1215:'So words are used to stand as outward marks of our internal ideas, which are taken from particular things; but if every particular idea that we take in had its own special name, there would be no end to names. To prevent this, the mind makes particular ideas received from particular things become general; which it does by considering them as they are in the mind—mental appearances—separate from all other existences, and from the circumstances of real existence, such as time, place, and so on. This procedure is called abstraction. In it, an idea taken from a particular thing becomes a general representative of all of the same kind, and its name becomes a general name that is applicable to any existing thing that fits that abstract idea.' (2.11.9)
673:
1226:'s definition of abstraction broadened its scope beyond the thinking process to include exactly four mutually exclusive, different complementary psychological functions: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking. Together they form a structural totality of the differentiating abstraction process. Abstraction operates in one of these functions when it excludes the simultaneous influence of the other functions and other irrelevancies, such as emotion. Abstraction requires selective use of this structural split of abilities in the psyche. The opposite of abstraction is
927:
purposes is called abstract; that which derives from, but does not imitate a recognizable subject is called nonobjective abstraction. In the 20th century the trend toward abstraction coincided with advances in science, technology, and changes in urban life, eventually reflecting an interest in psychoanalytic theory. Later still, abstraction was manifest in more purely formal terms, such as color, freedom from objective context, and a reduction of form to basic geometric designs.
2831:
1284:(1899–1990) asked: "Can there be abstraction other than by thought?" He used the example of commodity abstraction to show that abstraction occurs in practice as people create systems of abstract exchange that extend beyond the immediate physicality of the object and yet have real and immediate consequences. This work was extended through the 'Constitutive Abstraction' approach of writers associated with the Journal
687:
1390:
1364:), and this was the effort which fundamentally determined the way economics tried (and still tries) to approach the economic aspects of social life. It is abstraction we meet in the case of both Newton's physics and the neoclassical theory, since the goal was to grasp the unchangeable and timeless essence of phenomena. For example,
801:(graph 1) is more abstract than the graphic image of a cat sitting on a mat (picture 1), the delineation of abstract things from concrete things is somewhat ambiguous; this ambiguity or vagueness is characteristic of abstraction. Thus something as simple as a newspaper might be specified to six levels, as in
1377:
by following the same procedure. Economists abstract from all individual and personal qualities in order to get to those characteristics that embody the essence of economic activity. Eventually, it is the substance of the economic man that they try to grasp. Any characteristic beyond it only disturbs
1082:
is the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept or object, removing any dependence on real-world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract
965:
software, or hardware, but on a categorical concept of the solution. A solution to the problem can then be integrated into the system framework with minimal additional work. This allows programmers to take advantage of another programmer's work, while requiring only an abstract understanding of the
960:
for different types of computers to execute. Abstraction allows program designers to separate a framework (categorical concepts related to computing problems) from specific instances which implement details. This means that the program code can be written so that code does not have to depend on the
484:
as both concept and material practice exemplifies the two sides of this process of abstraction. Conceptually, 'the current concept of the state is an abstraction from the much more concrete early-modern use as the standing or status of the prince, his visible estates'. At the same time, materially,
354:
as the movement in the opposite direction to instantiation. Doing so would make the concepts "cat" and "telephone" abstract ideas since despite their varying appearances, a particular cat or a particular telephone is an instance of the concept "cat" or the concept "telephone". Although the concepts
1157:
A recent meta-analysis suggests that the verbal system has a greater engagement with abstract concepts when the perceptual system is more engaged in processing concrete concepts. This is because abstract concepts elicit greater brain activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus
926:
in general. Strictly speaking, it refers to art unconcerned with the literal depiction of things from the visible world—it can, however, refer to an object or image which has been distilled from the real world, or indeed, another work of art. Artwork that reshapes the natural world for expressive
561:
or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers for the count, marks were placed on the outside of the containers. These physical marks, in other words, acted as material abstractions of a materially abstract process of accounting, using conceptual abstractions (numbers) to
254:
data to a single piece of abstract data; based on similarities in the constituent data, for example, many different physical cats map to the abstraction "CAT". This conceptual scheme emphasizes the inherent equality of both constituent and abstract data, thus avoiding problems arising from the
1318:
One can readily argue that abstraction is an elementary methodological tool in several disciplines of social science. These disciplines have definite and different concepts of "man" that highlight those aspects of man and his behaviour by idealization that are relevant for the given
1368:
created the concept of the material point by following the abstraction method so that he abstracted from the dimension and shape of any perceptible object, preserving only inertial and translational motion. Material point is the ultimate and common feature of all bodies.
1260:. Abstract thinking singles out the rational, logical qualities ... Abstract feeling does the same with ... its feeling-values. ... I put abstract feelings on the same level as abstract thoughts. ... Abstract sensation would be aesthetic as opposed to sensuous
525:
usefulness of the word "abstract". The word applies to properties and relations to mark the fact that, if they exist, they do not exist in space or time, but that instances of them can exist, potentially in many different places and times.
210:–546 BCE) believed that everything in the universe comes from one main substance, water. He deduced or specified from a general idea, "everything is water," to the specific forms of water such as ice, snow, fog, and rivers.
469:' or 'to draw away from', the abstraction of money, for example, works by drawing away from the particular value of things allowing completely incommensurate objects to be compared (see the section on 'Physicality' below).
1302:
is an abstract community bringing together strangers who will never meet as such; thus constituting materially real and substantial, but abstracted and mediated relations. The books suggest that contemporary processes of
548:
that occupies a particular place and time. However, in the secondary sense of the term 'abstraction', this physical object can carry materially abstracting processes. For example, record-keeping aids throughout the
1813:. p. 5: these calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a
1162:
suggests that the left and right hemispheres differ in their handling of abstraction. For example, one meta-analysis reviewing human brain lesions has shown a left hemisphere bias during tool usage.
2034:'history' is not a given, not merely a catalog of everything that has happened in the past, but a deliberate attempt of abstraction in which we separate out important from unimportant events.
573:. That definition, however, suffers from the difficulty of deciding which things are real (i.e. which things exist in reality). For example, it is difficult to agree to whether concepts like
327:
Non-existent things in any particular place and time are often seen as abstract. By contrast, instances, or members, of such an abstract thing might exist in many different places and times.
98:
selects only the information on general ball attributes and behavior, excluding but not eliminating the other phenomenal and cognitive characteristics of that particular ball. In a
259:". In this sense the process of abstraction entails the identification of similarities between objects, and the process of associating these objects with an abstraction (which is
944:
use abstraction to make models that can be used and re-used without having to re-write all the program code for each new application on every different type of computer. They
863:. But perhaps a detective or philosopher/scientist/engineer might seek to learn about something, at progressively deeper levels of detail, to solve a crime or a puzzle.
1158:
compared to concrete concepts which elicit greater activity in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Other research into the
1227:
1784:) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count. The clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count.
143:, which is believed to have developed between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. Its development is likely to have been closely connected with the development of human
728:
shows much more pictorial detail, with the scores of implied relationships as implicit in the picture rather than with the nine explicit details in the graph.
1730:
states the 'algorithmic information complexity' (AIC) of some string of bits is the shortest length computer program which can print out that string of bits.
421:
1188:, and on that basis forming a concept of that feature. The notion of abstraction is important to understanding some philosophical controversies surrounding
67:"An abstraction" is the outcome of this process — a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts and connects any related concepts as a
2542:
94:, selecting only those aspects which are relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to the more general idea of a
485:
the 'practice of statehood is now constitutively and materially more abstract than at the time when princes ruled as the embodiment of extended power'.
557:, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a
1019:
frequently apply abstraction so as to allow an analysis of the phenomena of language at the desired level of detail. A commonly used abstraction, the
1625:
Hesse, M. B. (1964), "Francis Bacon's
Philosophy of Science", in A Critical History of Western Philosophy, ed. D. J. O'Connor, New York, pp. 141–52.
553:
included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in containers. According to
1060:. Pragmatics involves considerations that make reference to the user of the language; semantics considers expressions and what they denote (the
229:(1571–1630) compressed thousands of measurements into one expression to finally conclude that Mars moves in an elliptical orbit about the Sun;
1029:
in such a way as to neglect details that cannot serve to differentiate meaning. Other analogous kinds of abstractions (sometimes called "
1777:
1285:
1739:
Ross, L. (1987). The
Problem of Construal in Social Inference and Social Psychology. In N. Grunberg, R.E. Nisbett, J. Singer (eds),
669:
or common experience between the communicator and the communication recipient. This is true for all verbal/abstract communication.
2535:
1944:
1208:
1111:
The main disadvantage of abstraction is that highly abstract concepts are more difficult to learn, and might require a degree of
166:, which is the analysis or breaking-down of a general idea or abstraction into concrete facts. Abstraction can be illustrated by
2227:
Inkinen, Sam (2009). "Homo
Creativus – Creativity and Serendipity Management in Third Generation Science and Technology Parks".
1504:
30:
This article is about the concept of abstraction in general. For specific types of abstraction and other uses of the term, see
2345:
1865:
1838:
1806:
1664:
1290:. Two books that have taken this theme of the abstraction of social relations as an organizing process in human history are
2048:
1064:) abstracted from the language user; and syntax considers only the expressions themselves, abstracted from the designata.
2869:
2733:
2728:
2644:
2496:
1419:
2528:
2316:
the concept of abstraction to which business and money belong. the business is allowed to function as an abstraction .
2279:
Scrutiny of the idea of the market will reveal that behind the category 'the market' lies abstraction upon abstraction.
1311:
have contributed to materially abstracting relations between people, with major consequences for how humans live their
936:
2214:
The Homo Cyber
Sapiens, the Robot Homonidus Intelligens, and the 'Artificial Life' Approach to Artificial Intelligence
1724:
What is complexity? Remarks on simplicity and complexity by the Nobel Prize-winning author of The Quark and the Jaguar
986:
wrote "Abstracting is a mechanism by which an infinite variety of experiences can be mapped on short noises (words)."
2864:
2598:
2475:
2373:
2302:
2265:
2189:
2152:
2021:
1982:
1930:
1345:
844:
as it was when I first picked it up (as contrasted with my copy as it was a few days later: in my fireplace, burning)
2874:
2796:
2753:
2738:
2588:
1329:
is the man as sociology abstracts and idealizes it, depicting man as a social being. Moreover, we could talk about
2294:
Small
Business: A Study of a Fijian Family : the Mucunabitu Iron Works Contractor Cooperative Society Limited
213:
Modern scientists used the approach of abstraction (going from particular facts collected into one general idea).
2816:
2769:
594:
as a general term for whether things are variously real, abstract, concrete, or of a particular property (e.g.,
2458:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In - Volume 2 of
Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1759:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In – Volume 2 of
Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
293:
abstractions such as the "idea" of a CAT, to classes of objects such as "mammals" and even categories such as "
1127:
can be used to describe improvisatory approaches to interpretation, and may sometimes indicate abandonment of
2834:
2804:
2602:
2554:
1995:
Abstracting is a mechanism by which an infinite variety of experiences can be mapped on short noises (words).
661:
of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus effective
535:
162:
of ideas or the synthesis of particular facts into one general theory about something. It is the opposite of
1557:
is a powerful abstraction from actual objects and the three-dimensional space which we construe ... through
2808:
2784:
1360:". Breaking away from directly experienced reality was a common trend in 19th-century sciences (especially
734:
details some explicit relationships between the objects of the diagram. For example, the arrow between the
497:
differs from the way that properties of abstract concepts or relations have being, for example the way the
31:
17:
2743:
1312:
191:-thinking approach that had dominated the intellectual world since the times of Greek philosophers like
2788:
1135:
music has no key signature, and is characterized by the exploration of internal numeric relationships.
672:
99:
1514:
1814:
1636:
1073:
1010:
1001:
as "a deliberate attempt of abstraction in which we separate out important from unimportant events".
180:
of
England to encourage modern thinkers to collect specific facts before making any generalizations.
35:
1107:
Patterns from one mathematical object can be generalized to other similar objects in the same class.
637:" refers not only to the design of safe, functional buildings, but also to elements of creation and
2649:
2390:
1489:
2066:"Neural Representation of Abstract and Concrete Concepts: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies"
1880:"A symbol is any device whereby we are enabled to make an abstraction." -- p.xi and chapter 20 of
609:, the graphical relationships like the arrows joining boxes and ellipses might denote predicates.
2792:
2583:
2578:
2568:
1723:
1429:
1414:
1370:
1335:(the man who can extend his biologically determined intelligence thanks to new technologies), or
724:
identifies only three boxes, two ellipses, and four arrows (and their five labels), whereas the
2800:
2573:
1469:
1434:
1171:
307:
expresses the abstraction "agent sits on location". This conceptual scheme entails no specific
140:
102:, a type (e.g., a 'ball') is more abstract than its tokens (e.g., 'that leather soccer ball').
1856:
807:
147:, which (whether spoken or written) appears to both involve and facilitate abstract thinking.
2812:
2662:
2439:
2332:. Contributions to Economics. Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London: Springer. pp. 1–52.
2175:
2138:
1901:
1774:
1753:
1474:
1409:
1308:
1197:
1193:
1112:
666:
630:
498:
256:
57:
2859:
2748:
2470:. Collected Works. Vol. 6 (1921 ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2402:
1679:
122:
8:
2593:
1918:
1484:
1464:
1236:
941:
888:
590:
184:
159:
2406:
2328:
Galbács, Peter (2015). "Methodological
Principles and an Epistemological Introduction".
1683:
1588:
602:
about predicates, which propositions remain to be evaluated by the investigator. In the
2838:
2774:
2551:
2103:
2090:
2065:
1851:
1604:
1494:
1424:
1353:
1281:
1101:
860:
802:
761:
415:
311:
1941:
1691:
233:(1564–1642) repeated one hundred specific experiments into the law of falling bodies.
2629:
2471:
2444:
2418:
2369:
2341:
2298:
2261:
2185:
2184:. Volume 1 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: SAGE (published 2006).
2148:
2147:. Volume 1 of Towards a theory of abstract community. London: SAGE (published 1996).
2095:
2017:
1978:
1926:
1881:
1861:
1834:
1802:
1695:
1608:
1546:
1479:
1395:
1152:
975:
953:
909:
712:
626:
494:
45:
2107:
2879:
2410:
2333:
2236:
2085:
2077:
2007:
1741:
A Distinctive
Approach to psychological research: the influence of Stanley Schacter
1719:
1687:
1600:
1499:
1444:
994:
979:
962:
805:'s illustration of that ambiguity, with a progression from abstract to concrete in
676:
550:
458:
454:
247:
1703:
720:
are therefore abstractions of those objects. Specifically, the conceptual diagram
251:
2682:
2414:
2292:
2255:
2179:
2142:
2064:
Wang, Jing; Conder, Julie A.; Blitzer, David N.; Shinkareva, Svetlana V. (2010).
2052:
2011:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1781:
1660:
1374:
1200:. Another philosophical tool for the discussion of abstraction is thought space.
1148:
983:
61:
2045:
1794:
1558:
1454:
974:
Abstractions and levels of abstraction play an important role in the theory of
558:
481:
128:
2510:
2337:
2853:
2779:
2712:
2707:
2634:
2240:
1612:
1459:
1320:
1304:
1277:
945:
662:
172:
167:
132:
2520:
2422:
2099:
1977:. Bison. Vol. 146. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 43.
1826:
1699:
1404:
1365:
1144:
1026:
957:
923:
859:
An abstraction can thus encapsulate each of these levels of detail with no
642:
634:
565:
Abstract things are sometimes defined as those things that do not exist in
540:
A physical object (a possible referent of a concept or word) is considered
314:(such as the one mentioned involving cats and mammals), only a progressive
308:
222:
214:
177:
187:
as an abstraction tool; it complemented but was distinct from the ancient
2492:
1159:
1079:
1016:
966:
implementation of another's work, apart from the problem that it solves.
949:
625:" can mean experiencing various positive emotions, but can also refer to
599:
522:
196:
136:
83:
1551:
Feeling and Form: a theory of art developed from Philosophy in a New Key
52:
are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (
2639:
2515:
2505:
2501:
1280:
deal with abstraction both as an ideational and as a material process.
1203:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1094:
1057:
872:
638:
506:
502:
442:
410:
282:
218:
91:
2081:
2667:
2657:
2624:
2613:
2366:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd edition
1643:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1554:
1449:
1349:
1223:
1132:
1061:
1053:
1030:
622:
474:
470:
402:
396:
200:
188:
2672:
2456:
2216:. Brussels: Vrije Universiteit, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
1757:
1357:
1128:
1090:
It reveals deep connections between different areas of mathematics.
1038:
1034:
880:
658:
618:
290:
278:
176:(1620), a book of modern scientific philosophy written in the late
144:
2697:
2120:
James W. Lewis "Cortical Networks Related to Human Use of Tools"
1831:
Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine
1439:
1361:
1264:
and abstract intuition would be symbolic as opposed to fantastic
1181:
1021:
998:
919:
779:
716:
646:
566:
230:
87:
53:
49:
1925:. NY/New Haven: The Drawing Center/Yale University Press. 2005.
221:' (1473–1543) simplification, that the Sun is the center of the
2687:
2677:
2330:
The Theory of New Classical Macroeconomics. A Positive Critique
1519:
1509:
1299:
1049:
1042:
892:
757:
438:
226:
192:
2016:. New York: Simon and Schuster (published 2006). p. 138.
645:
problems, to the use of space, and to the attempt to evoke an
2692:
686:
430:
286:
1196:. It has also recently become popular in formal logic under
649:
in the builders, owners, viewers and users of the building.
2063:
884:
768:
744:
95:
2384:
Intellectual and manual labour: A critique of epistemology
2181:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back in
1575:
Intellectual and manual labour: A critique of epistemology
1296:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In
493:
The way that physical objects, like rocks and trees, have
289:, to experiential abstractions such as a specific cat, to
707:
698:
570:
426:
2446:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
2144:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1292:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1184:
formation of recognizing some set of common features in
273:
illustrates the concrete relationship "Cat sits on Mat".
2516:
Discussion at The Well concerning Abstraction hierarchy
1100:
Techniques and methods from one area can be applied to
515:
exist differs from the way the concepts illustrated in
370:. We might look at other graphs, in a progression from
1891:: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 431 pages, index.
394:
is a harder idea to express, certainly in relation to
350:
ideas as those that can be instantiated and to define
2260:. Winchester: John Hunt Publishing (published 2013).
2046:
Washington State University: Glossary of Abstraction.
1180:
is the process (or, to some, the alleged process) in
598:). Questions about the properties of things are then
569:
or exist only as sensory experiences, like the color
82:
Conceptual abstractions may be made by filtering the
1385:
1294:(1996) and an associated volume published in 2006,
898:
588:An approach to resolving such difficulty is to use
281:, moving from neural impulses arising from sensory
217:(1642–1727) derived the motion of the planets from
2511:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gottlob Frege
2443:
1086:The advantages of abstraction in mathematics are:
2389:
1886:Feeling and Form: a theory of art developed from
1234:is one of Jung's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of
554:
2851:
2393:(1981). "Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets".
1048:Abstraction also arises in the relation between
606:
517:
511:
367:
343:
315:
303:
269:
2297:. Mucunabita Education Trust. pp. 18, 21.
1115:and experience before they can be assimilated.
701:. Likewise, many things sit on surfaces (as in
1775:Schmandt-Besserat estimates it took 4000 years
652:
250:process, mapping multiple different pieces of
2550:
2536:
961:specific details of supporting applications,
948:their solutions with the computer by writing
1569:
1567:
1373:created the indefinitely abstract notion of
748:relationship, as does the arrow between the
612:
536:History of accounting § Ancient history
1336:
1330:
1324:
477:abstraction recognizes a parallel process.
464:
346:. It is not sufficient, however, to define
2543:
2529:
1974:General Semantics and Contemporary Thomism
1967:. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 68.
1850:
697:For example, many different things can be
330:Those abstract things are then said to be
127:Thinking in abstractions is considered by
2089:
1564:
665:about things in the abstract requires an
2006:
1959:
1542:
1540:
1378:the functioning of this essential core.
685:
671:
521:exist. That difference accounts for the
463:Still retaining the primary meaning of '
2327:
2226:
1659:
1641:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1586:
1209:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
969:
285:to basic abstractions such as color or
14:
2852:
2211:
1970:
1793:
1505:Reification (knowledge representation)
1093:Known results in one area can suggest
1083:descriptions of equivalent phenomena.
930:
617:Abstractions sometimes have ambiguous
105:Abstraction in its secondary use is a
2524:
2454:
2438:
2253:
2174:
2137:
1942:National Gallery of Art: Abstraction.
1752:
1634:
1537:
840:(6) my copy of the May 18 edition of
834:(5) my copy of the May 18 edition of
488:
106:
2465:
2290:
1619:
1344:Abstraction (combined with Weberian
866:
255:distinction between "abstract" and "
2734:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
2645:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
2497:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2013:The End of History and the Last Man
1733:
1420:Abstract labour and concrete labour
1272:
1033:") considered by linguists include
448:
24:
2432:
1605:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2001.tb00151.x
937:Abstraction (software engineering)
641:which aim at elegant solutions to
25:
2891:
2486:
2368:. Houghton Mifflin (1992). 1992.
2254:Jones, Campbell (26 April 2013).
1692:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-74
1067:
1004:
705:, to the right). The property of
2829:
1587:CARRIER, JAMES G. (2007-01-19).
1388:
1356:and the generalized concept of "
1218:
1165:
899:As used in different disciplines
322:
294:
260:
246:An abstraction can be seen as a
2830:
2770:Evolution of human intelligence
2321:
2284:
2247:
2220:
2205:
2168:
2131:
2114:
2057:
2039:
2000:
1953:
1935:
1912:
1894:
1874:
1844:
1833:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
1820:
1787:
1767:
1589:"Social aspects of abstraction"
1138:
363:in the sense of the objects in
139:to be one of the key traits in
1801:. Princeton University Press.
1746:
1713:
1653:
1628:
1580:
1104:results in other related area.
784:"agent is SITTING on location"
529:
277:Chains of abstractions can be
241:
13:
1:
2835:Outline of human intelligence
2739:Multiple-intelligences theory
1639:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1526:
1352:- hence abstractions such as
1268:. (Jung, (1971): par. 678).
989:
956:which can be translated into
679:for A Cat sitting on the Mat
585:are real, abstract, or both.
419:(instances of properties) as
204:
2785:Intelligence and environment
2461:. London: Sage Publications.
2450:. London: Sage Publications.
2415:10.1126/science.211.4479.283
1965:Science and the Goals of Man
1762:. London: Sage Publications.
1531:
1248:, just as there is abstract
32:Abstraction (disambiguation)
7:
2729:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
2382:Sohn-Rethel, Alfred (1977)
2051:September 11, 2007, at the
1921:and Hendel Teicher (eds.),
1799:Mathematics in Ancient Iraq
1381:
1298:. These books argue that a
1118:
842:The San Francisco Chronicle
836:The San Francisco Chronicle
830:The San Francisco Chronicle
824:The San Francisco Chronicle
653:Simplification and ordering
110:
44:is a process where general
10:
2896:
2870:Concepts in metaphilosophy
2357:
1743:. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
1348:) plays a crucial role in
1341:(who is simply creative).
1169:
1142:
1071:
1008:
934:
907:
828:(4) the May 18 edition of
544:(not abstract) if it is a
533:
452:
409:Perhaps confusingly, some
355:"cat" and "telephone" are
297:" as opposed to "action".
150:
120:
116:
29:
2825:
2762:
2721:
2612:
2561:
2391:Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
2338:10.1007/978-3-319-17578-2
2229:Science and Public Policy
1971:Gorman, Margaret (1962).
1817:was in use 2350–2000 BCE.
1815:sexagesimal number system
1780:January 30, 2012, at the
1337:
1331:
1325:
1074:Abstraction (mathematics)
1011:Abstraction (linguistics)
918:is used in the arts as a
903:
873:philosophical terminology
797:Although the description
756:. The arrows between the
742:depicts an example of an
613:Referencing and referring
562:communicate its meaning.
236:
36:Abstract (disambiguation)
27:Process of generalisation
2865:Concepts in epistemology
2291:Qalo, Ropate R. (1997).
2241:10.3152/030234209X465570
1577:, Humanities Press, 1977
1490:Nucleophilic abstraction
1097:in another related area.
390:; but on the other hand
183:Bacon used and promoted
2875:Concepts in metaphysics
1906:Encyclopædia Britannica
1888:Philosophy in a New Key
1515:Politechnika Wrocławska
1430:Abstraction (sociology)
1415:Abstract interpretation
1371:Neoclassical economists
1206:defined abstraction in
782:'s basic relationship;
1665:"The Limits Of Reason"
1635:Klein, JĂĽrgen (2016),
1470:Hypostatic abstraction
1435:Charles Sanders Peirce
1270:
1172:Abstract object theory
857:
694:
683:
555:Schmandt-Besserat 1981
465:
425:—e.g., the particular
386:is more abstract than
141:modern human behaviour
100:type–token distinction
34:. For other uses, see
2663:Intelligence quotient
2257:Can The Market Speak?
1410:Abstract and concrete
1244:There is an abstract
1242:
1198:predicate abstraction
1194:problem of universals
1143:Further information:
1113:mathematical maturity
891:. But an idea can be
813:
689:
675:
631:subjective well-being
546:particular individual
534:Further information:
453:Further information:
437:. This is similar to
332:multiply instantiated
2749:Three-stratum theory
2455:James, Paul (2006).
2212:Steels, Luc (1995).
1947:May 9, 2011, at the
1573:Alfred Sohn-Rethel,
970:In general semantics
422:abstract particulars
123:Behavioral modernity
64:, or other methods.
2722:Models and theories
2468:Psychological Types
2466:Jung, C.G. (1971).
2407:1981Sci...211..283S
2386:, Humanities Press.
2141:(14 October 1996).
2070:Human Brain Mapping
1919:Catherine de Zegher
1857:Gödel, Escher, Bach
1852:Hofstadter, Douglas
1684:2006SciAm.294c..74C
1672:Scientific American
1593:Social Anthropology
1485:Lyrical abstraction
1465:High- and low-level
1237:Psychological Types
1123:In music, the term
952:in some particular
942:Computer scientists
931:In computer science
887:are distanced from
808:Gödel, Escher, Bach
657:Abstraction uses a
435:abstract particular
316:exclusion of detail
109:, discussed in the
2775:Heritability of IQ
2552:Human intelligence
2126:The Neuroscientist
1495:Object of the mind
1475:Inventor's paradox
1425:Abstract structure
1332:homo cyber sapiens
1282:Alfred Sohn-Rethel
861:loss of generality
816:(1) a publication
803:Douglas Hofstadter
790:is an instance of
762:present participle
695:
684:
647:emotional response
489:Ontological status
473:'s writing on the
334:, in the sense of
2847:
2846:
2763:Areas of research
2713:Visual processing
2630:Cognitive liberty
2401:(4479): 283–285.
2347:978-3-319-17578-2
2178:(20 April 2006).
2082:10.1002/hbm.20950
2076:(10): 1459–1468.
2008:Fukuyama, Francis
1882:Suzanne K. Langer
1867:978-0-465-02656-2
1839:978-0-201-14472-7
1808:978-0-691-09182-2
1547:Suzanne K. Langer
1480:Leaky abstraction
1396:Philosophy portal
1326:homo sociologicus
1153:Mental operations
976:general semantics
954:computer language
910:Abstraction (art)
867:Thought processes
627:life satisfaction
90:or an observable
16:(Redirected from
2887:
2833:
2832:
2754:Triarchic theory
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2481:
2462:
2451:
2449:
2426:
2379:
2352:
2351:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2061:
2055:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1968:
1961:Rapoport, Anatol
1957:
1951:
1939:
1933:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1848:
1842:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1791:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1720:Murray Gell-Mann
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1702:, archived from
1669:
1661:Chaitin, Gregory
1657:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1544:
1500:Platonic realism
1445:Conceptual model
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1278:Social theorists
1273:In social theory
995:Francis Fukuyama
980:Alfred Korzybski
963:operating system
819:(2) a newspaper
677:Conceptual graph
621:. For example, "
579:the number three
551:Fertile Crescent
468:
459:Display behavior
455:Power projection
449:Material process
429:of a particular
261:itself an object
209:
206:
107:material process
62:first principles
21:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2821:
2758:
2717:
2683:Problem solving
2617:
2608:
2557:
2549:
2489:
2478:
2435:
2433:Further reading
2430:
2376:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2252:
2248:
2225:
2221:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2136:
2132:
2128:(June 1, 2006).
2119:
2115:
2062:
2058:
2053:Wayback Machine
2044:
2040:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1958:
1954:
1949:Wayback Machine
1940:
1936:
1923:3 X Abstraction
1917:
1913:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:. Basic Books.
1849:
1845:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1795:Robson, Eleanor
1792:
1788:
1782:Wayback Machine
1772:
1768:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1637:"Francis Bacon"
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1559:touch and sight
1555:Sculptural form
1545:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1375:homo economicus
1323:. For example,
1275:
1221:
1176:Abstraction in
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:Mental rotation
1141:
1121:
1078:Abstraction in
1076:
1070:
1015:Researchers in
1013:
1007:
992:
984:Anatol Rapoport
972:
939:
933:
912:
906:
901:
881:thought process
869:
655:
615:
538:
532:
491:
461:
451:
382:, and see that
359:, they are not
325:
270:picture 1 below
244:
239:
207:
153:
129:anthropologists
125:
119:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2618:and constructs
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2488:
2487:External links
2485:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2463:
2452:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2320:
2303:
2283:
2266:
2246:
2235:(7): 537–548.
2219:
2204:
2190:
2167:
2153:
2130:
2113:
2056:
2038:
2022:
1999:
1983:
1952:
1934:
1911:
1902:"abstract art"
1893:
1873:
1866:
1843:
1819:
1807:
1786:
1766:
1745:
1732:
1712:
1652:
1627:
1618:
1599:(3): 243–256.
1579:
1563:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Engaged theory
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1383:
1380:
1338:homo creativus
1274:
1271:
1220:
1217:
1167:
1164:
1140:
1137:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1072:Main article:
1069:
1068:In mathematics
1066:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1005:In linguistics
1003:
991:
988:
978:originated by
971:
968:
935:Main article:
932:
929:
908:Main article:
905:
902:
900:
897:
868:
865:
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
654:
651:
614:
611:
559:bill of lading
531:
528:
490:
487:
482:state (polity)
450:
447:
342:, etc., shown
324:
321:
320:
319:
275:
274:
243:
240:
238:
235:
152:
149:
133:archaeologists
121:Main article:
118:
115:
60:) signifiers,
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2892:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Psychometrics
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Understanding
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:Communication
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2477:0-691-01813-8
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2375:0-395-44895-6
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2306:
2304:9789823650012
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2269:
2267:9781782790853
2263:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2193:
2191:9781446230541
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2154:9780761950738
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2124:(3): 211–231
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2025:
2023:9780743284554
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1986:
1984:9780803250758
1980:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:0-300-10826-5
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1908:. March 2024.
1907:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Sowa, John F.
1823:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1764:, pp. 318–19.
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1709:on 2015-05-09
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Gottlob Frege
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1322:
1321:human science
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:mediatization
1306:
1305:globalization
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:In psychology
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1166:In philosophy
1163:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:speech sounds
1024:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
987:
985:
981:
977:
967:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
928:
925:
921:
917:
911:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
862:
843:
839:
838:
837:
833:
832:
831:
827:
826:
825:
821:
820:
818:
817:
815:
814:
812:
810:
809:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
693:
688:
682:
678:
674:
670:
668:
664:
663:communication
660:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:. Likewise, "
632:
628:
624:
620:
610:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
537:
527:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
483:
478:
476:
472:
467:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
323:Instantiation
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:
304:graph 1 below
301:For example,
300:
299:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
271:
267:For example,
266:
265:
264:
262:
258:
253:
249:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
174:
173:Novum Organum
169:
168:Francis Bacon
165:
164:specification
161:
157:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
114:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:content of a
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2837: /
2815: /
2811: /
2807: /
2805:neuroscience
2803: /
2799: /
2795: /
2791: /
2787: /
2701:
2650:
2603:visuospatial
2579:Intellectual
2467:
2457:
2445:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2365:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2308:. Retrieved
2293:
2286:
2278:
2271:. Retrieved
2256:
2249:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2180:
2170:
2158:. Retrieved
2143:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2041:
2033:
2027:. Retrieved
2012:
2002:
1994:
1988:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1955:
1937:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1876:
1855:
1846:
1830:
1822:
1798:
1789:
1773:Eventually (
1769:
1758:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1715:
1704:the original
1678:(3): 74–81,
1675:
1671:
1655:
1645:, retrieved
1640:
1630:
1621:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1574:
1550:
1405:Abstract art
1354:"the market"
1346:idealization
1343:
1317:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1175:
1156:
1145:Intelligence
1139:In neurology
1124:
1122:
1110:
1085:
1077:
1047:
1025:, abstracts
1020:
1014:
993:
973:
958:machine code
940:
924:abstract art
915:
913:
876:
870:
858:
841:
835:
829:
823:
806:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
778:express the
775:
771:
764:
753:
749:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
715:
706:
702:
696:
691:
680:
656:
643:construction
635:architecture
616:
603:
600:propositions
595:
589:
587:
582:
578:
574:
564:
545:
541:
539:
516:
510:
509:pictured in
492:
479:
462:
434:
420:
414:
411:philosophies
408:
401:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
364:
360:
357:abstractions
356:
351:
347:
339:
335:
331:
329:
326:
309:hierarchical
302:
276:
268:
245:
223:Solar System
212:
182:
178:Jacobean era
171:
163:
155:
154:
137:sociologists
126:
111:themes below
104:
81:
76:
72:
68:
66:
41:
40:
18:Abstractions
2860:Abstraction
2809:personality
2744:PASS theory
2702:abstraction
2502:Abstraction
2493:Abstraction
2440:James, Paul
2176:James, Paul
2139:James, Paul
1969:quoted in:
1754:James, Paul
1232:Abstraction
1186:individuals
1160:human brain
1125:abstraction
1095:conjectures
1080:mathematics
1017:linguistics
950:source code
946:communicate
916:abstraction
914:Typically,
877:abstraction
692:(picture 1)
690:Cat on Mat
530:Physicality
523:ontological
507:individuals
352:abstraction
252:constituent
248:compression
242:Compression
197:Anaximander
156:Abstraction
84:information
42:Abstraction
2854:Categories
2640:Creativity
2584:Linguistic
2569:Collective
2506:PhilPapers
2029:2018-08-04
1990:2018-05-26
1728:Complexity
1647:2019-10-22
1527:References
1228:concretism
1204:John Locke
1190:empiricism
1178:philosophy
1170:See also:
1058:pragmatics
1031:emic units
990:In history
893:symbolized
799:sitting-on
717:sitting-on
639:innovation
591:predicates
503:particular
443:sumbebekos
283:perception
219:Copernicus
208: 624
203:. Thales (
92:phenomenon
2801:longevity
2789:fertility
2688:Reasoning
2668:Knowledge
2658:Intellect
2625:Cognition
2616:, traits,
2614:Abilities
2574:Emotional
1613:0964-0282
1532:Citations
1450:Emergence
1350:economics
1266:intuition
1262:sensation
1258:intuition
1254:sensation
1224:Carl Jung
1062:designata
1054:semantics
1039:graphemes
1035:morphemes
740:CAT:Elsie
726:picture 1
703:picture 1
681:(graph 1)
667:intuitive
623:happiness
619:referents
512:picture 1
475:commodity
471:Karl Marx
413:refer to
403:monotreme
397:marsupial
340:picture 2
336:picture 1
279:construed
201:Aristotle
189:deductive
185:induction
160:induction
158:involves
2673:Learning
2589:Multiple
2442:(1996).
2423:17748027
2108:22661328
2100:20108224
2049:Archived
2010:(1992).
1963:(1950).
1945:Archived
1884:(1953),
1854:(1979).
1829:(1984).
1797:(2008).
1778:Archived
1756:(2006).
1722:(1995) "
1700:16502614
1663:(2006),
1553:p. 90: "
1549:(1953),
1382:See also
1358:business
1246:thinking
1192:and the
1129:tonality
1119:In music
997:defines
883:wherein
811:(1979):
776:location
767:and the
752:and the
750:location
713:relation
711:and the
659:strategy
583:goodness
542:concrete
499:concrete
466:abstrere
361:abstract
348:abstract
312:taxonomy
291:semantic
257:concrete
145:language
77:category
58:concrete
50:concepts
2880:Thought
2839:thought
2700: (
2698:Thought
2601: (
2599:Spatial
2495:at the
2403:Bibcode
2395:Science
2358:Sources
2310:30 June
2273:30 June
2197:30 June
2160:30 June
2091:6870700
1680:Bibcode
1440:Concept
1362:physics
1250:feeling
1182:concept
1043:lexemes
1022:phoneme
999:history
920:synonym
889:objects
879:is the
780:diagram
765:SITTING
732:Graph 1
722:graph 1
708:redness
604:graph 1
567:reality
518:graph 1
427:redness
365:graph 1
231:Galileo
151:History
117:Origins
88:concept
2797:health
2793:height
2678:Memory
2653:factor
2594:Social
2555:topics
2474:
2421:
2372:
2344:
2301:
2264:
2188:
2151:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2020:
1981:
1929:
1864:
1837:
1805:
1698:
1611:
1520:Theory
1510:Symbol
1366:Newton
1300:nation
1151:, and
1133:Atonal
1056:, and
1050:syntax
1041:, and
904:In art
758:gerund
581:, and
439:qualia
433:is an
416:tropes
392:mammal
388:mammal
384:animal
380:animal
376:mammal
295:object
237:Themes
227:Kepler
215:Newton
199:, and
193:Thales
135:, and
2693:Skill
2562:Types
2104:S2CID
1707:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1313:lives
1287:Arena
1102:prove
885:ideas
788:Elsie
772:agent
769:nouns
736:agent
607:below
495:being
431:apple
368:below
344:below
287:shape
75:, or
73:field
69:group
46:rules
2813:race
2472:ISBN
2419:PMID
2370:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2312:2021
2299:ISBN
2275:2021
2262:ISBN
2199:2021
2186:ISBN
2162:2021
2149:ISBN
2096:PMID
2018:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1696:PMID
1609:ISSN
1307:and
1256:and
922:for
822:(3)
774:and
745:is-a
738:and
629:and
596:good
480:The
457:and
441:and
96:ball
54:real
48:and
2817:sex
2504:at
2411:doi
2399:211
2334:doi
2237:doi
2086:PMC
2078:doi
1688:doi
1676:294
1601:doi
871:In
792:CAT
754:MAT
699:red
575:God
571:red
400:or
378:to
374:to
372:cat
263:).
170:'s
56:or
2856::
2417:.
2409:.
2397:.
2340:.
2314:.
2277:.
2233:36
2231:.
2122:12
2102:.
2094:.
2084:.
2074:31
2072:.
2068:.
2032:.
1993:.
1904:.
1726:"
1694:,
1686:,
1674:,
1670:,
1607:.
1595:.
1591:.
1566:^
1561:."
1539:^
1315:.
1252:,
1240:.
1230:.
1212::
1147:,
1131:.
1052:,
1045:.
1037:,
982:.
895:.
875:,
794:.
786:;
577:,
505:,
501:,
445:.
406:.
338:,
225:;
205:c.
195:,
131:,
113:.
79:.
71:,
2704:)
2651:g
2605:)
2544:e
2537:t
2530:v
2482:.
2480:.
2427:.
2425:.
2413::
2405::
2378:.
2350:.
2336::
2243:.
2239::
2201:.
2164:.
2110:.
2080::
1870:.
1841:.
1811:.
1690::
1682::
1615:.
1603::
1597:9
760:/
318:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.