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is sometimes also used. There are a number of poorly understood factors which might cause an animal to become a vagrant, including internal causes such as navigatory errors (endogenous vagrancy) and external causes such as severe weather (exogenous vagrancy). Vagrancy events may lead to colonisation
318:
The term vagrant is also used of plants (e.g. Gleason and
Cronquist, 1991), to refer to a plant that is growing far away from its species' usual range (especially north of its range) with the connotation of being a temporary population. In the context of lichens, a vagrant form or species occurs
322:
Another definition (de Lange & Molloy, 1995) defined vagrant species in New
Zealand flora – although could also be applied for any given region. Their definition was, "taxa whose presence within the New Zealand botanical region is naturally transitory... those which have failed to establish
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Other birds are sent off course by storms, such as some North
American birds blown across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Birds can also be blown out to sea, become physically exhausted, land on a ship and end up being carried to the ship's destination.
232:, where the birds migrate in the opposite direction to that expected (say, flying north-west instead of south-east). The causes of this are unknown, but genetic mutation or other anomaly relating to the bird's magnetic sensibilities is suspected.
204:
In the
Northern Hemisphere, adult birds (possibly inexperienced younger adults) of many species are known to continue past their normal breeding range during their spring migration and end up in areas further north (such birds are termed
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While many vagrant birds do not survive, if sufficient numbers wander to a new area they can establish new populations. Many isolated oceanic islands are home to species that are descended from landbirds blown out to sea,
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In autumn, some young birds, instead of heading to their usual wintering grounds, take "incorrect" courses and migrate through areas which are not on their normal migration path. For example, Siberian
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themselves significantly beyond their point of introduction through reproductive failure or for quite specific ecological reasons.". One example was the presence of
503:"Vagrancy of Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus and Pallas's Warbler Ph. proregulus in north-west Europe: Misorientation on great circles?"
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348:"Factors affecting the distribution and abundance of autumn vagrant New World warblers in northwestern California and southern Oregon"
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294:), crocodilians, and probably also occurs in lizards. It therefore seems to be a fairly widespread phenomenon in reptiles.
17:
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de Lange, P. J.; Molloy, B. P. J. (1995). "Vagrancy within New
Zealand orchids: what are the conservation priorities?".
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Lees, Alexander C.; Gilroy, James J. (2013-11-12). "Vagrancy fails to predict colonization of oceanic islands".
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In mammals, vagrancy has been recorded for bats, pinniped seals, whales, manatees, belugas, cougars, and more.
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Vagrant birds in unfamiliar habitats may end up dying from stress or a lack of food, as happened to this
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are especially prone to vagrancy, with individuals occasionally being recorded in odd places including
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Vagrancy in insects is recorded from many groups—it is particularly well-studied in
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unattached to a substrate ("loose"), not necessarily outside its range.
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Cook, Laurence M.; Dennis, Roger L. H.; Hardy, Peter B. (2001).
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Phenomenon where an animal appears outside its normal range
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Rare birds in
Britain and Ireland a photographic record
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620:Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology
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456:"Bird migration: When vagrants become pioneers"
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346:Ralph, C. John; Wolfe, Jared D. (2018-12-21).
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154:whereby an individual animal (usually a
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158:) appears well outside its normal
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18:Accidental (biology)
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702:Biology terminology
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546:. London: Collins.
466:(24): R1568–R1570.
406:"Vagrancy in Birds"
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166:. The term
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179:See also:
168:accidental
80:newspapers
648:"Vagrant
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