22:
1846:
3608:
548:" (the moment when a pregnant woman first feels fetal movement) did not have the type of legal or political restrictions and taboos found in the 21st century. Early medieval laws did not discuss abortion prior to quickening. The early Catholic church held that human life began at "ensoulment" (at the time of quickening), a continuation of Roman norms and positions on the use of abortifacients prior to quickening.
535:
Early 20th-century newspaper advertisements included coded advertisements for abortifacient substances which would solve menstrual "irregularities." Between 1919 and 1934 the U.S. Department of
Agriculture issued legal restraints against fifty-seven "feminine hygiene products" including "Blair's
114:
1–2 days later. The use of these medications for the purpose of ending a pregnancy has been extensively studied, and has been shown to be both effective and safe with fewer than 0.4% of patients needing hospitalization to treat an infection or to receive a blood transfusion. This combination is
319:, or a wife whose husband suspects that she was unfaithful to him) as referring to the use of abortifacients to terminate her pregnancy. The wife drinks "water of bitterness," which, if she is guilty, causes the abortion or miscarriage of a pregnancy she may be carrying. The Biblical scholar
507:, writing about Canadian women between 1870 and 1920, states that "A woman would first seek to 'put herself right' by drinking an infusion of one of the traditional abortifacients, such as tansy, quinine, pennyroyal, rue, black hellebore, ergot of rye, sabin, or cotton root."
360: – reveal that physicians, midwives, and women themselves had an extensive knowledge of herbs that could induce abortion." Schiebinger further writes that "European exploration in the West Indies yielded about a dozen known abortifacients."
304:, which had uses ranging from food to a salve for feral dog bites. It was also considered a powerful abortifacient used to "purge the uterus". Silphium figured so prominently in the wealth of Cyrene that the plant appeared on
138:. When used this way, neither medication is considered an abortifacient. However, the same drugs can be used to induce an abortion, particularly after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Misoprostol (discussed above) is also used to treat
87:
For thousands of years, writers in many parts of the world have described and recommended herbal abortifacients to women who seek to terminate a pregnancy, although their use may carry risks to the health of the woman.
25:
A historical advertisement for "Dr. Reynold's
Lightning Pills". The advertisement uses coded language to refer to the pills' supposed abortifacient properties, including its ability to resolve female "irregularities."
256:
texts, scholars have described multiple written prescriptions or instructions for ending pregnancies. Some of these instructions were explicitly for ingesting ingredients to end a pregnancy, whereas other
102:
Because "abortifacient" is a broad term used to describe a substance's effects on pregnancy, there is a wide range of drugs that can be described as abortifacients or as having abortifacient properties.
982:
Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, Khojasteh-BakhtSC, Oishi S, Nelson SD, Blanc PD (April 1996). "Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature".
338:
described multiple abortifacient herbs, which he classified by order of their intensity, starting with abortifacients that had weaker effects on the body and ending with the most potent substances.
642:
551:
In
English law, abortion did not become illegal until 1803. "Women who took drugs before that time would describe their actions as 'restoring the menses' or 'bringing on a period'."
278:
554:
At that time, abortion after quickening became subject to the death penalty. In 1837, the significance of quickening was removed, but the death penalty was also abandoned.
1486:
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to use careful measurements in his recipe for an abortifacient that he used as an example in a book he published to teach mathematics and many useful skills.
1027:
784:
1880:
3257:
2028:
1568:
2357:
2189:
1741:
521:
In the late 19th century, women in the UK and US increasingly ingested lead to abort pregnancies, sometimes in the form of pills made of
168:
are used in an attempt to induce abortion. In general, a dose sufficient to be effective poses a risk to the mother because of potential
57:. This is a nonspecific term which may refer to any number of substances or medications, ranging from herbs to prescription medications.
1768:
1057:
161:, can induce abortion. For this reason contraception is often advised while using methotrexate for management of a chronic condition.
2061:
1102:
BĂ–CK, Barbara (2013). "Medicinal Plants and
Medicaments Used for Conception, Abortion, and Fertility Control in Ancient Babylonia".
205:
often refers to pharmacological means of abortion; abortifacients are mentioned, and sometimes described in detail, in the works of
3455:
2641:
1685:
849:
3420:
1569:
Ben
Franklin Put an Abortion Recipe in His Math Textbook: To colonial Americans, termination was as normal as the ABCs and 123s
1481:
Delâge, Denys (2006). "Aboriginal
Influence on the Canadians and French at the time of New France". In Christie, Gordon (ed.).
2416:
2081:
1465:
3445:
1372:
Riddle, John M. (1991). "Oral
Contraceptives and Early-Term Abortifacients During Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages".
3405:
2912:
2476:
2226:
1934:
1779:
1850:
477:), which was one of the ten most common medicinal drugs of Native American societies, was used as an abortifacient by the
3425:
3025:
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2471:
1904:
1873:
143:
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2501:
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1551:
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2038:
1826:
1438:
1411:
1174:
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3272:
2023:
711:
617:
3292:
3231:
2561:
2281:
1924:
1138:
1654:
352:, in the 17th and 18th centuries "many sources taken together – herbals, midwifery manuals, trial records,
3486:
3155:
2053:
1866:
1595:
1526:
1498:
1321:
1271:
1226:
1201:
493:, and other tribes; and he listed more than one hundred substances used as abortifacients by Native Americans.
802:
737:
465:), and several other herbs as abortifacients used by various North American Indian tribes. The anthropologist
2817:
2406:
2043:
1031:
146:. Because its use in treatment of ulcers makes it easier to access, misoprostol alone is sometimes used for
3571:
3282:
2516:
2347:
323:
has disputed the interpretation that the ordeal of the bitter water referred to the use of abortifacients.
21:
3085:
3080:
2882:
2877:
2441:
388:
106:
The most commonly recommended medication regimen for intentionally inducing abortion involves the use of
2013:
1586:
McLaren, Angus (1981). "Birth
Control and Abortion in Canada, 1870-1920". In Shortt, Samuel E.D. (ed.).
3400:
2980:
2401:
2248:
2213:
2161:
1611:
Perrin, Liese M. (2001). "Resisting
Reproduction: Reconsidering Slave Contraception in the Old South".
422:
312:
3566:
3045:
2380:
2126:
2071:
571:
504:
1337:
Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (1 January 1984). "The
Strange Case of the Suspected Sotah (Numbers V 11-31)".
3593:
2892:
2721:
2716:
2621:
2426:
1979:
898:
115:
approved for use up to 10 weeks' gestation (70 days after the start of the last menstrual period).
3632:
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2436:
2337:
2141:
1792:
399:
335:
902:
738:"First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review"
3481:
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2636:
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2421:
2385:
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2151:
2004:
1968:
1738:
1714:
404:
372:
1311:
1191:
1164:
736:
Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Shannon, Caitlin; Weaver, Mark A.; Winikoff, Beverly (1 January 2013).
3578:
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3435:
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2536:
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2103:
2066:
1960:
1756:
1288:
1261:
496:
Following a tradition among European and English authors, colonial Americans were advised by
380:
147:
130:. Pitocin is used to induce and strengthen contractions, and Cervidil is used to prepare the
119:
3440:
996:
3588:
3501:
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438:
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301:
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at one time had an economy based almost entirely on the production and export of the plant
286:
242:
158:
139:
532:
provided mail-order abortifacients and surgical abortion to pregnant clients in New York.
8:
3450:
3415:
3373:
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3328:
3307:
3150:
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3015:
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2601:
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2342:
2256:
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1945:
446:
417:
According to Virgil Vogel, a historian of the indigenous societies of North America, the
320:
202:
196:
753:
688:
671:
3583:
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3333:
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3226:
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2236:
2156:
1909:
1636:
1628:
1313:
Women and Jewish Law: The Essential Texts, Their History, and Their Relevance for Today
1008:
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907:
246:
210:
1919:
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1119:
1000:
938:
874:
765:
757:
693:
599:
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497:
364:
349:
177:
150:
in countries or regions where legal abortion is not available or readily accessible.
1655:
The increasing use of lead as an abortifacient: a series of thirty cases of plumbism
1012:
824:
3506:
3363:
3262:
3191:
2857:
2827:
2731:
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2511:
1620:
1573:
1490:
1377:
1346:
1111:
992:
961:
930:
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or lead plaster. It would often cause the women to become ill and could kill them.
458:
97:
61:
3543:
2571:
2491:
2456:
2352:
2166:
1745:
1455:
934:
430:
262:
238:
165:
921:
Reinholz, Lou (2011). "Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Sixth Edition".
265:(which is used repeatedly throughout history as a coded reference to abortion).
49:
43:
2566:
1987:
1083:
Prioreschi, Plinio (1995). "Conception and Abortion in the Greco-Roman World".
529:
470:
466:
293:
234:
184:
1624:
956:
Romm A (2010). "Chapter 11: Pregnancy and Botanical Medicine Use and Safety".
587:
153:
Not all abortifacient agents are taken with the intention to end a pregnancy.
3626:
2486:
2431:
2171:
2116:
1889:
1389:
1358:
1242:
1123:
1115:
942:
761:
595:
515:
341:
297:
282:
1350:
3521:
3516:
3430:
3392:
2451:
2364:
2121:
2089:
1949:
1381:
769:
697:
603:
311:
In the Bible, Biblical scholars and learned Biblical commentators view the
154:
123:
107:
65:
1004:
344:, known as the "father of botany", listed five abortifacients in his 1749
3526:
2194:
2181:
226:
218:
111:
69:
34:
1858:
1845:
1632:
1954:
1053:
1028:"FDA specifies Plan B emergency contraceptive does not cause abortions"
545:
118:
Other drugs with abortifacient properties can have multiple uses. Both
1263:
Numbers: Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching
1193:
Controlling Corporeality: The Body and the Household in Ancient Israel
1993:
1964:
1404:
Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance.
981:
522:
258:
253:
230:
206:
81:
572:"Potential antifertility agents from plants: A comprehensive review"
134:
for labor by inducing softening and widening of this opening to the
3531:
2506:
2446:
2323:
1914:
327:
54:
142:
in patients who have had gastric or intestinal damage from use of
80:, is also commonly used to induce abortion in the second or third
486:
434:
330:
documented various birth control practices, including the use of
73:
1431:
Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World
1219:
Numbers 1-20: a new translation with introduction and commentary
2111:
511:
478:
418:
214:
173:
135:
131:
261:
texts discuss the ingestion of ingredients to return a missed
510:
During the American slavery period, 18th and 19th centuries,
490:
454:
387:) were ingested, inserted into the body, or were smoked with
222:
169:
127:
126:(Cervidil, Prepidil) are routinely used during healthy, term
77:
38:
1821:. Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. US. pp. 31, 246.
735:
2292:
1793:"BBC - Ethics - Abortion: Historical attitudes to abortion"
482:
305:
277:
1483:
Aboriginality and Governance: A Multidisciplinary Approach
783:
Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and (12 April 2019).
1293:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
437:
for the same purpose. The appendix to Vogel's book lists
331:
273:
plant, let her drink it with wine on an empty stomach, ."
1739:"Abortion and Catholic Thought: The Little-Told History"
570:
Kumar, Dinesh; Kumar, Ajay; Prakash, Om (6 March 2012).
850:"Dinoprostone (Vaginal Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic"
536:
Female Tablets" and "Madame LeRoy's Regulative Pills."
334:
as an abortifacient. Similarly, 11th-century physician
1750:
1588:
Medicine in Canadian Society: Historical Perspectives
1771:
The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology
1661:, 18 March 1905, pp 584-587, online at NIH web site.
269:"To make a pregnant woman lose her foetus: ...Grind
363:For Aboriginal people in Australia, plants such as
672:"Labor induction abortion in the second trimester"
544:For much of history, ending a pregnancy prior to "
16:Chemical substances that can terminate a pregnancy
1686:"Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue"
1330:
569:
3624:
1759:by Kristin Luker, University of California Press
1610:
183:Some drugs that are not abortifacients, such as
180:because the uterus did not evacuate completely.
176:damage; failed attempts may require a follow-up
1732:
1590:. McGill/Queens University Press. p. 295.
903:Abortion Might Outgrow Its Need for Roe v. Wade
1457:Bush Food: Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine
1196:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 175–177.
68:, which is typically used in conjunction with
2308:
1874:
1336:
1101:
76:, which is routinely used safely during term
1221:. Vol. 4. Doubleday. pp. 201–204.
670:Borgatta, Lynn; Kapp, Nathalie (July 2011).
669:
1819:Birth Control in Nineteenth-Century England
1428:
1266:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 36.
1169:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
960:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 321–324.
875:"Misoprostol: MedlinePlus Drug Information"
2315:
2301:
1915:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
1881:
1867:
1447:
1280:
1082:
1888:
1546:. Timber Press. pp. 46–48, 782–801.
687:
60:Common abortifacients used in performing
1424:
1422:
1420:
1406:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
1189:
920:
782:
348:. According to the historian of science
276:
20:
1816:
1769:David L. Hull, Michael Ruse (editors),
1757:Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood
1712:
1585:
1541:
1396:
1025:
997:10.7326/0003-4819-124-8-199604150-00004
3625:
1512:
1510:
1480:
1453:
1371:
1286:
1241:
1216:
1162:
157:, a drug often used for management of
53:"making") is a substance that induces
2296:
1862:
1708:
1706:
1516:
1417:
1316:. Random House Digital. p. 186.
1309:
1259:
1052:
958:Botanical Medicine for Women's Health
187:, are referred to as abortifacients.
2477:Libertarian perspectives on abortion
1920:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
1713:Edwards, Stassa (18 November 2014).
1139:"The mystery of the lost Roman herb"
1026:Goodman, Brenda (23 December 2022).
955:
665:
663:
2552:Societal attitudes towards abortion
2472:Legalized abortion and crime effect
1905:Comparison of birth control methods
1507:
1136:
822:
785:"Questions and Answers on Mifeprex"
754:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011
689:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005
13:
2502:Misinformation related to abortion
2412:Beginning of pregnancy controversy
2282:Male contraceptives in development
1703:
1683:
1672:The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster
1287:Brewer, Julius A. (October 1913).
966:10.1016/B978-0-443-07277-2.00013-1
810:FDA - Drug Safety and Availability
14:
3644:
2417:Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis
1838:
1289:"The Ordeal in Numbers Chapter 5"
660:
3607:
3606:
1844:
1773:(Cambridge University Press 2007
1521:. University of Oklahoma Press.
712:"Medical management of abortion"
643:"Medical abortion - Mayo Clinic"
618:"Medical abortion - Mayo Clinic"
2562:Termination for medical reasons
1925:Oral contraceptive formulations
1810:
1785:
1762:
1715:"The History of Abortifacients"
1677:
1664:
1647:
1604:
1579:
1560:
1535:
1474:
1365:
1303:
1253:
1235:
1210:
1183:
1156:
1130:
1095:
1076:
1046:
1019:
975:
949:
914:
892:
867:
842:
429:) as an abortifacient, and the
326:The medieval Islamic physician
816:
795:
776:
729:
704:
635:
610:
563:
402:people of eastern Canada used
91:
1:
2407:Beginning of human personhood
1849:The dictionary definition of
1493:: Theytus Books. p. 37.
557:
539:
2517:Paternal rights and abortion
2322:
1433:. Harvard University Press.
935:10.1097/pec.0b013e31820a9a4f
576:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
7:
2442:Ethical aspects of abortion
2232:Fertility awareness methods
1613:Journal of American Studies
1544:Native American Ethnobotany
1429:Schiebinger, Londa (2004).
393:Erythrophleum chlorostachys
10:
3649:
2402:Abortion and mental health
1217:Levine, Baruch A. (1993).
427:Caulophyllum thalictroides
313:ordeal of the bitter water
201:The medical literature of
194:
190:
95:
33:("that which will cause a
3602:
3552:
3464:
3391:
3316:
3245:
3164:
2931:
2755:
2592:
2585:
2394:
2381:Abortion-rights movements
2373:
2330:
2274:
2245:
2227:Calendar (rhythm) methods
2210:
2203:
2180:
2140:
2102:
2080:
2052:
2012:
2003:
1978:
1933:
1897:
1625:10.1017/S0021875801006612
1517:Vogel, Virgil J. (1970).
1454:Isaacs, Jennifer (1987).
1260:Olson, Dennis T. (1996).
1190:Berquist, Jon L. (2002).
588:10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.039
518:to induce a miscarriage.
281:Ancient silver coin from
2642:Central African Republic
2427:Abortion under communism
1670:Troesken, Werner. 2006.
1542:Moerman, Daniel (1998).
1519:American Indian Medicine
1487:Penticton Indian Reserve
1402:Riddle, John M. (1992).
1116:10.2143/JA.301.1.2994459
1056:, Bill (13 March 2024).
923:Pediatric Emergency Care
829:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
72:in a two-step approach.
3477:Dilation and evacuation
3426:Conscientious objection
3411:History of abortion law
2437:Crisis pregnancy center
2386:Anti-abortion movements
2142:Emergency Contraception
1817:McLaren, Angus (1978).
1659:British Medical Journal
1351:10.1163/156853384X00025
971:(subscription required)
336:Constantine the African
3482:Dilation and curettage
3446:Late-term restrictions
2966:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2542:Sex-selective abortion
2422:Anti-abortion violence
2062:Multi-month injections
2005:Hormonal contraception
1969:Levonorgestrel implant
1935:Long-acting reversible
1310:Biale, Rachel (1995).
1249:. Nelson. p. 202.
514:root bark was used in
405:Sanguinaria canadensis
377:Petalostigma pubescens
289:
275:
26:
3539:Self-induced abortion
2537:Self-induced abortion
2462:Genetics and abortion
2358:Philosophical aspects
2190:Vaginal pH modulation
2167:Low-dose mifepristone
2067:Progestogen-only pill
1961:Contraceptive implant
1247:Leviticus and Numbers
1163:Gordon, R.P. (2007).
1030:. CNN. Archived from
414:to induce abortions.
385:Eucalyptus gamophylla
365:giant boat-lip orchid
285:depicting a stalk of
280:
267:
195:Further information:
148:self-induced abortion
96:Further information:
24:
3502:Menstrual extraction
3451:Parental involvement
2913:United Arab Emirates
2527:Prenatal development
2222:Breastfeeding method
2132:Contraceptive sponge
2016:estrogen–progestogen
1965:Etonogestrel implant
1690:Smithsonian Magazine
1382:10.1093/past/132.1.3
1243:Snaith, Norman Henry
528:In the 19th century
443:Juniperus virginiana
411:Juniperus virginiana
243:Theodorus Priscianus
159:rheumatoid arthritis
3512:Abortifacient drugs
3232:Trinidad and Tobago
2547:Sidewalk counseling
2532:Reproductive rights
2497:Minors and abortion
2257:Non-penetrative sex
2249:vaginal intercourse
2214:vaginal intercourse
2034:Contraceptive patch
2029:Extended cycle Pill
1946:Intrauterine device
1910:Male contraceptives
1060:. X. Archived from
803:"Pitocin - FDA.gov"
451:Hedeoma pulegioides
447:American pennyroyal
321:Tikva Frymer-Kensky
203:classical antiquity
197:History of abortion
3406:Constitutional law
3197:Dominican Republic
2522:Post-abortion care
2482:Limit of viability
2467:Late-term abortion
2157:Ulipristal acetate
2145:(Post-intercourse)
2039:Monthly injections
1744:2012-02-18 at the
908:The New York Times
854:www.mayoclinic.org
647:www.mayoclinic.org
622:www.mayoclinic.org
459:Canada wild ginger
398:Historically, the
381:blue-leaved mallee
315:(prescribed for a
290:
247:Soranus of Ephesus
211:Caelius Aurelianus
120:synthetic oxytocin
74:Synthetic oxytocin
47:"miscarriage" and
27:
3620:
3619:
3472:Vacuum aspiration
3387:
3386:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2269:
2098:
2097:
1467:978-0-949708-33-5
1339:Vetus Testamentum
1166:The God of Israel
1104:Journal Asiatique
985:Ann. Intern. Med.
498:Benjamin Franklin
389:Cooktown ironwood
369:Cymbidium madidum
350:Londa Schiebinger
178:clinical abortion
62:medical abortions
3640:
3610:
3609:
3507:Medical abortion
3441:Informed consent
3431:Fetal protection
3283:Papua New Guinea
3273:Marshall Islands
2590:
2589:
2512:One-child policy
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2208:
2207:
2054:Progestogen-only
2010:
2009:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1833:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1783:
1780:978-0-52185128-2
1766:
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1675:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1577:
1566:Farrell, Molly,
1564:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1491:British Columbia
1478:
1472:
1471:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1426:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1374:Past and Present
1369:
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1300:
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1187:
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1137:Gorvett, Zaria.
1134:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:on 14 March 2024
1050:
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1023:
1017:
1016:
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969:
953:
947:
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911:, 2 October 2005
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667:
658:
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655:
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639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
614:
608:
607:
567:
463:Asarum canadense
408:(bloodwort) and
263:menstrual period
166:herbal medicines
98:Medical abortion
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3598:
3548:
3544:Unsafe abortion
3460:
3456:Spousal consent
3416:Laws by country
3383:
3312:
3293:Solomon Islands
3241:
3160:
3086:North Macedonia
2927:
2878:Northern Cyprus
2751:
2581:
2572:Unsafe abortion
2457:Forced abortion
2390:
2369:
2353:Abortion debate
2326:
2321:
2291:
2286:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2212:
2199:
2176:
2144:
2136:
2117:Internal condom
2112:External condom
2104:Barrier Methods
2094:
2076:
2048:
2015:
1999:
1974:
1936:
1929:
1893:
1887:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:Wayback Machine
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1684:Abbott, Karen.
1682:
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879:medlineplus.gov
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542:
199:
193:
100:
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3633:Abortifacients
3618:
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3487:Intact D&X
3484:
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3255:
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3156:United Kingdom
3153:
3148:
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3123:
3118:
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3098:
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3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Czech Republic
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
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2855:
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2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2577:Women's rights
2574:
2569:
2567:Toxic abortion
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
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2251:
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2240:
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2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Levonorgestrel
2159:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2137:
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2134:
2129:
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2078:
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2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1988:Tubal ligation
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1898:Related topics
1895:
1894:
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1871:
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1857:
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1840:
1839:External links
1837:
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1646:
1619:(2): 255–274.
1603:
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1578:
1559:
1553:978-0881924534
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1058:"Twitter Post"
1045:
1034:on 13 May 2023
1018:
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929:(2): 163–164.
913:
891:
866:
841:
825:"Dinoprostone"
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634:
609:
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541:
538:
530:Madame Restell
503:The historian
475:Acorus calamus
467:Daniel Moerman
358:Materia medica
346:Materia medica
308:minted there.
249:, and others.
235:Paul of Aegina
192:
189:
185:levonorgestrel
122:(Pitocin) and
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3436:Six-week bans
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3317:South America
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3165:North America
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3046:Liechtenstein
3044:
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2999:
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2500:
2498:
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2487:Malthusianism
2485:
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2458:
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2435:
2433:
2432:Birth control
2430:
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2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
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2179:
2173:
2172:Yuzpe regimen
2170:
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2021:
2019:
2017:
2011:
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2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1980:Sterilization
1977:
1970:
1966:
1962:
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1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:contraception
1932:
1926:
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1918:
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1908:
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1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:Birth control
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:at Wiktionary
1854:
1853:
1852:abortifacient
1847:
1843:
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1830:
1828:0-8419-0349-2
1824:
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1797:www.bbc.co.uk
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1412:0-674-16876-3
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742:Contraception
739:
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676:Contraception
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32:
31:abortifacient
23:
19:
3567:Christianity
3522:Mifepristone
3517:Methotrexate
3511:
3497:Instillation
3421:Buffer zones
2893:Saudi Arabia
2722:South Africa
2717:Sierra Leone
2622:Burkina Faso
2492:Men's rights
2452:Fetal rights
2365:Abortion law
2275:Experimental
2122:Cervical cap
2090:Ormeloxifene
2072:Vaginal ring
2044:Vaginal ring
1950:Hormonal IUD
1851:
1818:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
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1764:
1752:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1679:
1674:. MIT Press.
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1345:(1): 11–26.
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1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:
1132:
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1062:the original
1048:
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1032:the original
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646:
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625:. Retrieved
621:
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373:quinine bush
368:
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292:The ancient
291:
270:
268:
251:
200:
182:
163:
155:Methotrexate
152:
124:dinoprostone
117:
110:followed by
108:mifepristone
105:
101:
86:
66:mifepristone
59:
48:
42:
30:
28:
18:
3594:Scientology
3572:Catholicism
3527:Misoprostol
3492:Hysterotomy
3278:New Zealand
3202:El Salvador
3146:Switzerland
3081:Netherlands
2883:Philippines
2853:South Korea
2848:North Korea
2763:Afghanistan
2338:Definitions
2331:Main topics
2195:Nonoxynol-9
2182:Spermicides
1802:2 September
1695:2 September
1460:. Weldons.
1148:2 September
1143:www.bbc.com
899:John Leland
716:www.who.int
682:(1): 4–18.
582:(1): 1–32.
469:wrote that
423:blue cohosh
252:In ancient
227:Hippocrates
219:Dioscorides
112:misoprostol
92:Medications
70:misoprostol
35:miscarriage
3258:Micronesia
3187:Costa Rica
3116:San Marino
3076:Montenegro
3056:Luxembourg
3036:Kazakhstan
2843:Kazakhstan
2813:East Timor
2783:Bangladesh
2773:Azerbaijan
2692:Madagascar
2662:The Gambia
2637:Cape Verde
2586:By country
2262:Abstinence
2237:Withdrawal
2204:Behavioral
2152:Copper IUD
1955:Copper IUD
1597:0773503560
1528:0465030297
1500:1894778243
1323:0805210490
1273:0664237363
1228:0385156510
1203:0813530164
987:(Review).
558:References
546:quickening
540:Quickening
296:colony of
254:Babylonian
164:Sometimes
3379:Venezuela
3324:Argentina
3253:Australia
3222:Nicaragua
3207:Guatemala
3051:Lithuania
2898:Singapore
2557:Socialism
2374:Movements
2211:Including
2127:Diaphragm
2024:Oral pill
1994:Vasectomy
1782:), p. 328
1724:25 August
1641:145799076
1390:0031-2746
1359:1568-5330
1124:1783-1504
1110:(1): 37.
943:0749-5161
823:PubChem.
762:0010-7824
596:0378-8741
523:diachylon
439:red cedar
259:cuneiform
231:Oribasius
207:Aristotle
82:trimester
3627:Category
3612:Category
3579:Hinduism
3562:Buddhism
3554:Religion
3532:Oxytocin
3401:Case law
3369:Suriname
3359:Paraguay
3344:Colombia
3268:Kiribati
3212:Honduras
3131:Slovenia
3126:Slovakia
3101:Portugal
2971:Bulgaria
2868:Malaysia
2798:Cambodia
2747:Zimbabwe
2727:Tanzania
2657:Eswatini
2632:Cameroon
2617:Botswana
2507:Natalism
2447:Eugenics
2324:Abortion
2246:Avoiding
2014:Combined
1990:(female)
1742:Archived
1633:27556967
1299:(1): 46.
1245:(1967).
1091:(2): 78.
1085:Vesalius
1068:14 March
1038:14 March
1013:24375611
770:22898359
698:21664506
604:22245754
431:Quinault
328:Ibn Sina
302:silphium
287:Silphium
271:nabruqqu
64:include
55:abortion
3589:Judaism
3465:Methods
3374:Uruguay
3349:Ecuador
3329:Bolivia
3308:Vanuatu
3246:Oceania
3172:Bahamas
3151:Ukraine
3106:Romania
3066:Moldova
3026:Ireland
3021:Iceland
3016:Hungary
3006:Germany
2996:Finland
2991:Estonia
2986:Denmark
2976:Croatia
2961:Belgium
2956:Belarus
2951:Austria
2946:Andorra
2941:Albania
2918:Vietnam
2863:Lebanon
2818:Georgia
2778:Bahrain
2768:Armenia
2712:Senegal
2707:Nigeria
2702:Namibia
2687:Liberia
2682:Lesotho
2627:Burundi
2602:Algeria
2348:Methods
2343:History
1892:methods
1719:Jezebel
1005:8633832
884:21 July
859:21 July
834:21 July
721:21 July
627:30 June
487:Mohegan
471:calamus
435:thistle
191:History
50:faciens
44:abortus
37:" from
3354:Guyana
3334:Brazil
3303:Tuvalu
3227:Panama
3217:Mexico
3182:Canada
3177:Belize
3141:Sweden
3121:Serbia
3111:Russia
3096:Poland
3091:Norway
3071:Monaco
3041:Latvia
3011:Greece
3001:France
2933:Europe
2908:Turkey
2903:Taiwan
2833:Israel
2808:Cyprus
2793:Brunei
2788:Bhutan
2742:Zambia
2737:Uganda
2697:Malawi
2672:Guinea
2607:Angola
2594:Africa
2395:Issues
1996:(male)
1939:(LARC)
1825:
1778:
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512:cotton
479:Lenape
419:Ojibwe
379:), or
356:, and
298:Cyrene
283:Cyrene
215:Celsus
174:kidney
144:NSAIDs
136:uterus
132:cervix
3584:Islam
3339:Chile
3298:Tonga
3288:Samoa
3136:Spain
3061:Malta
3031:Italy
2923:Yemen
2888:Qatar
2873:Nepal
2838:Japan
2823:India
2803:China
2677:Kenya
2667:Ghana
2652:Egypt
2612:Benin
2082:SERMs
1637:S2CID
1629:JSTOR
1574:Slate
1054:Eigel
1009:S2CID
806:(PDF)
491:Sioux
455:tansy
433:used
421:used
317:sotah
306:coins
294:Greek
239:Pliny
223:Galen
170:liver
128:labor
78:labor
39:Latin
3364:Peru
3263:Fiji
3192:Cuba
2858:Laos
2828:Iran
2756:Asia
2732:Togo
2647:Chad
1823:ISBN
1804:2020
1776:ISBN
1726:2020
1697:2020
1592:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1386:ISSN
1355:ISSN
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1150:2020
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1070:2024
1040:2024
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758:ISSN
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694:PMID
654:2020
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600:PMID
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