1837:
2502:
2528:
2465:
877:
526:
1745:
2481:
2258:, had contact with the European world, their population may have numbered as many as 40,000. Around 20,000 would have been Eastern Abenaki, another 10,000 would have been Western Abenaki, and the last 10,000 would have been Maritime Abenaki. Early contact with European fishermen resulted in two major epidemics that affected Abenaki during the 16th century. The first epidemic was an unknown sickness occurring sometime between 1564 and 1570, and the second one was
1372:. These two Abenaki reserves continue to grow and develop. Since the year 2000, the total Abenaki population (on and off reserve) has doubled to 2,101 members in 2011. Approximately 400 Abenaki reside on these two reserves, which cover a total area of less than 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi). The unrecognized majority are off-reserve members, living in various cities and towns across Canada and the United States.
4230:
1825:. Leroux found that only 2.2 percent of the Missisquoi Abenaki membership has Abenaki ancestry, with the rest of the organization's root ancestors being primarily French Canadian and migrating to Vermont in the mid-19th century. The Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi's shifting claims about its root ancestors as well as loose membership critieria are consistent with race-shifting patterns.
50:
1508:. During the European colonization of North America, the land occupied by the Abenaki was in the area between the new colonies of England in Massachusetts and the French in Quebec. Since no party agreed to territorial boundaries, there was regular conflict among them. The Abenaki were traditionally allied with the French; during the reign of
1699:
Quebec-Montreal axis. Over 5,000 people visit the
Abenaki Museum annually. Several Abenaki companies include: in WĂ´linak, General Fiberglass Engineering employs a dozen natives, with annual sales exceeding C$ 3 million. Odanak is now active in transportation and distribution. Notable Abenaki from this area include the documentary filmmaker
1497:, including the Abenaki. Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture. This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest.
1809:
The
Abenaki Nation, based in Quebec, claim that those self-identifying as Abenaki in Vermont are settlers making false claims to Indigenous ancestry. While the Odanak and Wolinak Abenaki First Nations in Quebec initially believed claims from residents of Vermont who said they were Abenaki, the Odanak
1952:
is a major part of
Abenaki culture. It is used not only as entertainment but also as a teaching method. The Abenaki view stories as having lives of their own and being aware of how they are used. Stories were used as a means of teaching children behavior. Children were not to be mistreated, and so
1922:
The
Abenaki were a farming society that supplemented agriculture with hunting and gathering. Generally the men were the hunters. The women tended the fields and grew the crops. In their fields, they planted the crops in groups of "sisters". The three sisters were grown together: the stalk of corn
1902:
Most of the year, Abenaki lived in dispersed bands of extended families. Bands came together during the spring and summer at seasonal villages near rivers, or somewhere along the seacoast for planting and fishing. During the winter, the
Abenaki lived in small groups further inland. These villages
1698:
The development of tourism projects has allowed the
Canadian Abenaki to develop a modern economy, while preserving their culture and traditions. For example, since 1960, the Odanak Historical Society has managed the first and one of the largest aboriginal museums in Quebec, a few miles from the
1589:. The Abenaki pushed back the line of white settlement through devastating raids on scattered farmhouses and small villages. The war was settled by a peace treaty in 1678, with the Wampanoag more than decimated and many native survivors having been sold into slavery in Bermuda.
1813:
Scholars have not been able to find credible evidence of the
Vermont Abenaki's claims of Indigenous ancestry. Anthropological research from the first half of the 20th century indicates that no Abenaki community actively existed in Vermont during that time period.
2266:. Maine was hit very hard during the year of 1617, with a fatality rate of 75%, and the population of the Eastern Abenaki fell to about 5,000. The more isolated Western Abenaki suffered fewer fatalities, losing about half of their original population of 10,000.
2390:
makes reference to the
Abenaki: "On a late-winter evening in 1983, while driving through fog along the Maine coast, recollections of old campfires began to drift into the March mist, and I thought of the Abnaki Indians of the Algonquin tribe who dwelt near
2008:
Many other plants are used for various healing and treatment modalities, including for the skin, as a disinfectant, as a cure-all, as a respiratory aid, for colds, coughs, fevers, grippe, gas, blood strengthening, headaches and other pains,
2641:
2667:
1432:
share many linguistic similarities. It has come close to extinction as a spoken language. Tribal members are working to revive the
Abenaki language at Odanak (means "in the village"), a First Nations Abenaki reserve near
1848:
New
Hampshire does not recognize any Abenaki tribes. It has no federally recognized tribes or state-recognized tribes; however, it established the New Hampshire Commission on Native American Affairs in 2010. The various
1343:
was done by the people and traded to the English colonists for durable goods. These contributions by Native American Abenaki peoples went largely unreported. Two tribal communities formed in Canada, one once known as
1330:
During the Anglo-French wars, the Abenaki were allies of France, having been displaced from Ndakinna by immigrating English settlers. An anecdote from the period tells the story of a Wolastoqew war chief named
936:), lived in the Kennebec River Valley in northern Maine. Principal village: Norridgewock (Naridgewalk, Neridgewok, Noronjawoke); other villages: Amaseconti (Amesokanti, Anmissoukanti), Kennebec, and Sagadahoc.
1782:
found that less than 1% of the Missisquoi's 1,171 members could show descent from an Abenaki ancestor. The bureau's report concluded that the petitioner is "a collection of individuals of claimed but mostly
1201:
1318:
based on hunting, fishing, trapping, berry picking and on growing corn, beans, squash, potatoes and tobacco. They also produced baskets, made of ash and sweet grass, for picking wild berries, and boiled
1903:
occasionally had to be fortified, depending on the alliances and enemies of other tribes or of Europeans near the village. Abenaki villages were quite small with an average number of 100 residents.
3194:
1790:
State recognition allows applicants to seek certain scholarship funds reserved for American Indians and to for members to market artwork as American Indian or Native American-made under the 1990
3225:
258:
While Abenaki peoples have shared cultural traits, they did not historically have a centralized government. They came together as a post-contact community after their original tribes were
2292:. Because of this, descendants of nearly every southern New England Algonquian tribe can be found among the Abenaki people. A century later, fewer than 1,000 Abenaki remained after the
1733:
1188:
1148:
985:
2910:
After having lived for several decades around the city of Lévis, the Abenaki settled in Odanak and Wôlinak in 1700 in one of the most picturesque and rich farming districts in Québec.
2947:
1635:(or Rasles, ~1657?-1724) encouraged the Abenaki to halt the spread of Yankee settlements. When the Massachusetts militia tried to seize Rale, the Abenaki raided the settlements at
1339:
and received the rank of knight. Not all Abenaki natives fought on the side of the French, however; many remained on their native lands in the northern colonies. Much of the
2318:
wrote of the Abenaki in her short story, "The Church in the Wilderness" (1828). Several Abenaki characters and much about their 18th-century culture are featured in the
2262:
in 1586. Multiple epidemics arrived a decade prior to the English colonization of Massachusetts in 1620, when three separate sicknesses swept across New England and the
1856:
In 2021, a bill was introduced to the New Hampshire legislature to allow New Hampshire communities to rename locations in the Abenaki language. This bill did not pass.
4549:
3339:
1379:. The remaining Abenaki people live in multi-racial towns and cities across Canada and the US, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and northern New England.
3293:
3165:
2501:
4317:
3251:
2288:
The Abenaki population continued to decline, but in 1676, they took in thousands of refugees from many southern New England tribes displaced by settlement and
2922:
2527:
1911:
1394:
that are administered cooperatively by the Nulhegan. The forest contains 65 acres (26 ha). The Missiquoi Abenaki Tribe owns forest land in the town of
3276:
3202:
3418:
2281:
came through 10 years later. Smallpox struck in 1670, and influenza in 1675. Smallpox affected the Native Americans in 1677, 1679, 1687, along with
4340:
224:
3324:
1964:
to a shouting contest. When the waterfall does not respond, Azban dives into the waterfall to try to outshout it; he is swept away because of his
1884:
of southern New England. They cultivated food crops and built villages on or near fertile river floodplains. They also hunted game, fished, and
2435:
1672:
3469:
2443:
3513:
1797:
In 2002, the State of Vermont reported that the Abenaki people have not had a "continuous presence" in the state and had migrated north to
1772:
825:
2955:
1801:
by the end of the 17th century. Facing annihilation, many Abenaki had begun emigrating to Canada, then under French control, around 1669.
1778:
The Missisquoi Abenaki applied for federal recognition as an Indian tribe in the 1980s but failed to meet four of the seven criteria. The
4564:
4310:
1756:
1923:
supported the beans, and squash or pumpkins provided ground cover and reduced weeds. The men would hunt bears, deer, fish, and birds.
1810:
reversed their position in 2003, calling on the groups in Vermont to provide them with genealogical evidence of Indigenous ancestry.
4554:
4544:
1273:
1176:
1678:
The Abenaki from St. Francois continued to raid British settlements in their former homelands along the New England frontier during
860:
4559:
3139:
1821:", arguing that genealogical and archival evidence shows that most members of the state-recognized tribes are descended from white
723:. The Pennacook were once a large confederacy who were politically distinct and competitive with their northern Abenaki neighbors.
4457:
4194:(1700), translated into English-Abenaki by Stephen Laurent, and published in hardcover (525 pp.) by Chisholm Bros. Publishing.
1489:
argues that the Abenakis' neighbors, pre-contact Iroquois, were an imperialist, expansionist culture whose cultivation of the
4303:
4128:
2903:
2792:
2702:
2411:
in Massachusetts Samuel Numphow, Sagamore Kancamagus, and writings on the Abenaki language by former chief of the reserve at
3169:
4344:
1864:
There are a dozen variations of the name "Abenaki", such as Abenaquiois, Abakivis, Quabenakionek, Wabenakies and others.
965:
3581:
2853:
3604:
3301:
2841:
1828:
Leroux's research prompted renewed calls by the Abenaki First Nations to reassess Vermont's state recognition process.
1791:
1468:
meaning "from". Thus, the word for "white man" literally translates to "Who is this man and where does he come from?"
4155:
4106:
3940:
3879:
3550:
3423:
GROUP OF MISSISQUOI: RESEARCH FINDINGS REVEAL TROUBLING IRREGULARITIES IN THE STATE OF VERMONT'S RECOGNITION PROCESS"
3123:
3055:
1481:
4042:
3814:
3789:
3764:
3739:
3358:
4569:
3973:
2307:, with 6,012 people claiming Abenaki heritage. In 1991 Canadian Abenaki numbered 945; by 2006 they numbered 2,164.
1729:
1613:
1596:
in 1702, the Abenaki were allied with the French; they raided numerous English colonial settlements in Maine, from
1528:
1456:, meaning that a phrase or an entire sentence is expressed by a single word. For example, the word for "white man"
3072:
2977:
2377:(2008), concerns a young Abenaki-French Canadian girl during the time of the Vermont Eugenics Project, 1931–1936.
1926:
The Abenaki were a patrilineal society, which was common among New England tribes. In this they differed from the
1345:
855:
2815:, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 137. Cited in Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1683:
1277:
1172:
1144:
1914:. During the winter, the Abenaki lined the inside of their conical wigwams with bear and deer skins for warmth.
2748:
1604:, killing about 300 settlers over ten years. They also occasionally raided into Massachusetts, for instance in
1476:
There is archeological evidence of indigenous people in what is today New Hampshire for at least 12,000 years.
259:
17:
4259:
4574:
4534:
4284:
4216:
3932:
1704:
1253:
1009:
3226:"Final Determination against Federal Acknowledgment of the St. Francis / Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont"
1299:
region of Quebec between 1676 and 1680, and subsequently, for about twenty years, lived on the banks of the
4326:
4264:
2242:
for slight itches and as an antiseptic ointment. They stuff the leaves, needles and wood into pillows as a
1429:
4269:
4099:. Quebec: Joseph Laurent (Sozap LolĂ´ KizitĂ´gw), Abenakis, Chief of the Indian village of St. Francis, P.Q.
2480:
4539:
1490:
188:
1382:
In December 2012, the Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation created a tribal forest in the town of
1375:
There are about 3,200 Abenaki living in Vermont and New Hampshire, without reservations, chiefly around
4175:
2365:(2012) novels, set in the contemporary world. Books for younger readers both have historical settings:
1620:
and Abenaki tribes; older captives were generally ransomed, and the colonies carried on a brisk trade.
1070:
749:
681:– "People Who Separated"), lived in the Middle and Upper Connecticut River Valley. Principal villages:
642:
594:
4050:
3982:
3662:
2304:
2300:
1938:
1679:
686:
448:
3909:
3115:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History
1260:
valley in Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. The Missiquoi lived along the eastern shore of
4234:
3964:
2439:
2328:
2319:
1779:
1768:
1749:
1609:
1519:
Around 1669, the Abenaki started to emigrate to Quebec due to conflicts with English colonists and
1291:
English colonial settlement in New England and frequent violence forced many Abenaki to migrate to
4109:; Dec. 2009 (hardcover): Kessinger Publishings Legacy Reprint Series; and April 2010 (paperback):
3252:"'A false narrative': Abenaki leaders dispute the legitimacy of Vermont's state-recognized tribes"
4451:
4430:
3698:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152, 171
3519:
2834:
The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600–1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People,
2344:
2219:
1398:, centered around the Brunswick Springs. These springs are believed to be a sacred Abenaki site.
720:
4086:
4078:
3856:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 163-164
1585:, the Abenaki joined the Wampanoag. For three years they fought along the Maine frontier in the
1540:
903:
562:
4064:
New England Captives Carried to Canada: Between 1677 and 1760 During the French and Indian Wars
1995:
1568:
1453:
784:
4144:
A Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England: Voices from Past and Present
3113:
2407:, edited by Siobhan Senier. Selections include letters from leader of the early praying town,
1836:
4205:
3969:"Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian"
3443:
2464:
2163:
1687:
1605:
4045:
True Stories of New England Captives Carried to Canada during the Old French and Indian Wars
3847:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155
3838:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164
3716:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 173
3707:
Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 152
3004:"N'dakinna: Our Homeland...Still – Additional Examples of Abenaki Presence in New Hampshire"
1817:
Researcher Darryl Leroux characterizes the Vermont Abenaki's claims of Abenaki ancestry as "
3340:"Abenaki Nation in Quebec says tribes bearing its name in Vermont should not be recognized"
2513:
2455:
2289:
1869:
1787:
with little or no social or historical connection with each other before the early 1970s."
1760:
1582:
1296:
1200:
1111:
770:
295:
232:
228:
1550:
1357:
8:
4348:
4133:
3651:
Rousseau, Jacques 1947 Ethnobotanique Abenakise. Archives de Folklore 11:145–182 (p. 166)
2423:
2293:
2157:
2076:
1652:
1593:
1434:
1425:
1349:
1315:
1089:
981:
977:
886:
821:
777:
541:
275:
4012:
3143:
1493:
enabled them to support a large population. They made war primarily against neighboring
834:
3994:
3946:
3100:
The Embattled Northeast: the Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-Euramerican Relations
2785:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
2622:
2181:
2175:
2139:
2064:
2046:
1881:
1784:
1764:
1494:
1395:
1387:
1365:
1093:
1045:
838:
801:
500:
490:
467:
294:. While the two terms are often confused, the Abenaki are one of several tribes in the
144:
2426:
written by women taken captive by the Abenaki from the early New England settlements:
1300:
864:
4151:
4124:
4102:
4082:
4074:
3936:
3556:
3546:
3400:
3119:
3051:
2899:
2837:
2788:
2590:
2574:
2386:
2315:
2277:
passing through the following year. Smallpox affected the Abenaki again in 1649, and
2187:
2145:
2058:
1977:
1874:
1671:
brought an end to the war. After Rale died, the Abenaki moved to a settlement on the
1586:
1281:
1257:
1168:
1053:
973:
863:), lived around Trois-Rivières, Centre-du-Québec, and included settlements along the
586:
127:
1632:
1369:
830:
4529:
3986:
3674:
3392:
3269:
2609:
2509:
2133:
1989:
1822:
1700:
1664:
1647:. The Massachusetts government then declared war and bloody battles were fought at
1644:
1636:
1574:
1505:
1446:
1407:
1386:. This forest was established with assistance from the Vermont Sierra Club and the
712:
630:
291:
236:
216:
183:
115:
107:
3950:
2710:
1930:
to the west in New York, and from many other North American Native tribes who had
1853:, Abenaki and other Native and heritage groups are represented to the Commission.
1335:(variant spellings include Assacumbuit), who killed more than 140 enemies of King
4476:
4463:
3968:
3003:
2893:
2586:
2427:
2336:
2088:
2026:
1656:
1640:
1624:
1601:
1383:
1269:
1180:
1017:
969:
957:
111:
2104:
to create containers, moose calls and other utilitarian pieces, and the bark of
4414:
4295:
4123:, PQ: La Voix Des Bois-Franes. Reprinted 2008: Toronto: Global Language Press,
3396:
3077:
2580:
2568:
2416:
2366:
2238:
2121:
2106:
2070:
2041:, pediatric aid (such as for teething), and other unspecified or general uses.
2001:
1931:
1896:
1536:
1376:
1324:
1261:
1184:
1041:
634:
876:
525:
4523:
4404:
4187:
4120:
4094:
4032:
3577:
3404:
2857:
2550:
Please list living people under their First Nation or state-recognized tribe.
2492:
2431:
2392:
2381:
2357:
2273:
in 1631, 1633, and 1639. Seven years later, an unknown epidemic struck, with
2263:
2034:
2022:
1999:
as part of their traditional diet. They also use the fruit and the grains of
1917:
1877:, and as docile, ingenious, temperate in the use of liquor, and not profane.
1725:
1617:
1438:
1417:
1285:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1155:
1140:
1097:
509:
Historically, ethnologists have classified the Abenaki by geographic groups:
475:
463:
252:
157:
4073:, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, National Museum Of Man Mercury Series
3560:
3515:
Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610—1791
3380:
2303:, 1,549 people identified themselves as Abenaki. So did 2,544 people in the
4356:
4279:
4253:
4110:
3168:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. Archived from
2603:
2487:
2454:
Maps showing the approximate locations of areas occupied by members of the
2352:
2209:
2193:
2169:
2018:
1949:
1899:. Each man had different hunting territories inherited through his father.
1648:
1597:
1421:
1123:
1075:
932:
914:
754:
638:
471:
149:
131:
3887:
3487:
1956:
One of the stories is of Azban the Raccoon. This is a story about a proud
1744:
4399:
4369:
4197:
4147:
3663:"Use of plants for food and medicine by Native Peoples of eastern Canada"
2471:
2373:(1998) (grades 4–6) is set in 1777; and Beth Kanell's young adult novel,
2127:
2115:
1513:
1391:
1332:
1320:
1229:
1040:, potentially related to the Androsgoggins, they lived between the upper
842:
459:
3608:
2948:"Nulhegan Abenaki attain first tribal forestland in more than 200 years"
2819:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401. Campbell uses the spelling
2817:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2555:
2278:
2255:
2010:
1818:
1660:
1524:
1486:
1005:
479:
153:
4280:
Native Languages of the Americas: Abnaki-Penobscot (Abenaki Language)
3998:
3726:
3630:
1555:
1361:
1308:
849:
629:– "People of the Flint"), also known as the Sokoki. They lived in the
4374:
2535:
2517:
2274:
2230:
2151:
2014:
1961:
1721:
1668:
1578:
1509:
1413:
1336:
1265:
992:
940:
695:
649:
601:
161:
4101:
Reprinted (paperback) Sept. 2006: Vancouver: Global Language Press,
3678:
2403:
Letters and other non-fiction writing can be found in the anthology
1020:. Occupied an intermediate location, therefore sometimes classed as
27:
Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands of Canada and the US
4435:
4394:
4241:
4138:. Published at L'Atelier typographique de la "Gazette de Sorel", QC
3990:
3886:. Ne-Do-Ba (Friends), A Maine Nonprofit Corporation. Archived from
2270:
2052:
2038:
2030:
1927:
1892:
1885:
1850:
1520:
1340:
1183:
rivers, in present-day Maine and New Brunswick. Principal village:
742:
577:
203:
198:
4274:
4184:(1932), Odanak, Quebec, reprinted in 2008 by Global Language Press
3048:
The Red King's Rebellion, Racial Politics in New England 1675–1678
2583:(1866-1934), Oneida herbalist and hotelkeeper (father was Abenaki)
1968:. This story would be used to show a child the pitfalls of pride.
4409:
4057:
Les Abenakis D'Odanak: Histoire des Abénakis D'Odanak (1675–1937)
2408:
2282:
2269:
The new diseases continued to strike in epidemics, starting with
2243:
1957:
1628:
1501:
1442:
1327:
remains a traditional activity practiced by some tribal members.
1272:
in southern New Hampshire. The maritime Abenaki lived around the
1240:. The Eastern Abenaki population was concentrated in portions of
248:
4290:
2752:
2351:(1977), both of which are set in the eighteenth century; and in
1516:
was designated a member of the French nobility for his service.
800:– "region of the land around lakes"), lived along the shores of
4330:
4229:
3913:
3661:
Johns, Timothy; Hebda, Richard; Arnason, Thor (November 1981).
2412:
2259:
2203:
2082:
1907:
1798:
1545:
1504:(Tisquantum) and took them to Spain, where they were sold into
1353:
1304:
1292:
1233:
1205:
815:
566:
495:
244:
4037:
Father Aubery's French-Abenaki Dictionary: English translation
3868:, ed. Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola, Penguin, London, 1998
3470:"Bill promotes Native American history through NH place names"
2096:
for making baskets, canoes, snowshoes, and whistles. They use
91:
United States (Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine), self-identified
4389:
4213:
The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast
3929:
The Common Pot: The Recovery of Native Space in the Northeast
3359:"DÉNONCIATION DE GROUPES AUTOPROCLAMÉS ACTIFS SUR LE NDAKINA"
2565:–1819), an 18th-century Mi'kmaw scout, adopted by the Abenaki
2534:
Western Abenaki (Arsigantegok, Missisquoi, Cowasuck, Sokoki,
2225:
1965:
1416:(Penobscot) language. Other neighboring Wabanaki tribes, the
1245:
1209:
1049:
458:) — the aboriginal name of the area broadly corresponding to
240:
3448:
New Hampshire Department of Natural & Cultural Resources
1953:
instead of punishing the child, they would be told a story.
4384:
4379:
4247:
1532:
1500:
In 1614, Thomas Hunt captured 24 Abenaki people, including
1256:. The other major group, the Western Abenaki, lived in the
1228:), previously extended across most of what is now northern
573:
and this term gradually was applied to all Western Abenaki.
49:
3488:"New Hampshire Senate Bill 33 (Prior Session Legislation)"
3189:
3187:
2571:(1839–1917), chief, author, language advocate, businessman
1918:
Gender, food, division of labor, and other cultural traits
1831:
1581:) fought the English colonists in New England in 1675 in
1147:. Principal villages: Meductic, Aukpaque. Now a separate
3223:
2332:(1940) is based on a novel of the same name by Roberts.
1993:
and sniff them for headaches. They consume the fruit of
1804:
3184:
3294:"State Says Abenaki Do Not Have "Continuous Presence""
2597:
2422:
Accounts of life with the Abenaki can be found in the
1052:, their central village was somewhere near modern day
3725:
A full list of their ethnobotany can be found at the
2880:
Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes: Third Edition
2037:, swellings, urinary aid, gastrointestinal aid, as a
1715:
1016:
was located on the upper Saco River near present-day
984:, Precaute, Segocket, and Wabigganus. Now a separate
4136:
Histoire des Abénakis, depuis 1605 jusqu'à nos jours
4039:. S. Laurent (Translator). Chisholm Bros. Publishing
3511:
3381:"State Recognition and the Dangers of Race Shifting"
3277:
Abenaki Turn to Vermont Legislature for Recognition
1612:
in 1704. The raids stopped when the war ended. Some
1078:
in east-central New Hampshire. Sometimes classed as
4202:
Our Beloved Kin: A New History of King Philip's War
2674:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. May 7, 2021
2648:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. May 7, 2021
1739:
243:, while the Western Abenaki language was spoken in
4265:Koasek Traditional Band of the Koas Abenaki Nation
3322:
2544:
902:), lived in the Androscoggin Valley and along the
529:Historical territories of Western Abenaki tribes,
3660:
3580:. Cowasuck Band of the Pennacook-Abenaki People.
3111:
2577:(1853–1943), chief, language advocate, and author
1356:, Abenaki for "coming home"), and the other near
1139:), lived in the inland of upper Maine and middle
4550:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
4521:
4325:
4174:(August 1994), Paperback: 616 pages, Publisher:
2915:
2773:A Time Before New Hampshire by Michael J. Caduto
1910:for housing, though a few preferred oval-shaped
1108:Ouanwinak, Sheepscot, Wawenock, Wawnock, Wewenoc
972:; other villages: Agguncia, Asnela, Catawamtek,
757:in east-central New Hampshire. Often classed as
2285:, 1691, 1729, 1733, 1755, and finally in 1758.
1906:Most Abenaki crafted dome-shaped, bark-covered
1412:The Abenaki language is closely related to the
260:decimated by colonization, disease, and warfare
225:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
4166:Other grammar books and dictionaries include:
2110:(red osier dogwood) ssp. sericea for smoking.
1627:or Father Rale's War, erupted when the French
470:of the area—Western Abenaki, Eastern Abenaki,
4311:
3815:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3790:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3765:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3740:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
3112:Spencer C. Tucker; et al., eds. (2011).
2846:
2254:Before the Abenaki, except the Pennacook and
585:– "People of the Pines"), lived in the upper
517:. Within these groups are the Abenaki bands:
227:of Canada and the United States. They are an
3385:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
3282:January 20, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011
2783:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009).
2746:
2707:U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes
1987:The Abenaki smash the flowers and leaves of
1773:state-recognized tribes in the United States
1623:The Third Abenaki War (1722–25), called the
1549:Indian Reserve; the second was founded near
1523:of new infectious diseases. The governor of
4291:Western Abenaki Dictionary and Radio Online
4096:New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues
3963:
2249:
565:in Québec. Principal village: St. Francis (
466:. It is sometimes used to refer to all the
4318:
4304:
4081:, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 71
2807:Snow, Dean R. 1978. "Eastern Abenaki". In
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
1880:Abenaki lifeways were similar to those of
1757:Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
1535:). The first, of what was later to become
1531:(large self-administered areas similar to
1088:, they were one of the major bands of the
48:
4192:Father Aubery's French-Abenaki Dictionary
4182:Abenaki Legends, Grammar, and Place Names
4118:Abenaki Legends, Grammar and Place Names.
4071:The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians
3605:"The Abenaki Perspective on Storytelling"
3545:(3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File.
3224:Bureau of Indian Affairs (July 2, 2007).
3199:National Conference of State Legislatures
1844:in Opechee Park in Laconia, New Hampshire
290:meaning "People of the Dawn Land" in the
4134:Maurault, Joseph-Anselme (Abbot), 1866.
3356:
3337:
3249:
1835:
1743:
1199:
875:
524:
485:The Abenaki people also call themselves
4458:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
4092:
4059:. Les Éditions du Lévrier, Montreal, QC
3877:
3602:
3596:
3572:
3570:
3540:
3444:"Commission on Native American Affairs"
3325:"Letter to Vermont conservation groups"
2978:"12,000 Years Ago in the Granite State"
2725:
1655:at the Indian village near present-day
1314:In those days, the Abenaki practiced a
14:
4522:
4066:, Heritage Books, 1989 (reprint 1925).
3926:
3543:Encyclopedia of Native American tribes
3378:
3357:Rancourt, Joanie (November 25, 2019).
3291:
3070:
3045:
3001:
2882:(New York: Checkmark Books, 2006) p. 1
1832:New Hampshire and minority recognition
1651:(1724), where Rale was killed, and at
1491:corn/beans/squash agricultural complex
583:Cohass, Cohasiac, Koasek, Koasek, Coos
4299:
3623:
3518:. The Burrows Company. Archived from
3467:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3250:Robinson, Shaun (November 14, 2023).
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
2782:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
1752:, a state-recognized tribe in Vermont
837:, and included settlements along the
3727:Native American Ethnobotany Database
3567:
3338:Fennario, Tom (September 12, 2022).
2891:
2836:University of Oklahoma Press, 1994,
2776:
2092:(basswood, or American linden) var.
1941:method to make important decisions.
1280:(Saint John River) Valleys near the
1216:The homeland of the Abenaki, called
67:Regions with significant populations
4142:Moondancer and Strong Woman, 2007.
4013:"Miniature Baskets by Jeanne Brink"
3866:Women's Indian Captivity Narratives
3461:
3323:Abenakis of Odanak (June 2, 2023).
2954:. December 18, 2012. Archived from
2811:, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of
2598:Notable contemporary Abenaki people
1840:36-foot-tall (11 m) statue of
1303:near the falls, before settling in
24:
4161:
4055:Charland, Thomas-M. (O.P.), 1964.
4047:. Press of E.A. Hall & Company
3584:from the original on July 16, 2011
3512:Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed. (1900).
3365:
3236:
3036:, University Press of New England.
2898:. Éditions S. Harvey. p. 22.
2813:Handbook of North American Indians
2686:
2229:as a tea, soup, jelly, sweetener,
1867:The Abenaki were described in the
1716:Maine: federally recognized tribes
1220:(Our Land; alternately written as
871:
808:
569:). The people were referred to as
520:
25:
4586:
4565:Native American tribes in Vermont
4260:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribal Council
4223:
3468:Ramer, Holly (January 21, 2021).
1390:. It contains a hunting camp and
1368:, directly across the river from
1311:in the early eighteenth century.
231:-speaking people and part of the
4555:Native American history of Maine
4545:First Nations in Atlantic Canada
4228:
3974:The Journal of American Folklore
3607:. Abenaki Nation. Archived from
3379:Leroux, Darryl (July 14, 2023).
2856:. Abenaki Nation. Archived from
2526:
2500:
2479:
2463:
1740:Vermont: state-recognized tribes
1736:as tribes in the United States.
1730:Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians
1710:
1118:Wolastoqiyik and Passamaquoddy:
4560:Native American tribes in Maine
4176:Canadian Museum Of Civilization
4026:
4005:
3957:
3920:
3902:
3871:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3807:
3782:
3757:
3732:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3654:
3645:
3534:
3505:
3480:
3436:
3411:
3350:
3331:
3316:
3292:Dillon, John (March 20, 2002).
3285:
3217:
3158:
3132:
3105:
3092:
3071:Peters, Paula (July 14, 2002).
3064:
3039:
3026:
2995:
2970:
2940:
2885:
2872:
2545:Notable historic Abenaki people
2100:and willow to make containers,
2002:Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides
1944:
1684:Northeast Coast campaign (1750)
1562:
1112:coastal areas of southern Maine
489:, meaning "Real People" (c.f.,
3142:. Cbodanak.com. Archived from
3034:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
2826:
2801:
2767:
2747:Lee Sultzman (July 21, 1997).
2721:– via HighBeam Research.
2660:
2634:
2398:
2080:(Canada nettle), a variety of
1982:
1886:gathered wild plants and fungi
1785:undemonstrated Indian ancestry
1482:Reflections in Bullough's Pond
1460:is a combination of the words
1171:coast and inland, between the
13:
1:
4248:Conseil des Abénakis d'Odanak
4217:University of Minnesota Press
3933:University of Minnesota Press
3910:"Conseil des Abenakis Odanak"
2612:(born 1983), Canadian actress
2559:
1705:National Film Board of Canada
1295:. The Abenaki settled in the
715:, therefore sometimes called
530:
301:Alternate spellings include:
3729:(159 documented plant uses).
2895:The Native Peoples of Québec
2668:"Québec Census Profile 2021"
2642:"Canada Census Profile 2021"
2628:
2375:The Darkness Under the Water
2335:The Abenaki are featured in
1971:
1430:Eastern Algonquian languages
1364:) on the south shore of the
1074:, lived along the shores of
753:, lived along the shores of
239:was predominantly spoken in
7:
4254:Abenaki (WĂ´banakiĂ´dwawĂ´gan)
4170:Gordon M. Day's two-volume
4035:and Stephen Laurent, 1995.
3631:"Raccoon and the Waterfall"
2672:Census Profile, 2021 Census
2646:Census Profile, 2021 Census
2616:
2236:The Abenaki use the gum of
1882:Algonquian-speaking peoples
1805:"Race-shifting" controversy
1401:
1195:
980:, Meecombe, Negas, Olamon,
641:. Principal village around
589:Valley. Principal village:
571:St. Francis River Abenakis,
468:Algonquian-speaking peoples
10:
4591:
4180:Chief Henry Lorne Masta's
4172:Western Abenaki Dictionary
4116:Masta, Henry Lorne, 1932.
3667:Canadian Journal of Botany
3397:10.17953/aicrj.46.2.leroux
2606:(born 1944), basket artist
2419:, as well as many others.
2310:
1975:
1859:
1842:Keewakwa Abenaki Keenahbeh
1792:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
1566:
1471:
1405:
1189:federally recognized tribe
1149:federally recognized tribe
986:federally recognized tribe
4499:
4485:
4473:
4444:
4423:
4355:
4337:
4275:Elnu Tribe of the Abenaki
4051:Greenfield, Massachusetts
3983:American Folklore Society
3965:Chamberlain, Alexander F.
3880:"Biography of Indian Joe"
3195:"State-Recognized Tribes"
3118:. ABC-CLIO. p. 249.
3050:. Atheneum. p. 214.
2787:. McFarland. p. 10.
1693:
1392:maple sugaring facilities
1092:, lived along the upper
908:St. Francis River Abenaki
906:, therefore often called
687:Northfield, Massachusetts
194:
179:
171:
142:
137:
126:
121:
106:
101:
90:
82:
71:
66:
61:
56:
47:
40:
4445:Treaties and land claims
4093:Laurent, Joseph (1884).
3878:Johnson, Arthur (2007).
3046:Bourne, Russell (1990).
3002:Harris, Michael (2021).
2982:New Hampshire Humanities
2440:Susannah Willard Johnson
2250:Population and epidemics
1780:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1769:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1750:Missisquoi Abenaki Tribe
1543:and is now known as the
265:
4570:First Nations in Quebec
4452:Great Peace of Montreal
4431:Seven Nations of Canada
4043:Baker, C. Alice, 1897.
2458:(from north to south):
2449:
2395:a thousand years ago."
2371:The Arrow Over the Door
2345:James Archibald Houston
2341:Bride of the Wilderness
2220:Vaccinium angustifolium
1722:Penobscot Indian Nation
962:Penobscot (Pentagouet),
721:Penacook, New Hampshire
443:("dawn" or "east") and
4357:Ethnolinguistic groups
4341:Northeastern Woodlands
4270:Nulhegan Abenaki Tribe
3931:(NED - New ed.).
3541:Waldman, Carl (2006).
2709:. 2008. Archived from
2380:The first sentence in
2017:, nasal inflammation,
1996:Vaccinium myrtilloides
1845:
1753:
1680:Father Le Loutre's War
1616:were adopted into the
1569:French and Indian Wars
1213:
960:. Principal villages:
881:
829:), lived southwest of
536:
282:are both derived from
4474:Regional councils and
4237:at Wikimedia Commons
4206:Yale University Press
4062:Coleman, Emma Lewis.
3927:Brooks, Lisa (2008).
3279:Burlington Free Press
2892:Noël, Michel (1997).
2164:Gaultheria procumbens
1839:
1771:are, as of 2011, all
1747:
1688:French and Indian War
1346:Saint-Francois-du-lac
1203:
879:
528:
202:
138:Related ethnic groups
4575:Wabanaki Confederacy
4535:Algonquian ethnonyms
4436:Iroquois Confederacy
4204:(New Haven; London:
3611:on February 10, 2010
3522:on September 7, 2006
3298:Vermont Public Radio
3172:on December 23, 2012
2958:on November 16, 2018
2860:on February 10, 2010
2456:Wabanaki Confederacy
2424:captivity narratives
2339:'s historical novel
2197:and another unknown
2182:Photinia melanocarpa
1761:Koasek Abenaki Tribe
1734:federally recognized
1012:. Principal village
719:. Principal village
482:—as a single group.
296:Wabanaki Confederacy
233:Wabanaki Confederacy
175:AlnĂ´bak (WĂ´banakiak)
4424:Historical polities
4069:Day, Gordon, 1981.
4033:Aubery, Joseph, Fr.
3304:on January 31, 2022
3275:Hallenbeck, Terri.
3205:on October 25, 2022
2832:Colin G. Calloway:
2294:American Revolution
2158:Fragaria virginiana
2077:Laportea canadensis
1928:six Iroquois tribes
1895:, the Abenaki were
1577:under King Philip (
1541:Saint Francis River
1435:Pierreville, Quebec
1350:Pierreville, Quebec
1337:Louis XIV of France
1316:subsistence economy
1236:, and the southern
1004:), lived along the
826:MRC Nicolet-Yamaska
561:), lived along the
534: 17th century
37:
4540:Algonquian peoples
4327:Indigenous peoples
3951:10.5749/j.ctttsd1b
3166:"Tribal Directory"
3098:Kenneth Morrison,
2623:Mount Pemigewasset
2264:Canadian Maritimes
2233:, snack, or meal.
2176:Phaseolus vulgaris
2170:Osmunda cinnamomea
2140:Cardamine diphylla
2098:Hierochloe odorata
2065:Fraxinus americana
2047:Hierochloe odorata
1960:that challenges a
1846:
1765:Elnu Abenaki Tribe
1754:
1553:and is called the
1495:Algonquian peoples
1464:meaning "who" and
1396:Brunswick, Vermont
1388:Vermont Land Trust
1366:St. Lawrence River
1284:between Maine and
1238:Canadian Maritimes
1214:
1094:Androscoggin River
1048:rivers in western
882:
839:St. Francois River
802:Lake Winnipesaukee
537:
447:("land") (compare
145:Algonquian peoples
128:Wabanaki mythology
35:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4233:Media related to
4129:978-1-897367-18-6
3916:on April 4, 2015.
3073:"Worlds rejoined"
2905:978-2-921703-07-9
2794:978-0-7864-5169-2
2755:on April 11, 2010
2749:"Abenaki History"
2591:silent film actor
2575:Henry Lorne Masta
2508:Eastern Abenaki (
2329:Northwest Passage
2326:(1930). The film
2316:Lydia Maria Child
2290:King Philip's War
2204:Solanum tuberosum
2188:Prunus virginiana
2146:Cornus canadensis
2102:Betula papyrifera
2059:Betula papyrifera
2025:, for the bones,
1978:Abenaki mythology
1673:St. Francis River
1665:Peace conferences
1645:Merry-Meeting Bay
1587:First Abenaki War
1583:King Philip's War
1437:, and throughout
1420:(Passamaquoddy),
1258:Connecticut River
1187:. Now a separate
1169:Passamaquoddy Bay
1096:, centred around
930:, later known as
904:St. Francis River
631:Missisquoi Valley
587:Connecticut River
563:St. Francis River
209:
208:
167:
166:
97:
78:
16:(Redirected from
4582:
4500:Tribal Council 2
4486:Tribal Council 1
4483:
4482:
4339:Cultural areas:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4296:
4285:Abenaki language
4242:Penobscot Nation
4232:
4100:
4021:
4020:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3912:. Archived from
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3890:on March 4, 2016
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3633:. Abenaki Nation
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3474:Associated Press
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3432:. July 31, 2023.
3430:Abenaki Heritage
3427:
3419:"Press release:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3300:. Archived from
3289:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3230:Federal Register
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3201:. Archived from
3191:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3146:on July 20, 2012
3140:"Administration"
3136:
3130:
3129:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3043:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2927:Penobscot Nation
2919:
2913:
2912:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2844:
2830:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2751:. Archived from
2744:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2713:on June 11, 2014
2699:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2610:Annick Obonsawin
2564:
2561:
2530:
2504:
2483:
2467:
2436:Elizabeth Hanson
2134:Caltha palustris
2021:, for the eyes,
1990:Ranunculus acris
1937:Groups used the
1870:Jesuit Relations
1823:French Canadians
1701:Alanis Obomsawin
1653:a daylong battle
1594:Queen Anne's War
1575:Wampanoag people
1559:Indian Reserve.
1452:The language is
1424:(Maliseet), and
1408:Abenaki language
1268:lived along the
1167:), lived on the
1110:), lived in the
1028:Smaller tribes:
958:Penobscot Valley
956:), lived in the
835:Centre-du-Québec
804:, New Hampshire.
727:Smaller tribes:
713:Merrimack Valley
711:), lived in the
689:, and Fort Hill.
643:Swanton, Vermont
595:Newbury, Vermont
535:
532:
449:Proto-Algonquian
439:is derived from
292:Abenaki language
237:Abenaki language
169:
168:
95:
76:
57:Total population
52:
38:
34:
21:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4495:
4475:
4469:
4464:Paix des Braves
4440:
4419:
4351:
4333:
4324:
4226:
4164:
4162:Further reading
4029:
4024:
4017:Dawnland Voices
4011:
4010:
4006:
3962:
3958:
3943:
3925:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3679:10.1139/b81-287
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3553:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3476:. No. 161.
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3377:
3366:
3355:
3351:
3336:
3332:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3237:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2878:Waldman, Carl.
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2745:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2600:
2587:Elijah Tahamont
2562:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2428:Mary Rowlandson
2405:Dawnland Voices
2401:
2337:Charles McCarry
2320:Kenneth Roberts
2313:
2252:
2122:Acornus calamus
2089:Tilia americana
2062:(paper birch),
2027:antihemorrhagic
1985:
1980:
1974:
1947:
1920:
1862:
1834:
1807:
1742:
1718:
1713:
1696:
1659:, on the upper
1657:Fryeburg, Maine
1571:
1565:
1537:Indian reserves
1474:
1410:
1404:
1384:Barton, Vermont
1323:to make syrup.
1301:Chaudière River
1270:Merrimack River
1254:White Mountains
1198:
1161:Peskotomuhktati
1080:Western Abenaki
1022:Western Abenaki
1018:Fryeburg, Maine
1010:White Mountains
970:Old Town, Maine
880:Eastern Abenaki
874:
872:Eastern Abenaki
865:BĂ©cancour River
819:(also known as
811:
809:Wabanaki Nation
759:Eastern Abenaki
547:Arrasaguntacook
533:
523:
521:Western Abenaki
515:Eastern Abenaki
511:Western Abenaki
506:meaning "men".
491:Lenape language
268:
201:
187:
184:AlnĂ´badĂ´wawĂ´gan
147:
43:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4588:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4225:
4224:External links
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:(Minneapolis:
4209:
4195:
4185:
4178:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4150:: Bauu Press,
4140:
4131:
4114:
4090:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4040:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4004:
3991:10.2307/533199
3967:(April 1903).
3956:
3941:
3919:
3901:
3870:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3806:
3781:
3756:
3731:
3718:
3709:
3700:
3691:
3653:
3644:
3622:
3595:
3566:
3551:
3533:
3504:
3479:
3460:
3435:
3410:
3364:
3349:
3330:
3315:
3284:
3268:
3235:
3216:
3183:
3157:
3131:
3124:
3104:
3091:
3078:Cape Cod Times
3063:
3056:
3038:
3025:
2994:
2969:
2939:
2914:
2904:
2884:
2871:
2845:
2842:978-0806125688
2825:
2800:
2793:
2775:
2766:
2724:
2685:
2659:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2581:Emma Camp Mead
2578:
2572:
2569:Joseph Laurent
2566:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2514:Arosaguntacook
2507:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2417:Joseph Laurent
2400:
2397:
2387:Harlot's Ghost
2367:Joseph Bruchac
2312:
2309:
2305:2000 US census
2301:1990 US census
2251:
2248:
2239:Abies balsamea
2113:They also use
2107:Cornus sericea
2071:Fraxinus nigra
2050:(sweetgrass),
1984:
1981:
1973:
1970:
1946:
1943:
1919:
1916:
1861:
1858:
1833:
1830:
1806:
1803:
1741:
1738:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1695:
1692:
1667:at Boston and
1633:SĂ©bastien Rale
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1527:allocated two
1473:
1470:
1406:Main article:
1403:
1400:
1377:Lake Champlain
1370:Trois-Rivières
1360:(now known as
1325:Basket weaving
1262:Lake Champlain
1212:bark covering.
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1152:
1145:St. John River
1116:
1115:
1101:
1083:
1067:
1057:
1035:
1026:
1025:
989:
937:
911:
896:Arosaguntacock
873:
870:
869:
868:
846:
831:Trois-Rivières
810:
807:
806:
805:
798:Winninebesakik
781:
774:
767:
762:
746:
739:
734:
725:
724:
692:
691:
690:
635:Lake Champlain
611:Mazipskikskoik
598:
574:
559:Anasaguntacook
522:
519:
267:
264:
235:. The Eastern
207:
206:
196:
192:
191:
189:MĂ´giadawawĂ´gan
181:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
140:
139:
135:
134:
124:
123:
119:
118:
104:
103:
99:
98:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
41:
31:
26:
18:Abenaki people
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4587:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4218:
4214:
4211:Lisa Brooks,
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4188:Joseph Aubery
4186:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4156:0-9721349-3-X
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:Victoriaville
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:0-9738924-7-1
4104:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3942:9780816647835
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3820:
3819:naeb.brit.org
3816:
3810:
3795:
3794:naeb.brit.org
3791:
3785:
3770:
3769:naeb.brit.org
3766:
3760:
3745:
3744:naeb.brit.org
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3632:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3603:Joe Bruchac.
3599:
3583:
3579:
3578:"What We Ate"
3573:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3552:9780816062737
3548:
3544:
3537:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3319:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3127:
3125:9781851096978
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3057:0-689-12000-1
3053:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3032:Muir, Diana,
3029:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2589:(1855–1918),
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:Passamaquoddy
2489:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:Hannah Duston
2429:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:Norman Mailer
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:Second Glance
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:, an unknown
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2125:, an unknown
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:species, and
2085:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:(black ash),
2073:
2072:
2068:(white ash),
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:anaphrodisiac
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:Haudenosaunee
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:race-shifting
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:Passamaquoddy
1723:
1711:United States
1708:
1706:
1702:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1539:, was on the
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:polysynthetic
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:New Hampshire
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:New Brunswick
1283:
1282:boundary line
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:New Hampshire
1247:
1243:
1242:New Brunswick
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:Passamaquoddy
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:New Brunswick
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:Canton, Maine
1095:
1091:
1090:Androscoggins
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Indian Island
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
935:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:Alessikantekw
889:
888:
884:
883:
878:
866:
862:
861:MRC Becancour
858:
857:
852:
851:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
823:
818:
817:
813:
812:
803:
799:
795:
794:Wioninebeseck
791:
787:
786:
785:Winnipesaukee
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
766:
763:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
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684:
680:
676:
672:
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664:
660:
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652:
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632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Assagunticook
552:
548:
544:
543:
539:
538:
527:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
502:
499:) and by the
498:
497:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:Passamaquoddy
473:
469:
465:
464:the Maritimes
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
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388:
384:
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368:
364:
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332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
256:
254:
253:New Hampshire
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
200:
197:
193:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
159:
158:Passamaquoddy
155:
151:
146:
141:
136:
133:
129:
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
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89:
85:
81:
74:
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60:
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51:
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4364:
4287:– recordings
4227:
4212:
4201:
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4181:
4171:
4165:
4143:
4135:
4117:
4095:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4044:
4036:
4027:Bibliography
4016:
4007:
3978:
3972:
3959:
3928:
3922:
3914:the original
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3888:the original
3883:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3824:December 17,
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3799:December 17,
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3774:December 17,
3772:. Retrieved
3768:
3759:
3749:December 17,
3747:. Retrieved
3743:
3734:
3721:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3684:February 16,
3682:. Retrieved
3670:
3666:
3656:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3609:the original
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3542:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3514:
3507:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3473:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3388:
3384:
3352:
3343:
3333:
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3302:the original
3297:
3287:
3278:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:
3229:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3198:
3176:December 26,
3174:. Retrieved
3170:the original
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:the original
3134:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3076:
3066:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3011:
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2981:
2972:
2962:November 15,
2960:. Retrieved
2956:the original
2951:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2909:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2854:"Who We Are"
2848:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:the original
2715:. Retrieved
2711:the original
2706:
2676:. Retrieved
2671:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2645:
2636:
2604:Jeanne Brink
2549:
2548:
2516:, Pigwacket/
2512:, Kennebec,
2488:Wolastoqiyik
2453:
2442:(1754); and
2421:
2404:
2402:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2353:Jodi Picoult
2348:
2343:(1988), and
2340:
2334:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2298:
2287:
2268:
2253:
2237:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:Spiraea alba
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:Rubus idaeus
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
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2112:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2023:abortifacent
2019:anthelmintic
2007:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1955:
1950:Storytelling
1948:
1945:Storytelling
1936:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1789:
1777:
1755:
1728:people, and
1719:
1697:
1677:
1649:Norridgewock
1625:Dummer's War
1622:
1591:
1572:
1563:Abenaki wars
1554:
1544:
1533:feudal fiefs
1518:
1499:
1485:, historian
1480:
1478:
1475:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1428:, and other
1422:Wolastoqiyik
1418:Pestomuhkati
1414:Panawahpskek
1411:
1381:
1374:
1352:(now called
1329:
1313:
1290:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1165:Pestomuhkati
1164:
1160:
1154:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:Wolastoqiyik
1122:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1085:
1079:
1076:Ossipee Lake
1069:
1063:
1059:
1046:Androscoggin
1037:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1001:
997:
991:
982:Passadumkeag
978:Mattawamkeag
961:
953:
950:Pamnaouamske
949:
946:Panawahpskek
945:
939:
933:Norridgewock
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
907:
900:Amariscoggin
899:
895:
891:
887:Androscoggin
885:
854:
848:
820:
814:
797:
793:
790:Winnibisauga
789:
783:
776:
769:
765:Pemigewasset
764:
758:
755:Ossipee Lake
748:
741:
736:
731:
726:
716:
708:
704:
700:
694:
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670:
666:
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610:
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570:
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554:
551:Ersegontegog
550:
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540:
514:
510:
508:
503:
494:
486:
484:
472:Wolastoqiyik
455:
451:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:Abenaquioict
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
257:
220:
212:
210:
150:Wolastoqiyik
132:Christianity
32:Ethnic group
29:
4479:governments
4370:Anishinaabe
4198:Lisa Brooks
4148:Boulder, CO
3985:: 128–129.
3894:October 11,
3673:(11): 107.
3526:November 7,
3308:January 30,
3150:October 30,
2563: 1739
2444:Jemima Howe
2415:in Quebec,
2399:Non-fiction
2361:(2003) and
2128:Amelanchier
2116:Acer rubrum
2056:(dogbane),
1983:Ethnobotany
1934:societies.
1932:matrilineal
1897:patrilineal
1891:Unlike the
1631:missionary
1529:seigneuries
1514:Assacumbuit
1232:, southern
1230:New England
1129:Walastekwyk
1008:and in the
843:Magog River
822:Pierreville
607:Masipskwoik
460:New England
371:Abenaquioue
367:Abenaquiois
288:WĂ´banakiak,
148:Especially
4524:Categories
4256:, Omniglot
4111:Nabu Press
3884:nedoba.org
3018:October 5,
2987:October 4,
2717:August 14,
2678:January 3,
2652:January 3,
2593:Dark Cloud
2556:Indian Joe
2279:diphtheria
2011:rheumatism
2005:for food.
1976:See also:
1912:longhouses
1767:, and the
1732:have been
1686:) and the
1661:Saco River
1525:New France
1487:Diana Muir
1333:Nescambuit
1143:along the
1054:Farmington
1038:Amaseconti
1006:Saco River
974:Kenduskeag
954:Pentagouet
771:Piscataqua
675:Soquachjck
671:Zooquagese
639:headwaters
627:Missiassik
437:WĂ´banakiak
411:Abnaquotii
379:Abeneaguis
327:Abanaquois
229:Algonquian
4477:community
4375:Atikamekw
4345:Subarctic
4087:0316-1862
4079:0316-1854
3637:March 22,
3615:March 22,
3588:March 22,
3497:March 20,
3453:March 20,
3405:0161-6463
3344:APTN News
3261:March 26,
3209:March 20,
2923:"Culture"
2864:March 22,
2821:wabánahki
2809:Northeast
2759:March 20,
2703:"Abenaki"
2629:Footnotes
2536:Pennacook
2518:Pequawket
2510:Penobscot
2384:'s novel
2363:Lone Wolf
2349:Ghost Fox
2347:'s novel
2275:influenza
2231:condiment
2215:latifolia
2201:species,
2155:species,
2152:Crataegus
2131:species,
2094:americana
2044:They use
2015:demulcent
1972:Mythology
1962:waterfall
1939:consensus
1875:cannibals
1669:Casco Bay
1641:Arrowsick
1637:Brunswick
1610:Deerfield
1579:Metacomet
1573:When the
1551:BĂ©cancour
1521:epidemics
1510:Louis XIV
1358:BĂ©cancour
1321:maple sap
1274:St. Croix
1266:Pennacook
1226:N'Dakinna
1222:N'dakinna
1181:Penobscot
1177:St. Croix
1033:Apikwahki
1014:Pigwacket
998:Pigwacket
993:Pequawket
941:Penobscot
924:Kennebeck
856:Becancour
717:Merrimack
696:Pennacook
683:Squakheag
679:Onejagese
667:Sokoquius
659:Squakheag
619:Misiskuoi
602:Missiquoi
504:Alnanbal,
431:Abonnekee
427:Abonakies
407:Abnaquois
403:Abnaquies
395:Abernaqui
391:Abenquois
351:Abenakkis
347:Abenakiss
343:Abenakias
270:The word
221:Wαpánahki
162:Penobscot
102:Languages
42:Wαpánahki
4506:Bands...
4395:Maliseet
4250:, Quebec
4219:, 2008).
4208:, 2018).
3582:Archived
3561:67361229
3492:LegiScan
3256:VTDigger
3084:July 12,
3008:Spectrum
2952:VTDigger
2617:See also
2446:(1792).
2438:(1728);
2434:(1702);
2430:(1682),
2322:' novel
2271:smallpox
2226:Zea mays
2053:Apocynum
2039:hemostat
2031:sedative
1851:Cowasuck
1748:Flag of
1663:(1725).
1614:captives
1512:, Chief
1447:New York
1402:Language
1341:trapping
1278:Wolastoq
1248:east of
1218:Ndakinna
1204:Abenaki
1196:Location
1173:St. John
1137:Malecite
1133:Maliseet
1086:Rocameca
1064:Kwapahag
1060:Kwupahag
1042:Kennebec
920:Kinipekw
915:Kennebec
778:Souhegan
732:Amoskeay
709:Openango
705:Penikoke
701:Penacook
663:Socoquis
623:Missisco
615:Missique
578:Cowasuck
419:Abnekais
383:Abenequa
359:Abenaqui
355:Abenaque
323:Abanaqui
315:Abanakee
284:Wabanaki
274:and its
204:Wabanaki
199:Ndakinna
180:Language
122:Religion
4530:Abenaki
4415:Wyandot
4410:Naskapi
4400:Miꞌkmaq
4365:Abenaki
4244:, Maine
4235:Abenaki
3421:ABENAKI
2932:July 5,
2472:Miꞌkmaq
2409:Wamesit
2324:Arundel
2311:Fiction
2299:In the
2283:measles
2256:Mi'kmaq
2244:panacea
2029:, as a
1958:raccoon
1908:wigwams
1873:as not
1860:Culture
1592:During
1556:WĂ´linak
1506:slavery
1502:Squanto
1472:History
1458:awanoch
1449:state.
1443:Vermont
1426:Mi'kmaq
1362:WĂ´linak
1309:WĂ´linak
1297:Sillery
1185:Machias
1104:Wawinak
1071:Ossipee
1002:Pequaki
850:WĂ´linak
750:Ossipee
737:Cocheco
655:Sokwaki
637:to the
633:, from
593:, near
501:autonym
496:Lenapek
487:AlnĂ´bak
480:Mi'kmaq
452:*wa·pan
415:Abasque
399:Abnaqui
387:Abenkai
375:Abenati
339:Abenaki
335:Abenake
331:Abenaka
319:Abanaki
311:AlnĂ´bak
307:Abinaki
280:Abnaki,
276:syncope
272:Abenaki
249:Vermont
217:Abenaki
213:Abenaki
195:Country
154:Mi'kmaq
116:English
108:Abenaki
75:18,420
62:~21,000
36:Abenaki
4466:(2002)
4460:(1975)
4454:(1701)
4405:Mohawk
4349:Arctic
4331:Quebec
4154:
4127:
4105:
4085:
4077:
3999:533199
3997:
3981:(61).
3949:
3939:
3559:
3549:
3403:
3122:
3102:(1984)
3054:
3014:(1): 1
2902:
2840:
2791:
2413:Odanak
2393:Bangor
2260:typhus
2223:, and
1799:Quebec
1694:Canada
1643:, and
1629:Jesuit
1618:Mohawk
1606:Groton
1546:Odanak
1445:, and
1354:Odanak
1305:Odanak
1293:Quebec
1264:. The
1234:Quebec
1206:wigwam
1159:(also
1127:(also
1106:(also
1062:(also
996:(also
944:(also
928:Caniba
918:(also
890:(also
853:(also
816:Odanak
788:(also
743:Nashua
699:(also
653:(also
650:Sokoki
605:(also
591:Cowass
581:(also
567:Odanak
545:(also
478:, and
456:*axkyi
423:Abneki
303:Abnaki
251:, and
245:Quebec
223:) are
172:People
160:, and
143:Other
112:French
96:(2000)
94:2,544
86:16,400
83:Quebec
77:(2021)
72:Canada
4492:Bands
4390:Inuit
3995:JSTOR
3947:JSTOR
3426:(PDF)
3391:(2).
2213:var.
2199:Rubus
2083:Salix
1966:pride
1682:(see
1602:Casco
1598:Wells
1462:awani
1348:near
1246:Maine
1210:birch
1208:with
1050:Maine
441:wĂ´ban
286:, or
266:Names
241:Maine
4385:Innu
4380:Cree
4152:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4103:ISBN
4083:ISSN
4075:ISSN
3937:ISBN
3896:2018
3826:2019
3801:2019
3776:2019
3751:2019
3686:2023
3639:2010
3617:2010
3590:2010
3557:OCLC
3547:ISBN
3528:2006
3499:2022
3455:2022
3401:ISSN
3310:2022
3263:2024
3211:2022
3178:2012
3152:2012
3120:ISBN
3086:2024
3052:ISBN
3020:2023
2989:2023
2964:2018
2934:2017
2900:ISBN
2866:2010
2838:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2761:2010
2719:2012
2680:2023
2654:2023
2450:Maps
1720:The
1608:and
1307:and
1276:and
1244:and
1179:and
1044:and
964:now
841:and
513:and
462:and
454:and
211:The
4329:in
4190:'s
3987:doi
3675:doi
3393:doi
2369:'s
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1600:to
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
