31:
462:
no more." Holmes also criticized past decisions of the Court in this regard, stating that "I confess that I think that the right to make contracts at will that has been derived from the word liberty in the amendments has been stretched to its extreme by the decisions". Like McKenna, Holmes contended that
Congress' interest in preventing strikes and make effective its scheme of arbitration was sufficient justification for the act, while also adding, in conclusion:
646:
467:
differ – I think that laboring men sometimes attribute to them advantages, as many attribute to combinations of capital disadvantages, that really are due to economic conditions of a far wider and deeper kind – but I could not pronounce it unwarranted if
Congress should decide that to foster a strong union was for the best interest not only of the men, but of the railroads and the country at large.
565:
332:. Adair's actions were in direct violation of Section 10 of the Erdman Act which made it illegal for employers to "threaten any employee with loss of employment" or to "unjustly discriminate against an employee because of his membership in ... a labor corporation, organization or association." Adair was indicted in the
402:
But what possible legal or logical connection is there between an employee's membership in a labor organization and the carrying on of interstate commerce? Such relation to a labor organization cannot have, in itself, and in the eye of the law, any bearing upon the commerce with which the employee is
461:
Holmes, in a succinct dissent, began by saying that he too thought that the act was constitutional, and that "but for the decision of my brethren, I should have felt pretty clear about it." In Holmes' view, Section 10 presented "in substance, a very limited interference with the liberty of contract,
355:
May
Congress make it a criminal offense against the United States – as by the tenth section of the act of 1898 it does – for an agent or officer of an interstate carrier, having full authority in the premises from the carrier, to discharge an employee from service simply because of his membership in
384:
Having found that the Fifth
Amendment barred against limiting the right of an employer to fire an employee due to membership in a labor union, Harlan concluded that Congress could not criminalize such action. Furthermore, it had been argued by the government in defending the statute that Section 10
466:
But suppose the only effect really were to tend to bring about the complete unionizing of such railroad laborers as
Congress can deal with, I think that object alone would justify the act. I quite agree that the question what and how much good labor unions do is one on which intelligent people may
442:
By the same token, McKenna argued that the invalidation of
Section 10 would hamper Congress' intentions, as a scheme devised for effective arbitration would thus come to lack an integral component. In reference to the right of an employer to fire an employee at will, which would unravel Congress'
452:
In apparent admonition of the reasoning in the majority opinion, McKenna cautioned: "Liberty is an attractive theme, but the liberty which is exercised in sheer antipathy does not plead strongly for recognition." McKenna found that the legislation was within the boundaries of
Congress' powers to
447:
How can it be an aid, how can controversies which may seriously interrupt or threaten to interrupt the business of carriers (I paraphrase the words of the statute), be averted or composed if the carrier can bring on the conflict or prevent its amicable settlement by the exercise of mere whim and
364:
of the
Amendment guarded against "an invasion of the personal liberty, as well as the right of property", and that "uch liberty and right embraces the right to make contracts for the purchase of the labor of others and equally the right to make contracts for the sale of one's own labor". Harlan
437:
The provisions of the act are explicit, and present a well coordinated plan for the settlement of disputes between carriers and their employees by bringing the disputes to arbitration and accommodation, and thereby prevent strikes and the public disorder and derangement of business that may be
323:
of disputes between the interstate railroads and their workers organized into labor unions. It applied to individuals who worked on moving trains which transported freight and passengers between states. Workers who maintained railroad cars, and station clerks, did not come under the statute's
110:
Section 10 of the Erdman Act which prohibited railroad companies from demanding that a worker not join a union as a condition for employment was unconstitutional because it infringed on the right to liberty of contract under the Fifth
Amendment and exceeded Congress' powers under the Commerce
389:. In the second part of the opinion, Harlan examined this claim, at first acknowledging that Congress had "a large discretion in the selection or choice of the means to be employed in the regulation of interstate commerce". But this discretion was dependent on the regulation:
411:
W]e hold that there is no such connection between interstate commerce and membership in a labor organization as to authorize
Congress to make it a crime against the United States for an agent of an interstate carrier to discharge an employee because of such membership on his
510:(1907), in which the Court held that it was within Congress' power to abrogate the fellow-servant rule (which absolves an employer of liability for injury to a worker resulting from the negligence of a co-worker) for railway employees injured in interstate commerce; and
453:
regulate interstate commerce, and, in regard to the Fifth Amendment, a line was to be drawn between private and public business: "We are dealing with rights exercised in a quasi-public business, and therefore subject to control in the interest of the public."
393:
Manifestly, any rule prescribed for the conduct of interstate commerce, in order to be within the competency of Congress under its power to regulate commerce among the States, must have some real or substantial relation to or connection with the commerce
379:
In all such particulars, the employer and the employee have equality of right, and any legislation that disturbs that equality is an arbitrary interference with the liberty of contract which no government can legally justify in a free
2387:
375:(1905) in which the Court had struck down state regulation which was found to infringe on the laborers' "liberty of contract". In reference to the prerogatives of both parties in the termination of a labor contract, Harlan wrote:
506:
2203:
2235:
336:, which upheld the law as constitutional. In a subsequent trial, Adair was found guilty of violating the act and ordered to pay a $ 100 fine. Adair appealed the District Court's decision to the Supreme Court.
2403:
2291:
432:
In his dissent, McKenna stressed the importance of the purpose of Congress' regulation, viz. its remedial efforts to counter the recurring clashes between workers and management in the railroad industry:
2083:
1946:
2371:
2363:
2339:
2091:
571:
2115:
2035:
360:
In answering this question, Harlan first examined whether Section 10 of the act on which the indictment against Adair was based "is repugnant to the Fifth Amendment." Harlan found that the
2227:
2139:
333:
1914:
2267:
2187:
2043:
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2283:
1938:
2155:
2299:
2051:
1243:
2011:
1730:
1483:
1339:
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1179:
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975:
361:
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1810:
1403:
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661:
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230:
72:
1850:
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1802:
1794:
1746:
2251:
1722:
806:
765:
296:
226:
2179:
797:
599:
The History of the Supreme Court of the United States. Volume 12, The Birth of the Modern Constitution: The United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953
1618:
809:
329:
650:
2211:
2107:
2553:
2538:
2467:
287:
In earlier cases, the Court had struck down state legislation limiting the freedom of contract by using the due process clause of the
2543:
2451:
2331:
756:
2528:
2307:
2275:
438:
consequent upon them. I submit no worthier purpose can engage legislative attention or be the object of legislative action (...)
1626:
345:
284:, a period in American legal history in which the Supreme Court tended to invalidate legislation aimed at regulating business.
344:
In a 6-2 decision, the Court held that Section 10 of the Erdman act was unconstitutional. In the majority opinion, written by
2533:
1278:
1882:
516:(1908), in which it held that Congress could prevent union members from boycotting goods shipped from one state to another.
2131:
790:
2219:
1674:
2435:
2419:
2243:
2027:
325:
248:
35:
823:
1602:
1427:
1023:
1874:
1203:
783:
614:
486:(1915), which denied to states as well the power to ban yellow-dog contracts. In 1932, yellow-dog contracts were
1962:
2075:
1954:
407:
Harlan concluded that Congress' control over interstate commerce did not extend to membership in labor unions:
2483:
2459:
2379:
1090:
775:
319:
from demanding that a worker not join a union as a condition for employment. The law provided for voluntary
2347:
1227:
1160:
924:
749:
717:
967:
2395:
2171:
1515:
1443:
852:
2355:
2019:
1770:
1327:
991:
868:
681:
166:
2475:
2195:
1922:
1698:
1435:
1294:
699:
487:
2315:
2123:
1666:
1475:
1235:
1125:
1058:
1050:
983:
884:
742:
295:
the doctrine was expanded to include federal legislation by way of the due process clause of the
708:
1834:
1690:
1586:
1459:
1109:
1082:
1074:
1007:
948:
940:
905:
616:
Labor Unions and Antitrust Legislation: Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint from 1890-1941
312:
2003:
1507:
1347:
1219:
1117:
836:
665:
556:
421:
269:
146:
64:
690:
1754:
1270:
1141:
491:
315:
to prevent unrest in the railroad labor industry, prohibited railroad companies engaged in
134:
8:
1995:
1842:
1762:
1738:
1706:
1499:
1467:
1419:
1411:
1371:
1187:
1031:
734:
371:
316:
264:
252:
178:
142:
672:
586:
The Lochner Court, Myth and Reality: Substantive Due Process from the 1890s to the 1930s
324:
jurisdiction. In 1906, William Adair, a master mechanic who supervised employees at the
2491:
1890:
1714:
1574:
1451:
1387:
1355:
1302:
1286:
876:
559:
308:
2323:
1906:
1682:
1642:
1634:
1491:
1195:
1133:
1015:
482:
366:
100:
Error to the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Kentucky
2147:
1858:
1650:
1539:
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1262:
1211:
154:
67:
2259:
1826:
1531:
1066:
999:
932:
512:
497:
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Harlan rejected that the provision had any such connection, asking rhetorically:
386:
126:
726:
2236:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
2067:
1983:
1778:
1523:
860:
417:
348:
170:
158:
2404:
Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida Department of Environmental Protection
2512:
1898:
1547:
844:
805:
1930:
525:
244:
1947:
Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California
2364:
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
320:
278:
260:
504:
is difficult to square with two of its other decisions that same year:
83:
256:
630:
The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The Second Century, 1888–1986
645:
334:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
263:) were unconstitutional. The decision reaffirmed the doctrine of
2044:
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago
216:
Moody took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
2268:
First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v. Los Angeles County
79:
30:
328:, fired O. B. Coppage for belonging to labor union called the
277:
is often seen as defining what has come to be known as the
2388:
San Remo Hotel, L.P. v. City & County of San Francisco
764:
572:
public domain material from this U.S government document
2549:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
531:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 208
195:
Harlan, joined by Fuller, Brewer, White, Peckham, Day
2412:
Arkansas Game & Fish Commission v. United States
507:
Damselle Howard v. Illinois Central Railroad Company
351:, the question to be decided was described as such:
2428:
Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District
385:was a valid exercise of Congress' powers under the
2510:
2180:Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
2519:History of labor relations in the United States
1619:Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Co.
2524:United States substantive due process case law
2252:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
1326:
791:
750:
54:William Adair, Plff. in Err. v. United States
2212:Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
2204:Webb's Fabulous Pharmacies, Inc. v. Beckwith
601:. Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 25 f.
2292:Preseault v. Interstate Commerce Commission
2108:Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford
632:. University of Chicago Press, 1990. p. 27.
267:which was first recognized by the Court in
2468:Pakdel v. City and County of San Francisco
2084:Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. v. United States
904:
798:
784:
757:
743:
588:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 10.
500:has remarked that the Court's decision in
2452:Knick v. Township of Scott, Pennsylvania
2332:Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
609:
607:
2372:Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington
2340:Phillips v. Washington Legal Foundation
2308:Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
2276:Nollan v. California Coastal Commission
2092:Rindge Company v. County of Los Angeles
291:, which only applied to the states. In
2511:
1627:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
1573:
476:The Court followed up the decision in
2436:Horne v. Department of Agriculture II
2116:United States v. General Motors Corp.
2036:Monongahela Nav. Co. v. United States
1981:
1572:
1325:
1279:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
903:
822:
821:
779:
738:
619:. Penn State University, 2006. p. 30.
604:
18:1908 United States Supreme Court case
2420:Horne v. Department of Agriculture I
2132:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
427:
403:connected by his labor and services.
2220:Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
1675:Department of Agriculture v. Moreno
443:arbitration scheme, McKenna asked:
326:Louisville & Nashville Railroad
259:(that forbade workers from joining
13:
2244:United States v. Riverside Bayview
2028:Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.
1982:
1883:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
456:
231:U.S. Const. art. I sec. 8 clause 3
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2565:
2554:United States Supreme Court cases
2539:Louisville and Nashville Railroad
668:161 (1908) is available from:
638:
2228:Ruckelshaus v. Montanato Company
1024:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
644:
563:
29:
2544:United States contract case law
2140:United States v. Pewee Coal Co.
1875:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
490:in the United States under the
471:
2529:1908 in United States case law
2076:Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
1955:United States v. Vaello Madero
1915:Flores-Villar v. United States
622:
591:
578:
542:
1:
2484:Sheetz v. County of El Dorado
2460:Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid
2380:Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
2188:Kaiser Aetna v. United States
1603:Adkins v. Children's Hospital
807:United States Fifth Amendment
766:United States Fifth Amendment
251:which declared that bans on "
243:, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), was a
2534:United States labor case law
2348:Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel
1963:Department of State v. Muñoz
1228:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
1161:Blockburger v. United States
925:Blockburger v. United States
7:
2284:Pennell v. City of San Jose
1939:Sessions v. Morales-Santana
968:United States v. Randenbush
519:
339:
330:Order of Locomotive Fireman
249:United States Supreme Court
10:
2570:
2396:Kelo v. City of New London
2172:Armstrong v. United States
2156:Nelson v. City of New York
1516:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
1444:Dickerson v. United States
853:Wong Wing v. United States
727:Oyez (oral argument audio)
570:This article incorporates
2356:Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
2020:Cole v. City of La Grange
1990:
1977:
1771:United States v. Antelope
1581:
1568:
1428:Mitchell v. United States
1334:
1328:Self-Incrimination Clause
1321:
1254:
1172:Dual sovereignty doctrine
1171:
1152:
1101:
1042:
992:Fong Foo v. United States
959:
917:Meaning of "same offense"
916:
912:
899:
869:United States v. Moreland
831:
817:
773:
424:filed separate dissents.
273:(1897). For this reason,
225:
220:
215:
207:
199:
191:
186:
120:
115:
109:
104:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
2476:Tyler v. Hennepin County
2300:Yee v. City of Escondido
2196:Agins v. City of Tiburon
2052:Peabody v. United States
1923:United States v. Windsor
1699:Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
1436:United States v. Hubbell
1295:North Carolina v. Pearce
1244:Denezpi v. United States
1204:United States v. Wheeler
536:
311:, section 10, passed by
302:
45:Decided January 27, 1908
2316:Dolan v. City of Tigard
2124:United States v. Causby
2012:United States v. Lawton
1731:Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong
1667:Frontiero v. Richardson
1484:Corley v. United States
1476:United States v. Patane
1340:Curcio v. United States
1236:Gamble v. United States
1126:United States v. Dinitz
1059:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
1051:United States v. Wilson
984:Burton v. United States
885:United States v. Cotton
43:Argued October 29, 1907
2060:United States v. Cress
1835:Fullilove v. Klutznick
1691:Schlesinger v. Ballard
1595:Adair v. United States
1587:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1460:Yarborough v. Alvarado
1180:United States v. Lanza
1110:United States v. Perez
1091:Smith v. United States
1083:United States v. Dixon
1075:United States v. Felix
1008:Burks v. United States
949:United States v. Dixon
941:United States v. Felix
906:Double Jeopardy Clause
658:Adair v. United States
651:Adair v. United States
549:Adair v. United States
469:
450:
440:
414:
405:
396:
382:
358:
240:Adair v. United States
24:Adair v. United States
2004:Kohl v. United States
1508:Berghuis v. Thompkins
1348:Griffin v. California
1220:United States v. Lara
1118:United States v. Jorn
976:Ball v. United States
837:Hurtado v. California
464:
445:
435:
422:Oliver W. Holmes, Jr.
409:
400:
391:
377:
356:a labor organization?
353:
270:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
2164:United States v. Dow
1811:Califano v. Westcott
1755:Califano v. Goldfarb
1404:Doe v. United States
1271:Palko v. Connecticut
1142:Blueford v. Arkansas
584:Philips, Michael J.
492:Norris-LaGuardia Act
289:Fourteenth Amendment
227:U.S. Const. amend. V
167:Oliver W. Holmes Jr.
1996:Barron v. Baltimore
1843:Rostker v. Goldberg
1763:Califano v. Webster
1739:Washington v. Davis
1707:Mathews v. Eldridge
1659:Richardson v. Davis
1611:Nichols v. Coolidge
1500:Maryland v. Shatzer
1468:Missouri v. Seibert
1420:McNeil v. Wisconsin
1412:Illinois v. Perkins
1372:Williams v. Florida
1188:Bartkus v. Illinois
1153:Multiple punishment
1032:McElrath v. Georgia
718:Library of Congress
597:Wiecek, William M.
372:Lochner v. New York
317:interstate commerce
265:freedom of contract
2492:DeVillier v. Texas
1891:Miller v. Albright
1851:Heckler v. Mathews
1787:Califano v. Torres
1715:Hills v. Gautreaux
1575:Due Process Clause
1452:Chavez v. Martinez
1388:Edwards v. Arizona
1380:Michigan v. Tucker
1356:Miranda v. Arizona
1303:Benton v. Maryland
1287:Baxstrom v. Herold
877:Beck v. Washington
810:criminal procedure
613:Carter, Saalim A.
365:further cited the
362:due process clause
309:Erdman Act of 1898
131:Associate Justices
78:28 S. Ct. 277; 52
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2444:Murr v. Wisconsin
2324:Babbitt v. Youpee
1973:
1972:
1907:Zadvydas v. Davis
1867:Bowen v. Gilliard
1819:Harris v. Rosario
1683:Morton v. Mancari
1643:Schneider v. Rusk
1635:Bolling v. Sharpe
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1492:Florida v. Powell
1364:Boulden v. Holman
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1196:Waller v. Florida
1134:Oregon v. Kennedy
1016:Evans v. Michigan
895:
894:
649:Works related to
628:Currie, David P.
483:Coppage v. Kansas
428:McKenna's dissent
367:landmark decision
236:
235:
2561:
2148:Berman v. Parker
2100:Leonard v. Earle
1979:
1978:
1859:Lyng v. Castillo
1803:Davis v. Passman
1795:Vance v. Bradley
1747:Mathews v. Lucas
1651:Rogers v. Bellei
1570:
1569:
1540:Salinas v. Texas
1396:Oregon v. Elstad
1323:
1322:
1263:Ex parte Bigelow
1212:Heath v. Alabama
1043:After conviction
914:
913:
901:
900:
819:
818:
800:
793:
786:
777:
776:
759:
752:
745:
736:
735:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
680:
677:
671:
648:
633:
626:
620:
611:
602:
595:
589:
582:
576:
567:
566:
546:
179:William H. Moody
155:Rufus W. Peckham
116:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2260:Hodel v. Irving
1986:
1969:
1827:Harris v. McRae
1723:Mathews v. Diaz
1577:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1532:Howes v. Fields
1330:
1309:
1250:
1167:
1148:
1097:
1067:Grady v. Corbin
1038:
1000:Ashe v. Swenson
960:After acquittal
955:
933:Grady v. Corbin
908:
891:
827:
813:
804:
769:
763:
729:
723:
720:
714:
711:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
669:
641:
636:
627:
623:
612:
605:
596:
592:
583:
579:
564:
547:
543:
539:
522:
513:Loewe v. Lawlor
498:David P. Currie
474:
459:
457:Holmes' dissent
430:
387:Commerce Clause
342:
305:
297:Fifth Amendment
229:
169:
157:
147:Edward D. White
145:
143:David J. Brewer
127:Melville Fuller
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2504:
2503:
2500:
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2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2068:Block v. Hirsh
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:Takings Clause
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
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472:Significance
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247:case of the
245:US labor law
239:
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221:Laws applied
174:
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150:
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92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
321:arbitration
2513:Categories
824:Grand Jury
394:regulated.
253:yellow-dog
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:436; 1908
416:Justices
257:contracts
60:Citations
812:case law
768:case law
656:Text of
520:See also
488:outlawed
448:caprice?
340:Judgment
313:Congress
192:Majority
691:Findlaw
673:Cornell
346:Justice
280:Lochner
208:Dissent
203:McKenna
200:Dissent
111:Clause.
105:Holding
2495:(2024)
2487:(2024)
2479:(2023)
2471:(2021)
2463:(2021)
2455:(2019)
2447:(2017)
2439:(2015)
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2423:(2013)
2415:(2012)
2407:(2010)
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2359:(2001)
2351:(1998)
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2311:(1992)
2303:(1992)
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2271:(1987)
2263:(1987)
2255:(1987)
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2231:(1984)
2223:(1984)
2215:(1982)
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2199:(1980)
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2183:(1978)
2175:(1960)
2167:(1958)
2159:(1956)
2151:(1954)
2143:(1951)
2135:(1949)
2127:(1946)
2119:(1945)
2111:(1935)
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2071:(1921)
2063:(1917)
2055:(1913)
2047:(1897)
2039:(1893)
2031:(1885)
2023:(1885)
2015:(1884)
2007:(1875)
1999:(1833)
1966:(2024)
1958:(2022)
1950:(2020)
1942:(2017)
1934:(2015)
1926:(2013)
1918:(2011)
1910:(2001)
1902:(2001)
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1606:(1923)
1598:(1908)
1590:(1857)
1551:(2022)
1543:(2013)
1535:(2012)
1527:(2011)
1519:(2011)
1511:(2010)
1503:(2010)
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1471:(2004)
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1455:(2003)
1447:(2000)
1439:(2000)
1431:(1999)
1423:(1991)
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1407:(1988)
1399:(1985)
1391:(1981)
1383:(1974)
1375:(1970)
1367:(1969)
1359:(1966)
1351:(1965)
1343:(1957)
1306:(1969)
1298:(1969)
1290:(1966)
1282:(1947)
1274:(1937)
1266:(1885)
1247:(2022)
1239:(2019)
1231:(2016)
1223:(2004)
1215:(1985)
1207:(1978)
1199:(1970)
1191:(1959)
1183:(1922)
1164:(1932)
1145:(2012)
1137:(1982)
1129:(1976)
1121:(1971)
1113:(1824)
1094:(2023)
1086:(1993)
1078:(1992)
1070:(1990)
1062:(1976)
1054:(1833)
1035:(2024)
1027:(2016)
1019:(2013)
1011:(1978)
1003:(1970)
995:(1962)
987:(1906)
979:(1896)
971:(1834)
952:(1993)
944:(1992)
936:(1990)
928:(1932)
888:(2002)
880:(1962)
872:(1922)
864:(1900)
856:(1896)
848:(1887)
840:(1884)
826:Clause
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
709:Justia
706:
703:
697:
694:
688:
685:
679:
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670:
568:
551:,
211:Holmes
177:
175:·
173:
165:
163:·
161:
153:
151:·
149:
141:
139:·
137:
80:L. Ed.
1255:Other
664:
555:
537:Notes
502:Adair
480:with
478:Adair
412:part.
380:land.
303:Facts
293:Adair
275:Adair
97:Prior
666:U.S.
557:U.S.
420:and
307:The
86:1431
73:more
65:U.S.
63:208
662:208
560:161
553:208
369:in
282:era
68:161
2515::
660:,
606:^
494:.
299:.
255:"
799:e
792:t
785:v
758:e
751:t
744:v
574:.
76:)
70:(
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