010.504554
1143:(3): 6–9, 20–30. March 1961.
1051:(in Arabic). 6 October 2020.
1030:(in Arabic). 18 August 2017.
598:Azzam was the son-in-law of
394:
319:officers who were leading a
299:Libyan resistance: 1915–1923
7:
1658:. McFarland & Company.
1345:. Alfred A. Knopf. p.
611:Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud
266:developments in the Balkans
10:
1937:
1876:Egyptian Arab nationalists
1682:Sachar, Howard M. (1979).
1516:
1367:Joseph Schechtman (1952).
1233:"Azzam's genocidal threat"
625:, led the terrorist group
491:
365:General Islamic Conference
347:Wafd membership: 1923–1932
340:Libyan resistance movement
1837:
1796:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
1791:
1742:
1733:
1725:
1718:The Islamic Texts Society
1696:Torstrick, R. L. (2000).
1337:John Roy Carlson (1951).
1314:. Penguin Books. p.
149:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
142:
125:
101:
96:
92:
80:
70:
59:
52:
48:
39:
30:
25:Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
23:
1816:Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
1479:Rippin, 2000, p. 197–198
1369:The Arab Refugee Problem
1308:Konni Zilliacus (1949).
1086:La Question de Palestine
1061:Gergesm 2001, p. 154–155
970:I. H. Baqai (May 1946).
632:
600:Khalid Al Hud Al Gargani
31:
1427:J. E. Peterson (2003).
1287:2 November 2012 at the
1000:Beinin, 1998, pp. 64–65
645:In his introduction to
577:thousands of websites.
473:King Abdullah of Jordan
463:However, Azzam visited
257:, where he enrolled in
230:Childhood and education
1901:Wafd Party politicians
1626:Morris, Benny (2001).
1495:Arab Studies Quarterly
1156:Middle Eastern Studies
602:, a Libyan advisor of
450:
333:Tripolitanian Republic
1801:Abdul Khalek Hassouna
1672:. London: Routledge.
1644:. London: Routledge.
1640:Nachmani, A. (1988).
1595:Louis, W. R. (1986).
1570:Coury, Ralph. (1998)
1353:Rufus Learsi (1951).
1237:Middle East Quarterly
1191:The National Interest
1112:Benny Morris (1999).
972:"The Pan-Arab League"
745:on 28 September 2013.
520:1948 Arab–Israeli War
494:Azzam Pasha quotation
481:the Arab intervention
445:
443:claim to the region:
198:Family and early life
87:Abdul Khalek Hassouna
1746:Abdul Khlek Hassouna
1329:Harry Levin (1950).
1219:Knowledge discussion
1075:, 21 May 1948, p. 3.
872:Coury, 1998, p. 100.
1686:, New York: Knopf.
1684:A History of Israel
1378:The Arabs in Israel
951:Coury, 1998, p. 387
942:Coury, 1998, p. 257
915:Coury, 1998, p. 234
863:Coury, 1998, p. 96.
851:Coury, 1998, p. 75.
842:Coury, 1998, p. 67.
833:Coury, 1998, p. 49.
824:Coury, 1998, p. 31.
815:Coury, 1998, p. 29.
797:Coury, 1998, p. 24.
785:Coury, 1998, p. 22.
776:Coury, 1998, p. 16.
764:Coury, 1998, p. 15.
641:Writings and legacy
613:, the son of Saudi
581:Views on Arab unity
331:and proclaimed the
157:عبد الرحمن حسن عزام
33:عبد الرحمن حسن عزام
1729:Office established
1668:Rippin, A. (2000).
1654:Nisan, M. (2002).
1256:The Times of India
1217:in reference to a
1107:Palestine Betrayed
906:Coury, 1988, p. 69
888:Coury, 1988, p. 64
806:Coury, 1998, p. 48
498:One day after the
293:British occupation
120:Khedivate of Egypt
114:Shubak al-Gharbi,
1848:
1847:
1831:Ahmed Aboul Gheit
1752:
1751:
1743:Succeeded by
1341:Cairo to Damascus
1282:UN document S/710
1116:Righteous Victims
681:by the figure of
623:Ayman al-Zawahiri
619:Iffat Al Thunayan
607:Abdulaziz Al Saud
305:Libyan resistance
249:) instead of the
169:Secretary-General
146:
145:
1928:
1843:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1726:Preceded by
1723:
1722:
1567:
1556:10.2307/40000870
1511:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1334:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1222:
1221:of Sep–Oct 2010.
1216:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1102:. Grafton Books.
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1028:hounaloubnan.com
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
967:
961:
958:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
873:
870:
864:
861:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
786:
783:
777:
774:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
746:
744:
738:. Archived from
733:
724:
718:
715:
589:
561:corpus separatum
212:Giza Governorate
158:
132:
116:Giza Governorate
111:
109:
97:Personal details
83:
76:Inaugural holder
73:
64:
44:
34:
21:
20:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1886:Egyptian pashas
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1787:
1782:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1714:
1519:
1514:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1327:
1323:
1299:
1295:
1289:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1229:
1225:
1205:
1198:
1187:
1183:
1152:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1096:
1092:
1084:Henry Laurens,
1083:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
976:India Quarterly
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
901:
897:Coury, 1988, 65
896:
892:
887:
876:
871:
867:
862:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
789:
784:
780:
775:
768:
763:
759:
754:
750:
742:
736:IO BIO Database
731:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
643:
635:
596:
587:
583:
496:
490:
458:J. Rives Childs
414:
397:
349:
315:and a group of
301:
236:fellahin dhwati
232:
200:
184:parliamentarian
134:
130:
113:
107:
105:
81:
71:
65:
60:
35:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1712:External links
1710:
1709:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1652:
1638:
1624:
1607:
1593:
1590:
1575:
1568:
1539:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1481:
1472:
1446:
1439:
1419:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1321:
1311:I choose peace
1303:This is Israel
1293:
1272:
1246:
1223:
1196:
1181:
1162:(5): 655–675.
1146:
1127:
1109:. p. 209.
1105:Efraim Karsh.
1090:
1077:
1072:Palestine Post
1063:
1054:
1033:
1015:
1002:
993:
962:
953:
944:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
874:
865:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
787:
778:
766:
757:
748:
719:
709:
707:
704:
691:'s reading of
655:Vincent Sheean
642:
639:
634:
631:
595:
592:
582:
579:
492:Main article:
489:
486:
413:
410:
396:
393:
348:
345:
300:
297:
231:
228:
199:
196:
144:
143:
140:
139:
133:(aged 83)
127:
123:
122:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
74:
68:
67:
57:
56:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1842:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Nabil Elaraby
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1706:0-472-11124-8
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:0-679-76563-8
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:0-415-21782-2
1675:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:0-7864-1375-1
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:0-7146-3298-8
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:0-679-74475-4
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:0-521-81120-1
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:0-19-822960-7
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:0-521-79476-5
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:0-520-21175-8
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:"Book review"
1485:
1476:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1440:9780810827806
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1263:Margaret Pope
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
883:
881:
879:
869:
860:
858:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
792:
782:
773:
771:
761:
752:
741:
737:
730:
723:
714:
710:
703:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
638:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
594:Personal life
591:
578:
575:
574:Jewish Agency
571:
570:Akhbar el-Yom
566:
563:
562:
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:
544:Akhbar el-Yom
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
485:
482:
478:
474:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
449:
444:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
407:
403:
392:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
344:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
227:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
150:
141:
137:
128:
124:
121:
117:
104:
100:
95:
91:
88:
85:
79:
75:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
22:
19:
1811:Chedli Klibi
1806:Mahmoud Riad
1795:
1734:
1728:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1596:
1579:
1571:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:
1449:
1429:
1422:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1355:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1275:
1269:. p. 2.
1267:The Scotsman
1266:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1212:
1190:
1184:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1115:
1106:
1100:O Jerusalem!
1099:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1027:
1018:
1010:
1005:
996:
979:
975:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
868:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
781:
760:
751:
740:the original
735:
722:
717:Nisan, 2002.
713:
699:
697:
692:
687:
650:
646:
644:
636:
597:
584:
569:
567:
560:
549:
542:
539:Benny Morris
528:
497:
469:
462:
451:
446:
434:
422:World War II
415:
398:
385:
361:
357:constitution
350:
337:
325:Sayyid Idris
307:against the
302:
286:
263:
246:
240:
235:
233:
220:
201:
177:
160:
148:
147:
131:(1976-06-02)
112:8 March 1893
82:Succeeded by
61:
18:
1866:1976 deaths
1861:1893 births
1280:appears in
1243:(4): 85–88.
755:Louis, 1986
615:King Faisal
516:Transjordan
477:King Farouk
426:anti-Jewish
418:Arab League
247:ibtidaiyyah
173:Arab League
161:Azzam Pasha
129:2 June 1976
72:Preceded by
1855:Categories
1821:Amr Moussa
1740:1945–1952
1610:Morris, B.
1523:Beinin, J.
1120:. p.
1049:Al Jazeera
982:(2): 148.
706:References
679:Westerners
604:Saudi King
535:Romirowsky
402:'Ali Mahir
389:King Faruq
329:al-Qasabat
206:(south of
180:ambassador
108:1893-03-08
1630:Vintage.
1550:: 61–70.
1176:147251065
689:Malcolm X
556:Palestine
430:Ashkenazi
395:1932–1945
377:caliphate
369:Jerusalem
192:Palestine
163:, was an
62:In office
1612:(2003).
1564:40000870
1525:(1998).
1507:41858323
1465:1 August
1285:Archived
1193:: 73–81.
988:45067282
663:Istanbul
659:Djakarta
627:al-Qaeda
383:nation.
381:pan-Arab
313:Nuri Bey
309:Italians
282:Anatolia
274:Istanbul
243:effendis
188:pan-Arab
165:Egyptian
1517:Sources
1373:
1365:
1351:
1335:
1260:
1213:Haaretz
683:Saladin
671:Islamic
667:Baghdad
586:culture
454:Bloudan
441:Zionist
420:during
321:Senussi
317:Ottoman
278:Albania
270:Balkans
224:Bedouin
171:of the
138:, Egypt
1704:
1690:
1676:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1562:
1535:
1505:
1437:
1174:
986:
675:Muslim
406:Nahhas
280:, and
255:London
216:shaykh
204:Helwan
153:Arabic
1560:JSTOR
1503:JSTOR
1501:(1).
1414:(PDF)
1172:S2CID
984:JSTOR
743:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
633:Death
531:Joffe
512:Egypt
504:Syria
465:Paris
373:Sidqi
251:Azhar
208:Cairo
136:Cairo
1702:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1467:2022
1435:ISBN
665:and
617:and
568:The
537:and
533:and
514:and
508:Iraq
353:Wafd
182:and
126:Died
102:Born
1552:doi
1460:CNN
1361:384
1347:266
1316:259
1164:doi
1122:219
653:),
524:BBC
367:in
1857::
1558:.
1548:25
1546:.
1499:20
1497:.
1493:.
1458:.
1241:18
1239:.
1235:.
1211:.
1199:^
1170:.
1160:46
1158:.
1139:.
1047:.
1036:^
1026:.
978:.
974:.
877:^
856:^
790:^
769:^
734:.
661:,
510:,
506:,
391:.
276:,
261:.
194:.
155::
118:,
1777:e
1770:t
1763:v
1566:.
1554::
1509:.
1469:.
1443:.
1381:.
1363:.
1349:.
1318:.
1291:.
1215:.
1178:.
1166::
1141:7
1124:.
990:.
980:2
588:'
151:(
110:)
106:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
