1200:. Aluminium can exist in many different forms and is a responsible agent for limiting growth in various parts of the world. Aluminium tolerance studies have been conducted in different plant species to see viable thresholds and concentrations exposed along with function upon exposure. Aluminium inhibits root growth; lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching; root tips may turn brown. In the root, the initial effect of Al is the inhibition of the expansion of the cells of the
6761:
6396:
2205:. Soils with high clay content will have a higher buffering capacity than soils with little clay, and soils with high organic matter will have a higher buffering capacity than those with low organic matter. Soils with higher buffering capacity require a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH. The buffering of soil pH is often directly related to the quantity of aluminium in soil solution and taking up exchange sites as part of the
6750:
6777:
40:
5572:
1254:(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) are frequently encountered in very strongly acidic to ultra-acidic soils (pH<5.0). When aluminum levels increase in the soil, it decreases the pH levels. This does not allow for trees to take up water, meaning they cannot photosynthesize, leading them to die. The trees can also develop yellowish colour on their leaves and veins.
1235:
1226:-containing minerals, Mn toxicity can become a problem at pH 5.6 and lower. Manganese, like aluminium, becomes increasingly soluble as pH drops, and Mn toxicity symptoms can be seen at pH levels below 5.6. Manganese is an essential plant nutrient, so plants transport Mn into leaves. Classic symptoms of Mn toxicity are crinkling or cupping of leaves.
1385:
have different suitable soil pH ranges. Plant breeders can use this to breed varieties that can tolerate conditions that are otherwise considered unsuitable for that species – examples are projects to breed aluminium-tolerant and manganese-tolerant varieties of cereal crops for food production in strongly acidic soils.
2209:. This aluminium can be measured in a soil test in which it is extracted from the soil with a salt solution, and then is quantified with a laboratory analysis. Then, using the initial soil pH and the aluminium content, the amount of lime needed to raise the pH to a desired level can be calculated.
1384:
plants at pH 5.5, but soils with sufficient molybdenum allow optimal growth at that pH. Similarly, some calcifuges (plants intolerant of high-pH soils) can tolerate calcareous soils if sufficient phosphorus is supplied. Another confounding factor is that different varieties of the same species often
1195:
is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminium is present in all soils to varying degrees, but dissolved Al is toxic to plants; Al is most soluble at low pH; above pH 5.0, there is little Al in soluble form in most soils. Aluminium is not a plant nutrient, and as such, is not actively
1168:
is the main natural factor to mobilize aluminium from natural sources and the main reason for the environmental effects of aluminium; however, the main factor of presence of aluminium in salt and freshwater are the industrial processes that also release aluminium into air. Plants grown in acid soils
2200:
of the soil. A high mesh size (60 mesh = 0.25 mm; 100 mesh = 0.149 mm) indicates a finely ground lime that will react quickly with soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on the clay content of the soil, the type of clay, and the amount of organic matter present, and may be
1289:
availability varies considerably, depending on soil conditions and the crop in question. The prevailing view in the 1940s and 1950s was that P availability was maximized near neutrality (soil pH 6.5–7.5), and decreased at higher and lower pH. Interactions of phosphorus with pH in the moderately to
1938:
of soil biota, the species composition of soil microbial and animal communities varies with soil pH. Along altitudinal gradients, changes in the species distribution of soil animal and microbial communities can be at least partly ascribed to variation in soil pH. The shift from toxic to non-toxic
1336:
is poor when the soil is wet; while in dry conditions, plant-available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and cloddy (high soil strength). The higher the pH in the soil, the less water available to be distributed to the plants and organisms that depend on it. With a decreased pH,
2299:
However, in high-pH soils with a high calcium carbonate content (more than 2%), it can be very costly and/or ineffective to attempt to reduce the pH with acids. In such cases, it is often more efficient to add phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and/or zinc instead, because deficiencies of these
3531:
Bolan, Nanthi; Brennan, Ross; Budianta, Dedik; Camberato, James J.; Naidu, Ravi; Pan, William L.; Sharpley, Andrew; Sparks, Donald L.; Sumner, Malcolm E. (2012). "Bioavailability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si, and micronutrients". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).
1947:. Soil animals exhibit distinct pH preferences when allowed to exert a choice along a range of pH values, explaining that various field distributions of soil organisms, motile microbes included, could at least partly result from active movement along pH gradients. Like for plants,
1290:
slightly acidic range (pH 5.5–6.5) are, however, far more complex than is suggested by this view. Laboratory tests, glasshouse trials and field trials have indicated that increases in pH within this range may increase, decrease, or have no effect on P availability to plants.
166:
availability by controlling the chemical forms of the different nutrients and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The optimum pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5; however, many plants have adapted to thrive at pH values outside this range.
1893:
of vegetation. While both very low and very high pH values are detrimental to plant growth, there is an increasing trend of plant biodiversity along the range from extremely acidic (pH 3.5) to strongly alkaline (pH 9) soils, i.e. there are more
619:
A 20-g soil sample is mixed with 20 mL of reverse osmosis (RO) water (1:1 w:v) with occasional stirring. The sample is allowed to stand 1 h with occasional stirring. The sample is stirred for 30 s, and the 1:1 water pH is measured. The 0.02 M
1102:
The accumulation of alkalinity in a soil (as carbonates and bicarbonates of Na, K, Ca and Mg) occurs when there is insufficient water flowing through the soils to leach soluble salts. This may be due to arid conditions, or poor internal soil
1249:
As discussed above, aluminium toxicity has direct effects on plant growth; however, by limiting root growth, it also reduces the availability of plant nutrients. Because roots are damaged, nutrient uptake is reduced, and deficiencies of the
1204:, leading to their rupture; thereafter it is known to interfere with many physiological processes including the uptake and transport of calcium and other essential nutrients, cell division, cell wall formation, and enzyme activity.
711:
occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by water moving laterally or downwards through the soil. In dry climates, however, soil weathering and leaching are less intense and soil pH is often neutral or alkaline.
481:
Soil Survey Field and
Laboratory Methods Manual. In this document the three-page protocol for soil pH measurement includes the following sections: Application; Summary of Method; Interferences; Safety; Equipment; Reagents; and
1970:, like between soil fungi and bacteria, here too with a strong involvement of competition. It has been suggested that soil organisms more tolerant of soil acidity, and thus living mainly in soils at pH less than 5, were more
1082:
Addition of silicate, aluminosilicate and carbonate minerals to soils; this may happen by deposition of material eroded elsewhere by wind or water, or by mixing of the soil with less weathered material (such as the
1902:
species, at least in terrestrial environments. Although widely reported and supported by experimental results, the observed increase of plant species richness with pH is still in need of a clearcut explanation.
476:
Precise, repeatable measures of soil pH are required for scientific research and monitoring. This generally entails laboratory analysis using a standard protocol; an example of such a protocol is that in the
1360:
In general terms, different plant species are adapted to soils of different pH ranges. For many species, the suitable soil pH range is fairly well known. Online databases of plant characteristics, such as
4415:
Desie, Ellen; Van
Meerbeek, Koenraad; De Wandeler, Hans; Bruelheide, Helge; Domisch, Timo; Jaroszewicz, Bogdan; Joly, François-Xavier; Vancampenhout, Karen; Vesterdal, Lars; Muys, Bart (August 2020).
4174:
1219:. A high proton activity (pH within the range 3.0–4.0 for most plant species) in the external growth medium overcomes the capacity of the cell to maintain the cytoplasmic pH and growth shuts down.
907:
ions from the root. Some plants also exude organic acids into the soil to acidify the zone around their roots to help solubilize metal nutrients that are insoluble at neutral pH, such as iron (Fe).
4713:
1114:
increases, but the balance of the added cations also has a marked effect on the soil pH. For example, increasing the amount of sodium in an alkaline soil tends to induce dissolution of
1376:
However, a plant may be intolerant of a particular pH in some soils as a result of a particular mechanism, and that mechanism may not apply in other soils. For example, a soil low in
1922:, soil animals) are sensitive to soil pH, either directly upon contact or after soil ingestion or indirectly through the various soil properties to which pH contributes (e.g.
682:
650:
615:
583:
551:
519:
2655:
4079:
Crawley, Michael J.; Johnston, A. Edward; Silvertown, Jonathan; Dodd, Mike; de
Mazancourt, Claire; Heard, Matthew S.; Henman, D. F.; Edwards, Grant R. (February 2005).
2972:"Occurrence, exposure, effects, recommended intake and possible dietary use of selected trace compounds (aluminium, bismuth, cobalt, gold, lithium, nickel, silver)"
1943:
around pH5 marks the passage from acid-tolerance to acid-intolerance, with few changes in the species composition of soil communities above this threshold, even in
439:. A small sample of soil is mixed with distilled water, into which a strip of litmus paper is inserted. If the soil is acidic the paper turns red, if basic, blue.
1951:
between acido-tolerant and acido-intolerant soil-dwelling organisms was suspected to play a role in the shifts in species composition observed along pH ranges.
2976:
310:
sequence, since podzols are strongly acidic: in these soils, a pale eluvial (E) horizon lies under the organic surface layer and overlies a dark B horizon;
2057:, commonly living in soils at pH higher than 5, could be cultured in more acid soils provided that predators were absent. Its attraction to earthworm
1107:; in these situations most of the water that enters the soil is transpired (taken up by plants) or evaporates, rather than flowing through the soil.
84:. Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics.
4788:"Species living in harsh environments have low clade rank and are localized on former Laurasian continents: a case study of Willemia (Collembola)"
6558:
2415:
Slessarev, Eric W.; Lin, Yuan; Bingham, Nina L.; Johnson, Jennifer E.; Dai, Yongjiu; Schimel, Joshua P.; Chadwick, Oliver A. (21 November 2016).
1907:
between plant species with overlapping pH ranges most probably contributes to the observed shifts of vegetation composition along pH gradients.
5443:
6594:
1157:
High levels of aluminium occur near mining sites; small amounts of aluminium are released to the environment at the coal-fired power plants or
1161:. Aluminium in the air is washed out by the rain or normally settles down but small particles of aluminium remain in the air for a long time.
5470:
2829:
2363:. In Sparks, D. L.; Page, A. L.; Helmke, P. A.; Loeppert, R. H.; Soltanpour, P. N.; Tabatabai, M. A.; Johnston, C. T.; Sumner, M. E. (eds.).
5227:"Improvement of the chemical properties and buffering capacity of coastal sandy soil as affected by clay and organic by-product application"
959:: The burning of fossil fuels releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere. These react with water in the atmosphere to form
297:
Observation of soil profile: certain profile characteristics can be indicators of either acid, saline, or sodic conditions. Examples are:
3798:
896:. However, plants must maintain a neutral charge in their roots. In order to compensate for the extra positive charge, they will release
2945:
6813:
6568:
6674:
5830:
5413:
4326:"Soil pH and organic carbon properties drive soil bacterial communities in surface and deep layers along an elevational gradient"
2609:
2605:"Development of a spectrophotometric method for determining pH of soil extracts and comparison with glass electrode measurements"
2093:, and indirectly by acting on the physical environment. Many soil fungi, although not all of them, acidify the soil by excreting
1260:
availability is increased at higher pH; this is because the molybdate ion is more strongly sorbed by clay particles at lower pH.
478:
176:
3931:
Scott, Brendan J.; Fisher, J.A. (1989). "Selection of genotypes tolerant of aluminium and manganese". In Robson, Alan D. (ed.).
2268:(90–99% S) has been used at application rates of 300–500 kg/ha (270–450 lb/acre) – it slowly oxidizes in soil to form
461:
is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture (suspension) of soil and water; the pH is usually read on a digital display screen.
6867:
6646:
6107:
5417:
5380:
4220:
3806:
3765:
2856:
Bloom, Paul R.; Skyllberg, Ulf (2012). "Soil pH and pH buffering". In Huang, Pan Ming; Li, Yuncong; Sumner, Malcolm E. (eds.).
2519:
179:
3625:
3547:
3418:
2384:
1337:
this does not allow for plants to uptake water like they normally would. This causes them to not be able to photosynthesize.
468:
methods were developed to measure soil pH involving addition of an indicator dye to the soil extract. These compare well to
300:
Poor incorporation of the organic surface layer with the underlying mineral layer – this can indicate strongly acidic soils;
6584:
5106:
Schrader, Stefan (1994). "Influence of earthworms on the pH conditions of their environment by cutaneous mucus secretion".
3860:
5181:"Humusica 1, article 8: Terrestrial humus systems and forms – Biologicalactivity and soil aggregates, space-time dynamics"
4216:"Pyrosequencing-based assessment of soil pH as a predictor of soil bacterial community structure at the continental scale"
6847:
6611:
5813:
5272:
6091:
5623:
3954:
3868:
3734:
2556:
446:
juice turns more reddish if acid is added, and becomes indigo if titrated with sufficient base to yield a high pH. Red
4417:"Positive feedback loop between earthworms, humus form and soil pH reinforces earthworm abundance in European forests"
6842:
6096:
5463:
5353:
5345:
4037:
3908:
3711:
3486:
3119:
2879:
4416:
3979:"Local and regional patterns of species richness in Central European vegetation types along the pH/calcium gradient"
3482:"Direct damage to vegetation caused by acid rain and polluted cloud: definition of critical levels for forest trees"
6887:
6852:
6639:
6579:
6563:
724:
Rainfall: Average rainfall has a pH of 5.6 and is moderately acidic due to dissolved atmospheric carbon dioxide (
6923:
6617:
2368:
1904:
6101:
162:
Soil pH is considered a master variable in soils as it affects many chemical processes. It specifically affects
6622:
6606:
6112:
5495:
3333:
3153:
5268:"Lime requirement of acidic Queensland soils. I. Relationships between soil properties and pH buffer capacity"
3197:"Differences in soil properties in adjacent stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch in SW Sweden"
6882:
6806:
5633:
5133:
4910:
4721:
4282:
3201:
2264:
The pH of an alkaline soil can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental
472:
measurements but offer substantial advantages such as lack of drift, liquid junction and suspension effects.
6862:
6834:
5456:
4421:
2113:
and thus depriving the soil solution from this necessary element. On the opposite side, earthworms exert a
159:
have a pH above 7. Ultra-acidic soils (pH < 3.5) and very strongly alkaline soils (pH > 9) are rare.
2486:
6574:
6132:
4587:
3481:
3236:
3148:
4173:
Prince, Candice M.; MacDonald, Gregory E.; Ferrell, Jason A.; Sellers, Brent A.; Wang, Jingjing (2018).
3649:
7077:
6753:
6589:
6117:
5556:
5000:"The impact of earthworms on the abundance of Collembola: improvement of food resources or of habitat?"
4714:"Investigating the mechanisms for the opposing pH relationships of fungal and bacterial growth in soil"
4487:
1005:
585:
to the soil suspension that was prepared for the water pH, the final soil-solution ratio is 1:2 0.01 M
4579:
2680:
5561:
5405:
4906:(Hexapoda, Collembola) according to soil acidity: interactions with earthworms and predator pressure"
4330:
4175:"Impact of soil pH on cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) competition"
2102:
1971:
17:
2971:
2657:
Kellogg Soil Survey
Laboratory Methods Manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, Version 5.0
2512:
7082:
7046:
6892:
6799:
6711:
6505:
6127:
5444:"A Study of Lime Potential, R.C. Turner, Research Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture, 1965"
3932:
3697:
3533:
3195:
Hansson, Karna; Olsson, Bengt A.; Olsson, Mats; Johansson, Ulf; Kleja, Dan
Berggren (August 2011).
3105:
2857:
2660:. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. pp. 276–279
2319:
2206:
2202:
1991:
1845:
1521:
1329:
1321:
793:
6857:
5054:"Quantification of oxalate ions and protons released by ectomycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil"
655:
623:
588:
556:
524:
492:
7087:
6780:
6122:
6085:
5806:
5490:
5300:
4792:
4786:
Prinzing, Andreas; D'Haese, Cyrille A.; Pavoine, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (February 2014).
4085:
1431:
1388:
The table below gives suitable soil pH ranges for some widely cultivated plants as found in the
6399:
5773:
4656:
2237:
1325:
155:), and normally falls between 3 and 10, with 7 being neutral. Acid soils have a pH below 7 and
2159:
larvae, contribute to decrease the natural acidity of raw organic matter, as observed in mull
7072:
6918:
6877:
6770:
6454:
5384:
5108:
4483:"The development of a bioindicator system for soil acidity based on arthropod pH preferences"
4031:
Pärtel, Meelis; Helm, Aveliina; Ingerpuu, Nele; Reier, Ülle; Tuvi, Eva-Liis (December 2004).
3892:
2579:
2490:
2416:
2001:
induced by aluminium (Al) affects soil animals the body of which is not protected by a thick
1994:
character in this genus. However the generality of these findings remains to be established.
1948:
1406:
994:: Severely acidic conditions can form in soils near some mine spoils due to the oxidation of
317:
layer indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions;
136:. In soils, it is measured in a slurry of soil mixed with water (or a salt solution, such as
4946:"Earthworm excreta (mucus and urine) affect the distribution of springtails in forest soils"
4276:
Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara; Ponge, Jean-François (March 2001).
4137:"Re-evaluation of the liming-fertilization interaction in grasslands on poor and acid soils"
2542:
2212:
Amendments other than agricultural lime that can be used to increase the pH of soil include
1369:
can be used to look up the suitable soil pH range of a wide range of plants. Documents like
1286:
1257:
6535:
6429:
6253:
5312:
5192:
5065:
5011:
4957:
4859:
4801:
4671:
4596:
4580:"Determination of preferred pH for root-knot nematode aggregation using pluronic F-127 gel"
4496:
4430:
4229:
4046:
3990:
3446:
3294:
3248:
3047:
2782:
2726:
2618:
2433:
2334:
2047:
Effects of pH on soil biota can be mediated by the various functional interactions of soil
1863:
1827:
1737:
1593:
1400:
1317:
1275:
1192:
93:
4324:
Tian, Qiuxiang; Jiang, Ying; Tang, Yanan; Wu, Yu; Tang, Zhiyao; Liu, Feng (30 July 2021).
2541:
Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A., eds. (2003).
763:). When this water flows through the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations as
8:
6989:
6928:
6872:
5822:
5763:
5724:
3609:
2053:
1557:
521:) solutions. For convenience, the pH is initially measured in water and then measured in
442:
Certain other fruit and vegetable pigments also change color in response to changing pH.
5316:
5196:
5069:
5015:
4961:
4863:
4805:
4675:
4600:
4500:
4434:
4233:
4050:
3994:
3450:
3298:
3252:
3051:
2786:
2730:
2622:
2437:
2132:
particles, and by adding mucus as a glue for some of them, burrowing soil animals, e.g.
1271:
7020:
6994:
6984:
6726:
6373:
6006:
5799:
5719:
5662:
5618:
5081:
5027:
4973:
4875:
4817:
4687:
4630:
4617:
4512:
4456:
4354:
4325:
4299:
4250:
4215:
4196:
4110:
4006:
3946:
3671:
3462:
3394:
3371:
3079:
3009:
2798:
2742:
2457:
2390:
2309:
2098:
991:
708:
4923:
4394:
4295:
3571:
2934:
1345:
1267:
1263:
1008:
coastal and estuarine environments can become highly acidic when drained or excavated.
6999:
6974:
6969:
6419:
6288:
5679:
5526:
5349:
5157:
5129:"Earthworm mucus contributes to the formation of organo-mineral associations in soil"
5128:
4999:
4945:
4901:
4843:
4842:
Li, Yin-Sheng; Sun, Jing; Robin, Paul; Cluzeau, Daniel; Qiu, Jiangping (April 2014).
4787:
4622:
4460:
4359:
4255:
4152:
4102:
3978:
3950:
3904:
3864:
3707:
3621:
3601:
3543:
3503:
3499:
3414:
3352:
3170:
3115:
3111:
3071:
3063:
3035:
3001:
2993:
2875:
2604:
2552:
2449:
2380:
2314:
2177:
1954:
The opposition between acido-tolerance and acido-intolerance is commonly observed at
1611:
1575:
1467:
1115:
1032:
1001:
465:
5226:
5085:
5053:
5052:
Casarin, Valter; Plassard, Claude; Souche, Gérard; Arvieu, Jean-Claude (July 2003).
4977:
4879:
4821:
4756:
4303:
4200:
4033:"Conservation of Northern European plant diversity: the correspondence with soil pH"
4010:
3675:
3466:
3083:
3013:
2769:"Acidic deposition and internal proton sources in acidification of soils and waters"
2768:
2746:
2712:
2394:
428:
Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit, where in a small sample of soil is mixed with
6938:
6600:
6293:
5756:
5320:
5281:
5241:
5200:
5152:
5142:
5073:
5031:
5019:
4965:
4919:
4867:
4809:
4730:
4691:
4679:
4634:
4612:
4604:
4553:
4504:
4446:
4438:
4390:
4349:
4339:
4291:
4245:
4237:
4188:
4148:
4114:
4094:
4080:
4054:
3998:
3942:
3774:
3663:
3613:
3495:
3454:
3389:
3342:
3302:
3256:
3210:
3162:
3147:
Kopittke, Peter M.; Menzies, Neal W.; Wang, Peng; Blamey, F. Pax C. (August 2016).
3055:
2985:
2867:
2802:
2790:
2773:
2734:
2708:
2626:
2461:
2441:
2424:
2372:
2277:
2273:
2241:
2229:
1998:
1987:
1963:
1944:
1665:
1024:
133:
5147:
4734:
4657:"Reactions to soil acidification in microarthropods: is competition a key factor?"
4538:
3856:
Ellenberg's indicator values for
British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex
2513:"Soil Survey Manual 2017, Chapter 3, Examination and description of soil profiles"
6959:
6902:
6822:
6721:
6701:
6696:
6525:
6459:
6444:
6424:
6358:
6343:
6203:
5699:
5628:
5596:
5204:
5127:
Guhra, Tom; Stolze, Katharina; Schweizer, Steffen; Totsche, Kai Uwe (June 2020).
4871:
4179:
4058:
3853:
Hill, Mark Oliver; Mountford, J. Owen; Roy, David B.; Bunce, Robert G.H. (1999).
3602:"Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping systems"
3380:
3214:
2989:
2548:
2300:
nutrients are the most common reasons for poor plant growth in calcareous soils.
2221:
2114:
2110:
1882:
1791:
1773:
1755:
1349:
1303:
1243:
1028:
970:
700:
469:
163:
3617:
7015:
6791:
6730:
6653:
6333:
6278:
5741:
5714:
5694:
5606:
5551:
5546:
3938:
3654:
2717:
2376:
2339:
1967:
1927:
1719:
1503:
1485:
1251:
726:
652:(20 mL) is added to soil suspension, the sample is stirred, and the 1:2 0.01 M
409:
321:
5324:
5023:
4608:
4557:
4344:
4214:
Lauber, Christian L.; Hamady, Micah; Knight, Rob; Fierer, Noah (August 2009).
4135:
Poozesh, Vahid; Castillon, Pierre; Cruz, Pablo; Bertoni, Georges (June 2010).
3650:"Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils: a critical review"
3437:
Sumner, Malcolm E.; Yamada, Tsuioshi (November 2002). "Farming with acidity".
3260:
2824:
2630:
7066:
6933:
6764:
6667:
6660:
6500:
6469:
6378:
6263:
5768:
5645:
5601:
5179:
Zanella, Augusto; Ponge, Jean-François; Briones, Maria J. I. (January 2018).
4278:"Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?"
3329:"Good and bad protons: genetic aspects of acidity stress responses in plants"
3281:
Rout, Gyana Ranjan; Samantaray, Sanghamitra; Das, Premananda (January 2001).
3067:
2997:
2903:
2329:
2269:
2181:
2140:
2029:
1986:
showed that tolerance to soil acidity was correlated with tolerance of other
1809:
1701:
1683:
1539:
1394:
1340:
Many strongly acidic soils, on the other hand, have strong aggregation, good
1299:
1165:
1084:
960:
927:
739:
339:
325:
5267:
4442:
3282:
2244:
neutralizes active acidity in the soil by reacting with H ions to form
7051:
6979:
6964:
6520:
6515:
6490:
6363:
6308:
5736:
5709:
5684:
5640:
5613:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5479:
5245:
5077:
4626:
4363:
4259:
4106:
3779:
3760:
3507:
3356:
3306:
3174:
3075:
3005:
2453:
2245:
2193:
1890:
1449:
1344:, and good water-holding characteristics. However, for many plant species,
1158:
436:
429:
345:
307:
4969:
4578:
Wang, Congli; Bruening, George; Williamson, Valerie M. (20 October 2009).
4379:"Biocenoses of Collembola in atlantic temperate grass-woodland ecosystems"
3854:
3458:
707:
reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid environments,
7030:
6954:
6716:
6530:
6464:
6434:
6368:
6348:
6268:
6248:
6228:
6218:
6213:
5746:
5669:
5650:
5225:
Minhal, Fibrianty; Ma'as, Aswar; Hanudin, Eko; Sudira, Putu (June 2020).
4241:
3828:
3347:
3328:
3166:
2767:
Van
Breemen, Nico; Driscoll, Charles T.; Mulder, Jan (16 February 1984).
2360:
2285:
2122:
2094:
2005:
1307:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1091:
988:, generate acidity. This process is often accelerated by human activity:
964:
764:
394:
156:
4537:
He, Bin; Wang, Zhipeng; Xu, Changhui; Shen, Runjie; Hu, Sanqing (2013).
3535:
Handbook of soil sciences: resource management and environmental impacts
3034:
Rosseland, Bjorn Olav; Eldhuset, Toril Drabløs; Staurnes, Magne (1990).
2445:
2284:, can help to reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidises to form
6826:
6706:
6449:
6353:
6303:
6258:
6243:
6208:
6178:
6044:
5951:
5916:
5891:
5731:
5704:
5689:
5591:
5516:
4683:
4516:
4482:
4192:
4002:
3667:
3059:
2738:
2324:
2225:
2217:
2160:
2078:
2041:
2025:
1979:
1975:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1629:
1377:
1313:
1122:
soils may vary in pH from 7.0 to 9.5, depending on the degree to which
1119:
1111:
1095:
704:
376:
5791:
5285:
4848:
exposed to sublethal aluminium levels in an artificial soil substrate"
4813:
4451:
4414:
2603:
Bargrizan, Sima; Smernik, Ronald J.; Mosley, Luke M. (November 2017).
6897:
6735:
6510:
6495:
6439:
6338:
6283:
6223:
5986:
5981:
5971:
5906:
5876:
5856:
5785:
5674:
3703:
3539:
2863:
2794:
2197:
2185:
2152:
2144:
2133:
2090:
2077:
emission, provides food and shelter within earthworm burrows in mull
2058:
2037:
2033:
2009:
2002:
1940:
1899:
1895:
1223:
1216:
1186:
1178:
1170:
956:
458:
443:
384:
363:
350:
334:
97:
89:
5180:
4508:
4378:
4277:
4136:
3196:
2654:
Soil Survey Staff (2014). Rebecca Burt and Soil Survey Staff (ed.).
6691:
6540:
6323:
6238:
6193:
6069:
6049:
6039:
6024:
5996:
5991:
5976:
5946:
5941:
5921:
5911:
5896:
5881:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5751:
5511:
4539:"The study on pH gradient control in solution for driving bacteria"
4098:
4032:
2871:
2293:
2213:
2048:
2017:
2012:, and thus are in more direct contact with the soil solution, e.g.
1983:
1923:
1404:) tolerate only a narrow range in soil pH, whereas others (such as
1341:
1333:
1279:
1174:
1104:
911:
699:
The pH of a natural soil depends on the mineral composition of the
454:
421:
403:
389:
139:
77:
31:
5341:
Efficient fertilizer use in acid upland soils of the humid tropics
2417:"Water balance creates a threshold in soil pH at the global scale"
6485:
6273:
6233:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6173:
6168:
6064:
6034:
6029:
6019:
6014:
5966:
5961:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5901:
5886:
5851:
5846:
5841:
4275:
2236:
shells. These products increase the pH of soils through various
2148:
2106:
2074:
2021:
2013:
1955:
1886:
1381:
1197:
1196:
taken up by the plants, but enters plant roots passively through
1182:
974:
832:
Plant growth: Plants take up nutrients in the form of ions (e.g.
689:— Summary of the USDA NRCS method for soil pH determination
447:
415:
314:
73:
4712:
Rousk, Johannes; Brookes, Philip C.; Bååth, Erland (June 2010).
720:
Many processes contribute to soil acidification. These include:
39:
6383:
6318:
6059:
6054:
5956:
5571:
5448:
5339:
4785:
4081:"Determinants of species richness in the Park Grass Experiment"
3149:"Kinetics and nature of aluminium rhizotoxic effects: a review"
2265:
2233:
2136:
1229:
995:
889:
304:
4761:
Contributions from the
Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University
796:
and decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms release
6298:
4172:
4078:
3761:"The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation"
3530:
2189:
2118:
2070:
2066:
2062:
1959:
1647:
1215:
of root cells works to maintain the near-neutral pH of their
893:
368:
354:
5224:
3977:
Chytrý, Milan; Tichý, Lubomír; Rolček, Jan (December 2003).
3194:
2128:
By mixing organic matter with mineral matter, in particular
1293:
6328:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
5586:
5126:
5051:
4481:
Van
Straalen, Nico M.; Verhoef, Herman A. (February 1997).
4134:
2289:
2281:
2129:
81:
2540:
2414:
1934:). According to the various physiological and behavioural
1234:
489:
The pH is measured in soil-water (1:1) and soil-salt (1:2
6313:
5381:"Solutions to soil problems. II. High pH (alkaline soil)"
3146:
3033:
2766:
2707:
2156:
1181: (Mn) toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of
670:
638:
603:
571:
539:
507:
4213:
2051:. It has been shown experimentally that the collembolan
5266:
Aitken, R.L.; Moody, Philip W.; McKinley, P.G. (1990).
4030:
2510:
1207:
Proton (H ion) stress can also limit plant growth. The
432:
solution which changes colour according to the acidity.
85:
4577:
2929:
2927:
2602:
2522:, United States Department of Agriculture, Handbook 18
3852:
3372:"Nutritional requirements of the edaphic ecotypes in
3027:
2259:
658:
626:
591:
559:
527:
495:
4900:
Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (July 1999).
2977:
International
Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
2711:; Mulder, Jan; Driscoll, Charles T. (October 1983).
2480:
2478:
2180:
is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH (
1278:
show decreased availability at higher pH (increased
1147:
5265:
5178:
4480:
2924:
2859:
Handbook of soil sciences: properties and processes
2196:size of the lime (how finely it is ground) and the
2084:
285:0 to 6=acidic,7=neutral and 8 and above alkalinity
170:
30:"Mediacid" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3327:Shavrukov, Yuri; Hirai, Yoshihiko (January 2016).
3107:The nature and properties of soils, global edition
1885:, the various pH preferences of plant species (or
1352:can occur even when the soil is relatively moist.
926:) fertilizers react in the soil by the process of
676:
644:
609:
577:
545:
513:
337:plants (those that prefer an acidic soil) include
5305:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
4841:
4711:
3976:
3439:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
3370:Ramakrishnan, Palayanoor Sivaswamy (April 1968).
3280:
3241:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
2653:
2484:
2475:
973:: Oxidation of some primary minerals, especially
553:. With the addition of an equal volume of 0.02 M
7064:
6821:
1889:) at least partly determine the composition and
6559:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
4323:
4271:
4269:
3826:
3689:
3142:
3140:
3138:
2171:
1371:Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants
1169:can experience a variety of stresses including
6595:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
5331:
3600:Sumner, Malcolm E.; Farina, Mart P.W. (1986).
3326:
2895:
2855:
2760:
1332:. Plant growth is severely restricted because
6807:
5807:
5464:
5338:von Uexkull, H.R. (1986). "Lime and liming".
3595:
3593:
3432:
3430:
3320:
1110:The soil pH usually increases when the total
27:Measure of how acidic or alkaline the soil is
5301:"Reactive aluminum in the Vermont Soil Test"
4536:
4266:
3599:
3576:Science in farming, USDA Yearbook, 1941–1947
3526:
3524:
3436:
3369:
3135:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2408:
1238:Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH
1230:Nutrient availability in relation to soil pH
694:
5337:
4899:
3930:
3893:"The calcicole-calcifuge problem revisited"
3792:
3790:
2713:"Acidification and alkalinization of soils"
2089:Soil biota affect soil pH directly through
1910:
453:Use of a commercially available electronic
6814:
6800:
6776:
5814:
5800:
5471:
5457:
5374:
5372:
5259:
3641:
3590:
3427:
2649:
2647:
5378:
5156:
5146:
4757:"Acidophilic Collembola: living fossils?"
4616:
4546:Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering
4450:
4353:
4343:
4249:
3924:
3796:
3778:
3695:
3563:
3521:
3393:
3346:
3237:"Soil aluminum toxicity and plant growth"
3110:(15th ed.). London, United Kingdom:
3104:Weil, Raymond R.; Brady, Nyle C. (2016).
3103:
2965:
2963:
2844:
2192:needed to change pH is determined by the
1990:factors and that stress tolerance was an
1974:than those intolerant of soil acidity. A
1294:Water availability in relation to soil pH
1242:Soil pH affects the availability of some
6569:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
5298:
5105:
3846:
3820:
3799:"Plants Database Characteristics Search"
3787:
3283:"Aluminium toxicity in plants: a review"
2904:"Soil alkalinity (alkaline-sodic soils)"
2672:
2367:. SSSA Book Series. Madison, Wisconsin:
1233:
1014:
829:) concentration and subsequent leaching.
387:(lime loving) plants include ash trees (
38:
6675:Soil Science Society of America Journal
5821:
5369:
3884:
2644:
2610:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2547:(Fifth ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:
2288:. Acidifying organic materials include
1355:
1090:Addition of water containing dissolved
177:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
7065:
6647:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
6108:Canadian system of soil classification
5418:Natural Resources Conservation Service
4998:Salmon, Sandrine (17 September 2004).
4997:
4943:
4654:
4221:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3766:Applied and Environmental Soil Science
3647:
3234:
2969:
2960:
2935:"Public health statement for aluminum"
2901:
2822:
2520:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2358:
2117:on soil pH through their excretion of
1019:Total soil alkalinity increases with:
182:classifies soil pH ranges as follows:
180:Natural Resources Conservation Service
6795:
5795:
5452:
4754:
4376:
3758:
3702:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
3569:
3538:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
3408:
3040:Environmental Geochemistry and Health
2948:from the original on 12 December 2016
2862:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida:
2678:
715:
190:
6749:
6585:International Union of Soil Sciences
3479:
3235:Wright, Robert J. (September 1989).
3036:"Environmental effects of aluminium"
1966:, but it also occurs at much higher
6612:Soil and Water Conservation Society
5379:Cox, Loralie; Koenig, Rich (2010).
5273:Australian Journal of Soil Research
4755:Ponge, Jean-François (March 2000).
3890:
3413:. Kiel, Germany: Hirt. p. 80.
3376:Medic. II. Aluminium and manganese"
2166:
808:which increases the carbonic acid (
767:; this increases the percentage of
738:) that combines with water to form
293:Methods of determining pH include:
24:
6092:Unified Soil Classification System
5624:Soil retrogression and degradation
4944:Salmon, Sandrine (November 2001).
4377:Ponge, Jean-François (July 1993).
3947:10.1016/B978-0-12-590655-5.50010-4
3395:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1968.tb06385.x
2688:Soil Health - Guides for Educators
2272:. Acidifying fertilizers, such as
2260:Decreasing the pH of alkaline soil
457:, in which a glass or solid-state
333:Observation of predominant flora.
25:
7099:
6097:AASHTO Soil Classification System
5437:
5346:Food and Agriculture Organization
3696:Ellis, Boyd; Foth, Henry (1997).
2081:associated with less acid soils.
1410:) tolerate a very wide pH range.
1348:severely limits root growth, and
1148:Effect of soil pH on plant growth
288:
6775:
6760:
6759:
6748:
6640:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
6580:Indian Institute of Soil Science
6564:Canadian Society of Soil Science
6395:
6394:
5570:
5478:
4153:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00744.x
3861:Institute of Terrestrial Ecology
3411:Pflanzenernährung in Stichworten
2085:Effects of soil biota on soil pH
1222:In soils with a high content of
171:Classification of soil pH ranges
6618:Soil Science Society of America
5398:
5292:
5218:
5172:
5120:
5099:
5045:
4991:
4937:
4893:
4835:
4779:
4748:
4705:
4648:
4571:
4530:
4474:
4408:
4370:
4317:
4207:
4166:
4128:
4072:
4024:
3970:
3752:
3727:
3473:
3402:
3363:
3274:
3228:
3188:
3097:
2816:
2701:
2544:Soil genesis and classification
2369:Soil Science Society of America
888:), and they often take up more
6623:World Congress of Soil Science
6607:Soil Science Society of Poland
6113:Australian Soil Classification
6104:(French classification system)
5004:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4950:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4664:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4655:Hågvar, Sigmund (April 1990).
3897:Advances in Botanical Research
3859:. Huntingdon, United Kingdom:
3735:"Sodic soils and plant growth"
3648:Haynes, R. J. (October 1982).
3480:Cape, J. N. (1 January 1993).
3334:Journal of Experimental Botany
3154:Journal of Experimental Botany
2970:Dolara, Piero (21 July 2014).
2596:
2572:
2534:
2504:
2352:
1144:dominate the soluble cations.
1098:with high-bicarbonate waters).
942:), and in the process release
13:
1:
5634:Soil compaction (agriculture)
5406:"Soil quality indicators: pH"
5148:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107785
5134:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
4924:10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00034-6
4911:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
4735:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.009
4722:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
4395:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00100-8
4296:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X
4283:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3934:Soil acidity and plant growth
3202:Forest Ecology and Management
2511:Soil Science Division Staff.
2345:
1152:
677:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
645:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
610:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
578:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
546:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
514:{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCl2}}}
43:Global variation in soil pH.
5205:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.07.020
4872:10.1080/02757540.2014.881804
4844:"Responses of the earthworm
4059:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.025
3829:"Plant Database Search Page"
3604:. In Stewart, Bob A. (ed.).
3500:10.1016/0269-7491(93)90114-4
3215:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.021
2990:10.3109/09637486.2014.937801
2216:, industrial calcium oxide (
2172:Increasing pH of acidic soil
1312:Strongly alkaline soils are
7:
6858:Magnesium deficiency#Plants
6575:German Soil Science Society
6133:List of vineyard soil types
5299:Bartlett, Richmond (1982).
4588:Journal of Chemical Ecology
3618:10.1007/978-1-4613-8660-5_5
2580:"Evolution of the pH Meter"
2303:
2105:calcium, forming insoluble
1962:or at genus level within a
1881:In natural or near-natural
88:is defined as the negative
10:
7104:
6754:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
6590:International Year of Soil
6118:Polish Soil Classification
5557:Environmental soil science
4488:Journal of Applied Ecology
3542:. pp. 11–1 to 11–80.
2866:. pp. 19–1 to 19–14.
2823:US EPA, OAR (2016-02-09).
2377:10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c16
2361:"Soil pH and soil acidity"
1297:
1118:, which increases the pH.
789:relative to other cations.
684:pH is measured (4C1a2a2).
29:
7039:
7008:
6947:
6911:
6833:
6744:
6684:
6631:
6551:
6478:
6412:
6392:
6142:Non-systematic soil types
6141:
6078:
6005:
5829:
5784:
5579:
5568:
5562:Agricultural soil science
5504:
5486:
5325:10.1080/00103628209367289
5158:21.11116/0000-0006-600A-3
5024:10.1007/s00374-004-0782-y
4609:10.1007/s10886-009-9703-8
4558:10.1016/j.bbe.2013.03.003
4345:10.3389/fmicb.2021.646124
4331:Frontiers in Microbiology
3261:10.1080/00103628909368163
2631:10.2136/sssaj2017.04.0119
1869:Barbary fig (pricklypear)
695:Factors affecting soil pH
187:
7047:Algal nutrient solutions
6893:Micronutrient deficiency
6712:Infiltration (hydrology)
6506:Geotechnical engineering
6128:List of U.S. state soils
4141:Grass and Forage Science
3606:Advances in soil science
2365:Methods of soil analysis
2320:Cation-exchange capacity
2207:cation exchange capacity
2203:cation exchange capacity
2101:metabolism. Oxalic acid
1911:pH effects on soil biota
1846:Cotoneaster integerrimus
1522:Rhododendron arborescens
1380:may not be suitable for
1330:available water capacity
6924:Phosphorus assimilation
6781:List of soil scientists
6123:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
6102:Référentiel pédologique
6086:FAO soil classification
5234:Soil and Water Research
4793:Journal of Biogeography
4443:10.1111/1365-2435.13668
4038:Biological Conservation
3487:Environmental Pollution
2485:Queensland Government.
1432:Chrysopogon zizanioides
1373:can also be consulted.
324:can be an indicator of
6552:Societies, Initiatives
5774:Soil water (retention)
3608:. New York, New York:
3409:Finck, Arnold (1976).
2902:Oosterbaan, Roland J.
2359:Thomas, G. W. (1996).
1326:hydraulic conductivity
1239:
692:
678:
646:
611:
579:
547:
515:
450:is similarly affected.
276:Very strongly alkaline
92:(base 10) of the
66:
6919:Nitrogen assimilation
6878:Phosphorus deficiency
6868:Molybdenum deficiency
6771:Category soil science
6455:Soil salinity control
5385:Utah State University
5109:Zoologischer Anzeiger
4970:10.1007/s003740100407
4852:Chemistry and Ecology
3937:. Sydney, Australia:
3891:Lee, John A. (1998).
3827:Plants for a future.
3572:"The liming of soils"
3459:10.1081/CSS-120014461
2491:Queensland Government
2256:), a neutral solute.
2097:, a product of their
1905:Competitive exclusion
1407:Vetiveria zizanioides
1392:. Some species (like
1298:Further information:
1237:
1085:addition of limestone
1015:Sources of alkalinity
977:and those containing
703:of the soil, and the
679:
647:
612:
580:
548:
516:
484:
349:and nearly all other
42:
6934:Microbial assistance
6883:Potassium deficiency
6863:Manganese deficiency
6536:Agricultural science
6430:Soil guideline value
6254:Calcareous grassland
5831:World Reference Base
5246:10.17221/55/2019-SWR
5185:Applied Soil Ecology
5078:10.1051/agro:2003020
4242:10.1128/AEM.00335-09
3941:. pp. 167–203.
3780:10.1155/2019/5794869
3759:Neina, Dora (2019).
3570:Truog, Emil (1946).
3307:10.1051/agro:2001105
2825:"What is acid rain?"
2335:Organic horticulture
2201:related to the soil
1864:Opuntia ficus-indica
1828:Caragana arborescens
1738:Solanum lycopersicum
1594:Vaccinium corymbosum
1401:Opuntia ficus-indica
1390:USDA PLANTS Database
1356:Plant pH preferences
1285:The effect of pH on
1035:minerals containing
1004:formed naturally in
971:Oxidative weathering
656:
624:
589:
557:
525:
493:
212:Very strongly acidic
111:or, more precisely,
72:is a measure of the
6990:Nutrient management
6929:Sulfur assimilation
6873:Nitrogen deficiency
6632:Scientific journals
5823:Soil classification
5764:Soil organic matter
5725:Pore water pressure
5317:1982CSSPA..13..497B
5197:2018AppSE.122..103Z
5070:2003AgSD...23..461C
5016:2004BioFS..40..323S
4962:2001BioFS..34..304S
4904:Heteromurus nitidus
4864:2014ChEco..30..611L
4806:2014JBiog..41..353P
4676:1990BioFS...9..178H
4601:2009JCEco..35.1242W
4501:1997JApEc..34..217V
4435:2020FuEco..34.2598D
4234:2009ApEnM..75.5111L
4086:American Naturalist
4051:2004BCons.120..525P
3995:2003FolGe..38..429C
3612:. pp. 201–36.
3451:2002CSSPA..33.2467S
3299:2001AgSD...21....3R
3253:1989CSSPA..20.1479W
3052:1990EnvGH..12...17R
2787:1984Natur.307..599B
2731:1983PlSoi..75..283V
2623:2017SSASJ..81.1350B
2446:10.1038/nature20139
2438:2016Natur.540..567S
2371:. pp. 475–90.
2238:acid–base reactions
2054:Heteromurus nitidus
1558:Carya illinoinensis
1367:Plants for a Future
1211:, H-ATPase, of the
672:
640:
605:
573:
541:
509:
260:Moderately alkaline
7021:Nutrient pollution
6995:Organic fertilizer
6985:Nutrient budgeting
6848:Calcium deficiency
6727:Impervious surface
6007:USDA soil taxonomy
5833:for Soil Resources
5720:Pore space in soil
5663:Soil acidification
5619:Soil contamination
5348:. pp. 16–22.
4684:10.1007/BF00335804
4422:Functional Ecology
4338:(646124): 646124.
4193:10.1017/wet.2018.3
4003:10.1007/BF02803250
3797:USDA NRCS (2023).
3706:. pp. 73–74.
3668:10.1007/BF02197935
3445:(15–18): 2467–96.
3348:10.1093/jxb/erv437
3247:(15–16): 1479–97.
3167:10.1093/jxb/erw233
3060:10.1007/BF01734045
2944:. September 2008.
2739:10.1007/BF02369968
2310:Acid mine drainage
2198:buffering capacity
1815:common blue violet
1599:highbush blueberry
1346:aluminium toxicity
1240:
1193:Aluminium toxicity
1177: (H), and/or
1002:Acid sulfate soils
716:Sources of acidity
709:soil acidification
674:
660:
642:
628:
607:
593:
575:
561:
543:
529:
511:
497:
486:Summary of Method
466:spectrophotometric
80:(alkalinity) of a
67:
7078:Organic gardening
7060:
7059:
7000:Plant tissue test
6975:Hydroponic dosers
6970:Hoagland solution
6789:
6788:
6420:Soil conservation
6406:
6405:
5680:Soil biodiversity
5527:Soil microbiology
5286:10.1071/SR9900695
4902:"Distribution of
4814:10.1111/jbi.12188
4429:(12): 2598–2610.
3983:Folia Geobotanica
3627:978-1-4613-8660-5
3578:. pp. 566–76
3549:978-1-4398-0308-0
3420:978-3-554-80197-2
3112:Pearson Education
2942:www.atsdr.cdc.gov
2911:www.waterlog.info
2781:(5952): 599–604.
2709:Van Breemen, Nico
2386:978-0-89118-866-7
2315:Acid sulfate soil
2184:). The amount of
2178:agricultural lime
1883:plant communities
1879:
1878:
1833:Siberian peashrub
1612:Manihot esculenta
1576:Tamarindus indica
1468:Rubus chamaemorus
1342:internal drainage
1116:calcium carbonate
930:to form nitrate (
663:
631:
596:
564:
532:
500:
283:
282:
268:Strongly alkaline
252:Slightly alkaline
228:Moderately acidic
61:= alkaline soil.
16:(Redirected from
7095:
7040:Related concepts
6939:Photorespiration
6843:Boron deficiency
6816:
6809:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6779:
6778:
6763:
6762:
6752:
6751:
6601:OPAL Soil Centre
6398:
6397:
6294:Hydrophobic soil
5816:
5809:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5757:Soil respiration
5574:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5231:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5150:
5141:(107785): 1–10.
5124:
5118:
5117:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4718:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4661:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4620:
4584:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4543:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3144:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2795:10.1038/307599a0
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2432:(7634): 567–69.
2421:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2356:
2278:ammonium nitrate
2274:ammonium sulfate
2246:monosilicic acid
2242:Calcium silicate
2230:calcium silicate
2167:Changing soil pH
2115:buffering effect
1999:oxidative stress
1997:At low pH, the
1978:analysis on the
1945:calcareous soils
1666:Pinus sylvestris
1413:
1412:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1094:(as occurs when
1078:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1043:
987:
986:
985:
952:
951:
950:
941:
940:
939:
925:
924:
923:
910:Fertilizer use:
906:
905:
904:
887:
886:
885:
877:
876:
866:
865:
864:
855:
854:
853:
843:
842:
841:
828:
827:
826:
818:
817:
807:
806:
805:
788:
787:
786:
777:
776:
775:
762:
761:
760:
752:
751:
737:
735:
734:
690:
683:
681:
680:
675:
673:
671:
668:
661:
651:
649:
648:
643:
641:
639:
636:
629:
616:
614:
613:
608:
606:
604:
601:
594:
584:
582:
581:
576:
574:
572:
569:
562:
552:
550:
549:
544:
542:
540:
537:
530:
520:
518:
517:
512:
510:
508:
505:
498:
381:Pinus sylvestris
204:Extremely acidic
185:
184:
154:
153:
152:
142:
131:
130:
129:
121:
120:
110:
109:
108:
59:
55:= neutral soil.
53:
47:
21:
7103:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7083:Plant nutrition
7063:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7035:
7004:
6960:Fertilizer tree
6943:
6907:
6903:Fertilizer burn
6888:Zinc deficiency
6853:Iron deficiency
6829:
6823:Plant nutrition
6820:
6790:
6785:
6740:
6722:Crust (geology)
6702:Land management
6697:Land conversion
6680:
6627:
6547:
6526:Earth materials
6474:
6460:Erosion control
6445:Soil governance
6425:Soil management
6408:
6407:
6402:
6388:
6359:Subaqueous soil
6344:Serpentine soil
6204:Parent material
6137:
6074:
6001:
5832:
5825:
5820:
5780:
5700:Soil resilience
5629:Soil compaction
5597:Soil morphology
5575:
5566:
5500:
5482:
5477:
5440:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5383:. Logan, Utah:
5377:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5344:. Rome, Italy:
5336:
5332:
5297:
5293:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5207:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5161:
5125:
5121:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5064:(5–6): 461–69.
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4898:
4894:
4884:
4882:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4595:(10): 1242–51.
4582:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4509:10.2307/2404860
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4375:
4371:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4274:
4267:
4228:(15): 5111–20.
4212:
4208:
4180:Weed Technology
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3803:plants.usda.gov
3795:
3788:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3598:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3529:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3478:
3474:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3381:New Phytologist
3368:
3364:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3161:(15): 4451–67.
3145:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
2968:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2854:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2549:Wiley–Blackwell
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2306:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2222:magnesium oxide
2174:
2169:
2121:, endowed with
2111:calcium oxalate
2087:
2073:), mediated by
1958:level within a
1913:
1792:Punica granatum
1774:Nerium oleander
1756:Psidium guajava
1416:Scientific name
1358:
1350:moisture stress
1310:
1304:Water potential
1296:
1282:at higher pH).
1244:plant nutrients
1232:
1185: (Ca) and
1155:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1087:to acid soils);
1075:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1029:aluminosilicate
1017:
984:
982:
981:
980:
978:
949:
947:
946:
945:
943:
938:
935:
934:
933:
931:
922:
919:
918:
917:
915:
903:
901:
900:
899:
897:
884:
881:
880:
879:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
863:
861:
860:
859:
857:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
840:
837:
836:
835:
833:
825:
822:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
811:
809:
804:
801:
800:
799:
797:
785:
783:
782:
781:
779:
774:
772:
771:
770:
768:
759:
756:
755:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
743:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
718:
701:parent material
697:
691:
688:
687:
686:
669:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
637:
632:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
602:
597:
592:
590:
587:
586:
570:
565:
560:
558:
555:
554:
538:
533:
528:
526:
523:
522:
506:
501:
496:
494:
491:
490:
470:glass electrode
291:
236:Slightly acidic
220:Strongly acidic
173:
151:
148:
147:
146:
144:
137:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
112:
107:
105:
104:
103:
101:
57:
51:
49:= acidic soil.
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7101:
7091:
7090:
7088:Soil chemistry
7085:
7080:
7075:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7016:Soil fertility
7012:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6819:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6773:
6767:
6756:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6731:Surface runoff
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6654:Plant and Soil
6650:
6643:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6479:Related fields
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6334:Prime farmland
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6289:Fuller's earth
6286:
6281:
6279:Expansive clay
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5838:
5836:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5749:
5744:
5742:Soil biomantle
5739:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5715:Soil structure
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5695:Soil fertility
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5607:Soil formation
5604:
5599:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:Soil chemistry
5549:
5547:Soil mechanics
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5438:External links
5436:
5433:
5432:
5397:
5368:
5354:
5330:
5311:(7): 497–506.
5291:
5280:(5): 695–701.
5258:
5217:
5171:
5119:
5116:(5–6): 211–19.
5098:
5044:
4990:
4936:
4918:(8): 1161–70.
4892:
4846:Eisenia andrei
4834:
4778:
4747:
4704:
4647:
4570:
4529:
4473:
4407:
4369:
4316:
4265:
4206:
4165:
4127:
4099:10.1086/427270
4071:
4023:
3969:
3956:978-0125906555
3955:
3939:Academic Press
3923:
3909:
3883:
3870:978-1870393485
3869:
3845:
3819:
3786:
3751:
3726:
3712:
3699:Soil fertility
3688:
3662:(3): 289–308.
3655:Plant and Soil
3640:
3626:
3589:
3562:
3548:
3520:
3494:(2): 167–180.
3472:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3374:Melilotus alba
3362:
3319:
3273:
3227:
3187:
3134:
3120:
3096:
3046:(1–2): 17–27.
3026:
2959:
2923:
2894:
2880:
2872:10.1201/b11267
2843:
2815:
2759:
2725:(3): 283–308.
2718:Plant and Soil
2700:
2671:
2643:
2617:(6): 1350–58.
2595:
2571:
2558:978-0813828732
2557:
2533:
2503:
2474:
2407:
2385:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:Redox gradient
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2176:Finely ground
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2086:
2083:
1968:taxonomic rank
1928:metal toxicity
1912:
1909:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:Pyrus communis
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:white mulberry
1633:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:Arabian coffee
1507:
1504:Coffea arabica
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:Ananas comosus
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1357:
1354:
1295:
1292:
1252:macronutrients
1231:
1228:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1128:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1023:Weathering of
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
999:
983:
968:
954:
948:
936:
920:
908:
902:
882:
873:
862:
850:
838:
830:
823:
814:
802:
790:
784:
773:
757:
748:
731:
717:
714:
696:
693:
667:
635:
600:
568:
536:
504:
487:
485:
474:
473:
464:In the 2010s,
462:
451:
440:
433:
426:
413:spp.), lilac (
353:species, many
331:
330:
329:
318:
313:Presence of a
311:
301:
290:
289:Determining pH
287:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
172:
169:
164:plant nutrient
157:alkaline soils
149:
126:
117:
106:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7100:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:Miscellaneous
7007:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6817:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6782:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:Category soil
6757:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6668:Soil Research
6665:
6663:
6662:
6661:Pochvovedenie
6658:
6656:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Geomorphology
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6470:Liming (soil)
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6400:Types of soil
6391:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Tropical peat
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6264:Dry quicksand
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:Other systems
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:Soil moisture
5767:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5646:Soil salinity
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Pedodiversity
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5460:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5407:
5401:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5373:
5357:
5355:9789251023877
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5262:
5247:
5243:
5240:(2): 93–100.
5239:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5191:(1): 103–37.
5190:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5010:(5): 523–33.
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4956:(5): 304–10.
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4858:(7): 611–21.
4857:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4838:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4800:(2): 353–65.
4799:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4736:
4732:
4729:(6): 926–34.
4728:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4708:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:(2): 178–81.
4669:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4574:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4495:(1): 217–32.
4494:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4396:
4392:
4389:(4): 223–44.
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4290:(3): 381–93.
4289:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4187:(3): 336–41.
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4150:
4147:(2): 260–72.
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4093:(2): 179–92.
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:(4): 525–31.
4044:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:(4): 429–42.
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3958:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3912:
3910:9780080561837
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3713:9781566702430
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3391:
3388:(2): 301–08.
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3216:
3212:
3209:(3): 522–30.
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3123:
3121:9781292162232
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:(8): 911–24.
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2883:
2881:9780429095986
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Liming (soil)
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:sulfuric acid
2267:
2257:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:Viola sororia
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:garden tomato
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1702:Cajanus cajan
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:Carica papaya
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1545:Monterey pine
1544:
1542:
1541:
1540:Pinus radiata
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:smooth azalea
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:vetiver grass
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:pH (maximum)
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:Pinus radiata
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Water content
1291:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:precipitation
1162:
1160:
1145:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
955:
929:
928:nitrification
913:
909:
895:
891:
831:
795:
791:
766:
741:
740:carbonic acid
736:
723:
722:
721:
713:
710:
706:
702:
685:
665:
633:
598:
566:
534:
502:
483:
480:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
411:
406:
405:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:
361:), foxglove (
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
294:
286:
278:
275:
274:
270:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
254:
251:
250:
246:
243:
242:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
226:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
188:Denomination
186:
183:
181:
178:
168:
165:
160:
158:
141:
135:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
60:
54:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7073:Horticulture
7052:Biostimulant
7025:
6980:Living mulch
6965:Green manure
6912:Assimilation
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6638:
6521:Biogeography
6516:Hydrogeology
6491:Geochemistry
6413:Applications
6309:Martian soil
5737:Soil horizon
5710:Soil texture
5685:Soil quality
5657:
5641:Soil sealing
5614:Soil erosion
5542:Soil physics
5537:Soil ecology
5532:Soil zoology
5522:Soil biology
5480:Soil science
5425:10 September
5423:. Retrieved
5412:
5400:
5390:10 September
5388:. Retrieved
5361:10 September
5359:. Retrieved
5340:
5333:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5277:
5271:
5261:
5249:. Retrieved
5237:
5233:
5220:
5208:. Retrieved
5188:
5184:
5174:
5162:. Retrieved
5138:
5132:
5122:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5061:
5057:
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5007:
5003:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4953:
4949:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4915:
4909:
4903:
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4855:
4851:
4845:
4837:
4825:. Retrieved
4797:
4791:
4781:
4769:. Retrieved
4764:
4760:
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4726:
4720:
4707:
4695:. Retrieved
4667:
4663:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4592:
4586:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:(2): 88–95.
4549:
4545:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4492:
4486:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4426:
4420:
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4386:
4383:Pedobiologia
4382:
4372:
4335:
4329:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4287:
4281:
4225:
4219:
4209:
4184:
4178:
4168:
4156:. Retrieved
4144:
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4090:
4084:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4042:
4036:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
3986:
3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3933:
3926:
3914:. Retrieved
3900:
3896:
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3855:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3833:www.pfaf.org
3832:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3802:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3698:
3691:
3679:. Retrieved
3659:
3653:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3605:
3580:. Retrieved
3575:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3534:
3511:. Retrieved
3491:
3485:
3475:
3442:
3438:
3410:
3404:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3341:(1): 15–30.
3338:
3332:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3290:
3286:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3244:
3240:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3206:
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3158:
3152:
3125:. Retrieved
3106:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3043:
3039:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
2981:
2975:
2950:. Retrieved
2941:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2858:
2834:. Retrieved
2828:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2778:
2772:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2722:
2716:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2656:
2634:. Retrieved
2614:
2608:
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2543:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2465:. Retrieved
2429:
2423:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2298:
2263:
2211:
2175:
2127:
2125:properties.
2103:precipitates
2088:
2052:
2046:
2030:enchytraeids
1996:
1953:
1914:
1891:biodiversity
1880:
1862:
1844:
1826:
1808:
1790:
1772:
1754:
1736:
1718:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1646:
1628:
1610:
1592:
1574:
1556:
1538:
1520:
1502:
1484:
1466:
1450:Pinus rigida
1448:
1430:
1422:pH (minimum)
1405:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1339:
1322:infiltration
1320:, with slow
1311:
1284:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1221:
1206:
1191:
1189: (Mg).
1173: (Al),
1163:
1159:incinerators
1156:
1109:
1101:
1092:bicarbonates
1018:
765:bicarbonates
719:
698:
488:
475:
437:litmus paper
420:
414:
408:
407:, dogwoods (
402:
398:
388:
380:
372:
362:
358:
346:Rhododendron
344:
338:
303:The classic
292:
284:
196:Ultra acidic
174:
161:
69:
68:
62:
56:
50:
44:
36:
7031:Agrobiology
6955:Fertigation
6717:Groundwater
6531:Archaeology
6465:Agroecology
6435:Soil survey
6374:Terra rossa
6369:Terra preta
6349:Spodic soil
6269:Duplex soil
6249:Brown earth
6229:Alkali soil
6219:Rhizosphere
6214:Laimosphere
6088:(1974–1998)
6045:Inceptisols
5952:Plinthosols
5917:Kastanozems
5747:Soil carbon
5670:Soil health
5651:Alkali soil
5580:Soil topics
5505:Main fields
5251:3 September
3293:(1): 3–21.
2836:26 February
2808:19 February
2752:19 February
2693:19 February
2679:USDA-NRCS.
2664:19 February
2636:12 February
2584:Lab Manager
2564:12 February
2526:12 February
2296:peat moss.
2286:nitric acid
2161:humus forms
2099:respiratory
2095:oxalic acid
2079:humus forms
2006:exoskeleton
1980:collembolan
1949:competition
1936:adaptations
1851:cotoneaster
1797:pomegranate
1725:common pear
1419:Common name
1363:USDA PLANTS
1308:Alkali soil
1213:plasmalemma
1209:proton pump
1202:rhizodermis
1006:waterlogged
965:nitric acid
794:respiration
395:honeysuckle
375:spp.), and
7067:Categories
6835:Imbalances
6827:Fertilizer
6707:Vegetation
6450:Soil value
6354:Stagnogley
6304:Lunar soil
6259:Dark earth
6244:Brickearth
6209:Pedosphere
6179:Soil crust
5987:Technosols
5972:Solonchaks
5892:Ferralsols
5857:Anthrosols
5732:Soil crust
5705:Soil color
5690:Soil value
5592:Pedosphere
5517:Edaphology
4452:1893/31777
2589:2023-09-22
2496:5 February
2467:5 February
2400:29 January
2346:References
2325:Fertilizer
2226:basic slag
2218:burnt lime
2153:millipedes
2145:earthworms
2123:amphoteric
2042:macrofauna
2038:earthworms
2026:microfauna
2010:arthropods
1932:humus form
1920:microflora
1916:Soil biota
1671:Scots pine
1630:Morus alba
1473:cloudberry
1455:pitch pine
1378:molybdenum
1318:dispersive
1287:phosphorus
1258:Molybdenum
1153:Acid soils
1120:Calcareous
1112:alkalinity
1096:irrigating
992:Mine spoil
705:weathering
482:Procedure.
377:Scots Pine
328:condition.
138:0.01
65:= no data.
6898:Chlorosis
6736:Petrichor
6511:Hydrology
6496:Petrology
6440:Soil test
6339:Quicksand
6284:Fill dirt
6224:Bulk soil
6070:Vertisols
6060:Spodosols
6050:Mollisols
6040:Histosols
6025:Aridisols
5997:Vertisols
5992:Umbrisols
5982:Stagnosol
5947:Planosols
5942:Phaeozems
5922:Leptosols
5907:Gypsisols
5897:Fluvisols
5877:Chernozem
5872:Cambisols
5867:Calcisols
5862:Arenosols
5786:Soil type
5675:Soil life
5210:27 August
5164:27 August
5091:20 August
5058:Agronomie
4461:225182565
3807:USDA NRCS
3704:CRC Press
3540:CRC Press
3287:Agronomie
3068:0269-4042
2998:1465-3478
2864:CRC Press
2681:"Soil pH"
2487:"Soil pH"
2186:limestone
2134:fossorial
2091:excretion
2034:mesofauna
2018:nematodes
2003:chitinous
1992:ancestral
1976:cladistic
1972:primitive
1941:aluminium
1939:forms of
1900:calcifuge
1896:calcicole
1707:pigeonpea
1491:pineapple
1328:and poor
1276:manganese
1224:manganese
1217:cytoplasm
1187:magnesium
1179:manganese
1171:aluminium
1033:carbonate
957:Acid rain
459:electrode
444:Blueberry
430:indicator
385:Calcicole
364:Digitalis
351:Ericaceae
335:Calcifuge
322:structure
320:Columnar
279:> 9.0
199:< 3.5
191:pH range
98:hydronium
90:logarithm
18:Acid soil
6692:Land use
6685:See also
6541:Agrology
6324:Paleosol
6239:Blue goo
6194:Gypcrust
6065:Ultisols
6035:Gelisols
6030:Entisols
6020:Andisols
6015:Alfisols
5977:Solonetz
5967:Retisols
5962:Regosols
5937:Nitisols
5932:Luvisols
5927:Lixisols
5912:Histosol
5902:Gleysols
5887:Durisols
5882:Cryosols
5852:Andosols
5842:Acrisols
5752:Soil gas
5512:Pedology
5086:84663116
4978:33455553
4880:97315212
4822:86619537
4627:19838866
4364:34394018
4304:84523833
4260:19502440
4201:91112353
4107:15729649
4011:13016841
3962:23 April
3916:23 April
3876:16 April
3838:16 April
3812:16 April
3744:10 April
3719:10 April
3676:22695096
3610:Springer
3508:15091786
3467:93165895
3357:26417020
3312:19 March
3266:19 March
3220:19 March
3180:19 March
3175:27302129
3127:19 March
3089:12 March
3084:23714684
3076:24202562
3019:12 March
3014:43779869
3006:25045935
2952:12 March
2946:Archived
2916:12 March
2887:12 March
2747:39568100
2454:27871089
2395:93493509
2304:See also
2294:sphagnum
2214:wood ash
2149:termites
2107:crystals
2049:foodwebs
2022:rotifers
2014:protists
2008:like in
1984:Willemia
1926:status,
1924:nutrient
1887:ecotypes
1779:oleander
1581:tamarind
1334:aeration
1280:sorption
1175:hydrogen
1105:drainage
1025:silicate
975:sulfides
967:in rain.
961:sulfuric
912:Ammonium
455:pH meter
425:species.
422:Clematis
404:Buddleja
399:Lonicera
390:Fraxinus
271:8.5–9.0
263:7.9–8.4
255:7.4–7.8
247:6.6–7.3
239:6.1–6.5
231:5.6–6.0
223:5.1–5.5
215:4.5–5.0
207:3.5–4.4
134:solution
94:activity
78:basicity
32:Medicaid
7026:Soil pH
6948:Methods
6769:
6571:(India)
6486:Geology
6274:Eluvium
6234:Bay mud
6199:Caliche
6189:Hardpan
6184:Claypan
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