824:
1395:
623:
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1567:
129:
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239:
25:
231:
2027:
251:
571:, as well. It is therefore important not to see the Acheulean as a neatly defined period or one that happened as part of a clear sequence but as one tool-making technique that flourished especially well in early prehistory. The enormous geographic spread of Acheulean techniques also makes the name unwieldy as it represents numerous regional variations on a similar theme. The term Acheulean does not represent a common
3542:
1466:
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438:. He had found them in prehistoric lake deposits along with the bones of extinct animals and concluded that they were made by people "who had not the use of metals" and that they belonged to a "very ancient period indeed, even beyond the present world". His ideas were, however, ignored by his contemporaries, who subscribed to a pre-
1721:; the parts of the brain connected with fine control and movement are located in the same region that controls speech. The wider variety of tool types compared to earlier industries and their aesthetically as well as functionally pleasing form could indicate a higher intellectual level in Acheulean tool users than in earlier
1782:, which has placed greater emphasis on studying animal bones from archaeological sites, this view has changed. Many of the animals at these kill sites have been found to have been killed by other predator animals, so it is likely that humans of the period supplemented hunting with scavenging from already dead animals.
1763:, are sometimes cited as being some of the earliest examples of an aesthetic sensibility in human history. There are numerous other explanations put forward for the creation of these artefacts; however, evidence of human art did not become commonplace until around 50,000 years ago, after the emergence of modern
562:
Relative dating techniques (based on a presumption that technology progresses over time) suggest that
Acheulean tools followed on from earlier, cruder tool-making methods, but there is considerable chronological overlap in early prehistoric stone-working industries, with evidence in some regions that
554:
From geological dating of sedimentary deposits, it appears that the
Acheulean originated in Africa and spread to Asian, Middle Eastern, and European areas sometime between 1.5 million years ago and about 800 thousand years ago. In individual regions, this dating can be considerably refined;
908:
Stone knapping with limited digital dexterity makes the center of mass the required direction of flake removal. Physics then dictates a circular or oval end pattern, similar to the handaxe, for a leftover core after flake production. This would explain the abundance, wide distribution, proximity to
795:
A hard hammerstone would first be used to rough out the shape of the tool from the stone by removing large flakes. These large flakes might be re-used to create tools. The tool maker would work around the circumference of the remaining stone core, removing smaller flakes alternately from each face.
671:
The Mode 2 Acheulean toolmakers also used the Mode 1 flake tool method but supplemented it by using bone, antler, or wood to shape stone tools. This type of hammer, compared to stone, yields more control over the shape of the finished tool. Unlike the earlier Mode 1 industries, it was the core that
1643:
and China, however, cast doubt on the reliability of Movius's distinction. Since then, a different division known as the Roe Line has been suggested. This runs across North Africa to Israel and thence to India, separating two different techniques used by
Acheulean toolmakers. North and east of the
853:
on
Acheulean tools suggests there was generally no specialization in the different types created and that they were multi-use implements. Functions included hacking wood from a tree, cutting animal carcasses as well as scraping and cutting hides when necessary. Some tools, however, could have been
900:
Recently, it has been suggested that the
Acheulean tool users adopted the handaxe as a social artifact, meaning that it embodied something beyond its function of a butchery or wood cutting tool. Knowing how to create and use these tools would have been a valuable skill and the more elaborate ones
660:. The resulting flake that broke off would have a natural sharp edge for cutting and could afterwards be sharpened further by striking another smaller flake from the edge if necessary (known as "retouch"). These early toolmakers may also have worked the stone they took the flake from (known as a
1843:
in France. The presence of the shelters is inferred from large rocks at the sites, which may have been used to weigh down the bottoms of tent-like structures or serve as foundations for huts or windbreaks. These stones may have been naturally deposited. In any case, a flimsy wood or animal skin
803:
Once the roughout shape was created, a further phase of flaking was undertaken to make the tool thinner. The thinning flakes were removed using a softer hammer, such as bone or antler. The softer hammer required more careful preparation of the striking platform and this would be abraded using a
3010:
Clark, J. Desmond; Beyene, Yonas; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Hart, William K.; Renne, Paul R.; Gilbert, Henry; Defleur, Alban; Suwa, Gen; Katoh, Shigehiro; Ludwig, Kenneth R.; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (June 2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of
791:
Some smaller tools were made from large flakes that had been struck from stone cores. These flake tools and the distinctive waste flakes produced in
Acheulean tool manufacture suggest a more considered technique, one that required the toolmaker to think one or two steps ahead during work that
3214:
Cruz-Uribe, Kathryn; Klein, Richard G; Avery, Graham; Avery, Margaret; Halkett, David; Hart, Timothy; Milo, Richard G; Garth
Sampson, C; Volman, Thomas P (1 May 2003). "Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa".
904:
One theory goes further and suggests that some special hand-axes were made and displayed by males in search of a mate, using a large, well-made hand-axe to demonstrate that they possessed sufficient strength and skill to pass on to their offspring. Once they had attracted a female at a group
811:. This was struck from the lateral edge of the hand-axe close to the intended cutting area, resulting in the removal of a flake running along (parallel to) the blade of the axe to create a neat and very sharp working edge. This distinctive tranchet flake can be identified amongst
1801:
claim that the site provides evidence of "advanced human behavior" half a million years earlier than has previously been estimated. Their report describes an
Acheulean layer at the site in which numerous stone tools, animal bones, and plant remains have been found.
905:
gathering, it is suggested that they would discard their axes, perhaps explaining why so many are found together. This popular sexual selection hypothesis is controversial due to the assumptions made about sexual selection among extinct organisms.
823:
901:
suggest that they played a role in their owners' identity and their interactions with others. This would help explain the apparent over-sophistication of some examples which may represent a "historically accrued social significance".
827:
Acheulean hand-axe from Egypt. Found on a hill top plateau, 1400 feet above sea level, nine miles northwest of the city of Naqada, Egypt. Paleolithic artifact displayed in the Petrie Museum of
Egyptian Archaeology of
3249:
Scarre, 2005, chapter 3, p118 "However, objects whose artistic meaning is unequivocal become commonplace only after 50,000 years ago, when they are associated with the origins and spread of fully modern humans from
912:
Mimi Lam, a researcher from the
University of British Columbia, has suggested that Acheulean hand-axes became "the first commodity: A marketable good or service that has value and is used as an item for exchange."
2030:
2110:
Pappu, Shanti; Gunnell, Yanni; Akhilesh, Kumar; Braucher, Régis; Taieb, Maurice; Demory, François; Thouveny, Nicolas (25 March 2011). "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India".
1725:. Others argue that there is no correlation between spatial abilities in tool making and linguistic behaviour, and that language is not learned or conceived in the same manner as artefact manufacture.
2323:
Goren-Inbar, N.; Feibel, C. S.; Verosub, K. L.; Melamed, Y.; Kislev, M. E.; Tchernov, E.; Saragusti, I. (2000). "Pleistocene Milestones on the Out-of-Africa Corridor at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel".
698:'s division into Early Acheulean, Middle Acheulean, Late Middle Acheulean and Late Acheulean for material from Britain. These schemes are normally regional and their dating and interpretations vary.
788:
could be exploited. In all cases the toolmakers worked their handaxes close to the source of their raw materials, suggesting that the Acheulean was a set of skills passed between individual groups.
701:
In Africa, there is a distinct difference in the tools made before and after 600,000 years ago with the older group being thicker and less symmetric and the younger being more extensively trimmed.
1778:
where animals would gather to drink, were interpreted as being where Acheulean tool users killed game, butchered their carcasses, and then discarded the tools they had used. Since the advent of
672:
was prized over the flakes that came from it. Another advance was that the Mode 2 tools were worked symmetrically and on both sides indicating greater care in the production of the final tool.
516:
of deposits containing volcanic ashes. Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be dated as far as 1.5 million years ago. However, in 2003 examples of the Acheulean from the
2205:
Lepre, Christopher J.; Roche, Hélène; Kent, Dennis V.; Harmand, Sonia; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brugal, Jean-Philippe; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Lenoble, Arnaud; Feibel, Craig S. (September 2011).
598:
and it is almost certain that the Acheulean developed from this older industry. These industries are known as the Developed Oldowan and are almost certainly transitional between the
496:
Providing calendrical dates and ordered chronological sequences in the study of early stone tool manufacture is often accomplished through one or more geological techniques, such as
633:
In the four divisions of prehistoric stone-working, Acheulean artefacts are classified as Mode 2, meaning they are more advanced than the (usually earlier) Mode 1 tools of the
2057:
Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Suwa, Gen; Walter, Robert C.; White, Tim D.; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Yemane, Tesfaye (December 1992). "The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula".
2424:
Ashton, Nick; McNabb, John; Irving, Brian; Lewis, Simon; Parfitt, Simon (2 January 2015). "Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk".
528:
to about 1.76 million years ago, and in 2023 finds from Ethiopia were reported dating to 1.95 million years ago. The earliest user of Acheulean tools may have been
807:
Final shaping was then applied to the usable cutting edge of the tool, again using fine removal of flakes. Some Acheulean tools were sharpened instead by the removal of a
609:
technologies in multiple continental regions and ended over 100,000 years apart – in Africa and the Near East: 175–166 kya, in Europe: 141–130 kya and in Asia: 57–53 kya.
1644:
Roe Line, Acheulean hand-axes were made directly from large stone nodules and cores; while, to the south and west, they were made from flakes struck from these nodules.
555:
in Europe for example, it was thought that Acheulean methods did not reach the continent until around 500,000 years ago. However, more recent research demonstrated that
3062:
Isaac, Glynn L. (October 1976). "Stages of Cultural Elaboration in the Pleistocene: Possible Archaeological Indicators of the Development of Language Capabilities".
3296:
1823:
Only limited artefactual evidence survives of the users of Acheulean tools other than the stone tools themselves. Cave sites were exploited for habitation, but the
3260:...the most conservative conclusion today is that Acheulean people and their contemporaries definitely hunted big animals, though their success rate is not clear
3171:
Tryon, Christian A.; McBrearty, Sally (January 2002). "Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya".
509:
2163:
Roche, Hélène; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Delagnes, Anne; Feibel, Craig; Harmand, Sonia; Kibunjia, Mzalendo; Prat, Sandrine; Texier, Pierre-Jean (December 2003).
3588:
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in northern France. Again, his theories attributing great antiquity to the finds were spurned by his colleagues, until one of de Perthes' main opponents,
5718:
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1589:
which is not thought to have been colonized by hominids until later. It is thought that from Africa their use spread north and east to Asia: from
6115:
5856:
5452:
1529:
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800:
for the removal of the next. Misjudged blows or flaws in the material used could cause problems, but a skilled toolmaker could overcome them.
1639:
across northern India to show where the traditions seemed to diverge. Later finds of Acheulean tools at Chongokni in South Korea and also in
6071:
5580:
2895:
Todd, Lawrence; Glantz, Michelle; Kappelman, John (2 January 2015). "Chilga Kernet: an Acheulean landscape on Ethiopia's western plateau".
1647:
450:
381:(also known as "Epi-Acheulean") is included, it may be taken to last until as late as 130,000 years ago. In Europe and Western Asia, early
1627:
Until the 1980s, it was thought that the humans who arrived in East Asia abandoned the hand-axe technology of their ancestors and adopted
4176:
2739:, in K.R. Gibson & T. Ingold (ed.), Tools, language and cognition in human evolution: 230–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
534:, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago (not all researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users
5903:
5354:
2648:
Paddayya, K.; Jhaldiyal, Richa; Petraglia, M.D. (2 January 2015). "Excavation of an Acheulian workshop at Isampur, Karnataka (India)".
2588:
Stout, Dietrich; Apel, Jan; Commander, Julia; Roberts, Mark (January 2014). "Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK".
1797:
of northern Israel, have revealed evidence of human habitation in the area from as early as 750,000 years ago. Archaeologists from the
1394:
426:
is generally credited as being the first to suggest a very ancient date for Acheulean hand-axes. In 1797, he sent two examples to the
2280:
4232:
3581:
363:
remains. It is thought that Acheulean technologies first developed about 2 million years ago, derived from the more primitive
2486:"Modelling the end of the Acheulean at global and continental levels suggests widespread persistence into the Middle Palaeolithic"
1543:
The geographic distribution of Acheulean tools – and thus the peoples who made them – is often interpreted as being the result of
6237:
6227:
3793:
2165:"Les sites archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya : bilan synthétique 1997–2001"
6232:
3523:
3502:
3481:
3457:
3436:
3415:
2632:
1377:
1168:
4350:
3274:
645:
industries but lacking the sophistication of the (usually later) Mode 3 Middle Palaeolithic technology, exemplified by the
3923:
3574:
89:
2686:
in Ullrich, H (ed.), Hominid evolution: lifestyles and survival strategies, pp 396–409, Gelsenkirchen: Edition Archaea.
1187:
683:
industry. Transitional tool forms between the two are called Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, or MTA types. The long
481:
61:
6222:
5481:
4387:
3650:
3373:
3348:
3323:
1836:
255:
108:
5688:
5575:
4314:
3392:, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745–808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005
3135:, in The Human Revolution (P Mellars and C Stringer eds) Edinburgh University Press, qtd in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991.
1744:
473:, began finding more tools near Saint Acheul. Following visits to both Abbeville and Saint Acheul by the geologist
2752:, in N. Ashton, F. Healey & P.Pettitt (ed.), Stone Age archaeology: 105–9. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Monograph 102.
1660:
For further details of the known environment and people during the time when Acheulean tools were being made, see
6100:
5491:
4529:
4343:
1334:
68:
694:
As the period of Acheulean tool use is so vast, efforts have been made to classify various stages of it such as
4227:
4211:
1798:
46:
2762:
White, Mark J. (18 February 2014). "On the Significance of Acheulean Biface Variability in Southern Britain".
2043:
1717:
The symmetry of the hand-axes has been used to suggest that Acheulean tool users possessed the ability to use
713:
is that the stone was worked symmetrically and on both sides. For the latter reason, handaxes are, along with
5713:
5243:
4503:
4253:
2705:
O'Brien, Eileen M. (February 1981). "The Projectile Capabilities of an Acheulian Handaxe From Olorgesailie".
4571:
2737:
The unitary hypothesis: a common neural circuitry for novel manipulations, language, plan-ahead and throwing
1925:
5708:
5248:
4721:
4263:
3998:
865:
where hundreds of hand-axes, many impractically large and also apparently unused, have been found in close
575:
in the modern sense, rather it is a basic method for making stone tools that was shared across much of the
75:
4397:
2459:
1631:
tools instead. An apparent division between Acheulean and non-Acheulean tool industries was identified by
1612:
Areas further north did not see human occupation until much later, due to glaciation. In Athirampakkam at
4674:
4319:
4201:
4196:
4131:
3807:
3133:
The implications of stone tool types for the presenceof language during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic
897:
have produced evidence that suggests Acheulean hand-axes might not always have had a functional purpose.
470:
1816:
was discovered in the fifth layer (so-called Acheulean layer) of the cave. Specialists named this type "
357:
era across Africa and much of West Asia, South Asia, East Asia and Europe, and are typically found with
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5976:
5777:
4324:
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42:
57:
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5597:
4008:
3823:
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1370:
1100:
1012:
218:
605:
Regionally subdivided end times of the Acheulean show that it persisted long after the diffusion of
563:
Acheulean tool-using groups were contemporary with other, less sophisticated industries such as the
5971:
5063:
4608:
3963:
3605:
1684:
725:
583:
5135:
5130:
2930:
Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (September 2006). "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran".
2275:
6088:
5998:
5170:
4937:
4756:
4689:
4421:
4273:
4206:
4100:
3953:
3871:
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2164:
1272:
744:
is most often associated with the tools but its use is concentrated in Western Europe; in Africa
721:
worked tools that could be manufactured from the large flakes themselves or from prepared cores.
327:
35:
6176:
6050:
5656:
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5231:
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4811:
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from Africa. Conclusive evidence of mastery over it this early is, however, difficult to find.
1786:
882:
740:, and segmental chopping tools. Materials used were determined by available local stone types;
622:
501:
2877:
5915:
5851:
5725:
5418:
5344:
5118:
5113:
5051:
4990:
4927:
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1729:
1628:
1504:
1327:
1149:
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737:
413:
402:
323:
174:
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also possibly built shelters such as those identified in connection with Acheulean tools at
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5873:
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5029:
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4456:
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3180:
3071:
3020:
2597:
2382:
2334:
2220:
2179:
2121:
2068:
1971:
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in England is another famous Acheulean site. Up until the 1970s these kill sites, often at
1692:
1363:
668:
although there is some debate over whether these items were tools or just discarded cores.
346:
4684:
3390:
Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene
3297:"HU: Evidence of advanced human life half a million years earlier than previously thought"
8:
6171:
5836:
5641:
5474:
5007:
4880:
4761:
4736:
4278:
4186:
4161:
3968:
3943:
2797:
Kohn, Marek; Mithen, Steven (2 January 2015). "Handaxes: products of sexual selection?".
2460:"Neanderthal and early modern human stone tool culture co-existed for over 100,000 years"
1706:
1581:
Acheulean stone tools have been found across the continent of Africa, save for the dense
1247:
1125:
862:
676:
606:
525:
505:
222:
3228:
3184:
3075:
3024:
2601:
2386:
2338:
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2183:
2125:
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1975:
1812:
is another site where Acheulean tools were found. In 1968, a lower jaw of a new type of
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2145:
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1995:
1875:
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1665:
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1028:
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necessitated a clear sequence of steps to create perhaps several tools in one sitting.
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410:
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82:
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of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about 1.5 million years ago using
154:
3558:
3091:
1700:) used it extensively. Late Acheulean tools were still used by species derived from
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5809:
5592:
5392:
5312:
5268:
5068:
4890:
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2248:
2228:
2211:
2187:
2129:
2096:
2076:
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1979:
1870:
1824:
1728:
Lower Palaeolithic finds made in association with Acheulean hand-axes, such as the
1632:
1472:
1314:
1155:
1106:
1091:
1039:
967:
963:
745:
736:
hand-axes (referring to the shapes of the final tool), cleavers, retouched flakes,
474:
417:
276:
5651:
5607:
3118:
675:
Mode 3 technology emerged towards the end of Acheulean dominance and involved the
545:
was the only maker of early Acheulean tools, since other hominin species, such as
6040:
6010:
5772:
5700:
5678:
5636:
5531:
5501:
5366:
5361:
5012:
4895:
4466:
4105:
4080:
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4055:
4003:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3958:
3928:
3880:
3876:
3846:
3278:
2371:
Scott, Gary R.; Gibert, Luis (September 2009). "The oldest hand-axes in Europe".
2346:
1602:
1556:
1241:
1137:
443:
263:
3271:
2276:"Variation among early Homo crania from Olduvai Gorge and the Koobi Fora region"
843:), making them much more efficient than the 5-centimetre (2 in) average of
6149:
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5898:
5863:
5794:
5683:
5555:
5263:
4848:
4838:
4659:
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2502:
2485:
2191:
1779:
1440:
1408:
1296:
1285:
812:
808:
714:
134:
3450:
A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe
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2609:
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Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain: as represented by the Thames Valley
2437:
1205:
6206:
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5841:
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5614:
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3469:
3316:
The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus
2511:
2301:
1880:
1687:
are almost exclusively Acheulean, who used the technique. Later, the related
1673:
1606:
1560:
1340:
1302:
1229:
890:
870:
832:
530:
458:
453:, working between 1836 and 1846, collected further examples of hand-axes and
427:
4576:
2293:
2133:
1983:
1601:
and Pakistan, and into India, and beyond. In Europe their users reached the
857:
Alternative theories include a use for ovate hand-axes as a kind of hunting
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5954:
5910:
5891:
5846:
5646:
5570:
5327:
5322:
5278:
4905:
4787:
4751:
4731:
4583:
4561:
4473:
3890:
3703:
3635:
3200:
3192:
3040:
2862:
2834:"The Case Against Sexual Selection as an Explanation of Handaxe Morphology"
2402:
2354:
2240:
2141:
1991:
1890:
1828:
1760:
1756:
1679:
1661:
1566:
1534:
1488:
878:
749:
684:
665:
591:
547:
537:
517:
382:
369:
359:
340:
259:
6003:
2985:
The Palaeolithic industries of Korea: chronology and related new findspots
2309:
2088:
835:
calculated that Acheulean tools have an average useful cutting edge of 20
5993:
5983:
5939:
5934:
5886:
5824:
5787:
5760:
5661:
5631:
5506:
5428:
5349:
5337:
5098:
5083:
5073:
5044:
5002:
4917:
4885:
4833:
4766:
4603:
4478:
4335:
4309:
4299:
4090:
4022:
3895:
3783:
3597:
2552:, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, pp21–28, qtd in Butler, 2005
1900:
1817:
1794:
1711:
1636:
1621:
1586:
1424:
1235:
1193:
925:
661:
657:
642:
595:
462:
3553:
3032:
2943:
2394:
2232:
6137:
6030:
5988:
5804:
5767:
5730:
5626:
5213:
5125:
4952:
4853:
4826:
4746:
4544:
4498:
4409:
4377:
3841:
3836:
1809:
1805:
1617:
1582:
1552:
1520:
1456:
1353:
1211:
1175:
1048:
1006:
836:
796:
The scar created by the removal of the preceding flake would provide a
761:
695:
680:
653:
646:
634:
568:
564:
423:
386:
331:
198:
194:
3566:
1960:
lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools"
909:
source, consistent shape, and lack of actual use, of these artifacts.
246:. The types shown are (clockwise from top) cordate, ficron, and ovate.
6045:
5814:
5799:
5397:
5382:
5307:
5290:
5208:
5093:
5034:
5024:
5019:
4942:
4709:
4635:
4402:
4392:
4146:
3718:
3655:
2080:
1895:
1813:
1752:
1279:
1223:
1199:
1060:
785:
773:
765:
576:
466:
439:
398:
202:
169:
2484:
Key, Alastair J. M.; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L. (2 March 2021).
1844:
structure would leave few archaeological traces after so much time.
238:
24:
5819:
5755:
5602:
5560:
5295:
5203:
5078:
4900:
4863:
4843:
4283:
3938:
3861:
3856:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3698:
2718:
1955:
1865:
1771:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1640:
1590:
1320:
1308:
1161:
1119:
933:
886:
874:
769:
760:
were most widely used, for example. Other source materials include
753:
710:
691:
Mode 4 industries appeared long after the Acheulean was abandoned.
556:
335:
334:
manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear-shaped "
230:
128:
2531:/BT Batsford:London 1997 qtd in Butler, 2005. See also Wymer, JJ,
2026:
1537:
showing important sites of the Acheulean industry (clickable map).
854:
better suited to digging roots or butchering animals than others.
250:
5881:
5673:
5619:
5565:
5387:
5193:
5103:
4957:
4858:
4816:
4679:
4598:
4551:
4539:
4040:
3768:
3758:
3723:
3713:
1885:
1853:
1688:
1613:
1548:
1253:
1143:
1066:
1054:
1000:
982:
976:
844:
804:
coarse stone to ensure the hammer did not slide off when struck.
638:
599:
587:
572:
435:
378:
364:
214:
210:
206:
184:
1620:
the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than
5949:
5486:
5464:
5317:
5253:
5198:
4588:
4566:
4534:
4508:
3788:
3738:
3660:
3541:
2322:
1651:
Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, National Museum of Iran
1575:
1571:
1113:
894:
858:
757:
729:
718:
454:
406:
234:
A cordiform biface as commonly found in the Acheulean (replica)
1605:
and the western Mediterranean regions, modern day France, the
6015:
5735:
5469:
5423:
5285:
5140:
5088:
4664:
4630:
4141:
3778:
3773:
3753:
3338:
1748:
1740:
861:
to be hurled at prey. Puzzlingly, there are also examples of
781:
777:
741:
521:
431:
288:
2109:
1923:
484:
described the characteristic hand-axe tools as belonging to
5961:
5922:
5402:
5258:
5188:
5108:
4980:
4493:
3728:
3009:
2998:
The shape of handaxes, the structure of the Acheulian world
1845:
1840:
1598:
840:
627:
524:
were described which have been dated through the method of
297:
294:
279:
243:
2647:
2031:"Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk."
285:
133:
Map of the distribution of Middle Pleistocene (Acheulean)
5273:
5039:
4997:
3213:
2587:
2162:
1733:
3363:
2627:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 16.
373:. The Acheulean includes at least the early part of the
3159:
Deliberate engravings on bone artefacts of Homo Erectus
3011:
Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia".
2423:
1852:, and would have been a necessity in colonising colder
1609:, western Germany, and southern and central Britain.
541:). However, it is impossible to know for sure whether
2695:
Unattributed citation in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991, p277
2204:
2056:
488:. The industry was renamed as the Acheulean in 1925.
300:
3148:, Rock Art Research 12, 131–132, qtd in Scarre, 2005
377:. Its end is not well defined, depending on whether
291:
2894:
282:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Archaeological culture associated with Homo erectus
3447:
2255:
559:from Spain were made more than 900,000 years ago.
3468:
3161:, Rock Art Research 5, 919–7, qtd in Scarre, 2005
709:The primary innovation associated with Acheulean
6204:
3313:
3294:
1953:
2967:"Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai"
2929:
2684:Hominid ranging patterns and dietary strategies
2483:
2316:
1736:expression amongst the tool users. The incised
385:adopted Acheulean technology, transitioning to
3170:
2622:
2550:Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation
1954:Margherita Mussi; et al. (Oct 12, 2023).
1696:(the common ancestor of both Neanderthals and
4351:
3582:
3146:Additional remarks on the Berekhat Ram figure
3105:Wynn, Thomas (June 1995). "Handaxe enigmas".
2581:
2490:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
1928:[The Acheulean site of Terra Amata].
1371:
626:An Acheulean handaxe, Haute-Garonne France –
477:, the age of the tools was finally accepted.
3295:Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (December 22, 2009).
2533:The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain
2366:
2364:
317:
4177:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
3405:
2831:
2704:
2542:
2370:
567:and then later with the more sophisticated
4365:
4358:
4344:
3589:
3575:
3474:Archaeology, Theories Methods and Practice
3064:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2796:
2623:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008).
1378:
1364:
551:, also lived in East Africa at this time.
3516:Human Evolution A Very Short Introduction
3341:Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic
3164:
2641:
2501:
2361:
2281:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2273:
353:Acheulean tools were produced during the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3000:, in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001
1646:
1565:
1465:
822:
621:
612:
249:
237:
229:
3596:
2923:
2888:
2790:
2676:
2568:
2548:Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S,
2417:
1949:
1947:
1655:
491:
451:Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes
6205:
3492:
3426:
3382:
3364:Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008).
3339:V.A. Zubakov, I.I. Borzenkova (1990).
3003:
2990:
2987:in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001
2964:
2832:Nowell, April; Chang, Melanie (2009).
2764:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
2742:
2698:
2689:
1433:
1401:
420:, where artifacts were found in 1859.
392:
5529:
5168:
4434:
4339:
3570:
3207:
3125:
3098:
3061:
2977:
2875:
2761:
2755:
2750:Handaxes and palaeolithic individuals
2555:
2518:
2207:"An earlier origin for the Acheulian"
266:dated to 400 thousand years ago.
5530:
3513:
3253:
3151:
3104:
3055:
2261:
1944:
1497:
1481:
784:. Even relatively soft rock such as
652:The Mode 1 industries created rough
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3518:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3448:Milliken, S; Cook, J, eds. (2001).
3408:The Handbook of British Archaeology
3243:
3144:Goren-Inbar, N and Peltz, S, 1995,
3138:
2033:. Archaeologia 13 (1800): 204–205 .
1417:
656:by hitting a suitable stone with a
13:
3084:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25494.x
1926:"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata"
1924:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata.
1513:
1449:
1188:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
482:Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet
14:
6249:
5482:Megalithic architectural elements
3534:
3217:Journal of Archaeological Science
2878:"Tools May Have Been First Money"
2590:Journal of Archaeological Science
1848:was seemingly being exploited by
728:include pointed, cordate, ovate,
679:, most famously exploited by the
5169:
4315:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
3806:
3552:
3540:
2876:Welsh, Jennifer (1 March 2012).
2025:
1930:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata
1512:
1496:
1480:
1464:
1448:
1432:
1416:
1400:
1393:
275:
127:
23:
6101:Evolutionary origin of religion
3357:
3332:
3307:
3288:
3265:
2958:
2869:
2855:
2825:
2682:Gamble, C and Steele, J, 1999,
2616:
2477:
2452:
2267:
916:
34:needs additional citations for
6238:Paleolithic cultures of Europe
6228:Paleolithic cultures of Africa
3872:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
3867:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
2578:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998
2565:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998
2198:
2156:
2103:
2050:
2036:
2018:
2006:
1917:
1799:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1732:, have been used to argue for
724:Tool types found in Acheulean
704:
1:
5714:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
5244:British megalith architecture
4254:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
3651:Tigris–Euphrates river system
3557:The dictionary definition of
3497:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3476:. London: Thames and Hudson.
3237:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00202-9
3157:Mania, D and Mania, U, 1988,
3119:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980290
2274:Rightmire, G. Philip (1993).
1906:
1671:Most notably, however, it is
1087:
1035:
957:
6233:Paleolithic cultures of Asia
5709:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
5249:Nordic megalith architecture
3070:(1 Origins and E): 275–288.
2965:Prasad, R. (24 March 2011).
2347:10.1126/science.289.5481.944
1911:
582:The very earliest Acheulean
457:animal bone from the gravel
389:by about 160,000 years ago.
344:and derived species such as
7:
4320:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
4202:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
4197:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3366:A Dictionary of Archaeology
2996:Gamble, C and Marshall, G,
2576:Early Man in West Middlesex
2539:and English Heritage, 1999.
1859:
815:debris at Acheulean sites.
367:technology associated with
10:
6254:
5857:British Isles and Brittany
5778:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
4325:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
3398:
3173:Journal of Human Evolution
2503:10.1057/s41599-021-00735-8
2192:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.001
1659:
6059:
5872:
5699:
5546:
5542:
5525:
5411:
5375:
5224:
5181:
5177:
5164:
4971:
4802:
4775:
4700:
4626:
4617:
4522:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4430:
4373:
4292:
4246:
4220:
4124:
4021:
3914:
3822:
3815:
3804:
3686:
3613:
3604:
3406:Adkins, L; and R (1998).
3368:. John Wiley & Sons.
3314:Pavel Dolukhanov (2014).
2909:10.1017/S0003598X0009089X
2811:10.1017/S0003598X00065078
2776:10.1017/S0079497X00002164
2662:10.1017/S0003598X00060269
2610:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001
2438:10.1017/S0003598X00047074
2013:Oxford English Dictionary
1101:Initial Upper Paleolithic
617:
242:Acheulean hand-axes from
219:Acheulo-Yabrudian complex
190:
180:
168:
160:
150:
142:
126:
6223:Industries (archaeology)
2932:Near Eastern Archaeology
1789:site, located along the
1677:(sometimes called early
869:together. Sites such as
146:Africa, Europe, and Asia
6089:Evolutionary musicology
5492:Oldest extant buildings
5419:Archaeological features
4938:Prepared-core technique
3493:Scarre, C, ed. (2005).
3285:, Retrieved 2010-01-05.
2863:"The Acheulean Handaxe"
2294:10.1002/ajpa.1330900102
2134:10.1126/science.1200183
1984:10.1126/science.add9115
586:often contain numerous
328:archaeological industry
322:after the type site of
6051:Unchambered long cairn
5899:Mound Builders culture
5232:Neolithic architecture
4367:Prehistoric technology
4157:Babylonian mathematics
3193:10.1006/jhev.2001.0513
2172:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1652:
1578:
829:
818:
630:
502:potassium-argon dating
471:Marcel Jérôme Rigollot
318:
267:
247:
235:
5726:List of Stone Age art
4928:Microblade technology
4876:Langdale axe industry
4474:Ard / plough
3472:; and P Bahn (1991).
3429:Prehistoric Flintwork
3410:. London: Constable.
1730:Venus of Berekhat Ram
1650:
1569:
826:
625:
613:Acheulean stone tools
486:L'Epoque de St Acheul
409:, the capital of the
401:for the Acheulean is
253:
241:
233:
175:Saint-Acheul (Amiens)
6133:Prehistoric medicine
6128:Prehistoric counting
6111:Prehistoric religion
6106:Paleolithic religion
6084:Behavioral modernity
5441:Causewayed enclosure
5333:Abri de la Madeleine
4457:Neolithic Revolution
4152:Babylonian astronomy
3631:Mesopotamian Marshes
3549:at Wikimedia Commons
3272:Gesher Benot Ya'aqov
2707:Current Anthropology
1693:Homo heidelbergensis
1656:Acheulean tool users
1597:, across modern day
1530:class=notpageimage|
492:Dating the Acheulean
347:Homo heidelbergensis
43:improve this article
6172:Prehistoric warfare
4918:Magdalenian culture
4881:Levallois technique
4812:Earliest toolmaking
4233:Destruction by ISIL
4187:Sumerian literature
4162:Akkadian literature
3598:Ancient Mesopotamia
3229:2003JArSc..30..559C
3185:2002JHumE..42..211T
3076:1976NYASA.280..275I
3033:10.1038/nature01670
3025:2003Natur.423..747C
2944:10.1086/NEA25067668
2602:2014JArSc..41..576S
2395:10.1038/nature08214
2387:2009Natur.461...82S
2339:2000Sci...289..944G
2233:10.1038/nature10372
2225:2011Natur.477...82L
2184:2003CRPal...2..663R
2126:2011Sci...331.1596P
2120:(6024): 1596–1599.
2073:1992Natur.360..732A
1976:2023Sci...382..713M
1787:Bnot Ya'akov Bridge
1785:Excavations at the
1707:Homo sapiens idaltu
677:Levallois technique
607:Middle Palaeolithic
526:magnetostratigraphy
506:magnetostratigraphy
393:History of research
316:), from the French
262:, as postulated by
223:Fauresmith industry
123:
6123:Origin of language
6116:Spiritual drug use
6026:Rectangular dolmen
5928:Dartmoor kistvaens
5741:Carved stone balls
5453:Circular enclosure
5412:Other architecture
5355:Alp pile dwellings
4943:Solutrean industry
4854:Gravettian culture
4504:Secondary products
4269:Mesopotamian myths
3431:. Tempus, Stroud.
3427:Butler, C (2005).
3301:The Jerusalem Post
3277:2009-07-20 at the
3131:Dibble, HL, 1989,
2625:The First Africans
2574:Collins, D, 1978,
2537:Wessex Archaeology
2044:"Joseph Prestwich"
1876:Lower Palaeolithic
1666:Lower Palaeolithic
1653:
1579:
1029:Middle Paleolithic
830:
689:Upper Palaeolithic
631:
514:radiometric dating
498:radiometric dating
375:Middle Paleolithic
355:Lower Palaeolithic
338:" associated with
268:
248:
236:
143:Geographical range
121:
6218:Lower Paleolithic
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6145:Prehistoric music
6094:music archaeology
5751:Cup and ring mark
5576:Clothing/textiles
5521:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
4963:Yubetsu technique
4948:Striking platform
4913:Lithic technology
4798:
4797:
4783:Game drive system
4702:Projectile points
4594:Mortar and pestle
4333:
4332:
4284:Ziggurat (Temple)
4259:Sumerian religion
4017:
4016:
3964:Middle Babylonian
3906:Kish civilization
3802:
3801:
3626:Lower Mesopotamia
3621:Upper Mesopotamia
3545:Media related to
3525:978-0-19-280360-3
3504:978-0-500-28531-2
3483:978-0-500-27605-1
3459:978-1-84217-056-4
3452:. Oxford: Oxbow.
3438:978-0-7524-3340-0
3417:978-0-09-478330-0
3388:De Lumley, 1975,
3283:Hebrew University
3107:World Archaeology
3019:(6941): 747–752.
2841:PaleoAnthropology
2748:Gamble, C, 1997,
2634:978-0-521-61265-4
2561:Wymer, JJ, 1968,
2526:Stone Age Britain
2333:(5481): 944–947.
2067:(6406): 732–735.
1970:(6671): 713–718.
1833:Grotte du Lazaret
1770:The kill site at
1595:Arabian Peninsula
1551:factors, such as
1388:
1387:
1081:Upper Paleolithic
951:Lower Paleolithic
851:Use-wear analysis
798:striking platform
228:
227:
155:Lower Paleolithic
119:
118:
111:
93:
6245:
6160:Divje Babe flute
6067:Archaeoastronomy
5810:Petrosomatoglyph
5544:
5543:
5527:
5526:
5376:Water management
5179:
5178:
5166:
5165:
5069:Denticulate tool
4891:Lithic reduction
4624:
4623:
4445:
4444:
4432:
4431:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4182:Sumerian cuisine
4172:Warfare in Sumer
4167:Economy of Sumer
3820:
3819:
3810:
3694:Fertile Crescent
3678:Sinjar Mountains
3673:Hamrin Mountains
3668:Zagros Mountains
3646:Taurus Mountains
3611:
3610:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3544:
3529:
3514:Wood, B (2005).
3508:
3487:
3463:
3442:
3421:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3179:(1–2): 211–235.
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2983:Hyeong Woo Lee,
2981:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2938:(3–4): 160–168.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2903:(293): 611–612.
2892:
2886:
2885:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2805:(281): 518–526.
2794:
2788:
2787:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2730:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2656:(286): 751–752.
2645:
2639:
2638:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2529:English Heritage
2522:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2432:(260): 585–589.
2421:
2415:
2414:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2081:10.1038/360732a0
2054:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1921:
1871:Lithic reduction
1825:hunter-gatherers
1793:in the southern
1747:in Germany, and
1633:Hallam L. Movius
1516:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1473:Richat Structure
1468:
1467:
1452:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1419:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1107:Fertile Crescent
1095:
1089:
1043:
1037:
971:
962:
959:
921:
920:
475:Joseph Prestwich
321:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
131:
124:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6188:
6055:
6041:Stone box grave
6011:Megalithic tomb
5916:Cotswold-Severn
5868:
5773:Guardian stones
5701:Prehistoric art
5695:
5538:
5513:
5502:Timber trackway
5407:
5371:
5367:Wattle and daub
5220:
5199:Standing stones
5173:
5152:
4967:
4794:
4771:
4696:
4613:
4523:Food processing
4518:
4467:New World crops
4439:
4426:
4369:
4364:
4334:
4329:
4288:
4242:
4216:
4125:Culture/society
4120:
4013:
4009:Muslim conquest
3979:Fall of Babylon
3910:
3811:
3798:
3682:
3600:
3595:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3505:
3484:
3460:
3439:
3418:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3293:
3289:
3279:Wayback Machine
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3212:
3208:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3126:
3103:
3099:
3060:
3056:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2963:
2959:
2928:
2924:
2893:
2889:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2795:
2791:
2760:
2756:
2747:
2743:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2621:
2617:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2523:
2519:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2422:
2418:
2381:(7260): 82–85.
2369:
2362:
2321:
2317:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2219:(7362): 82–85.
2203:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2108:
2104:
2055:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1862:
1669:
1658:
1635:, who drew the
1603:Pannonian Basin
1557:desertification
1545:palaeo-climatic
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1384:
1347:
1346:
1202:(41,000-37,000)
1182:Châtelperronian
1096:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1044:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1020:
991:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
972:
960:
955:
953:
919:
821:
707:
620:
615:
602:and Acheulean.
510:Konso Formation
494:
444:human evolution
430:in London from
395:
278:
274:
264:Henry de Lumley
256:Terra Amata hut
254:Depiction of a
138:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6251:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6150:Alligator drum
6142:
6141:
6140:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6077:lunar calendar
6074:
6063:
6061:
6060:Other cultural
6057:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5864:Venus figurine
5861:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5795:Megalithic art
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5753:
5748:
5746:Cave paintings
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5548:Material goods
5540:
5539:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5264:Cliff dwelling
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Fire hardening
4846:
4841:
4839:Clovis culture
4836:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4762:Manis Mastodon
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4641:throwing stick
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4453:
4451:
4441:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Assyriologists
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4212:List of rulers
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Proto-Armenian
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Middle Persian
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Neo-Babylonian
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Old Babylonian
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3924:Early Dynastic
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3550:
3536:
3535:External links
3533:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3495:The Human Past
3489:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3381:
3374:
3356:
3349:
3331:
3324:
3306:
3287:
3264:
3252:
3242:
3223:(5): 559–575.
3206:
3163:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3097:
3054:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2957:
2922:
2887:
2868:
2854:
2824:
2789:
2754:
2741:
2719:10.1086/202607
2697:
2688:
2675:
2640:
2633:
2615:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2517:
2476:
2451:
2416:
2360:
2315:
2266:
2254:
2197:
2178:(8): 663–673.
2155:
2102:
2049:
2035:
2017:
2015:2nd Ed. (1989)
2005:
1943:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1780:zooarchaeology
1657:
1654:
1593:, through the
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1441:Yuanmou County
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1409:Xiaochangliang
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1286:Iberomaurusian
1283:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:(15.5–13.1 ka)
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1164:(12.2–10.8 ka)
1159:
1158:(14.5–11.5 ka)
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
986:
980:
973:
949:
948:
945:
944:
929:
928:
918:
915:
820:
817:
813:flint-knapping
809:tranchet flake
706:
703:
619:
616:
614:
611:
493:
490:
459:river terraces
405:, a suburb of
394:
391:
226:
225:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
132:
117:
116:
99:September 2024
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6250:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6036:Simple dolmen
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6021:Passage grave
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5967:Gallery grave
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:Burial mounds
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5842:Statue menhir
5840:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5830:Stone carving
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Sewing needle
5667:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
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5497:Timber circle
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5446:Tor enclosure
5444:
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5434:fulacht fiadh
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4703:
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4683:
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4673:
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4670:spear-thrower
4668:
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4666:
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4649:
4648:Bow and arrow
4646:
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4557:Grinding slab
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4489:Domestication
4487:
4485:
4484:Digging stick
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4462:Founder crops
4460:
4459:
4458:
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4408:
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4403:New Stone Age
4401:
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3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Syrian Desert
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3563:at Wiktionary
3562:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3527:
3521:
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3434:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3375:9780470751961
3371:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3350:9780080868530
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3325:9781317892229
3321:
3318:. Routledge.
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3246:
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3134:
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3018:
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3006:
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2842:
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2808:
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2800:
2793:
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2738:
2734:
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2716:
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2692:
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2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:Barton, RNE,
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
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2375:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2264:, p. 87.
2263:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2028:
2024:Frere, John.
2021:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Ndutu cranium
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:Homo ergaster
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:Azykhantropus
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:Dead Sea rift
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:in Kenya and
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:Bilzingsleben
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:, including
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:Homo ergaster
1667:
1663:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:Low Countries
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1561:Sahara Desert
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1426:
1410:
1396:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:Afontova Gora
1339:
1336:
1335:Mal'ta–Buret'
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:Epigravettian
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
969:
965:
952:
947:
946:
942:
941:
935:
931:
930:
927:
923:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
891:Kalambo Falls
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Melka Kunturé
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Loren Eiseley
825:
816:
814:
810:
805:
801:
799:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
702:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
669:
667:
666:chopper cores
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
624:
610:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
552:
550:
549:
544:
543:Homo ergaster
540:
539:
533:
532:
531:Homo ergaster
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
489:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:Royal Academy
425:
421:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:
348:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
315:
311:
305:
272:
265:
261:
257:
252:
245:
240:
232:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:1.95–0.13 Mya
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
5977:wedge-shaped
5962:Funeral pyre
5955:Great dolmen
5911:Chamber tomb
5892:Round barrow
5847:Stone circle
5719:Blombos Cave
5647:Grooved ware
5571:Chalcolithic
5475:Thornborough
5393:Flush toilet
5328:Blombos Cave
5323:Rock shelter
5279:Quiggly hole
5171:Architecture
5146:illustration
4821:
4788:Buffalo jump
4609:Storage pits
4572:Aşıklı Höyük
4562:Ground stone
4398:Subdivisions
4207:Royal titles
4132:Architecture
3969:Neo-Assyrian
3831:
3816:(Pre)history
3636:Persian Gulf
3559:
3515:
3494:
3473:
3449:
3428:
3407:
3389:
3384:
3365:
3359:
3343:. Elsevier.
3340:
3334:
3315:
3309:
3300:
3290:
3267:
3262:ibid, p 120.
3259:
3255:
3245:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3113:(1): 10–24.
3110:
3106:
3100:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2970:
2960:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2881:
2871:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2840:
2827:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2713:(1): 76–79.
2710:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2454:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2378:
2372:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2285:
2279:
2269:
2257:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2038:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1967:
1963:
1958:Homo erectus
1957:
1934:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1891:Palaeolithic
1849:
1829:Palaeolithic
1822:
1804:
1784:
1769:
1765:Homo sapiens
1764:
1761:South Africa
1757:Duinefontein
1727:
1716:
1712:Neanderthals
1705:
1701:
1698:Homo sapiens
1697:
1691:
1680:Homo erectus
1678:
1672:
1670:
1662:Palaeolithic
1626:
1624:and Europe.
1611:
1580:
1576:Saint Acheul
1542:
1535:Afro-Eurasia
1505:Saint-Acheul
1489:Sterkfontein
1326:
1271:
1250:(14–12.8 ka)
1184:(44.5–36 ka)
1167:
1146:(18–12.5 ka)
1105:
1015:(400–220 ka)
1009:(424–400 ka)
1003:(500–130 ka)
988:
985:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
939:
917:Distribution
911:
907:
903:
899:
879:Olorgesailie
856:
849:
831:
806:
802:
794:
790:
750:igneous rock
723:
708:
700:
693:
674:
670:
664:) to create
651:
632:
604:
581:
561:
553:
548:Homo habilis
546:
542:
538:Homo erectus
535:
529:
518:West Turkana
495:
485:
479:
448:
422:
403:Saint-Acheul
396:
383:Neanderthals
370:Homo habilis
368:
360:Homo erectus
358:
352:
345:
341:Homo erectus
339:
324:Saint-Acheul
313:
309:
270:
269:
260:Nice, France
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5999:unchambered
5994:Long barrow
5984:Grave goods
5940:Court cairn
5935:Clava cairn
5887:Bowl barrow
5825:Rock cupule
5768:Golden hats
5761:Hill figure
5662:Unstan ware
5642:Cord-marked
5507:Sweet Track
5429:Burnt mound
5350:Stilt house
5338:Sibudu Cave
5131:Tally stick
5099:Quern-stone
5084:Hammerstone
5074:Fire plough
5045:Pesse canoe
5003:Bannerstone
4973:Other tools
4886:Lithic core
4834:Aurignacian
4722:Bare Island
4604:Quern-stone
4310:Hittitology
4300:Assyriology
4221:Archaeology
4091:Old Persian
3901:Jemdet Nasr
2882:LiveScience
2596:: 576–590.
2496:(1): 1–12.
2288:(1): 1–33.
1932:(in French)
1901:Stone tools
1837:Terra Amata
1808:located in
1795:Hula Valley
1751:finds from
1685:assemblages
1637:Movius Line
1622:North India
1587:River Congo
1585:around the
1425:Zhoukoudian
1248:Federmesser
1236:Magdalenian
1206:Périgordian
1194:Aurignacian
1132:Aurignacian
1126:Baradostian
1069:(130–10 ka)
1063:(130–70 ka)
1057:(145–20 ka)
1051:(160–40 ka)
926:Paleolithic
867:association
837:centimetres
746:sedimentary
726:assemblages
705:Manufacture
658:hammerstone
654:flake tools
643:Abbevillian
584:assemblages
508:. From the
191:Followed by
181:Preceded by
58:"Acheulean"
6207:Categories
6138:trepanning
6031:Ring cairn
5989:Jar burial
5972:transepted
5904:U.S. sites
5805:Petroglyph
5731:Bird stone
5689:wine press
5362:Stone roof
5345:Roundhouse
5237:long house
5214:Stonehenge
5182:Ceremonial
5126:Stone tool
4953:Tool stone
4923:Metallurgy
4827:Mousterian
4804:Toolmaking
4742:Cumberland
4715:Transverse
4685:Schöningen
4577:Qesem cave
4545:Earth oven
4499:Irrigation
4410:Technology
4378:Prehistory
4274:Divination
3984:Achaemenid
3949:Isin-Larsa
3842:Trialetian
3837:Mousterian
3824:Prehistory
3470:Renfrew, C
1907:References
1810:Azerbaijan
1806:Azykh cave
1776:waterholes
1710:and early
1702:H. erectus
1618:Tamil Nadu
1583:rainforest
1570:Acheulean
1553:glaciation
1549:ecological
1521:Bose Basin
1457:Koobi Fora
1354:Mesolithic
1343:(21–12 ka}
1337:(24–15 ka)
1311:(15–11 ka)
1305:(15—11 ka)
1299:(22–14 ka)
1288:(25–11 ka)
1282:(42–18 ka)
1262:(13–12 ka)
1260:Ahrensburg
1256:(14–10 ka)
1238:(17–12 ka)
1232:(20–10 ka)
1226:(22–17 ka)
1220:(29–25 ka)
1214:(33–24 ka)
1212:Gravettian
1208:(35–20 ka)
1196:(43–26 ka)
1190:(43–32 ka)
1178:(48–40 ka)
1176:Bohunician
1150:Trialetian
1140:(20–10 ka)
1134:(35–29 ka)
1128:(36–18 ka)
1122:(46–42 ka)
1116:(50–40 ka)
1049:Mousterian
1007:Clactonian
961: 3.3
881:in Kenya,
762:chalcedony
734:bout-coupé
719:bifacially
696:John Wymer
681:Mousterian
649:industry.
647:Mousterian
635:Clactonian
596:core forms
569:Mousterian
565:Clactonian
520:region of
455:fossilised
424:John Frere
414:department
387:Mousterian
332:stone tool
199:Clactonian
195:Mousterian
69:newspapers
6213:Acheulean
6182:symbolism
6046:Tor cairn
6004:Grønsalen
5945:Cremation
5837:Sculpture
5815:Pictogram
5800:Petroform
5620:amber use
5588:Cosmetics
5398:Reservoir
5383:Check dam
5313:Pueblitos
5308:Pit-house
5291:Longhouse
5225:Dwellings
5094:Microlith
5025:Bow drill
5020:Bone tool
5013:prismatic
4822:Acheulean
4737:Cresswell
4710:Arrowhead
4636:Boomerang
4552:Granaries
4514:Terracing
4393:Stone Age
4147:Cuneiform
4023:Languages
3832:Acheulean
3719:Babylonia
3656:Euphrates
3606:Geography
3560:Acheulean
3547:Acheulean
2971:The Hindu
2952:166438498
2917:162604558
2897:Antiquity
2819:162903453
2799:Antiquity
2784:129110686
2770:: 15–44.
2733:Calvin, W
2731:See also
2727:144098416
2670:162905484
2650:Antiquity
2512:2662-9992
2446:162146330
2426:Antiquity
2411:205217591
2302:1096-8644
2262:Wood 2005
2150:206531024
2000:263971011
1912:Citations
1896:Stone Age
1753:Kapthurin
1723:hominines
1683:), whose
1323:(10–8 ka)
1317:(15–5 ka)
1292:Mushabian
1280:Khormusan
1268:(11–8 ka)
1266:Swiderian
1224:Solutrean
1218:Pavlovian
1200:Szeletian
1152:(16–8 ka)
1061:Micoquien
995:Madrasian
989:Acheulean
786:limestone
774:sandstone
766:quartzite
711:hand-axes
577:Old World
557:hand-axes
480:In 1872,
467:Abbeville
440:Darwinian
399:type site
336:hand axes
319:acheuléen
310:Acheulian
271:Acheulean
203:Micoquien
170:Type site
122:Acheulean
5820:Rock art
5783:painting
5756:Geoglyph
5581:timeline
5561:Beadwork
5301:Mehrgarh
5296:Mudbrick
5204:megalith
5079:Fire-saw
4901:debitage
4896:analysis
4864:Hand axe
4844:Cupstone
4422:Glossary
4383:Timeline
4293:Academia
4247:Religion
4116:Urartian
4111:Sumerian
4096:Parthian
4031:Akkadian
4004:Sasanian
3994:Parthian
3989:Seleucid
3939:Simurrum
3929:Akkadian
3862:Khiamian
3852:Natufian
3764:Simurrum
3749:Kassites
3744:Hittites
3699:Adiabene
3275:Archived
3250:Africa".
3201:11795975
3092:84642536
3041:12802333
2735:, 1993,
2469:18 April
2464:phys.org
2403:19727198
2355:10937996
2241:21886161
2142:21436450
1992:37824630
1866:Hand axe
1860:See also
1772:Boxgrove
1738:elephant
1734:artistic
1719:language
1641:Mongolia
1591:Anatolia
1555:and the
1321:Magosian
1309:Sebilian
1162:Khiamian
1156:Natufian
1120:Ahmarian
1013:Mugharan
997:(1.5 Ma)
979:(3.3 Ma)
934:Pliocene
887:Tanzania
875:Ethiopia
770:andesite
754:mudstone
752:such as
738:scrapers
715:cleavers
500:, often
442:view of
326:, is an
6177:Symbols
5788:pigment
5674:Weaving
5637:Cardium
5632:Pottery
5627:Mirrors
5615:Jewelry
5556:Baskets
5536:culture
5388:Cistern
5194:Pyramid
5136:Weapons
5114:Scraper
5104:Racloir
5064:Cleaver
5052:Chopper
4958:Uniface
4869:Grooves
4859:Hafting
4817:Oldowan
4776:Systems
4727:Cascade
4690:woomera
4680:harpoon
4653:history
4619:Hunting
4599:Pottery
4540:Cooking
4449:Farming
4415:history
4388:Outline
4279:Prayers
4264:Deities
4228:Looting
4071:Kassite
4066:Hurrian
4061:Hittite
4051:Elamite
4046:Eblaite
4041:Aramaic
4036:Amorite
3959:Kassite
3934:Gutians
3916:History
3881:Samarra
3877:Hassuna
3847:Zarzian
3769:Subartu
3759:Mitanni
3724:Chaldea
3714:Assyria
3687:Ancient
3399:Sources
3225:Bibcode
3181:Bibcode
3072:Bibcode
3049:4312418
3021:Bibcode
2843:: 77–88
2598:Bibcode
2383:Bibcode
2335:Bibcode
2326:Science
2310:8470752
2249:4419567
2221:Bibcode
2180:Bibcode
2122:Bibcode
2113:Science
2097:4341455
2089:1465142
2069:Bibcode
1972:Bibcode
1964:Science
1956:"Early
1936:10 June
1886:Oldowan
1854:Eurasia
1827:of the
1814:hominid
1689:species
1629:chopper
1614:Chennai
1559:of the
1533:Map of
1328:Siberia
1315:Eburran
1254:Azilian
1242:Hamburg
1144:Kebaran
1138:Zarzian
1067:Sangoan
1055:Aterian
1038:300–50
1001:Soanian
983:Oldowan
977:Lomekwi
938:before
883:Isimila
847:tools.
845:Oldowan
687:of the
639:Oldowan
600:Oldowan
590:-style
588:Oldowan
573:culture
461:of the
449:Later,
436:Suffolk
418:Picardy
379:Sangoan
365:Oldowan
314:Mode II
308:; also
215:Sangoan
211:Soanian
207:Aterian
185:Oldowan
135:cleaver
83:scholar
6155:flutes
5950:Dolmen
5874:Burial
5684:winery
5657:Linear
5487:Midden
5465:Cursus
5458:Goseck
5318:Pueblo
5269:Dugout
5254:Burdei
4933:Mining
4757:Lamoka
4752:Folsom
4732:Clovis
4589:Metate
4567:Hearth
4535:Basket
4509:Sickle
4106:Sutean
4081:Median
4076:Luwian
4056:Gutian
3944:Ur III
3857:Nemrik
3794:Cities
3789:Urartu
3739:Hamazi
3734:Gutium
3709:Armani
3661:Tigris
3614:Modern
3522:
3501:
3480:
3456:
3435:
3414:
3372:
3347:
3322:
3199:
3090:
3047:
3039:
3013:Nature
2950:
2915:
2847:20 May
2817:
2782:
2725:
2668:
2631:
2510:
2444:
2409:
2401:
2374:Nature
2353:
2308:
2300:
2247:
2239:
2212:Nature
2148:
2140:
2095:
2087:
2060:Nature
1998:
1990:
1572:Biface
1297:Halfan
1273:Africa
1169:Europe
1114:Emiran
1090:50–12
1084:
1032:
966:– 300
954:
895:Zambia
889:, and
859:discus
841:inches
828:London
780:, and
758:basalt
732:, and
730:ficron
685:blades
618:Stages
592:flakes
536:early
504:, and
407:Amiens
151:Period
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
6072:sites
6016:Mummy
5736:Cairn
5652:Jōmon
5603:shoes
5598:Hides
5470:Henge
5424:Broch
5286:Jacal
5141:Wheel
5089:Knife
5035:Canoe
5030:Burin
5008:Blade
4906:flake
4767:Plano
4675:baton
4665:Spear
4631:Arrow
4584:Manos
4437:Tools
4192:Music
4142:Akitu
3999:Roman
3891:Ubaid
3886:Halaf
3784:Tukri
3779:Sumer
3774:Suhum
3754:Media
3704:Akkad
3088:S2CID
3045:S2CID
2948:S2CID
2913:S2CID
2837:(PDF)
2815:S2CID
2780:S2CID
2723:S2CID
2666:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2407:S2CID
2245:S2CID
2168:(PDF)
2146:S2CID
2093:S2CID
1996:S2CID
1839:near
1749:ochre
1743:from
1741:tibia
1574:from
1303:Qadan
863:sites
782:shale
778:chert
742:flint
522:Kenya
465:near
463:Somme
432:Hoxne
411:Somme
161:Dates
137:finds
90:JSTOR
76:books
6165:gudi
5923:Cist
5852:list
5679:Wine
5608:Ötzi
5593:Glue
5566:Beds
5534:and
5532:Arts
5403:Well
5259:Cave
5189:Kiva
5119:side
5109:Rope
5057:tool
4991:bone
4981:Adze
4747:Eden
4660:Nets
4530:Fire
4494:Goad
4479:Celt
4238:Tell
3896:Uruk
3729:Elam
3520:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3197:PMID
3037:PMID
2849:2023
2629:ISBN
2508:ISSN
2471:2021
2399:PMID
2351:PMID
2306:PMID
2298:ISSN
2237:PMID
2138:PMID
2085:PMID
1988:PMID
1938:2022
1846:Fire
1841:Nice
1835:and
1664:and
1599:Iran
1547:and
940:Homo
924:The
756:and
748:and
662:core
628:MHNT
594:and
397:The
312:and
244:Kent
62:news
5274:Hut
5209:row
5040:Oar
4998:Axe
4986:Awl
4137:Art
3233:doi
3189:doi
3115:doi
3080:doi
3068:280
3029:doi
3017:423
2940:doi
2905:doi
2807:doi
2772:doi
2715:doi
2658:doi
2606:doi
2498:doi
2434:doi
2391:doi
2379:461
2343:doi
2331:289
2290:doi
2229:doi
2217:477
2188:doi
2130:doi
2118:331
2077:doi
2065:360
1980:doi
1968:382
1820:".
1759:in
1616:in
893:in
885:in
873:in
839:(8
819:Use
637:or
434:in
416:in
330:of
258:in
45:by
6209::
3299:.
3281:,
3231:.
3221:30
3219:.
3195:.
3187:.
3177:42
3175:.
3111:27
3109:.
3086:.
3078:.
3066:.
3043:.
3035:.
3027:.
3015:.
2969:.
2946:.
2936:69
2934:.
2911:.
2901:76
2899:.
2880:.
2839:.
2813:.
2803:73
2801:.
2778:.
2768:64
2766:.
2721:.
2711:22
2709:.
2664:.
2654:74
2652:.
2604:.
2594:41
2592:.
2535:,
2506:.
2492:.
2488:.
2462:.
2440:.
2430:68
2428:.
2405:.
2397:.
2389:.
2377:.
2363:^
2349:.
2341:.
2329:.
2304:.
2296:.
2286:90
2284:.
2278:.
2243:.
2235:.
2227:.
2215:.
2209:.
2186:.
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2170:.
2144:.
2136:.
2128:.
2116:.
2091:.
2083:.
2075:.
2063:.
1994:.
1986:.
1978:.
1966:.
1962:.
1946:^
1767:.
1714:.
1563:.
1352:↓
1330::
1275::
1171::
1109::
1092:ka
1088:c.
1040:ka
1036:c.
968:ka
964:Ma
958:c.
932:↑
877:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
717:,
579:.
446:.
350:.
289:uː
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
4359:e
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3507:.
3486:.
3462:.
3441:.
3420:.
3378:.
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3239:.
3235::
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3121:.
3117::
3094:.
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3051:.
3031::
3023::
2973:.
2954:.
2942::
2919:.
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2821:.
2809::
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2729:.
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2660::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.