742:
2306:
179:
732:
The
Achumawi language does not have gender but it has two forms of the copula ("to be") distinguishing animate and inanimate. The verb stem comprises one or more verb roots plus optional adverbial affixes. Inflectional affixes on verbs distinguish singular, dual, and plural number, and suffixes may
716:
before a laryngealized consonant. In upriver dialects vowels and plain stops are more fully voiced. In downriver dialects, utterance-final syllables may be devoiced or whispered, especially under interrogative intonation. A light syllable consists of a consonant and vowel (CV), and a heavy syllable
676:
The plain-aspirated distinction is neutralized and realized with voiceless release in syllable-final position and before another consonant; the aspirates are much more fortis than this voiceless release. Syllable-initial plain stops are voiceless (without voiceless release) after long vowel or when
1233:
Nevin, Bruce E. (1991). "Obsolescence in
Achumawi: Why Uldall Too?". Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences, held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. Occasional Papers on Linguistics 16:97–127. Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois University at
275:
there would have been almost as much justification for separating
Atsugewi from Achomawi and erecting it into a separate family as for keeping Achomawi and Shasta apart, as ethnologists did for half a century. What lay at the bottom of this inconsistence was that the Atsugewi live in a region
691:
The language has a 5-vowel system /i e a o u/. Two degrees of length are contrastive for both vowels and consonants. Long vowels are typically more peripheral and short vowels more centralized, phonetically . The mid vowels /e o/ are probably of secondary origin historically, as in
761:
Louise Davis, who lives in northern
California, is almost tearful when she describes hearing people using the language of her Pit River tribe in conversation for the first time. It happened years ago when an older man from another part of the state met up with her grandmother.
280:
The phenomenon of non-reciprocal intelligibility is a matter of bilingualism in the smaller and more dependent of two exogamous communities; Kroeber (1925:308) estimated that the
Achumawi were ten times more numerous than the Atsugewi.
733:
optionally express severality and plurality of nouns. Many nouns and adjectives are derived from verb stems or participles, and some verb stems are formed by noun incorporation. The language has independent adjectives and numerals.
749:
Today, the
Achumawi language is extinct. Out of an estimated 1500 Achumawi people remaining in northeastern California, perhaps ten spoke the language in 1991, with only eight in 2000. The last speaker died in 2013.
1133:
236:
differences primarily between upriver (Atwamwi, Astariwawi; Kosalektawi, Hammawi, Hewisedawi dialects) and downriver (Madesiwi, Itsatawi, Ilmawi, and
Achumawi (proper) dialects), demarcated by the
305:
series is contrastive only syllable-initially and probably derives historically from the voiceless-released first member of a consonant cluster, as in the neighboring and possibly related
263:
family. The basis of this grouping is weakened by poor quality of data. David
Olmsted's data dictionary depends almost entirely upon de Angulo, and carelessly includes
2802:
276:
topographically tributary to the larger
Achomawi habitat; that the two tribes were in close association and friendly; and that they followed very similar customs.
1175:
Bauman, James. 1980. Introduction to the Pit River language and culture. Anchorage, AK: National
Bilingual Materials Development Center, University of Alaska.
1315:
Bauman, James. Ruby Miles, and Ike Leaf. Pit River Teaching Dictionary. Anchorage, AK: National Bilingual Materials Development Center, University of Alaska.
1433:
1343:
1352:
1182:. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 8 – January 11).
1189:. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 2 – January 5).
2797:
794:
189:
2344:
2782:
1101:
1426:
1111:
1041:
1185:
Good, Jeff, Teresa McFarland, and Mary Paster. (2003). "Reconstructing Achumawi and Atsugewi: Proto-Palaihnihan revisited."
775:
Testing out a language app in February , she said she couldn’t wait to see it being used among young people in the tribe.
611:
597:
1460:
1402:
508:
1227:
1219:
271:
and Shirley Silver questioned Olmsted's results and methods of reconstruction. Kroeber (1925:279) acknowledged that
267:
vocabulary from a manuscript in which he (de Angulo) set out to demonstrate that Achumawi and Pomo are not related.
2310:
1419:
403:
256:
2792:
2218:
1302:
2337:
542:
165:
2279:
2174:
564:
2469:
2453:
2018:
1714:
1701:
1211:
604:
557:
394:
387:
700:. A short centralized vowel appears epenthetically between the consonants of certain prefixes, as in
2787:
2377:
1954:
335:
2716:
2655:
2330:
2092:
2023:
1358:
417:
677:
geminate (long), and voiced elsewhere. The laryngealized stops are similar in articulation to the
2675:
1442:
1348:
822:. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
410:
78:
2054:
2464:
2459:
2287:
1830:
1790:
1734:
1720:
704:"let's go!". Vowel length assimilates the next successive laryngeal state, that is, the second
499:
492:
435:
302:
1565:
2669:
2572:
2442:
2437:
2402:
1979:
1893:
1887:
1875:
1727:
1708:
1335:
1246:
Nevin, Bruce E. (In review). "Why Proto-Palaihnihan is neither". 10.13140/RG.2.2.33917.20966.
1179:
590:
583:
253:
109:
1586:
1579:
1239:
1013:
2663:
2616:
1881:
1861:
1496:
1298:
522:
352:
289:
Achumawi has 29 consonants. The stops and affricate (aside from the marginally contrastive
237:
1551:
688:, that is, not "popped" unless an unusual effort is made at articulating the distinction.
8:
2705:
2269:
1868:
1541:
1378:
515:
472:
465:
458:
449:
442:
213:
2488:
2012:
1572:
1558:
2692:
2644:
2630:
2585:
2384:
2206:
2153:
2005:
1961:
1854:
1816:
1802:
1781:
1677:
1615:
1082:
1074:
970:
935:
873:
705:
678:
330:
325:
1993:
157:
2623:
2607:
2578:
2541:
2520:
2418:
2370:
2361:
2223:
2070:
2041:
2028:
1999:
1987:
1947:
1937:
1900:
1755:
1694:
1622:
1393:
1223:
1215:
1107:
1086:
1037:
974:
939:
721:
697:
357:
260:
249:
103:
2730:
2699:
2593:
2551:
2510:
2447:
2429:
2264:
2254:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2201:
2169:
2163:
2147:
2111:
2080:
2034:
1923:
1823:
1740:
1636:
1598:
1529:
1515:
1318:
Olmsted, D. L. 1966. Achumawi dictionary. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1186:
1066:
962:
927:
900:
865:
347:
264:
68:
2567:
2546:
2494:
2479:
2391:
2353:
2259:
2211:
2086:
2048:
1968:
1917:
1848:
1796:
1750:
1668:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1629:
1608:
1504:
1469:
1199:
342:
217:
97:
89:
1373:
1134:"American Indian tribes turn to technology in race to save endangered languages"
170:
2763:
2741:
2724:
2637:
2525:
2158:
2127:
2099:
1912:
1906:
1843:
1809:
1745:
1683:
1522:
1485:
1478:
1397:
1161:
717:
either contains a long vowel (CVˑ) or is closed with a second consonant (CVC).
681:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
376:
268:
1249:
Olmsted, David L. (1954). "Achumawi-Atsugewi non-reciprocal intelligibility."
918:
Olmsted, David L. (1954). "Achumawi-Atsugewi non-reciprocal intelligibility".
772:“You can say things in our language that you can’t say in English,” she said.
2776:
2747:
2736:
2515:
2121:
1836:
1768:
1761:
1509:
1389:
992:. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 78. The Smithsonian Institution.
891:
Silver, Shirley (1966). "A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. D. L. Olmsted".
769:
at home with her children and do whatever it takes to preserve the language.
709:
693:
485:
306:
294:
39:
1243:. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics.
224:. The term Achumawi is an anglicization of the name of the Fall River band,
2710:
2059:
1329:
833:
Gursky, Karl-Heinz (1987). "Achumawi und Pomo, eine besondere Beziehung?".
713:
426:
290:
1411:
141:
1381:(2022) ('A Treasury of Rare and Unusual Languages' podcast, episode 1).
1196:. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 78.
765:
It was such a powerful, emotional experience that Davis is driven to use
298:
741:
1078:
953:
Voegelin, Carl (1946). "Notes on Klamath-Modoc and Achumawi dialects".
795:"Edgartown linguist helping to restore indigenous Californian language"
766:
754:
221:
50:
1282:
Olmsted, David L. (1959). "Palaihnihan and Shasta III: Dorsal stops."
877:
1271:
Olmsted, David L. (1957). "Palaihnihan and Shasta II: Apical stops."
1207:
534:
150:
134:
1260:
Olmsted, David L. (1956). "Palaihnihan and Shasta I: Labial stops."
178:
1388:
1070:
1057:
de Angulo, Jaime; Freeland, L. S. (1930). "The Achumawi Language".
966:
931:
904:
869:
708:
of a long vowel is devoiced before a plain or aspirated consonant (
572:
61:
2322:
233:
1293:
Olmsted, David L. (1964). "A history of Palaihnihan phonology."
186:
1106:. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
685:
1178:
Good, Jeff. (2004). "A sketch of Atsugewi phonology."
1407:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
1342:
Jeff Good, Teresa McFarland & Mary Paster (2003)
1036:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
1295:
University of California Publications in Linguistics
1382:
835:Abhandlungen der Völkerkundlichen Arbsgemeinschaft
1374:OLAC Resources in and about the Achumawi language
1056:
2774:
232:"river". Originally there were nine bands, with
2803:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1353:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
724:, Achumawi has contrastive high and low tones.
27:
2338:
1427:
1251:International Journal of American Linguistics
1059:International Journal of American Linguistics
955:International Journal of American Linguistics
920:International Journal of American Linguistics
893:International Journal of American Linguistics
293:) are in three series, plain, aspirated, and
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
720:Unlike the neighboring and related language
1441:
1330:(Achumawi database, texts, and Android app)
1050:
793:Times, The Martha's Vineyard (2023-05-31).
2345:
2331:
1434:
1420:
1025:
745:An elderly Ahjumawi Indian woman, ca. 1920
712:) and word finally before silence, and is
309:. This is seen morphophonemically in e.g.
177:
996:
684:stops of neighboring languages, but more
185:Achumawi is classified as Extinct by the
1103:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1021:(Ph.D.). The University of Pennsylvania.
952:
740:
243:
190:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1099:
987:
917:
817:
259:separate from the adjacent and related
220:in the northeast corner of present-day
2775:
1360:Lomax Collection Recording of Achumawi
1344:"Reconstructing Achumawi and Atsugewi"
1093:
1031:
890:
851:
832:
2326:
1415:
1204:The Languages of Native North America
1194:Handbook of the Indians of California
1034:The Languages of Native North America
1011:
990:Handbook of the Indians of California
792:
322:
2352:
852:Bright, William (1965). "Review of
13:
2798:Indigenous languages of California
1403:World Atlas of Language Structures
1100:Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010).
854:A history of Palaihnihan phonology
14:
2814:
1322:
736:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
563:
556:
541:
521:
514:
507:
498:
491:
471:
464:
457:
448:
441:
425:
416:
409:
402:
393:
386:
16:Endangered language of California
2305:
2304:
2783:Critically endangered languages
1385:(Minority Language eXperience).
1309:
1155:
1126:
240:east of the Fall River valley.
1337:Aspects of Pit River Phonology
1303:University of California Press
1240:Aspects of Pit River phonology
1015:Aspects of Pit River Phonology
981:
946:
911:
884:
845:
826:
811:
786:
757:was planned for the language.
1:
779:
727:
284:
7:
988:Kroeber, Alfred L. (1925).
799:The Martha's Vineyard Times
10:
2819:
1454:indicate extinct languages
1212:Cambridge University Press
818:Olmsted, David L. (1966).
2757:
2684:
2654:
2606:
2560:
2534:
2503:
2478:
2428:
2401:
2360:
2300:
2278:
2247:
2194:
2187:
2137:
2109:
2068:
1978:
1935:
1780:
1667:
1596:
1539:
1495:
1468:
1459:
1449:
1192:Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925.
1032:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
571:
533:
375:
356:
351:
346:
341:
334:
329:
324:
252:are said to comprise the
176:
164:
148:
132:
127:
86:
77:
67:
56:
45:
35:
26:
21:
1237:Nevin, Bruce E. (1998).
2676:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
1443:Languages of California
248:Together, Achumawi and
28:
2288:American Sign Language
777:
746:
278:
2793:Palaihnihan languages
1894:Southern Sierra Miwok
1888:Northern Sierra Miwok
1180:Boston, Massachusetts
1012:Nevin, Bruce (1998).
759:
744:
273:
244:Genetic relationships
1882:Central Sierra Miwok
238:Big Valley mountains
2219:Californian Spanish
1398:"Achumawi language"
1334:Bruce Nevin (1998)
856:by D. L. Olmsted".
820:Achumawi dictionary
214:indigenous language
106:–Palaihnihan ?
2207:California English
2138:Language isolates
1831:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
1817:Kings River Yokuts
1803:Buena Vista Yokuts
1394:Haspelmath, Martin
1363:, Internet Archive
747:
210:Pit River language
2770:
2769:
2764:extinct languages
2602:
2601:
2588:
2586:Havasupai dialect
2581:
2470:Southeastern Pomo
2454:Northeastern Pomo
2320:
2319:
2296:
2295:
2183:
2182:
1715:Southeastern Pomo
1702:Northeastern Pomo
1390:Dryer, Matthew S.
1349:Achumawi language
1113:978-92-3-104096-2
1043:978-0-521-29875-9
674:
673:
629:
579:
488:
438:
383:
371:
366:
202:Achumawi language
198:
197:
2810:
2788:Pit River tribes
2584:
2579:Hualapai dialect
2577:
2504:Delta–California
2501:
2500:
2378:New River Shasta
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2202:American English
2192:
2191:
2175:Plains Sign Talk
2140:and unclassified
1955:New River Shasta
1466:
1465:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1351:overview at the
1200:Mithun, Marianne
1187:Atlanta, Georgia
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1097:
1091:
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1047:
1029:
1023:
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1020:
1009:
994:
993:
985:
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943:
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908:
888:
882:
881:
849:
843:
842:
830:
824:
823:
815:
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806:
805:
790:
664:
657:
650:
643:
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593:
586:
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567:
560:
545:
525:
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511:
502:
495:
484:
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468:
461:
452:
445:
434:
429:
420:
413:
406:
397:
390:
381:
369:
364:
320:
319:
218:Pit River people
192:
181:
160:
144:
137:
92:
31:
19:
18:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2753:
2717:Western Jicaque
2680:
2650:
2598:
2556:
2530:
2499:
2474:
2424:
2397:
2356:
2354:Hokan languages
2351:
2321:
2316:
2292:
2274:
2243:
2212:Chicano English
2179:
2173:
2139:
2133:
2105:
2093:Southern Patwin
2064:
2024:Northern Paiute
2013:Luiseño-Juaneño
1974:
1931:
1776:
1663:
1592:
1535:
1491:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1396:, eds. (2013).
1366:
1364:
1357:
1325:
1312:
1162:Bright, William
1158:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1138:Washington Post
1132:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1098:
1094:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1010:
997:
986:
982:
951:
947:
916:
912:
889:
885:
850:
846:
831:
827:
816:
812:
803:
801:
791:
787:
782:
739:
730:
337:
287:
257:language family
246:
194:
193:
184:
156:
140:
133:
123:
93:
90:Language family
88:
62:Achumawi people
29:ís siwa wó disi
17:
12:
11:
5:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2768:
2767:
2758:
2755:
2754:
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2744:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
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2713:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
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2660:
2658:
2656:Tequistlatecan
2652:
2651:
2649:
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2641:
2634:
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2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2188:Non-Indigenous
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
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1965:
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1872:
1865:
1858:
1846:
1841:
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1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1810:Gashowu Yokuts
1806:
1794:
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1758:
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1791:Klamath-Modoc
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1735:Southern Pomo
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1314:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:(4), 637–644.
1289:
1285:
1281:
1279:(2), 136–138.
1278:
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1263:
1259:
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1242:
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1228:0-521-29875-X
1225:
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1220:0-521-23228-7
1217:
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1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
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1191:
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1177:
1174:
1172:(1), 175–178.
1171:
1167:
1163:
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1139:
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1129:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1096:
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1076:
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1068:
1065:(2): 77–120.
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:
984:
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961:(2): 96–101.
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723:
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714:laryngealized
711:
710:preaspiration
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529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
506:
504:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:laryngealized
483:
482:
479:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
460:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
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368:
363:
362:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
332:
327:
321:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:Yana language
304:
300:
296:
295:laryngealized
292:
282:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
241:
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227:
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191:
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175:
172:
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167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
131:
126:
116:
113:
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111:
108:
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102:
101:
99:
95:
91:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
41:
40:United States
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2759:
2746:
2729:
2715:
2698:
2691:
2670:Tequistlatec
2668:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2573:Upland Yuman
2487:
2452:
2443:Eastern Pomo
2438:Central Pomo
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2309:
2168:
2162:
2152:
2146:
2126:
2120:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2079:
2069:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2011:
2004:
1992:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1936:
1922:
1905:
1886:
1876:Plains Miwok
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1767:
1760:
1733:
1728:Central Pomo
1726:
1719:
1709:Eastern Pomo
1707:
1700:
1693:
1688:
1676:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1540:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1484:
1477:
1451:
1401:
1365:, retrieved
1359:
1336:
1328:Bruce Nevin
1310:Dictionaries
1294:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1203:
1193:
1169:
1165:
1156:Bibliography
1142:. Retrieved
1140:. 2013-04-17
1137:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1102:
1095:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1014:
989:
983:
958:
954:
948:
923:
919:
913:
896:
892:
886:
861:
857:
853:
847:
838:
834:
828:
819:
813:
802:. Retrieved
798:
788:
774:
771:
764:
760:
752:
748:
731:
719:
701:
690:
675:
317:"my, mine".
314:
310:
291:glottal stop
288:
279:
274:
247:
229:
225:
209:
205:
201:
199:
149:
114:
2664:Huamelultec
2617:Coahuilteco
2403:Palaihnihan
2055:Tübatulabal
1980:Uto Aztecan
1862:Coast Miwok
1297:(Vol. 35).
1268:(1), 73–77.
1234:Carbondale.
682:glottalized
627:glottalized
299:glottalized
254:Palaihnihan
110:Palaihnihan
2777:Categories
2270:Vietnamese
1869:Lake Miwok
1566:Purisimeño
1497:Athabaskan
1461:Indigenous
1367:2012-08-26
1257:, 181–184.
1202:. (1999).
1144:2013-04-19
1119:2015-04-11
804:2024-08-31
780:References
767:flashcards
755:mobile app
728:Morphology
353:Epiglottal
222:California
51:California
49:northeast
2762:indicate
2748:Yana/Yahi
2706:Jicaquean
2693:Chimariko
2645:Mamulique
2631:Comecrudo
2385:Okwanuchu
2154:Chimariko
2006:Kitanemuk
1962:Okwanuchu
1855:Bay Miwok
1824:Palewyami
1678:Chimariko
1623:Ramaytush
1616:Chochenyo
1587:Ventureño
1580:Barbareño
1542:Chumashan
1379:Pit River
1208:Cambridge
1087:143822451
975:145332398
940:144619581
535:Fricative
436:aspirated
313:"I, me",
303:aspirated
285:Phonology
226:ajúmmááwí
212:) is the
151:Glottolog
135:ISO 639-3
57:Ethnicity
2624:Cotoname
2542:Maricopa
2521:Kumeyaay
2419:Atsugewi
2412:Achumawi
2371:Konomihu
2311:Category
2224:Armenian
2042:Tataviam
2029:Panamint
2000:Kawaiisu
1988:Cahuilla
1948:Konomihu
1782:Penutian
1756:Kumeyaay
1695:Atsugewi
1689:Achomawi
1552:Obispeño
1299:Berkeley
1284:Language
1273:Language
1262:Language
1166:Language
858:Language
722:Atsugewi
698:Atsugewi
679:ejective
573:Sonorant
338:Alveolar
331:Alveolar
326:Bilabial
250:Atsugewi
206:Achomawi
171:Achumawi
158:achu1247
115:Achumawi
100: ?
22:Achumawi
2760:Italics
2731:Salinan
2700:Esselen
2608:Pakawan
2594:Yavapai
2552:Quechan
2511:Cocopah
2489:Cochimí
2448:Kashaya
2362:Shastan
2265:Tagalog
2255:Chinese
2239:Russian
2234:Punjabi
2229:Persian
2170:Takelma
2164:Salinan
2148:Esselen
2081:Nomlaki
2071:Wintuan
2035:Serrano
1938:Shastan
1924:Nisenan
1901:Maiduan
1741:Kashaya
1637:Awaswas
1573:Ineseño
1559:Cruzeño
1530:Wailaki
1516:Mattole
1452:Italics
1222:(hbk);
1079:1263305
370:lateral
365:central
358:Glottal
336:Palato-
261:Shastan
234:dialect
228:, from
79:Revival
69:Extinct
2568:Paipai
2547:Mojave
2495:Kiliwa
2430:Pomoan
2392:Shasta
2260:Korean
2112:Yukian
2087:Patwin
2049:Tongva
1994:Cupeño
1969:Shasta
1918:Konkow
1797:Yokuts
1751:Mojave
1658:Chalon
1651:Rumsen
1644:Mutsun
1630:Tamyen
1609:Karkin
1599:Ohlone
1505:Tolowa
1405:Online
1226:
1218:
1110:
1085:
1077:
1040:
973:
938:
878:411871
876:
702:lhúpta
348:Uvular
301:. The
230:ajúmmá
204:(also
187:UNESCO
104:Shasta
60:1,000
46:Region
2742:Washo
2725:Karuk
2685:Other
2638:Garza
2535:River
2526:Tipai
2480:Yuman
2248:Asian
2159:Karuk
2128:Wappo
2100:Wintu
1913:Maidu
1907:Chico
1849:Miwok
1844:Wintu
1746:Washo
1684:Karuk
1669:Hokan
1523:Cahto
1486:Yurok
1479:Wiyot
1470:Algic
1083:S2CID
1075:JSTOR
1019:(PDF)
971:S2CID
936:S2CID
874:JSTOR
686:lenis
578:plain
382:plain
343:Velar
315:itʰˑú
98:Hokan
2737:Seri
2516:Ipai
2122:Yuki
2019:Mono
1769:Yahi
1762:Yana
1510:Hupa
1224:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1038:ISBN
706:mora
696:and
694:Yana
377:Stop
265:Pomo
200:The
73:2013
2711:Tol
2561:Pai
2060:Ute
1383:MLX
1067:doi
963:doi
928:doi
901:doi
866:doi
509:tʃʼ
459:tʃʰ
297:or
208:or
166:ELP
142:acv
2779::
2167:,
2161:,
2157:,
2151:,
2125:,
1400:.
1392:;
1301::
1288:35
1286:,
1277:33
1275:,
1266:32
1264:,
1255:20
1253:,
1214:.
1210::
1206:.
1170:41
1168:,
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