6276:
1375:) and irradiance (W/m), respectively. Although bolometric magnitudes had been used by astronomers for many decades, there had been systematic differences in the absolute magnitude-luminosity scales presented in various astronomical references, and no international standardization. This led to systematic differences in bolometric corrections scales. Combined with incorrect assumed absolute bolometric magnitudes for the Sun, this could lead to systematic errors in estimated stellar luminosities (and other stellar properties, such as radii or ages, which rely on stellar luminosity to be calculated).
2585:
202:) are much larger than 10 parsecs; their light is radiated over an extended patch of sky, and their overall brightness cannot be directly observed from relatively short distances, but the same convention is used. A galaxy's magnitude is defined by measuring all the light radiated over the entire object, treating that integrated brightness as the brightness of a single point-like or star-like source, and computing the magnitude of that point-like source as it would appear if observed at the standard 10 parsecs distance. Consequently, the absolute magnitude of any object
6264:
2577:
7040:
7020:
1999:
12513:
5410:
7048:
12563:
12587:
12551:
12575:
5175:
12524:
3948:
6781:
5405:{\displaystyle -0.033-2.5\log _{10}{\left(1-1.507\left({\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)-0.363\left({\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)^{2}-0.062\left({\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)^{3}+2.809\left({\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)^{4}-1.876\left({\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)^{5}\right)}}
4742:
4537:
99:
The more luminous an object, the smaller the numerical value of its absolute magnitude. A difference of 5 magnitudes between the absolute magnitudes of two objects corresponds to a ratio of 100 in their luminosities, and a difference of n magnitudes in absolute magnitude corresponds to a luminosity
9748:
Mamajek, E. E.; Torres, G.; Prsa, A.; Harmanec, P.; Asplund, M.; Bennett, P. D.; Capitaine, N.; Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.; Depagne, E.; Folkner, W. M.; Haberreiter, M.; Hekker, S.; Hilton, J. L.; Kostov, V.; Kurtz, D. W.; Laskar, J.; Mason, B. D.; Milone, E. F.; Montgomery, M. M.; Richards, M. T.;
9301:
For some comets that have been observed at heliocentric distances large enough to distinguish between light reflected from the coma, and light from the nucleus itself, an absolute magnitude analogous to that used for asteroids has been calculated, allowing to estimate the sizes of their nuclei.
7146:
If an object has an atmosphere, it reflects light more or less isotropically in all directions, and its brightness can be modelled as a diffuse reflector. Bodies with no atmosphere, like asteroids or moons, tend to reflect light more strongly to the direction of the incident light, and their
2744:
2459:
9298:, and it was realised that the 1819 apparition coincided with an outburst. 289P/Blanpain reached naked eye brightness (5–8 mag) in 1819, even though it is the comet with the smallest nucleus that has ever been physically characterised, and usually doesn't become brighter than 18 mag.
5897:
241:, whose absolute visual magnitude is 4.83. The Sun's absolute bolometric magnitude is set arbitrarily, usually at 4.75. Absolute magnitudes of stars generally range from approximately −10 to +20. The absolute magnitudes of galaxies can be much lower (brighter). For example, the giant
8577:
8410:
4102:
257:) can reach absolute magnitudes in excess of −32, making them the most luminous persistent objects in the observable universe, although these objects can vary in brightness over astronomically short timescales. At the extreme end, the optical afterglow of the gamma ray burst
3751:
1193:
5570:
1308:
2568:. In practice, different approximations are used based on the known or assumed properties of the surface. The surfaces of terrestrial planets are generally more difficult to model than those of gaseous planets, the latter of which have smoother visible surfaces.
6602:
3529:
1632:
7622:
9046:
1977:
and the observer, and in conditions of ideal solar opposition (an arrangement that is impossible in practice). Because Solar System bodies are illuminated by the Sun, their brightness varies as a function of illumination conditions, described by the
7403:
2250:
9227:
The absolute magnitude of any given comet can vary dramatically. It can change as the comet becomes more or less active over time or if it undergoes an outburst. This makes it difficult to use the absolute magnitude for a size estimate. When comet
417:
7508:
6064:
4577:
4372:
847:
563:
2626:
3568:
Because Solar System bodies are never perfect diffuse reflectors, astronomers use different models to predict apparent magnitudes based on known or assumed properties of the body. For planets, approximations for the correction term
6361:
year. Neptune's absolute magnitude is changing slowly due to seasonal effects as the planet moves along its 165-year orbit around the Sun, and the approximation above is only valid after the year 2000. For some circumstances, like
2323:
605:
complicates the relationship between absolute and apparent magnitude, because the radiation observed was shifted into the red range of the spectrum. To compare the magnitudes of very distant objects with those of local objects, a
8414:
8250:
4996:
5718:
949:
6597:
6186:
4868:
4351:
4214:
3046:
6967:
10586:
5135:
3260:
1076:
5758:
10085:
8240:, the brightness of the core region alone). Both are different scales than the magnitude scale used for planets and asteroids, and can not be used for a size comparison with an asteroid's absolute magnitude
1198:
3969:
3412:
3356:
3943:{\displaystyle +6.328\times 10^{-2}\alpha -1.6336\times 10^{-3}\alpha ^{2}+3.3644\times 10^{-5}\alpha ^{3}-3.4265\times 10^{-7}\alpha ^{4}+1.6893\times 10^{-9}\alpha ^{5}-3.0334\times 10^{-12}\alpha ^{6}}
1518:
1773:
10292:(Ephemeris Type "OBSERVER", Target Body "Venus ", Observer Location "Geocentric ", Time Span "Start=2019-01-01 00:00, Stop=2019-01-02 00:00, Step=1 d", QUANTITIES=9,19,20,24), Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3107:
4260:
9997:
4148:
5042:
5943:
4914:
1018:
7270:
6880:
3407:
2117:
8854:
5467:
693:
320:
9458:
Flower, P. J. (September 1996). "Transformations from
Theoretical Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams to Color-Magnitude Diagrams: Effective Temperatures, B-V Colors, and Bolometric Corrections".
174:, rather than in a single filter band, as expressed on a logarithmic magnitude scale. To convert from an absolute magnitude in a specific filter band to absolute bolometric magnitude, a
3732:
3617:
7515:
2887:
8936:
6486:
6445:
6393:
4775:
4570:
7837:
6219:
6097:
5603:
5168:
7870:
5751:
5443:
3560:
This is not a good approximation, because the phase curve of the Moon is too complicated for the diffuse reflector model. A more accurate formula is given in the following section.
10033:
7031:
spacecraft at phase angles of 0°, 7° and 33°. The strong difference in brightness between the three is real. The left image at 0° phase angle shows the brightness surge due to the
6519:
5636:
3301:
1682:
The new IAU absolute magnitude scale permanently disconnects the scale from the variable Sun. However, on this SI power scale, the nominal solar luminosity corresponds closely to
81:. By hypothetically placing all objects at a standard reference distance from the observer, their luminosities can be directly compared among each other on a magnitude scale. For
12364:
2777:
3164:
2837:
763:
447:
8904:
8879:
6776:{\displaystyle m=-6.09+\left(-1.044\times 10^{-3}\cdot 93.0+3.687\times 10^{-4}\cdot 93.0^{2}-2.814\times 10^{-6}\cdot 93.0^{3}+8.938\times 10^{-9}\cdot 93.0^{4}\right)=-4.59.}
9944:
7140:
8156:
7414:
4737:{\displaystyle +3.3234\times 10^{-2}\alpha -3.0725\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}+6.1575\times 10^{-6}\alpha ^{3}-4.7723\times 10^{-8}\alpha ^{4}+1.4681\times 10^{-10}\alpha ^{5}}
4532:{\displaystyle +2.9994\times 10^{-2}\alpha -1.6057\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}+3.1543\times 10^{-6}\alpha ^{3}-2.0667\times 10^{-8}\alpha ^{4}+6.2553\times 10^{-11}\alpha ^{5}}
2804:
9597:
Bloom, J. S.; Perley, D. A.; Li, W.; Butler, N. R.; Miller, A. A.; Kocevski, D.; Kann, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; Chen, H.-W.; Filippenko, A. V.; Starr, D. L. (19 January 2009).
8116:
7800:
7767:
7734:
7701:
6335:
6245:
9296:
9082:
7172:
2562:
2303:
9263:
5965:
739:
3558:
1515:
Following
Resolution B2, the relation between a star's absolute bolometric magnitude and its luminosity is no longer directly tied to the Sun's (variable) luminosity:
8767:
8643:
8610:
7976:
6810:
3649:
3193:
2617:
2270:
2020:
8703:
8673:
7923:
7115:
6306:
9123:
8931:
8730:
8238:
8203:
8076:
8049:
6990:
870:
8793:
7648:
8002:
7209:
8162:. In many cases, neither the rotation period nor the axial tilt are known, limiting the predictability. The models presented here do not capture those effects.
8022:
7943:
7893:
7668:
7249:
7229:
7089:
7069:
6355:
3680:
3133:
2986:
2981:
2957:
2937:
2917:
2112:
2092:
2068:
2048:
1963:
283:
established a numerical scale to describe the brightness of each star appearing in the sky. The brightest stars in the sky were assigned an apparent magnitude
3198:
297:. The difference between them corresponds to a factor of 100 in brightness. For objects within the immediate neighborhood of the Sun, the absolute magnitude
10886:
10463:
Shevchenko, V. G.; et al. (April 2016), "Asteroid observations at low phase angles. IV. Average parameters for the new H, G1, G2 magnitude system",
8078:, which produces more satisfactory results if the opposition effect is very small or restricted to very small phase angles. However, as of 2022, this
4921:
5643:
2739:{\displaystyle q(\alpha )={\frac {2}{3}}\left(\left(1-{\frac {\alpha }{180^{\circ }}}\right)\cos {\alpha }+{\frac {1}{\pi }}\sin {\alpha }\right).}
1707:
6524:
6117:
4799:
4282:
4155:
3051:
2454:{\displaystyle \cos {\alpha }={\frac {d_{\mathrm {BO} }^{2}+d_{\mathrm {BS} }^{2}-d_{\mathrm {OS} }^{2}}{2d_{\mathrm {BO} }d_{\mathrm {BS} }}}.}
2588:
Brightness with phase for diffuse reflection models. The sphere is 2/3 as bright at zero phase, while the disk can't be seen beyond 90 degrees.
6885:
5892:{\displaystyle +0.026+2.446\times 10^{-4}\alpha +2.672\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}-1.505\times 10^{-6}\alpha ^{3}+4.767\times 10^{-9}\alpha ^{4}}
96:
Absolute magnitudes of stars generally range from approximately −10 to +20. The absolute magnitudes of galaxies can be much lower (brighter).
9895:
8572:{\displaystyle m_{2}=M_{2}+2.5\cdot K_{2}\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BS}}{d_{0}}}\right)}+5\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BO}}{d_{0}}}\right)},}
5066:
8405:{\displaystyle m_{1}=M_{1}+2.5\cdot K_{1}\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BS}}{d_{0}}}\right)}+5\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BO}}{d_{0}}}\right)}}
6395:
for Venus, no observations are available, and the phase curve is unknown in those cases. The formula for the Moon is only applicable to the
10955:
4097:{\displaystyle -1.044\times 10^{-3}\alpha +3.687\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}-2.814\times 10^{-6}\alpha ^{3}+8.938\times 10^{-9}\alpha ^{4}}
973:
10038:
7899:, when the object is near opposition. It is known accurately only for a small number of asteroids, hence for most asteroids a value of
1945:, a definition of absolute magnitude that is more meaningful for non-stellar objects is used. The absolute magnitude, commonly called
631:
3306:
6312:(their tilt relative to the observer), which as seen from Earth varies between 0° and 27° over the course of one Saturn orbit, and
10128:
10658:
Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III, Proceedings of a
Meeting (AMC 89) Held at the Astronomical Observatory of the Uppsala University
151:). Absolute magnitudes are denoted by a capital M, with a subscript representing the filter band used for measurement, such as M
9184:
4219:
1188:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {bol,\star } }-M_{\mathrm {bol,\odot } }=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {L_{\star }}{L_{\odot }}}\right)}
9949:
4107:
186:
In stellar and galactic astronomy, the standard distance is 10 parsecs (about 32.616 light-years, 308.57 petameters or 308.57
12396:
9676:
5001:
2919:, a measure for the reflectivity of planetary surfaces, is based on the diffuse disk reflector model. The absolute magnitude
2746:
A full-phase diffuse sphere reflects two-thirds as much light as a diffuse flat disk of the same diameter. A quarter phase (
213:
Some stars visible to the naked eye have such a low absolute magnitude that they would appear bright enough to outshine the
9699:
5902:
4873:
7178:. Its strength depends on the physical properties of the body's surface, and hence it differs from asteroid to asteroid.
5565:{\displaystyle -1.825\sin {\left(\beta \right)}+2.6\times 10^{-2}\alpha -0.378\sin {\left(\beta \right)}e^{-2.25\alpha }}
1303:{\displaystyle {\frac {L_{\star }}{L_{\odot }}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{\mathrm {bol,\odot } }-M_{\mathrm {bol,\star } }\right)}}
12371:
11690:
10440:
9707:
3524:{\displaystyle m=+0.28+5\log _{10}{\left(1\cdot 0.00257\right)}-2.5\log _{10}{\left({\frac {2}{3\pi }}\right)}=-10.99.}
9314:, the standard distance for measurement of magnitudes is at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) at the observer's
8805:
6822:
3365:
1627:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {bol} }=-2.5\log _{10}{\frac {L_{\star }}{L_{0}}}\approx -2.5\log _{10}L_{\star }+71.197425}
11005:
9848:
2593:
9265:. It was subsequently lost and was only rediscovered in 2003. At that time, its absolute magnitude had decreased to
12607:
10194:
Anthony, M.; Hilton, J. L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The
Astronomical Almanac".
9396:
7617:{\textstyle \phi _{i}\left(\alpha \right)=\exp {\left(-A_{i}\left(\tan {\frac {\alpha }{2}}\right)^{B_{i}}\right)}}
7182:
1360:
187:
12083:
10792:
10560:
Meisel, D. D.; Morris, C. S. (1976), "Comet brightness parameters: Definition, determination, and correlations",
9332:
9041:{\displaystyle m_{1}=5.41+2.5\cdot 3.69\cdot \log _{10}{\left(0.302\right)}+5\log _{10}{\left(1.109\right)}=+0.8}
6996:, the Moon is about 0.06 mag fainter than at first quarter, because that part of its surface has a lower albedo.
10341:"Physical studies of asteroids. XV – Determination of slope parameters and absolute magnitudes for 51 asteroids"
3687:
3572:
12376:
12013:
11997:
11032:
10982:
10929:
10869:
2849:
709:
6450:
6409:
6365:
4747:
4542:
12423:
12290:
9751:"IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales"
7809:
6191:
6069:
5575:
5140:
1028:
20:
7842:
5723:
5415:
12406:
12357:
12332:
11625:
10002:
6491:
5608:
10704:
7398:{\displaystyle m=H+5\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BS}d_{BO}}{d_{0}^{2}}}\right)}-2.5\log _{10}{q(\alpha )},}
3265:
2245:{\displaystyle m=H+5\log _{10}{\left({\frac {d_{BS}d_{BO}}{d_{0}^{2}}}\right)}-2.5\log _{10}{q(\alpha )},}
12347:
12327:
10310:
9352:
2749:
1695:
The luminosity of the star in watts can be calculated as a function of its absolute bolometric magnitude
412:{\displaystyle 100^{\frac {m-M}{5}}={\frac {F_{10}}{F}}=\left({\frac {d}{10\;\mathrm {pc} }}\right)^{2},}
11710:
8247:
The activity of comets varies with their distance from the Sun. Their brightness can be approximated as
6275:
3138:
2809:
12541:
12411:
12342:
12312:
10414:
8884:
8859:
8158:
or more. In addition, their absolute magnitude can vary with the viewing direction, depending on their
7503:{\displaystyle q(\alpha )=\left(1-G\right)\phi _{1}\left(\alpha \right)+G\phi _{2}\left(\alpha \right)}
7007:. The absolute magnitude in the table corresponds to an albedo of 0.434. Due to the variability of the
9924:
7120:
6599:
Accounting for the high phase angle, the correction term above yields an actual apparent magnitude of
12418:
12295:
12272:
11854:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
10683:
9460:
8119:
1073:
Classically, the difference in bolometric magnitude is related to the luminosity ratio according to:
1047:
8136:
11561:
11435:
11070:
10656:
Hughes, D. W. (16 June 1989). "Cometary
Absolute Magnitudes, their Significance and Distribution".
9865:
2782:
9901:
9668:
6059:{\displaystyle -8.4\times 10^{-4}\phi '+6.587\times 10^{-3}\alpha +1.045\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
12337:
12088:
11887:
11797:
11757:
11739:
11665:
11236:
11162:
9372:
8081:
7772:
7739:
7706:
7673:
6224:
3624:
2273:
1983:
1979:
1364:
10969:
10952:
10145:
9268:
9051:
7150:
2538:
2279:
12498:
12478:
12250:
12245:
12143:
12038:
11987:
11792:
11782:
11455:
11253:
11221:
11112:
11095:
9760:, IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy,
9357:
9235:
1987:
1059:
566:
246:
245:
has an absolute magnitude of −22 (i.e. as bright as about 60,000 stars of magnitude −10). Some
148:
121:
70:
9838:
9693:
9392:
7011:, Earth's apparent magnitude cannot be predicted as accurately as that of most other planets.
3534:
12352:
12322:
12317:
12307:
12235:
12023:
11189:
9750:
8739:
8615:
8582:
7952:
6786:
6396:
3634:
3172:
2602:
2255:
2005:
1794:
1067:
602:
242:
175:
128:
54:
11470:
10476:
10356:
10217:
9660:
9508:
8678:
8648:
7902:
7094:
6315:
6291:
12493:
12391:
12381:
12230:
12198:
11992:
11787:
11772:
11085:
10878:
10807:
10661:
10569:
10516:
10507:
Harris, A. W.; Warner, B. D.; Pravec, P. (2016). "Asteroid
Lightcurve Derived Data V16.0".
10472:
10390:
10352:
10213:
10112:
9877:
9800:
9771:
9620:
9561:
9504:
9469:
9430:
9101:
8909:
8795:, this reduces to the formula for a purely reflecting body (showing no cometary activity).
8708:
8216:
8181:
8054:
8027:
6972:
3628:
2584:
2071:
1426:
1368:
842:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {V} }=0.12-5\left(\log _{10}{\frac {860}{3.2616}}-1\right)=-7.0.}
558:{\displaystyle M=m-5\log _{10}(d_{\text{pc}})+5=m-5\left(\log _{10}d_{\text{pc}}-1\right),}
1066:
of the stars. In the case of stars with few observations, it must be computed assuming an
8:
12591:
11953:
11936:
11607:
11509:
11332:
9722:
9661:
9599:"Observations of the Naked-Eye GRB 080319B: Implications of Nature's Brightest Explosion"
8772:
7627:
7264:
2022:
can be calculated from the distances body-sun, observer-sun and observer-body, using the
116:= +4.83. Highly luminous objects can have negative absolute magnitudes: for example, the
74:
12093:
11000:
10882:
10811:
10665:
10573:
10520:
10394:
10116:
9881:
9775:
9624:
9565:
9473:
9434:
7984:
7191:
2306:
1986:. The absolute magnitude is the brightness at phase angle zero, an arrangement known as
12579:
12567:
12488:
12449:
12401:
12386:
12300:
12240:
12163:
12073:
12033:
11977:
11899:
11590:
11226:
11025:
10845:
10764:
10709:
10229:
10203:
10097:
9761:
9610:
9579:
9551:
9520:
9362:
8007:
7928:
7878:
7653:
7234:
7214:
7074:
7054:
7004:
6340:
3665:
3118:
2966:
2942:
2922:
2902:
2097:
2077:
2053:
2033:
1966:
1948:
598:
274:
262:
58:
9633:
9598:
12439:
11864:
11837:
11817:
11617:
11401:
11389:
11216:
11196:
11150:
11132:
11100:
10609:
10340:
9844:
9787:
9703:
9672:
9638:
9574:
9539:
9524:
9327:
8733:
7175:
7032:
7028:
6309:
2565:
2513:
1970:
1491:
90:
51:
19:
This article is about the brightness of stars. For the science fiction magazine, see
11924:
10233:
9583:
6521:(near quarter phase). Under full-phase conditions, Venus would have been visible at
6263:
580:
For objects at very large distances (outside the Milky Way) the luminosity distance
12555:
12267:
12220:
12170:
12158:
12136:
12131:
12058:
12018:
11965:
11747:
11670:
11645:
11539:
11460:
11184:
11145:
10815:
10488:
10480:
10221:
10120:
9628:
9569:
9512:
9477:
9438:
6337:
is a small correction term depending on Uranus' sub-Earth and sub-solar latitudes.
6104:
5051:
3738:
3167:
2897:
2890:
1808:
1692:, a value that was commonly adopted by astronomers before the 2015 IAU resolution.
1483:
954:
700:
622:
441:
47:
10733:
10679:
10534:
10375:
7091:
correspond to a less pronounced opposition effect. For most asteroids, a value of
12454:
12257:
12126:
11970:
11941:
11882:
11877:
11752:
11480:
11445:
11379:
11325:
11320:
11265:
11075:
10986:
10959:
10124:
9147:
8206:
8130:
7003:
varies by a factor of 6, from 0.12 in the cloud-free case to 0.76 in the case of
5952:
5452:
3409:(according to the diffuse reflector model), this yields an apparent magnitude of
2509:
594:
136:
10974:
10867:
10247:
10225:
10169:
4991:{\displaystyle +1.234-2.573\times 10^{-2}\alpha +3.445\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
2576:
12516:
12282:
12121:
11948:
11919:
11894:
11827:
11516:
11384:
11270:
11172:
11062:
11052:
10925:
7186:
6403:
3954:
2620:
2317:
2023:
1487:
10484:
7039:
12601:
12468:
12262:
12225:
12193:
12068:
11777:
11600:
11571:
11549:
11167:
11140:
11117:
11018:
10633:
9642:
9229:
9201:
9134:
6816:
5713:{\displaystyle -0.036-3.7\times 10^{-4}\alpha +6.16\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
4784:
2893:
for rough surfaces that reflect more uniform light back at low phase angles.
944:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {V} }=0.03+5\left(\log _{10}{0.129}+1\right)=+0.6.}
217:
and cast shadows if they were at 10 parsecs from the Earth. Examples include
195:
10926:"Solar System Dynamics Glossary – Absolute magnitude of Solar System bodies"
10734:"Comet C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli-Bernstein) exhibited activity at 23.8 au"
8004:-system was officially replaced by an improved system with three parameters
1446:, it follows that the zero point of the apparent bolometric magnitude scale
12528:
12203:
12153:
12148:
12048:
11931:
11914:
11872:
11842:
11832:
11767:
11650:
11595:
11576:
11556:
11534:
11526:
11369:
11362:
11201:
11122:
11105:
9160:
7946:
6993:
3359:
607:
82:
61:
that the object would have if it were viewed from a distance of exactly 10
9836:
9516:
8612:
are the total and nuclear apparent magnitudes of the comet, respectively,
7019:
6592:{\displaystyle m=-4.384+5\log _{10}{\left(0.719\cdot 0.645\right)}=-6.09.}
6181:{\displaystyle +7.944\times 10^{-3}\alpha +9.617\times 10^{-5}\alpha ^{2}}
4863:{\displaystyle +2.267\times 10^{-2}\alpha -1.302\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
4346:{\displaystyle -1.060\times 10^{-3}\alpha +2.054\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
4209:{\displaystyle +240.44228-2.81914\alpha +8.39034\times 10^{-3}\alpha ^{2}}
3041:{\displaystyle D={\frac {1329}{\sqrt {p}}}\times 10^{-0.2H}\mathrm {km} ,}
2564:
depends on the properties of the reflecting surface, in particular on its
1998:
12444:
12116:
12108:
12098:
12078:
12053:
11982:
11904:
11660:
11635:
11630:
11544:
11504:
11465:
11430:
11413:
11408:
11080:
9556:
9340:
8856:
On the day of its perihelion passage, 10 March 2013, comet PANSTARRS was
8126:
6962:{\textstyle m=+0.28+5\log _{10}{\left(1\cdot 0.00257\right)}+2.71=-9.96,}
1051:
589:(distance defined using luminosity measurements) must be used instead of
574:
258:
226:
171:
78:
10991:
10493:
10287:
9837:
Karttunen, H.; Kröger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2016).
237:
has an absolute magnitude of only 1.4, which is still brighter than the
12028:
11725:
11698:
11675:
11655:
11640:
11492:
11396:
11374:
11352:
11347:
11211:
9336:
8159:
6358:
5130:{\displaystyle -3.7\times 10^{-4}\alpha +6.16\times 10^{-4}\alpha ^{2}}
3255:{\displaystyle H=5\log _{10}{\frac {1329}{3474{\sqrt {0.113}}}}=+0.28.}
1457:
1406:
1063:
314:
280:
230:
167:
132:
66:
43:
104:= 3.0 would be 100 times as luminous as a star of absolute magnitude M
12215:
12063:
11847:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11762:
11715:
11705:
11499:
11475:
11450:
11357:
11308:
11241:
11231:
11206:
11179:
11155:
11090:
11006:
Another table for converting asteroid magnitude to estimated diameter
10903:
10705:"The Largest Comet Ever Found Is Making Its Move Into a Sky Near You"
8799:
7260:
2960:
1439:
1034:
570:
117:
29:
10506:
9537:
7047:
57:
scale. An object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the
12208:
11909:
11583:
11342:
11315:
10979:
10820:
10208:
9766:
9481:
9443:
9418:
9048:
at that time. The Minor Planet Center gives a value close to that,
8118:-system has not been adopted by either the Minor Planet Center nor
2310:
1942:
1378:
Resolution B2 defines an absolute bolometric magnitude scale where
1055:
610:
might have to be applied to the magnitudes of the distant objects.
191:
140:
9615:
8769:
are the slope parameters characterising the comet's activity. For
8205:, the brightness integrated over the entire visible extend of the
12483:
11958:
11720:
11487:
11440:
11423:
11418:
11337:
10614:(C/2011 L4, ephemeris start date=2013-03-10), Minor Planet Center
10080:{\displaystyle 1{\text{ AU}}=1.4959787\times 10^{8}{\text{ km}}.}
7024:
7008:
1443:
254:
250:
9232:
was discovered in 1819, its absolute magnitude was estimated as
85:
bodies that shine in reflected light, a different definition of
12473:
12461:
11680:
11566:
10995:
10868:
Lamy, P. L.; Toth, I.; Fernandez, Y. R.; Weaver, H. A. (2004),
9540:"Accurate fundamental parameters for lower main-sequence stars"
9346:
9315:
9311:
7000:
2596:
1938:
310:
234:
214:
199:
62:
9897:
Conversion of
Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets
3351:{\displaystyle d_{BO}=384400{\text{ km}}=0.00257{\text{ AU}}.}
290:, and the dimmest stars visible to the naked eye are assigned
10562:
NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center the Study of Comets, Part 1
10338:
9695:
The New Cosmos: An
Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics
9349:
radio astronomer's preferred unit – linear in power/unit area
8171:
4269:
748:
222:
218:
11822:
11041:
9658:
7147:
brightness increases rapidly as the phase angle approaches
4357:
3112:
1768:{\displaystyle L_{\star }=L_{0}10^{-0.4M_{\mathrm {bol} }}}
1647:
1372:
851:
12523:
10559:
9538:
Casagrande, L.; Portinari, L.; Flynn, C. (November 2006).
9495:
Cayrel de
Strobel, G. (1996). "Stars resembling the Sun".
3102:{\displaystyle H=5\log _{10}{\frac {1329}{D{\sqrt {p}}}}.}
2276:, the angle between the body-Sun and body–observer lines.
12188:
10877:, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 223–264,
10871:
The sizes, shapes, albedos, and colors of cometary nuclei
9747:
4255:{\displaystyle 163.7^{\circ }<\alpha <179^{\circ }}
2520:
1974:
1499:
1498:) corresponds to an apparent bolometric magnitude of the
238:
147:, which uses the visual (V) band of the spectrum (in the
109:
100:
ratio of 100. For example, a star of absolute magnitude M
11010:
10193:
10098:"Binary asteroid population 1. Angular momentum content"
9992:{\displaystyle 2{\text{ AU}}\cdot 10^{H_{\text{Sun}}/5}}
8129:, on time scales of seconds to weeks depending on their
4143:{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\alpha \leq 163.7^{\circ }}
2592:
Planetary bodies can be approximated reasonably well as
143:; for stars a commonly quoted absolute magnitude is the
131:, the absolute magnitude can be specified for different
9723:"IAU XXIX General Assembly Draft Resolutions Announced"
7174:. This rapid brightening near opposition is called the
5037:{\displaystyle 50^{\circ }<\alpha \leq 120^{\circ }}
617:
can also be written in terms of the apparent magnitude
597:
approximation is invalid for distant objects. Instead,
89:
is used, based on a standard reference distance of one
10964:
7518:
6888:
6825:
3368:
2785:
12539:
10422:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4 April 2013, p. 27
10189:
10187:
10041:
10005:
9952:
9927:
9691:
9494:
9271:
9238:
9104:
9054:
8939:
8912:
8887:
8862:
8808:
8775:
8742:
8711:
8681:
8651:
8618:
8585:
8417:
8253:
8219:
8184:
8139:
8084:
8057:
8030:
8010:
7987:
7955:
7931:
7905:
7881:
7845:
7812:
7775:
7742:
7709:
7676:
7656:
7630:
7417:
7273:
7237:
7217:
7194:
7153:
7123:
7097:
7077:
7057:
6975:
6789:
6605:
6527:
6494:
6453:
6412:
6368:
6343:
6318:
6294:
6227:
6194:
6120:
6072:
5968:
5938:{\displaystyle 6^{\circ }<\alpha <150^{\circ }}
5905:
5761:
5726:
5646:
5611:
5578:
5470:
5418:
5178:
5143:
5069:
5004:
4924:
4909:{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }<\alpha \leq 50^{\circ }}
4876:
4802:
4750:
4580:
4545:
4375:
4285:
4222:
4158:
4110:
3972:
3754:
3690:
3668:
3637:
3575:
3537:
3415:
3309:
3268:
3201:
3175:
3141:
3121:
3054:
2989:
2969:
2945:
2925:
2905:
2852:
2812:
2752:
2629:
2605:
2541:
2326:
2282:
2258:
2120:
2100:
2080:
2056:
2036:
2008:
1951:
1710:
1521:
1201:
1079:
976:
873:
766:
712:
634:
450:
323:
9900:, Stephen F. Austin State University, archived from
7117:
is assumed, corresponding to an opposition surge of
6256:
The different halves of the Moon, as seen from Earth
2516:, the average distance between the Earth and the Sun
1646:
is the star's luminosity (bolometric luminosity) in
9596:
9416:
2889:, which isn't realistic, but it does represent the
2313:of reflected light; a number in the 0 to 1 range).
1054:. It includes those unobserved due to instrumental
569:is negligible. Typical extinction rates within the
10184:
10079:
10027:
9991:
9938:
9290:
9257:
9117:
9076:
9040:
8925:
8898:
8873:
8848:
8787:
8761:
8724:
8697:
8667:
8637:
8604:
8571:
8404:
8232:
8197:
8150:
8110:
8070:
8043:
8016:
7996:
7970:
7937:
7917:
7887:
7864:
7831:
7794:
7761:
7728:
7695:
7662:
7642:
7616:
7502:
7397:
7243:
7223:
7203:
7166:
7134:
7109:
7083:
7063:
6984:
6961:
6874:
6804:
6775:
6591:
6513:
6480:
6439:
6387:
6349:
6329:
6300:
6239:
6213:
6180:
6091:
6058:
5937:
5891:
5745:
5712:
5630:
5597:
5564:
5437:
5404:
5162:
5129:
5036:
4990:
4908:
4862:
4769:
4736:
4564:
4531:
4345:
4254:
4208:
4142:
4096:
3942:
3726:
3674:
3643:
3611:
3552:
3523:
3401:
3350:
3295:
3254:
3187:
3158:
3127:
3101:
3040:
2975:
2951:
2931:
2911:
2881:
2831:
2798:
2771:
2738:
2611:
2556:
2453:
2297:
2264:
2244:
2106:
2086:
2062:
2042:
2014:
1957:
1767:
1626:
1442:source (e.g. star) at the standard distance of 10
1302:
1187:
1013:{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {V} }=9.36-31.06=-21.7.}
1012:
943:
841:
733:
687:
573:galaxy are 1 to 2 magnitudes per kiloparsec, when
557:
411:
11001:Converting magnitude of minor planets to diameter
10462:
8645:are its "absolute" total and nuclear magnitudes,
6882:With that, the apparent magnitude of the Moon is
6875:{\textstyle -2.5\log _{10}{q(90^{\circ })}=2.71.}
3402:{\textstyle q(\alpha )\approx {\frac {2}{3\pi }}}
2475:is the distance between the body and the observer
12599:
10280:
10274:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities, fourth edition
9832:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9824:
9822:
8849:{\displaystyle M_{1}=5.41{\text{, }}K_{1}=3.69.}
2497:is the distance between the observer and the Sun
2050:can be used to calculate the apparent magnitude
1333:is the star's luminosity (bolometric luminosity)
688:{\displaystyle M=m+5\left(\log _{10}p+1\right),}
10680:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 UN271)"
10383:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
9863:
1417:set such that the Sun (with nominal luminosity
1322:is the Sun's luminosity (bolometric luminosity)
760:of 0.12 and distance of about 860 light-years:
73:(or dimming) of its light due to absorption by
10456:
10442:JPL Small-Body Database Browser – 101955 Bennu
9088:Absolute magnitudes and sizes of comet nuclei
8705:are the body-sun and body-observer distances,
7895:relates to the surge in brightness, typically
6399:, the portion that is visible from the Earth.
3531:The actual value is somewhat lower than that,
1482:. Using the IAU 2015 scale, the nominal total
16:Measure of the luminosity of celestial objects
11026:
10672:
10655:
10334:
10332:
9887:
9819:
9758:Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies
9457:
9375:– the typical calibration point for star flux
2571:
265:brighter than −38 for a few tens of seconds.
261:reached, according to one paper, an absolute
10918:
10376:"The H and G magnitude system for asteroids"
10345:Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series
10095:
10089:
9857:
9749:Schou, J.; Stewart, S. G. (13 August 2015),
9743:
9741:
9739:
6812:predicted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
2486:is the distance between the body and the Sun
108:= 8.0 as measured in the V filter band. The
86:
10762:
10579:
9915:
9410:
7071:and the opposition surge. Larger values of
1775:using the variables as defined previously.
11033:
11019:
10904:"Glossary – Absolute magnitude of meteors"
10840:
10838:
10793:"Comet D/1819 W1 (Blanpain): Not Dead Yet"
10790:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10631:
10611:Minor Planet & Comet Ephemeris Service
10553:
10373:
10329:
9685:
3727:{\displaystyle -2.5\log _{10}{q(\alpha )}}
3612:{\displaystyle -2.5\log _{10}{q(\alpha )}}
2580:Diffuse reflection on sphere and flat disk
1982:. This relationship is referred to as the
1969:that the object would have if it were one
1780:
1058:, the Earth's atmospheric absorption, and
601:must be taken into account. Moreover, the
384:
10819:
10786:
10784:
10725:
10602:
10492:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10207:
10035:, the absolute magnitude of the Sun, and
9765:
9736:
9654:
9652:
9632:
9614:
9573:
9555:
9531:
9451:
9442:
9417:Karachentsev, I. D.; et al. (2004).
8906:from Earth. The total apparent magnitude
7259:, to model the opposition effect for the
7051:Relationship between the slope parameter
2882:{\displaystyle q(\alpha )=\cos {\alpha }}
423:is the radiant flux measured at distance
10861:
10850:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 18 May 2019
10515:: EAR-A-5-DDR-DERIVED-LIGHTCURVE-V16.0.
10445:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 19 May 2018
10339:Lagerkvist, C.-I.; Williams, I. (1987),
7806:This relation is valid for phase angles
7046:
7038:
7018:
6481:{\displaystyle d_{BO}=0.645{\text{ AU}}}
6440:{\displaystyle d_{BS}=0.719{\text{ AU}}}
6388:{\displaystyle \alpha \geq 179^{\circ }}
4770:{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 150^{\circ }}
4565:{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 150^{\circ }}
3627:. The approximations recommended by the
3623:have been derived empirically, to match
2583:
2575:
1997:
1355:is the bolometric magnitude of the star.
190:kilometres). A star at 10 parsecs has a
10970:Absolute Magnitude of a Star calculator
10835:
10751:
10731:
10318:, Minor Planet Center, 27 December 1985
10303:
10161:
9715:
7832:{\displaystyle \alpha <120^{\circ }}
7043:Phase integrals for various values of G
6819:, the approximation for the Moon gives
6214:{\displaystyle \alpha <133^{\circ }}
6092:{\displaystyle \alpha <3.1^{\circ }}
5598:{\displaystyle \alpha <6.5^{\circ }}
5163:{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 12^{\circ }}
3563:
1993:
1678:is the bolometric magnitude of the star
1022:
12600:
10781:
10649:
10625:
10407:
10362:
10167:
10138:
9893:
9798:
9792:
9663:An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics
9659:Carroll, B. W.; Ostlie, D. A. (2007).
9649:
9488:
8165:
7865:{\displaystyle \alpha <20^{\circ }}
5746:{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 6^{\circ }}
5438:{\displaystyle \alpha >12^{\circ }}
3625:observations at different phase angles
1344:is the bolometric magnitude of the Sun
436:the radiant flux measured at distance
155:for absolute magnitude in the V band.
11014:
10433:
10248:"Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies"
10240:
10150:, Department of Physics and Astronomy
10028:{\displaystyle H_{\text{Sun}}=-26.76}
9700:Springer Science & Business Media
9385:
8798:For example, the lightcurve of comet
6969:close to the expected value of about
6514:{\displaystyle \alpha =93.0^{\circ }}
5631:{\displaystyle \beta <27^{\circ }}
858:of 0.129″, and an apparent magnitude
268:
181:
10847:289P/Blanpain (2013-07-17 last obs.)
10527:
10134:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8125:The apparent magnitude of asteroids
3296:{\displaystyle d_{BS}=1{\text{ AU}}}
3135:can be calculated from its diameter
10906:. International Meteor Organization
10896:
10892:from the original on 9 October 2022
10271:
9419:"A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies"
2772:{\displaystyle \alpha =90^{\circ }}
13:
10500:
10096:Pravec, P.; Harris, A. W. (2007).
9667:(2nd ed.). Pearson. pp.
3159:{\displaystyle D=3474{\text{ km}}}
3031:
3028:
2832:{\displaystyle \alpha =0^{\circ }}
2521:Approximations for phase integral
2439:
2436:
2424:
2421:
2399:
2396:
2376:
2373:
2353:
2350:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1363:passed Resolution B2 defining the
1281:
1278:
1275:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1092:
1089:
1086:
983:
880:
773:
389:
386:
135:ranges corresponding to specified
14:
12619:
10946:
10542:, Minor Planet Center, p. 11
9497:Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
9339:versus spectral color or surface
8899:{\displaystyle 1.109{\text{ AU}}}
8874:{\displaystyle 0.302{\text{ AU}}}
7211:-system, based on two parameters
444:, the equation can be written as
12585:
12573:
12561:
12549:
12522:
12512:
12511:
10992:Obtain the magnitude of any star
10965:International Astronomical Union
10171:Albedo – How bright is the Moon?
9939:{\displaystyle 1329{\text{ km}}}
9692:Unsöld, A.; Baschek, B. (2013),
9575:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10999.x
9397:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
9335:– relates absolute magnitude or
7135:{\displaystyle 0.3{\text{ mag}}}
6488:from Earth, at a phase angle of
6308:is the effective inclination of
6274:
6262:
1361:International Astronomical Union
10953:Reference zero-magnitude fluxes
10763:Yoshida, S. (24 January 2015),
10697:
10276:. Springer-Verlag. p. 310.
10265:
9781:
9215:289P/Blanpain (normal activity)
7945:can be negative. An example is
2512:factor, is the constant 1
1060:extinction by interstellar dust
966:of 9.36 and a distance modulus
10930:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
9590:
8151:{\displaystyle 2{\text{ mag}}}
7427:
7421:
7388:
7382:
6862:
6849:
6783:This is close to the value of
6402:Example 1: On 1 January 2019,
3720:
3714:
3605:
3599:
3378:
3372:
2862:
2856:
2799:{\textstyle {\frac {1}{\pi }}}
2639:
2633:
2551:
2545:
2292:
2286:
2235:
2229:
2114:are connected by the relation
1902:
1371:scales in SI units for power (
492:
479:
1:
12424:Timeline of stellar astronomy
10732:Farnham, Tony (6 July 2021).
9788:CNEOS Asteroid Size Estimator
9379:
2806:as much light as full phase (
1990:, from a distance of one AU.
1660:is the zero point luminosity
1367:of the absolute and apparent
1062:. It is defined based on the
1029:Apparent bolometric magnitude
21:Absolute Magnitude (magazine)
10125:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.023
7014:
2844:diffuse disk reflector model
695:or using apparent magnitude
567:extinction from gas and dust
210:if it were 10 parsecs away.
7:
12084:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
10635:Comet Hale-Bopp Light Curve
10632:Kidger, M. (3 April 1997),
10588:Comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
10465:Planetary and Space Science
10416:JPL Horizons (Version 3.75)
10312:Minor Planet Circular 10193
10226:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002
9634:10.1088/0004-637x/691/1/723
9353:List of most luminous stars
9333:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
9321:
8111:{\displaystyle HG_{1}G_{2}}
7925:is assumed. In rare cases,
7795:{\displaystyle B_{2}=1.218}
7762:{\displaystyle B_{1}=0.631}
7729:{\displaystyle A_{2}=1.862}
7696:{\displaystyle A_{1}=3.332}
6240:{\displaystyle t>2000.0}
743:
10:
12624:
11998:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
10509:NASA Planetary Data System
9946:factor can be computed as
9305:
9291:{\displaystyle M_{1}=22.9}
9077:{\displaystyle m_{1}=+0.5}
8933:is predicted to have been
7167:{\displaystyle 0^{\circ }}
2572:Planets as diffuse spheres
2557:{\displaystyle q(\alpha )}
2298:{\displaystyle q(\alpha )}
1792:
1425:) corresponds to absolute
1388:corresponds to luminosity
1195:which makes by inversion:
1026:
272:
206:the apparent magnitude it
18:
12507:
12432:
12281:
12179:
12107:
12006:
11863:
11738:
11616:
11525:
11261:
11252:
11131:
11061:
11048:
11040:
10738:The Astronomer's Telegram
10684:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
10485:10.1016/j.pss.2015.11.007
9843:. Springer. p. 163.
9603:The Astrophysical Journal
9461:The Astrophysical Journal
9258:{\displaystyle M_{1}=8.5}
9189:(Bernardinelli-Bernstein)
8120:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2983:of a body are related by
2070:of a body. For an object
1793:For an introduction, see
1048:electromagnetic radiation
734:{\displaystyle M=m-\mu .}
565:where it is assumed that
145:absolute visual magnitude
127:As with all astronomical
12377:With multiple exoplanets
10980:About stellar magnitudes
10958:22 February 2003 at the
10682:(2021-08-08 last obs.).
9866:"Brightness of a planet"
9864:Whitmell, C. T. (1907),
9423:The Astronomical Journal
3553:{\displaystyle m=-10.0.}
2594:ideal diffuse reflecting
577:are taken into account.
233:(−5.8). For comparison,
112:has absolute magnitude M
12608:Observational astronomy
11163:Asymptotic giant branch
10985:27 October 2021 at the
10477:2016P&SS..123..101S
10357:1987A&AS...68..295L
10218:2018A&C....25...10M
10196:Astronomy and Computing
9802:Astronomical Magnitudes
9509:1996A&ARv...7..243C
9373:Zero point (photometry)
8802:can be approximated by
8762:{\displaystyle K_{1,2}}
8638:{\displaystyle M_{1,2}}
8605:{\displaystyle m_{1,2}}
8174:is given separately as
7971:{\displaystyle G=-0.08}
6805:{\displaystyle m=-4.62}
5572:(for planet and rings,
3660:Referenced calculation
3644:{\displaystyle \alpha }
3188:{\displaystyle p=0.113}
2963:) and geometric albedo
2612:{\displaystyle \alpha }
2265:{\displaystyle \alpha }
2030:The absolute magnitude
2015:{\displaystyle \alpha }
957:has a visual magnitude
751:has a visual magnitude
613:The absolute magnitude
301:and apparent magnitude
198:). Galaxies (and other
166:) represents its total
120:galaxy has an absolute
12499:Tidal disruption event
11988:Circumstellar envelope
11222:Luminous blue variable
10081:
10029:
9993:
9940:
9358:Photographic magnitude
9292:
9259:
9204:(during 1819 outburst)
9119:
9078:
9042:
8927:
8900:
8875:
8850:
8789:
8763:
8726:
8699:
8698:{\displaystyle d_{BO}}
8669:
8668:{\displaystyle d_{BS}}
8639:
8606:
8573:
8406:
8234:
8199:
8152:
8112:
8072:
8045:
8018:
7998:
7972:
7939:
7919:
7918:{\displaystyle G=0.15}
7889:
7866:
7839:, and works best when
7833:
7796:
7763:
7730:
7697:
7664:
7644:
7618:
7504:
7411:the phase integral is
7399:
7245:
7225:
7205:
7168:
7143:
7136:
7111:
7110:{\displaystyle G=0.15}
7085:
7065:
7044:
7036:
6986:
6963:
6876:
6806:
6777:
6593:
6515:
6482:
6441:
6389:
6351:
6331:
6330:{\displaystyle \phi '}
6302:
6301:{\displaystyle \beta }
6241:
6215:
6182:
6093:
6060:
5939:
5899:(for the globe alone,
5893:
5747:
5720:(for the globe alone,
5714:
5632:
5599:
5566:
5439:
5406:
5164:
5131:
5038:
4992:
4910:
4864:
4771:
4738:
4566:
4533:
4347:
4256:
4210:
4144:
4098:
3944:
3728:
3676:
3645:
3613:
3554:
3525:
3403:
3352:
3297:
3256:
3189:
3160:
3129:
3103:
3042:
2977:
2953:
2933:
2913:
2896:The definition of the
2883:
2833:
2800:
2773:
2740:
2619:be the phase angle in
2613:
2589:
2581:
2558:
2455:
2299:
2266:
2246:
2108:
2088:
2064:
2044:
2027:
2016:
1959:
1870:
1846:
1769:
1628:
1405:, with the zero point
1304:
1189:
1014:
945:
843:
735:
689:
559:
413:
247:active galactic nuclei
149:UBV photometric system
87:absolute magnitude (H)
55:astronomical magnitude
42:) is a measure of the
12024:Effective temperature
10082:
10030:
9994:
9941:
9840:Fundamental Astronomy
9517:10.1007/s001590050006
9293:
9260:
9120:
9118:{\displaystyle M_{1}}
9079:
9043:
8928:
8926:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
8901:
8876:
8851:
8800:C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
8790:
8764:
8727:
8725:{\displaystyle d_{0}}
8700:
8670:
8640:
8607:
8574:
8407:
8235:
8233:{\displaystyle m_{2}}
8200:
8198:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
8153:
8127:varies as they rotate
8113:
8073:
8071:{\displaystyle G_{2}}
8046:
8044:{\displaystyle G_{1}}
8019:
7999:
7973:
7940:
7920:
7890:
7867:
7834:
7797:
7764:
7731:
7698:
7665:
7645:
7619:
7505:
7400:
7246:
7226:
7206:
7169:
7137:
7112:
7086:
7066:
7050:
7042:
7022:
6987:
6985:{\displaystyle -10.0}
6964:
6877:
6807:
6778:
6594:
6516:
6483:
6442:
6397:near side of the Moon
6390:
6352:
6332:
6303:
6269:Moon at first quarter
6242:
6216:
6183:
6094:
6061:
5940:
5894:
5748:
5715:
5633:
5600:
5567:
5440:
5407:
5165:
5132:
5039:
4993:
4911:
4865:
4772:
4739:
4567:
4534:
4348:
4257:
4211:
4145:
4099:
3945:
3729:
3677:
3646:
3614:
3555:
3526:
3404:
3353:
3298:
3257:
3190:
3161:
3130:
3104:
3043:
2978:
2954:
2934:
2914:
2884:
2834:
2801:
2774:
2741:
2614:
2587:
2579:
2559:
2456:
2300:
2267:
2247:
2109:
2089:
2065:
2045:
2017:
2001:
1960:
1926:
1795:Magnitude (astronomy)
1781:Solar System bodies (
1770:
1629:
1305:
1190:
1068:effective temperature
1046:) takes into account
1015:
946:
844:
736:
690:
603:cosmological redshift
560:
414:
313:, with 1 pc = 3.2616
279:The Greek astronomer
243:elliptical galaxy M87
176:bolometric correction
158:An object's absolute
12494:Planet-hosting stars
12372:With resolved images
12343:Historical brightest
12273:Photometric-standard
12199:Solar radio emission
11993:Eddington luminosity
11773:Triple-alpha process
11711:Thorne–Żytkow object
11086:Young stellar object
10975:The Magnitude system
10800:Astronomical Journal
10039:
10003:
9950:
9925:
9369:for extended objects
9269:
9236:
9102:
9052:
8937:
8910:
8885:
8860:
8806:
8773:
8740:
8709:
8679:
8649:
8616:
8583:
8415:
8251:
8217:
8182:
8137:
8082:
8055:
8028:
8008:
7985:
7953:
7929:
7903:
7879:
7875:The slope parameter
7843:
7810:
7773:
7740:
7707:
7674:
7654:
7628:
7516:
7415:
7271:
7235:
7215:
7192:
7151:
7121:
7095:
7075:
7055:
6973:
6886:
6823:
6787:
6603:
6525:
6492:
6451:
6410:
6366:
6341:
6316:
6292:
6281:Moon at last quarter
6225:
6192:
6118:
6070:
5966:
5903:
5759:
5724:
5644:
5609:
5576:
5468:
5416:
5176:
5141:
5067:
5002:
4922:
4874:
4800:
4748:
4578:
4543:
4373:
4283:
4220:
4156:
4108:
3970:
3752:
3688:
3666:
3635:
3629:Astronomical Almanac
3573:
3564:More advanced models
3535:
3413:
3366:
3307:
3266:
3199:
3173:
3139:
3119:
3052:
2987:
2967:
2943:
2923:
2903:
2850:
2810:
2783:
2750:
2627:
2603:
2539:
2324:
2280:
2256:
2118:
2098:
2078:
2054:
2034:
2006:
1965:, is defined as the
1949:
1708:
1519:
1427:bolometric magnitude
1369:bolometric magnitude
1359:In August 2015, the
1199:
1077:
1023:Bolometric magnitude
974:
871:
764:
710:
632:
448:
321:
12318:Highest temperature
12089:Color–color diagram
11954:Protoplanetary disk
11758:Proton–proton chain
11436:Chemically peculiar
10883:2004come.book..223L
10812:2006AJ....131.2327J
10791:Jewitt, D. (2006).
10666:1990acm..proc..327H
10574:1976NASSP.393..410M
10521:2016PDSS..246.....H
10395:2007JBAA..117..342D
10374:Dymock, R. (2007),
10147:Albedo of the Earth
10117:2007Icar..190..250P
9882:1907Obs....30...96W
9776:2015arXiv151006262M
9625:2009ApJ...691..723B
9566:2006MNRAS.373...13C
9474:1996ApJ...469..355F
9435:2004AJ....127.2031K
9168:14.9 x 8.2 km
9089:
8788:{\displaystyle K=2}
8166:Cometary magnitudes
7643:{\displaystyle i=1}
7351:
7265:Minor Planet Center
6817:first quarter phase
4572:, before full Moon)
3619:in the formula for
3115:absolute magnitude
2409:
2386:
2363:
2198:
1973:(AU) from both the
1812:
75:interstellar matter
12323:Lowest temperature
12074:Photometric system
12044:Absolute magnitude
11978:Circumstellar dust
11591:Stellar black hole
11227:Stellar population
11113:Herbig–Haro object
10710:The New York Times
10272:Cox, A.N. (2000).
10077:
10025:
9989:
9936:
9363:Surface brightness
9288:
9255:
9115:
9087:
9074:
9038:
8923:
8896:
8871:
8846:
8785:
8759:
8722:
8695:
8665:
8635:
8602:
8569:
8402:
8230:
8195:
8170:The brightness of
8148:
8108:
8068:
8041:
8014:
7997:{\displaystyle HG}
7994:
7968:
7935:
7915:
7885:
7862:
7829:
7792:
7759:
7726:
7693:
7660:
7640:
7614:
7500:
7395:
7337:
7253:absolute magnitude
7241:
7221:
7204:{\displaystyle HG}
7201:
7164:
7144:
7132:
7107:
7081:
7061:
7045:
7037:
6982:
6959:
6872:
6802:
6773:
6589:
6511:
6478:
6447:from the Sun, and
6437:
6385:
6347:
6327:
6298:
6237:
6211:
6178:
6089:
6056:
5935:
5889:
5743:
5710:
5628:
5595:
5562:
5435:
5402:
5160:
5127:
5034:
4988:
4906:
4860:
4777:, after full Moon)
4767:
4734:
4562:
4529:
4343:
4252:
4206:
4140:
4094:
3940:
3724:
3684:Approximation for
3672:
3641:
3609:
3550:
3521:
3399:
3348:
3293:
3252:
3185:
3156:
3125:
3099:
3038:
2973:
2949:
2929:
2909:
2879:
2829:
2796:
2769:
2736:
2609:
2590:
2582:
2554:
2451:
2390:
2367:
2344:
2295:
2262:
2242:
2184:
2104:
2084:
2060:
2040:
2028:
2012:
1994:Apparent magnitude
1967:apparent magnitude
1955:
1800:
1765:
1624:
1300:
1185:
1010:
941:
839:
731:
685:
599:general relativity
555:
409:
305:from any distance
275:Apparent magnitude
269:Apparent magnitude
182:Stars and galaxies
59:apparent magnitude
34:absolute magnitude
12537:
12536:
12440:Substellar object
12419:Planetary nebulae
11838:Luminous red nova
11748:Deuterium burning
11734:
11733:
11217:Instability strip
11197:Wolf-Rayet nebula
11151:Horizontal branch
11096:Pre-main-sequence
10536:Guide to the MPES
10072:
10048:
10013:
9976:
9959:
9934:
9678:978-0-321-44284-0
9328:Araucaria Project
9225:
9224:
9173:average new comet
8894:
8881:from the Sun and
8869:
8828:
8734:Astronomical Unit
8559:
8503:
8395:
8339:
8211:nuclear magnitude
8146:
8017:{\displaystyle H}
7938:{\displaystyle G}
7888:{\displaystyle G}
7663:{\displaystyle 2}
7588:
7352:
7263:published by the
7244:{\displaystyle G}
7224:{\displaystyle H}
7176:opposition effect
7130:
7084:{\displaystyle G}
7064:{\displaystyle G}
7033:opposition effect
7005:altostratus cloud
6476:
6435:
6350:{\displaystyle t}
6251:
6250:
5384:
5346:
5308:
5270:
5238:
3675:{\displaystyle H}
3505:
3397:
3343:
3332:
3291:
3241:
3238:
3154:
3128:{\displaystyle H}
3094:
3091:
3048:or equivalently,
3006:
3005:
2976:{\displaystyle p}
2952:{\displaystyle D}
2932:{\displaystyle H}
2912:{\displaystyle p}
2794:
2715:
2686:
2653:
2446:
2199:
2107:{\displaystyle m}
2087:{\displaystyle H}
2063:{\displaystyle m}
2043:{\displaystyle H}
1971:astronomical unit
1958:{\displaystyle H}
1935:
1934:
1584:
1492:astronomical unit
1490:") measured at 1
1224:
1179:
817:
538:
489:
394:
365:
344:
317:) are related by
178:(BC) is applied.
91:astronomical unit
12615:
12590:
12589:
12588:
12578:
12577:
12576:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12554:
12553:
12552:
12545:
12529:Stars portal
12527:
12526:
12515:
12514:
12171:Planetary system
12094:Strömgren sphere
11966:Asteroseismology
11687:Black hole star
11259:
11258:
11185:Planetary nebula
11146:Red-giant branch
11035:
11028:
11021:
11012:
11011:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10936:
10922:
10916:
10915:
10913:
10911:
10900:
10894:
10893:
10891:
10876:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10855:
10842:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10828:
10823:
10806:(4): 2327–2331.
10797:
10788:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10775:
10760:
10749:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10729:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10701:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10660:. Uppsala: 337.
10653:
10647:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10629:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10583:
10577:
10576:
10557:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10541:
10531:
10525:
10524:
10504:
10498:
10497:
10496:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10427:
10421:
10411:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10401:
10380:
10371:
10360:
10359:
10336:
10327:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10317:
10307:
10301:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10284:
10278:
10277:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10211:
10191:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10155:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10111:(190): 250–259.
10102:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10084:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10049:
10046:
10034:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10015:
10014:
10011:
9998:
9996:
9995:
9990:
9988:
9987:
9983:
9978:
9977:
9974:
9960:
9957:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9919:
9913:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9861:
9855:
9854:
9834:
9817:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9807:
9796:
9790:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9769:
9755:
9745:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9698:(5th ed.),
9689:
9683:
9682:
9666:
9656:
9647:
9646:
9636:
9618:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9577:
9559:
9557:astro-ph/0608504
9535:
9529:
9528:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9455:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9429:(4): 2031–2068.
9414:
9408:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9393:"Sun Fact Sheet"
9389:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9281:
9280:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9248:
9247:
9196:60–200 km?
9155:60 ± 20 km
9124:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9114:
9113:
9090:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9064:
9063:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9028:
9027:
9012:
9011:
8996:
8995:
8980:
8979:
8949:
8948:
8932:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8855:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8839:
8838:
8829:
8826:
8818:
8817:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8786:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8758:
8757:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8721:
8720:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8548:
8547:
8535:
8525:
8524:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8492:
8491:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8459:
8458:
8440:
8439:
8427:
8426:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8384:
8383:
8371:
8361:
8360:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8328:
8327:
8315:
8305:
8304:
8295:
8294:
8276:
8275:
8263:
8262:
8243:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8097:
8096:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8050:
8048:
8047:
8042:
8040:
8039:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7995:
7977:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7916:
7898:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7785:
7784:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7752:
7751:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7719:
7718:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7686:
7685:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7567:
7566:
7539:
7528:
7527:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7488:
7487:
7472:
7461:
7460:
7451:
7447:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7374:
7373:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7345:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7322:
7321:
7308:
7298:
7297:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7173:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7027:, imaged by the
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6916:
6915:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6841:
6840:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6745:
6744:
6723:
6722:
6710:
6709:
6688:
6687:
6675:
6674:
6647:
6646:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6555:
6554:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6510:
6509:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6425:
6424:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6326:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6278:
6266:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6142:
6141:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6020:
6019:
5998:
5990:
5989:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5915:
5914:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5878:
5877:
5856:
5855:
5846:
5845:
5824:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5789:
5788:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5674:
5673:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5545:
5544:
5517:
5516:
5495:
5494:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5370:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5332:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5294:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5224:
5200:
5199:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5091:
5090:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5014:
5013:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4952:
4951:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4886:
4885:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4824:
4823:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4701:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4637:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4602:
4601:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4432:
4431:
4422:
4421:
4397:
4396:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4307:
4306:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4232:
4231:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4120:
4119:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4061:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4029:
4028:
4019:
4018:
3994:
3993:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3907:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3776:
3775:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3706:
3705:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3591:
3590:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3443:
3442:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3385:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3322:
3321:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3168:geometric albedo
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2898:geometric albedo
2891:opposition surge
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2654:
2646:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2531:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2337:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2155:
2145:
2144:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2002:The phase angle
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1813:
1799:
1786:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1691:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1645:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1511:
1497:
1484:solar irradiance
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1455:
1437:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1045:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
988:
987:
986:
969:
965:
955:Black Eye Galaxy
950:
948:
947:
942:
931:
927:
920:
912:
911:
885:
884:
883:
866:
857:
848:
846:
845:
840:
829:
825:
818:
810:
805:
804:
778:
777:
776:
759:
740:
738:
737:
732:
705:
701:distance modulus
698:
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
677:
664:
663:
627:
623:stellar parallax
620:
616:
592:
588:
564:
562:
561:
556:
551:
547:
540:
539:
536:
527:
526:
491:
490:
487:
475:
474:
442:common logarithm
439:
435:
426:
422:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
404:
399:
395:
393:
392:
376:
366:
361:
360:
351:
346:
345:
340:
329:
308:
304:
300:
296:
289:
200:extended objects
124:of about −20.8.
48:celestial object
40:
12623:
12622:
12618:
12617:
12616:
12614:
12613:
12612:
12598:
12597:
12596:
12586:
12584:
12574:
12572:
12562:
12560:
12550:
12548:
12540:
12538:
12533:
12521:
12503:
12428:
12397:Milky Way novae
12333:Smallest volume
12277:
12258:Radial velocity
12181:
12175:
12127:Common envelope
12103:
12002:
11971:Helioseismology
11942:Bipolar outflow
11883:Microturbulence
11878:Convection zone
11859:
11753:Lithium burning
11740:Nucleosynthesis
11730:
11612:
11521:
11248:
11127:
11076:Molecular cloud
11057:
11044:
11039:
10987:Wayback Machine
10960:Wayback Machine
10949:
10944:
10934:
10932:
10924:
10923:
10919:
10909:
10907:
10902:
10901:
10897:
10889:
10874:
10866:
10862:
10853:
10851:
10844:
10843:
10836:
10826:
10824:
10795:
10789:
10782:
10773:
10771:
10765:"289P/Blanpain"
10761:
10752:
10742:
10740:
10730:
10726:
10716:
10714:
10703:
10702:
10698:
10688:
10686:
10678:
10677:
10673:
10654:
10650:
10641:
10639:
10630:
10626:
10617:
10615:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10594:
10592:
10585:
10584:
10580:
10558:
10554:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10528:
10505:
10501:
10461:
10457:
10448:
10446:
10439:
10438:
10434:
10425:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10408:
10399:
10397:
10378:
10372:
10363:
10337:
10330:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10295:
10293:
10286:
10285:
10281:
10270:
10266:
10256:
10254:
10246:
10245:
10241:
10192:
10185:
10176:
10174:
10166:
10162:
10153:
10151:
10144:
10143:
10139:
10131:
10100:
10094:
10090:
10069:
10063:
10059:
10045:
10040:
10037:
10036:
10010:
10006:
10004:
10001:
10000:
9979:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9964:
9956:
9951:
9948:
9947:
9931:
9926:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9916:
9907:
9905:
9904:on 23 July 2011
9892:
9888:
9870:The Observatory
9862:
9858:
9851:
9835:
9820:
9811:
9809:
9805:
9797:
9793:
9786:
9782:
9753:
9746:
9737:
9727:
9725:
9721:
9720:
9716:
9710:
9702:, p. 331,
9690:
9686:
9679:
9657:
9650:
9595:
9591:
9536:
9532:
9493:
9489:
9456:
9452:
9415:
9411:
9401:
9399:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9324:
9308:
9276:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9266:
9243:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9188:
9148:Comet Hale-Bopp
9128:
9109:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9059:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9017:
9016:
9007:
9003:
8985:
8984:
8975:
8971:
8944:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8891:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8866:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8834:
8830:
8825:
8813:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8747:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8716:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8686:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8590:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8553:
8549:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8529:
8520:
8516:
8497:
8493:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8473:
8464:
8460:
8454:
8450:
8435:
8431:
8422:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8389:
8385:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8365:
8356:
8352:
8333:
8329:
8320:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8271:
8267:
8258:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8241:
8224:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8189:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8176:total magnitude
8168:
8143:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8131:rotation period
8102:
8098:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8062:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8009:
8006:
8005:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7823:
7819:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7780:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7747:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7714:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7580:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7529:
7523:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7489:
7483:
7479:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7437:
7433:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7378:
7369:
7365:
7346:
7341:
7327:
7323:
7314:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7293:
7289:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7158:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7127:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7017:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6911:
6907:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6753:
6749:
6737:
6733:
6718:
6714:
6702:
6698:
6683:
6679:
6667:
6663:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6621:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6550:
6546:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6473:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6432:
6417:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6379:
6375:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6279:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6258:
6257:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6205:
6201:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6172:
6168:
6159:
6155:
6134:
6130:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6083:
6079:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6050:
6046:
6037:
6033:
6012:
6008:
5991:
5982:
5978:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5929:
5925:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5883:
5879:
5870:
5866:
5851:
5847:
5838:
5834:
5819:
5815:
5806:
5802:
5781:
5777:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5704:
5700:
5691:
5687:
5666:
5662:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5550:
5546:
5534:
5533:
5509:
5505:
5484:
5483:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5429:
5425:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5390:
5378:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5195:
5191:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5083:
5079:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5028:
5024:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4982:
4978:
4969:
4965:
4944:
4940:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4900:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4854:
4850:
4841:
4837:
4816:
4812:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4728:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4696:
4692:
4683:
4679:
4664:
4660:
4651:
4647:
4632:
4628:
4619:
4615:
4594:
4590:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4556:
4552:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4442:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4410:
4389:
4385:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4337:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4299:
4295:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4246:
4242:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4200:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4134:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4088:
4084:
4075:
4071:
4056:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4024:
4020:
4011:
4007:
3986:
3982:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3917:
3902:
3898:
3889:
3885:
3870:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3838:
3834:
3825:
3821:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3789:
3768:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3434:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3389:
3384:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3340:
3329:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3288:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3151:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3027:
3015:
3011:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2874:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2842:By contrast, a
2823:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2707:
2699:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2574:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2510:unit conversion
2506:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2193:
2188:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1638:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1456:corresponds to
1453:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
982:
981:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
958:
916:
907:
903:
902:
898:
879:
878:
874:
872:
869:
868:
865:
859:
855:
854:has a parallax
809:
800:
796:
795:
791:
772:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
752:
746:
711:
708:
707:
703:
696:
659:
655:
654:
650:
633:
630:
629:
625:
618:
614:
590:
587:
581:
535:
531:
522:
518:
517:
513:
486:
482:
470:
466:
449:
446:
445:
437:
434:
428:
424:
420:
400:
385:
380:
375:
371:
370:
356:
352:
350:
330:
328:
324:
322:
319:
318:
306:
302:
298:
291:
284:
277:
271:
196:milliarcseconds
184:
165:
154:
115:
107:
103:
38:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12621:
12611:
12610:
12595:
12594:
12582:
12570:
12558:
12535:
12534:
12532:
12531:
12519:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12465:
12464:
12459:
12458:
12457:
12452:
12436:
12434:
12430:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12415:
12414:
12409:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12368:
12367:
12362:
12361:
12360:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12328:Largest volume
12325:
12320:
12315:
12305:
12304:
12303:
12298:
12287:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12254:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12212:
12211:
12206:
12201:
12196:
12185:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12173:
12168:
12167:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12146:
12141:
12140:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12124:
12113:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12039:Magnetic field
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12010:
12008:
12004:
12003:
12001:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11974:
11973:
11963:
11962:
11961:
11956:
11949:Accretion disk
11946:
11945:
11944:
11939:
11929:
11928:
11927:
11925:Alfvén surface
11922:
11920:Stellar corona
11917:
11912:
11907:
11897:
11895:Radiation zone
11892:
11891:
11890:
11885:
11875:
11869:
11867:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11852:
11851:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11744:
11742:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11731:
11729:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11702:
11701:
11696:
11693:
11685:
11684:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11633:
11628:
11622:
11620:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11604:
11603:
11593:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11581:
11580:
11579:
11574:
11564:
11554:
11553:
11552:
11542:
11537:
11531:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11519:
11517:Blue straggler
11514:
11513:
11512:
11502:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11433:
11428:
11427:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11406:
11405:
11404:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11372:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11360:
11355:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11313:
11312:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11275:Main sequence
11273:
11268:
11262:
11256:
11254:Classification
11250:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11193:
11192:
11190:Protoplanetary
11182:
11177:
11176:
11175:
11170:
11160:
11159:
11158:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11109:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11067:
11065:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11055:
11049:
11046:
11045:
11038:
11037:
11030:
11023:
11015:
11009:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10989:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10948:
10947:External links
10945:
10943:
10942:
10917:
10895:
10860:
10834:
10821:10.1086/500390
10780:
10750:
10724:
10713:. 28 June 2021
10696:
10671:
10648:
10624:
10601:
10578:
10552:
10526:
10499:
10455:
10432:
10406:
10389:(6): 342–343,
10361:
10351:(2): 295–315,
10328:
10302:
10279:
10264:
10239:
10183:
10160:
10137:
10088:
10076:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10055:
10052:
10044:
10024:
10021:
10018:
10009:
9986:
9982:
9972:
9967:
9963:
9955:
9930:
9914:
9886:
9856:
9849:
9818:
9791:
9780:
9735:
9714:
9709:978-3662043561
9708:
9684:
9677:
9648:
9609:(1): 723–737.
9589:
9530:
9503:(3): 243–288.
9487:
9482:10.1086/177785
9450:
9444:10.1086/382905
9409:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9344:
9330:
9323:
9320:
9307:
9304:
9287:
9284:
9279:
9275:
9254:
9251:
9246:
9242:
9223:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9212:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9198:
9197:
9194:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9170:
9169:
9166:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9150:
9144:
9143:
9142:≈100 km?
9140:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9112:
9108:
9094:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8999:
8994:
8991:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8920:
8916:
8890:
8865:
8845:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8824:
8821:
8816:
8812:
8784:
8781:
8778:
8756:
8753:
8750:
8746:
8719:
8715:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8662:
8659:
8655:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8599:
8596:
8593:
8589:
8568:
8563:
8556:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8512:
8507:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8421:
8399:
8392:
8388:
8382:
8379:
8375:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8343:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8319:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8227:
8223:
8192:
8188:
8167:
8164:
8142:
8105:
8101:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8065:
8061:
8038:
8034:
8013:
7993:
7990:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7934:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7884:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7848:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7804:
7803:
7791:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7758:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7725:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7692:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7659:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7526:
7522:
7511:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7361:
7356:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7240:
7220:
7200:
7197:
7187:semi-empirical
7161:
7157:
7126:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7080:
7060:
7016:
7013:
6981:
6978:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6894:
6891:
6871:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6815:Example 2: At
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6472:
6469:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6346:
6325:
6322:
6310:Saturn's rings
6297:
6280:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5754:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5639:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5399:
5393:
5388:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5171:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5012:
5008:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4917:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4573:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4151:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3682:
3671:
3661:
3658:
3640:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3565:
3562:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3347:
3339:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3124:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2972:
2948:
2928:
2908:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2793:
2790:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2608:
2573:
2570:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2471:
2450:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2318:law of cosines
2307:phase integral
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2261:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2103:
2083:
2059:
2039:
2024:law of cosines
2011:
1995:
1992:
1954:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1788:
1779:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1700:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1507:
1488:solar constant
1464:
1451:
1433:
1413:
1393:
1383:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1042:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
985:
980:
962:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
882:
877:
863:
838:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:
816:
813:
808:
803:
799:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
775:
770:
756:
745:
742:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
662:
658:
653:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
593:, because the
585:
554:
550:
546:
543:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
485:
481:
478:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
432:
427:(in parsecs),
408:
403:
398:
391:
388:
383:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
355:
349:
343:
339:
336:
333:
327:
273:Main article:
270:
267:
183:
180:
163:
152:
113:
105:
101:
50:on an inverse
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12620:
12609:
12606:
12605:
12603:
12593:
12583:
12581:
12571:
12569:
12559:
12557:
12547:
12546:
12543:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12518:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12489:Intergalactic
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12469:Galactic year
12467:
12463:
12460:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12447:
12446:
12443:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12431:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12404:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12366:
12363:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12348:Most luminous
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12310:
12309:
12306:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12280:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12263:Proper motion
12261:
12259:
12256:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12226:Constellation
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12210:
12207:
12205:
12202:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12194:Solar eclipse
12192:
12191:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12184:
12180:Earth-centric
12178:
12172:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12119:
12118:
12115:
12114:
12112:
12110:
12106:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12005:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11972:
11969:
11968:
11967:
11964:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11950:
11947:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11902:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11870:
11868:
11866:
11862:
11856:
11853:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11825:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11778:Alpha process
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11743:
11741:
11737:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11700:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11686:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11638:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11615:
11609:
11606:
11602:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11585:
11582:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11558:
11555:
11551:
11550:Helium planet
11548:
11547:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11540:Parker's star
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11518:
11515:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11471:Lambda Boötis
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11410:
11407:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11395:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11377:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11350:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11263:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11251:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11237:Superluminous
11235:
11234:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11191:
11188:
11187:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11165:
11164:
11161:
11157:
11154:
11153:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11141:Main sequence
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11118:Hayashi track
11116:
11114:
11111:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11088:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11047:
11043:
11036:
11031:
11029:
11024:
11022:
11017:
11016:
11013:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10957:
10954:
10951:
10950:
10931:
10927:
10921:
10905:
10899:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10873:
10872:
10864:
10849:
10848:
10841:
10839:
10822:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10794:
10787:
10785:
10770:
10766:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10739:
10735:
10728:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10700:
10685:
10681:
10675:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10652:
10637:
10636:
10628:
10613:
10612:
10605:
10590:
10589:
10582:
10575:
10571:
10567:
10563:
10556:
10538:
10537:
10530:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10503:
10495:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10459:
10444:
10443:
10436:
10418:
10417:
10410:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10377:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10342:
10335:
10333:
10314:
10313:
10306:
10291:
10290:
10283:
10275:
10268:
10253:
10249:
10243:
10235:
10231:
10227:
10223:
10219:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10190:
10188:
10173:
10172:
10164:
10149:
10148:
10141:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10110:
10106:
10099:
10092:
10074:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10053:
10050:
10042:
10022:
10019:
10016:
10007:
9984:
9980:
9970:
9965:
9961:
9953:
9928:
9918:
9903:
9899:
9898:
9890:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9860:
9852:
9850:9783662530450
9846:
9842:
9841:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9804:
9803:
9795:
9789:
9784:
9777:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9759:
9752:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9724:
9718:
9711:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9696:
9688:
9680:
9674:
9670:
9665:
9664:
9655:
9653:
9644:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9593:
9585:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9549:
9545:
9541:
9534:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9462:
9454:
9445:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9413:
9398:
9394:
9388:
9384:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9303:
9299:
9285:
9282:
9277:
9273:
9252:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9231:
9230:289P/Blanpain
9220:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9203:
9202:289P/Blanpain
9200:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9183:
9182:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9135:Comet Sarabat
9133:
9132:
9126:
9110:
9106:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9085:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9060:
9056:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8918:
8914:
8888:
8863:
8843:
8840:
8835:
8831:
8822:
8819:
8814:
8810:
8801:
8796:
8782:
8779:
8776:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8744:
8735:
8717:
8713:
8690:
8687:
8683:
8660:
8657:
8653:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8620:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8566:
8561:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8505:
8498:
8494:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8423:
8419:
8397:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8341:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8287:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8225:
8221:
8212:
8208:
8190:
8186:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8161:
8140:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8063:
8059:
8036:
8032:
8011:
7991:
7988:
7981:In 2012, the
7979:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7948:
7932:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7882:
7873:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7789:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7756:
7753:
7748:
7744:
7723:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7690:
7687:
7682:
7678:
7657:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7609:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7524:
7520:
7512:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7392:
7385:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7354:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7238:
7218:
7198:
7195:
7188:
7184:
7181:In 1985, the
7179:
7177:
7159:
7155:
7124:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7078:
7058:
7049:
7041:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6997:
6995:
6979:
6976:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6869:
6866:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6818:
6813:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6648:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6429:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6360:
6344:
6323:
6320:
6311:
6295:
6277:
6265:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5755:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5640:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5397:
5391:
5386:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5172:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5006:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4918:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4574:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3683:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:in degrees):
3638:
3630:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3561:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3360:quarter phase
3345:
3337:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3169:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3122:
3114:
3111:Example: The
3109:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3035:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2970:
2962:
2946:
2926:
2906:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2791:
2788:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2586:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2548:
2542:
2535:The value of
2529:
2525:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2448:
2431:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2259:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2101:
2081:
2073:
2057:
2037:
2025:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:for asteroids
1796:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1673:
1669:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1523:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1496:1361 W/m
1493:
1489:
1485:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1294:
1287:
1284:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1033:The absolute
1030:
1020:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
978:
961:
956:
951:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
875:
862:
853:
849:
836:
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
814:
811:
806:
801:
797:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
768:
755:
750:
741:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
702:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
660:
656:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
624:
611:
609:
604:
600:
596:
584:
578:
576:
572:
568:
552:
548:
544:
541:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
483:
476:
471:
467:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
443:
431:
406:
401:
396:
381:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
353:
347:
341:
337:
334:
331:
325:
316:
312:
294:
287:
282:
276:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:of 0.1″ (100
193:
189:
179:
177:
173:
169:
161:
156:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
111:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
31:
26:
22:
12592:Solar System
12392:White dwarfs
12382:Brown dwarfs
12365:Most distant
12313:Most massive
12291:Proper names
12251:Photographic
12204:Solar System
12182:observations
12109:Star systems
12043:
11932:Stellar wind
11915:Chromosphere
11888:Oscillations
11768:Helium flash
11618:Hypothetical
11596:X-ray binary
11535:Compact star
11370:Bright giant
11123:Henyey track
11101:Herbig Ae/Be
10933:. Retrieved
10920:
10908:. Retrieved
10898:
10870:
10863:
10852:, retrieved
10846:
10825:. Retrieved
10803:
10799:
10772:, retrieved
10768:
10741:. Retrieved
10737:
10727:
10715:. Retrieved
10708:
10699:
10689:15 September
10687:. Retrieved
10674:
10657:
10651:
10640:, retrieved
10634:
10627:
10616:, retrieved
10610:
10604:
10593:, retrieved
10587:
10581:
10565:
10561:
10555:
10544:, retrieved
10535:
10529:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10494:10138/228807
10468:
10464:
10458:
10447:, retrieved
10441:
10435:
10424:, retrieved
10415:
10409:
10398:, retrieved
10386:
10382:
10348:
10344:
10320:, retrieved
10311:
10305:
10294:, retrieved
10289:JPL Horizons
10288:
10282:
10273:
10267:
10255:. Retrieved
10251:
10242:
10199:
10195:
10175:, retrieved
10170:
10168:Luciuk, M.,
10163:
10152:, retrieved
10146:
10140:
10108:
10104:
10091:
9917:
9906:, retrieved
9902:the original
9896:
9894:Bruton, D.,
9889:
9873:
9869:
9859:
9839:
9810:, retrieved
9801:
9799:Luciuk, M.,
9794:
9783:
9757:
9726:. Retrieved
9717:
9694:
9687:
9662:
9606:
9602:
9592:
9550:(1): 13–44.
9547:
9546:(Abstract).
9543:
9533:
9500:
9496:
9490:
9465:
9459:
9453:
9426:
9422:
9412:
9400:. Retrieved
9387:
9366:
9309:
9300:
9226:
9161:Comet Halley
8797:
8246:
8210:
8175:
8169:
8124:
7980:
7947:101955 Bennu
7897:0.3 mag
7874:
7805:
7406:
7256:
7252:
7185:adopted the
7180:
7145:
6998:
6994:last quarter
6814:
6401:
6287:
3567:
3110:
2895:
2843:
2841:
2591:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2501:
2490:
2479:
2468:
2462:
2315:
2029:
1936:
1843:3.6 km
1803:and Diameter
1790:
1783:
1777:
1697:
1694:
1684:
1681:
1671:
1653:
1639:
1514:
1504:
1461:
1448:
1438:. Placing a
1430:
1410:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1358:
1348:
1337:
1326:
1315:
1072:
1039:
1032:
959:
952:
860:
850:
753:
747:
612:
608:K correction
582:
579:
440:. Using the
429:
292:
285:
278:
229:(−6.2), and
212:
207:
203:
185:
162:magnitude (M
159:
157:
144:
126:
98:
95:
83:Solar System
37:
33:
27:
25:
12580:Outer space
12568:Spaceflight
12445:Brown dwarf
12221:Circumpolar
12099:Kraft break
12079:Color index
12054:Metallicity
12014:Designation
11983:Cosmic dust
11905:Photosphere
11671:Dark-energy
11646:Electroweak
11631:Black dwarf
11562:Radio-quiet
11545:White dwarf
11431:White dwarf
11081:Bok globule
10568:: 410–444,
10471:: 101–116,
9808:, p. 8
9402:25 February
9341:temperature
9179:≈2 km
8133:, by up to
7261:ephemerides
2939:, diameter
2463:Distances:
2320:, we have:
2311:integration
2274:phase angle
1984:phase curve
1980:phase angle
1923:3.6 m
1883:100 m
1875:140 m
1867:360 m
1859:510 m
1835:10 km
1827:36 km
1801:Abs Mag (H)
1479:10 W/m
1365:zero points
1052:wavelengths
1037:magnitude (
575:dark clouds
315:light-years
263:r magnitude
259:GRB 080319B
172:wavelengths
122:B magnitude
79:cosmic dust
69:), without
67:light-years
52:logarithmic
12407:Candidates
12402:Supernovae
12387:Red dwarfs
12246:Extinction
12034:Kinematics
12029:Luminosity
12007:Properties
11900:Atmosphere
11798:Si burning
11788:Ne burning
11726:White hole
11699:Quasi-star
11626:Blue dwarf
11481:Technetium
11397:Hypergiant
11375:Supergiant
10769:aerith.net
10638:, NASA JPL
10618:11 January
10595:11 January
10546:11 January
10449:11 January
10426:11 January
10400:11 January
10322:11 January
10296:11 January
10209:1808.01973
10177:12 January
10154:12 January
9908:12 January
9812:11 January
9767:1510.06262
9380:References
9337:luminosity
9098:magnitude
8160:axial tilt
6359:Common Era
3631:are (with
2961:kilometers
2846:is simply
2074:sunlight,
2072:reflecting
1988:opposition
1915:10 m
1907:17 m
1899:36 m
1891:51 m
1851:1 km
1458:irradiance
1407:luminosity
1064:luminosity
1035:bolometric
1027:See also:
970:of 31.06:
281:Hipparchus
231:Betelgeuse
208:would have
168:luminosity
160:bolometric
133:wavelength
129:magnitudes
71:extinction
44:luminosity
12556:Astronomy
12338:Brightest
12236:Magnitude
12216:Pole star
12137:Symbiotic
12132:Eclipsing
12064:Starlight
11865:Structure
11855:Supernova
11848:Micronova
11843:Recurrent
11828:Symbiotic
11813:p-process
11808:r-process
11803:s-process
11793:O burning
11783:C burning
11763:CNO cycle
11706:Gravastar
11242:Hypernova
11232:Supernova
11207:Dredge-up
11180:Blue loop
11173:super-AGB
11156:Red clump
11133:Evolution
11091:Protostar
11071:Accretion
11063:Formation
10202:: 10–24.
10057:×
10054:1.4959787
10020:−
9962:⋅
9643:0004-637X
9616:0803.3215
9525:189937884
9367:magnitude
9185:C/2014 UN
9129:diameter
9014:
8982:
8969:⋅
8963:⋅
8527:
8471:
8448:⋅
8363:
8307:
8284:⋅
8145: mag
7963:−
7858:∘
7847:α
7825:∘
7814:α
7583:α
7578:
7556:−
7547:
7534:α
7521:ϕ
7494:α
7481:ϕ
7467:α
7454:ϕ
7442:−
7425:α
7386:α
7376:
7360:−
7300:
7160:∘
7129: mag
7023:Asteroid
7015:Asteroids
6977:−
6951:−
6930:⋅
6918:
6858:∘
6843:
6827:−
6797:−
6768:−
6747:⋅
6739:−
6731:×
6712:⋅
6704:−
6696:×
6690:−
6677:⋅
6669:−
6661:×
6649:⋅
6641:−
6633:×
6627:−
6613:−
6584:−
6569:⋅
6557:
6535:−
6507:∘
6496:α
6381:∘
6373:≥
6370:α
6321:ϕ
6296:β
6207:∘
6196:α
6170:α
6161:−
6153:×
6144:α
6136:−
6128:×
6085:∘
6074:α
6048:α
6039:−
6031:×
6022:α
6014:−
6006:×
5993:ϕ
5984:−
5976:×
5970:−
5931:∘
5920:α
5912:∘
5881:α
5872:−
5864:×
5849:α
5840:−
5832:×
5826:−
5817:α
5808:−
5800:×
5791:α
5783:−
5775:×
5739:∘
5731:≤
5728:α
5702:α
5693:−
5685:×
5676:α
5668:−
5660:×
5654:−
5648:−
5624:∘
5613:β
5591:∘
5580:α
5558:α
5552:−
5539:β
5531:
5522:−
5519:α
5511:−
5503:×
5489:β
5481:
5472:−
5431:∘
5420:α
5380:∘
5372:α
5359:−
5342:∘
5334:α
5304:∘
5296:α
5283:−
5266:∘
5258:α
5245:−
5234:∘
5226:α
5214:−
5202:
5186:−
5180:−
5156:∘
5148:≤
5145:α
5119:α
5110:−
5102:×
5093:α
5085:−
5077:×
5071:−
5030:∘
5022:≤
5019:α
5011:∘
4980:α
4971:−
4963:×
4954:α
4946:−
4938:×
4932:−
4902:∘
4894:≤
4891:α
4883:∘
4852:α
4843:−
4835:×
4829:−
4826:α
4818:−
4810:×
4763:∘
4755:≤
4752:α
4726:α
4717:−
4709:×
4694:α
4685:−
4677:×
4671:−
4662:α
4653:−
4645:×
4630:α
4621:−
4613:×
4607:−
4604:α
4596:−
4588:×
4558:∘
4550:≤
4547:α
4521:α
4512:−
4504:×
4489:α
4480:−
4472:×
4466:−
4457:α
4448:−
4440:×
4425:α
4416:−
4408:×
4402:−
4399:α
4391:−
4383:×
4335:α
4326:−
4318:×
4309:α
4301:−
4293:×
4287:−
4248:∘
4237:α
4229:∘
4198:α
4189:−
4181:×
4172:α
4166:−
4163:240.44228
4136:∘
4128:≤
4125:α
4117:∘
4086:α
4077:−
4069:×
4054:α
4045:−
4037:×
4031:−
4022:α
4013:−
4005:×
3996:α
3988:−
3980:×
3974:−
3932:α
3923:−
3915:×
3909:−
3900:α
3891:−
3883:×
3868:α
3859:−
3851:×
3845:−
3836:α
3827:−
3819:×
3804:α
3795:−
3787:×
3781:−
3778:α
3770:−
3762:×
3718:α
3708:
3692:−
3639:α
3603:α
3593:
3577:−
3545:−
3516:−
3502:π
3485:
3469:−
3457:⋅
3445:
3394:π
3382:≈
3376:α
3222:
3075:
3017:−
3009:×
2876:α
2872:
2860:α
2825:∘
2814:α
2792:π
2765:∘
2754:α
2725:α
2721:
2713:π
2701:α
2697:
2682:∘
2674:α
2669:−
2637:α
2607:α
2566:roughness
2549:α
2388:−
2335:α
2331:
2290:α
2260:α
2233:α
2223:
2207:−
2147:
2010:α
1943:asteroids
1931:1 m
1819:Diameter
1740:−
1717:⋆
1666:10 W
1622:71.197425
1614:⋆
1606:
1590:−
1587:≈
1570:⋆
1560:
1544:−
1510:= −26.832
1440:radiation
1423:10 W
1402:10 W
1288:⋆
1267:−
1261:⊙
1220:⊙
1210:⋆
1175:⊙
1165:⋆
1151:
1135:−
1126:⊙
1105:−
1099:⋆
1005:−
996:−
914:
867:of 0.03:
834:−
820:−
807:
786:−
726:μ
723:−
666:
595:Euclidean
571:Milky Way
542:−
529:
508:−
477:
461:−
335:−
170:over all
141:passbands
139:bands or
118:Milky Way
30:astronomy
12602:Category
12517:Category
12412:Remnants
12308:Extremes
12268:Parallax
12241:Apparent
12231:Asterism
12209:Sunlight
12159:Globular
12144:Multiple
12069:Variable
12059:Rotation
12019:Dynamics
11910:Starspot
11584:Magnetar
11527:Remnants
11343:Subgiant
11316:Subdwarf
11168:post-AGB
10983:Archived
10956:Archived
10887:archived
10234:69912809
10129:Archived
10071: km
10047: AU
9999:, where
9958: AU
9933: km
9584:16400466
9322:See also
9096:Absolute
8893: AU
8868: AU
6999:Earth's
6475: AU
6434: AU
6324:′
5996:′
3342: AU
3331: km
3290: AU
3262:We have
3153: km
1056:passband
744:Examples
225:(−8.4),
221:(−7.8),
192:parallax
188:trillion
12542:Portals
12484:Gravity
12433:Related
12353:Nearest
12301:Chinese
12149:Cluster
12122:Contact
11959:Proplyd
11833:Remnant
11721:Blitzar
11695:Hawking
11651:Strange
11601:Burster
11557:Neutron
11510:Extreme
11461:He-weak
11106:T Tauri
10879:Bibcode
10808:Bibcode
10662:Bibcode
10570:Bibcode
10517:Bibcode
10473:Bibcode
10391:Bibcode
10353:Bibcode
10214:Bibcode
10113:Bibcode
9878:Bibcode
9772:Bibcode
9621:Bibcode
9562:Bibcode
9505:Bibcode
9470:Bibcode
9468:: 355.
9431:Bibcode
9306:Meteors
9127:Nucleus
8827:,
8732:is the
7949:, with
7251:called
7025:1 Ceres
7009:weather
6933:0.00257
6357:is the
6105:Neptune
5960:−7.110
5460:−8.914
5059:−9.395
5052:Jupiter
4792:−1.601
4178:8.39034
4169:2.81914
3962:−4.384
3746:−0.613
3739:Mercury
3657:Planet
3460:0.00257
3338:0.00257
2623:, then
2621:degrees
2597:spheres
2316:By the
2305:is the
2272:is the
1939:planets
1811:=0.14)
1444:parsecs
1050:at all
311:parsecs
255:CTA-102
251:quasars
215:planets
63:parsecs
12474:Galaxy
12462:Planet
12450:Desert
12358:bright
12296:Arabic
12117:Binary
11937:Bubble
11661:Planck
11636:Exotic
11572:Binary
11567:Pulsar
11505:Helium
11466:Barium
11409:Carbon
11402:Yellow
11390:Yellow
11363:Yellow
11202:PG1159
10996:SIMBAD
10935:16 May
10910:16 May
10854:31 May
10827:31 May
10774:31 May
10743:6 July
10717:1 July
10642:31 May
10591:, COBS
10257:29 May
10232:
10105:Icarus
9876:: 97,
9847:
9728:8 July
9706:
9675:
9641:
9582:
9523:
9365:– the
9347:Jansky
9316:zenith
9312:meteor
9310:For a
9221:320 m
9210:320 m
9093:Comet
8736:, and
8579:where
8209:) and
8172:comets
7407:where
7001:albedo
6235:2000.0
6112:−7.00
5953:Uranus
5453:Saturn
4706:1.4681
4674:4.7723
4642:6.1575
4610:3.0725
4585:3.3234
4501:6.2553
4469:2.0667
4437:3.1543
4405:1.6057
4380:2.9994
4365:+0.28
4277:−3.99
3912:3.0334
3880:1.6893
3848:3.4265
3816:3.3644
3784:1.6336
3519:10.99.
3327:384400
3113:Moon's
2779:) has
2599:. Let
2252:where
1809:albedo
1690:= 4.74
1662:3.0128
1634:where
1436:= 4.74
1398:3.0128
1310:where
815:3.2616
419:where
235:Sirius
204:equals
137:filter
65:(32.6
12479:Guest
12283:Lists
12164:Super
11818:Fusor
11691:Black
11676:Quark
11656:Preon
11641:Boson
11577:X-ray
11493:Shell
11446:Ap/Bp
11348:Giant
11266:Early
11212:OH/IR
11042:Stars
10890:(PDF)
10875:(PDF)
10796:(PDF)
10540:(PDF)
10420:(PDF)
10379:(PDF)
10316:(PDF)
10252:IMCCE
10230:S2CID
10204:arXiv
10132:(PDF)
10101:(PDF)
10023:26.76
9806:(PDF)
9762:arXiv
9754:(PDF)
9671:–62.
9611:arXiv
9580:S2CID
9552:arXiv
9544:MNRAS
9521:S2CID
9022:1.109
8990:0.302
8889:1.109
8864:0.302
8844:3.69.
7790:1.218
7757:0.631
7724:1.862
7691:3.332
7257:slope
6992:. At
6870:2.71.
6771:4.59.
6728:8.938
6693:2.814
6658:3.687
6630:1.044
6587:6.09.
6572:0.645
6566:0.719
6538:4.384
6471:0.645
6430:0.719
6404:Venus
6288:Here
6188:(for
6150:9.617
6125:7.944
6109:−6.9
6066:(for
6028:1.045
6003:6.587
5957:−7.2
5861:4.767
5829:1.505
5797:2.672
5772:2.446
5766:0.026
5651:0.036
5525:0.378
5475:1.825
5457:−9.7
5412:(for
5362:1.876
5324:2.809
5286:0.062
5248:0.363
5217:1.507
5183:0.033
5137:(for
5056:−9.4
4998:(for
4960:3.445
4935:2.573
4929:1.234
4870:(for
4832:1.302
4807:2.267
4789:−1.5
4744:(for
4539:(for
4315:2.054
4290:1.060
4270:Earth
4225:163.7
4216:(for
4132:163.7
4104:(for
4066:8.938
4034:2.814
4002:3.687
3977:1.044
3959:−4.4
3955:Venus
3759:6.328
3743:−0.4
3548:10.0.
3250:0.28.
3236:0.113
3183:0.113
2309:(the
1648:watts
1508:bol,⊙
1469:2.518
1434:bol,⊙
1419:3.828
1373:watts
1352:bol,★
1341:bol,⊙
1008:21.7.
999:31.06
918:0.129
749:Rigel
438:10 pc
253:like
223:Deneb
219:Rigel
46:of a
12154:Open
12049:Mass
11873:Core
11823:Nova
11716:Iron
11666:Dark
11476:Lead
11456:HgMn
11451:CEMP
11380:Blue
11353:Blue
11271:Late
11053:List
10937:2013
10912:2013
10856:2019
10829:2019
10776:2019
10745:2021
10719:2021
10691:2021
10644:2019
10620:2019
10597:2019
10548:2019
10451:2019
10428:2013
10402:2019
10324:2019
10298:2019
10259:2023
10179:2019
10156:2019
9929:1329
9921:The
9910:2019
9845:ISBN
9814:2019
9730:2015
9704:ISBN
9673:ISBN
9639:ISSN
9404:2017
9286:22.9
9218:22.9
9152:−1.3
9139:−3.0
8966:3.69
8954:5.41
8823:5.41
8675:and
8207:coma
8051:and
7966:0.08
7913:0.15
7850:<
7817:<
7769:and
7624:for
7255:and
7231:and
7105:0.15
7029:Dawn
6980:10.0
6954:9.96
6945:2.71
6899:0.28
6800:4.62
6751:93.0
6716:93.0
6681:93.0
6652:93.0
6616:6.09
6503:93.0
6406:was
6232:>
6221:and
6199:<
6077:<
5923:<
5917:<
5682:6.16
5616:<
5605:and
5583:<
5555:2.25
5423:>
5099:6.16
5016:<
4888:<
4785:Mars
4362:0.2
4358:Moon
4240:<
4234:<
4122:<
3426:0.28
3231:3474
3227:1329
3166:and
3149:3474
3080:1329
2999:1329
2959:(in
2508:, a
2094:and
1941:and
1937:For
1928:32.7
1912:27.7
1904:26.6
1888:24.2
1880:22.7
1856:19.2
1848:17.7
1832:12.7
1704:as:
993:9.36
953:The
939:0.6.
890:0.03
852:Vega
837:7.0.
783:0.12
699:and
621:and
309:(in
227:Naos
77:and
12455:Sub
12189:Sun
11608:SGR
11385:Red
11358:Red
10816:doi
10804:131
10566:393
10513:246
10489:hdl
10481:doi
10469:123
10387:117
10222:doi
10121:doi
10109:190
10012:Sun
9975:Sun
9629:doi
9607:691
9570:doi
9548:373
9513:doi
9478:doi
9466:469
9439:doi
9427:127
9253:8.5
9207:8.5
9193:6.7
9187:271
9176:6.5
9165:4.0
9072:0.5
9036:0.8
9005:log
8973:log
8960:2.5
8518:log
8462:log
8445:2.5
8354:log
8298:log
8281:2.5
7821:120
7650:or
7575:tan
7544:exp
7510:and
7367:log
7363:2.5
7291:log
7183:IAU
7125:0.3
6909:log
6834:log
6830:2.5
6548:log
6377:179
6203:133
6081:3.1
5973:8.4
5927:150
5657:3.7
5587:6.5
5528:sin
5500:2.6
5478:sin
5376:180
5338:180
5300:180
5262:180
5230:180
5193:log
5189:2.5
5074:3.7
5026:120
4759:150
4554:150
4244:179
3699:log
3695:2.5
3584:log
3580:2.5
3476:log
3472:2.5
3436:log
3358:At
3213:log
3066:log
3020:0.2
2869:cos
2839:).
2718:sin
2694:cos
2678:180
2328:cos
2214:log
2210:2.5
2138:log
1975:Sun
1743:0.4
1701:bol
1688:bol
1675:bol
1597:log
1593:2.5
1551:log
1547:2.5
1502:of
1500:Sun
1474:002
1471:021
1454:= 0
1452:bol
1386:= 0
1384:bol
1235:0.4
1142:log
1138:2.5
1043:bol
905:log
812:860
798:log
657:log
520:log
468:log
326:100
295:= 6
288:= 1
239:Sun
164:bol
110:Sun
28:In
12604::
11488:Be
11441:Am
11424:CH
11419:CN
11338:OB
11333:WR
10994:–
10928:.
10885:,
10837:^
10814:.
10802:.
10798:.
10783:^
10767:,
10753:^
10736:.
10707:.
10564:,
10511:.
10487:,
10479:,
10467:,
10385:,
10381:,
10364:^
10349:68
10347:,
10343:,
10331:^
10250:.
10228:.
10220:.
10212:.
10200:25
10198:.
10186:^
10127:.
10119:.
10107:.
10103:.
10061:10
9966:10
9874:30
9872:,
9868:,
9821:^
9770:,
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9738:^
9669:60
9651:^
9637:.
9627:.
9619:.
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9601:.
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9464:.
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9425:.
9421:.
9395:.
9318:.
9084:.
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8977:10
8522:10
8466:10
8358:10
8302:10
8244:.
8122:.
8024:,
7978:.
7872:.
7854:20
7736:,
7703:,
7670:,
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7295:10
7267:.
6913:10
6854:90
6838:10
6735:10
6700:10
6665:10
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6552:10
6247:)
6157:10
6132:10
6099:)
6035:10
6010:10
5980:10
5868:10
5836:10
5804:10
5779:10
5689:10
5664:10
5620:27
5507:10
5427:12
5197:10
5152:12
5106:10
5081:10
5007:50
4967:10
4942:10
4898:50
4839:10
4814:10
4720:10
4713:10
4681:10
4649:10
4617:10
4592:10
4515:11
4508:10
4476:10
4444:10
4412:10
4387:10
4322:10
4297:10
4274:−
4185:10
4073:10
4041:10
4009:10
3984:10
3926:12
3919:10
3887:10
3855:10
3823:10
3791:10
3766:10
3703:10
3588:10
3480:10
3440:10
3362:,
3303:,
3217:10
3195::
3070:10
3013:10
2761:90
2514:AU
2494:OS
2483:BS
2472:BO
2218:10
2142:10
1920:30
1896:25
1872:22
1864:20
1840:15
1824:10
1736:10
1601:10
1555:10
1512:.
1486:("
1467:=
1396:=
1231:10
1146:10
1070:.
909:10
802:10
706::
661:10
628::
537:pc
524:10
488:pc
472:10
433:10
382:10
358:10
93:.
32:,
12544::
11681:Q
11500:B
11414:S
11326:B
11321:O
11309:M
11304:K
11299:G
11294:F
11289:A
11284:B
11279:O
11034:e
11027:t
11020:v
10939:.
10914:.
10881::
10831:.
10818::
10810::
10747:.
10721:.
10693:.
10668:.
10664::
10572::
10523:.
10519::
10491::
10483::
10475::
10393::
10355::
10261:.
10236:.
10224::
10216::
10206::
10123::
10115::
10075:.
10065:8
10051:=
10043:1
10017:=
10008:H
9985:5
9981:/
9971:H
9954:2
9880::
9853:.
9774::
9764::
9732:.
9681:.
9645:.
9631::
9623::
9613::
9586:.
9572::
9564::
9554::
9527:.
9515::
9507::
9501:7
9484:.
9480::
9472::
9447:.
9441::
9433::
9406:.
9343:.
9283:=
9278:1
9274:M
9250:=
9245:1
9241:M
9111:1
9107:M
9069:+
9066:=
9061:1
9057:m
9033:+
9030:=
9025:)
9019:(
9001:5
8998:+
8993:)
8987:(
8957:+
8951:=
8946:1
8942:m
8919:1
8915:m
8841:=
8836:1
8832:K
8820:=
8815:1
8811:M
8783:2
8780:=
8777:K
8755:2
8752:,
8749:1
8745:K
8718:0
8714:d
8691:O
8688:B
8684:d
8661:S
8658:B
8654:d
8631:2
8628:,
8625:1
8621:M
8598:2
8595:,
8592:1
8588:m
8567:,
8562:)
8555:0
8551:d
8545:O
8542:B
8538:d
8532:(
8514:5
8511:+
8506:)
8499:0
8495:d
8489:S
8486:B
8482:d
8476:(
8456:2
8452:K
8442:+
8437:2
8433:M
8429:=
8424:2
8420:m
8398:)
8391:0
8387:d
8381:O
8378:B
8374:d
8368:(
8350:5
8347:+
8342:)
8335:0
8331:d
8325:S
8322:B
8318:d
8312:(
8292:1
8288:K
8278:+
8273:1
8269:M
8265:=
8260:1
8256:m
8242:H
8226:2
8222:m
8213:(
8191:1
8187:m
8178:(
8141:2
8104:2
8100:G
8094:1
8090:G
8086:H
8064:2
8060:G
8037:1
8033:G
8012:H
7992:G
7989:H
7960:=
7957:G
7933:G
7910:=
7907:G
7883:G
7802:.
7787:=
7782:2
7778:B
7754:=
7749:1
7745:B
7721:=
7716:2
7712:A
7688:=
7683:1
7679:A
7658:2
7638:1
7635:=
7632:i
7610:)
7602:i
7598:B
7592:)
7586:2
7571:(
7564:i
7560:A
7552:(
7541:=
7537:)
7531:(
7525:i
7497:)
7491:(
7485:2
7477:G
7474:+
7470:)
7464:(
7458:1
7449:)
7445:G
7439:1
7435:(
7431:=
7428:)
7422:(
7419:q
7393:,
7389:)
7383:(
7380:q
7355:)
7348:2
7343:0
7339:d
7332:O
7329:B
7325:d
7319:S
7316:B
7312:d
7305:(
7287:5
7284:+
7281:H
7278:=
7275:m
7239:G
7219:H
7199:G
7196:H
7156:0
7142:.
7102:=
7099:G
7079:G
7059:G
7035:.
6957:,
6948:=
6942:+
6937:)
6927:1
6923:(
6905:5
6902:+
6896:+
6893:=
6890:m
6867:=
6863:)
6850:(
6847:q
6794:=
6791:m
6765:=
6761:)
6755:4
6742:9
6725:+
6720:3
6707:6
6685:2
6672:4
6655:+
6644:3
6623:(
6619:+
6610:=
6607:m
6581:=
6576:)
6562:(
6544:5
6541:+
6532:=
6529:m
6499:=
6468:=
6463:O
6460:B
6456:d
6427:=
6422:S
6419:B
6415:d
6345:t
6229:t
6174:2
6164:5
6147:+
6139:3
6122:+
6052:2
6042:4
6025:+
6017:3
6000:+
5987:4
5945:)
5908:6
5885:4
5875:9
5858:+
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5843:6
5821:2
5811:4
5794:+
5786:4
5769:+
5763:+
5753:)
5735:6
5706:2
5696:4
5679:+
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5542:)
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5514:2
5497:+
5492:)
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5445:)
5398:)
5392:5
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5316:3
5311:)
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5278:2
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5241:)
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5211:1
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5170:)
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5096:+
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4957:+
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4926:+
4916:)
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4804:+
4730:5
4703:+
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4688:8
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4312:+
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4175:+
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4113:0
4090:4
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4063:+
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3999:+
3991:3
3936:6
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3877:+
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3840:3
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3813:+
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3798:3
3773:2
3756:+
3721:)
3715:(
3712:q
3670:H
3621:m
3606:)
3600:(
3597:q
3542:=
3539:m
3513:=
3508:)
3499:3
3495:2
3490:(
3464:)
3454:1
3450:(
3432:5
3429:+
3423:+
3420:=
3417:m
3391:3
3387:2
3379:)
3373:(
3370:q
3346:.
3335:=
3324:=
3319:O
3316:B
3312:d
3286:1
3283:=
3278:S
3275:B
3271:d
3247:+
3244:=
3209:5
3206:=
3203:H
3180:=
3177:p
3146:=
3143:D
3123:H
3097:.
3089:p
3084:D
3062:5
3059:=
3056:H
3036:,
3032:m
3029:k
3023:H
3003:p
2994:=
2991:D
2971:p
2947:D
2927:H
2907:p
2866:=
2863:)
2857:(
2854:q
2821:0
2817:=
2789:1
2757:=
2734:.
2730:)
2710:1
2705:+
2690:)
2666:1
2662:(
2657:(
2651:3
2648:2
2643:=
2640:)
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2524:q
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2502:d
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2440:S
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2422:B
2417:d
2413:2
2406:2
2400:S
2397:O
2392:d
2383:2
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2369:d
2365:+
2360:2
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2284:q
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2134:5
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1797:.
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1664:×
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1643:★
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1477:×
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1338:M
1330:★
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1319:⊙
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1002:=
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789:5
780:=
774:V
769:M
757:V
754:m
729:.
720:m
717:=
714:M
704:μ
697:m
683:,
679:)
675:1
672:+
669:p
652:(
648:5
645:+
642:m
639:=
636:M
626:p
619:m
615:M
591:d
586:L
583:d
553:,
549:)
545:1
533:d
515:(
511:5
505:m
502:=
499:5
496:+
493:)
484:d
480:(
464:5
458:m
455:=
452:M
430:F
425:d
421:F
407:,
402:2
397:)
390:c
387:p
378:d
373:(
368:=
363:F
354:F
348:=
342:5
338:M
332:m
307:d
303:m
299:M
293:m
286:m
249:(
153:V
114:V
106:V
102:V
39:M
36:(
23:.
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