36:
2632:
2646:
550:, includes a statement as to whether the claim was denied or approved. If the company denied the claim, it has to provide an explanation for the reason why under regional laws. The company also often sends an explanation of benefits that includes detailed information about how each service included in the claim was settled. Insurance companies will then send out payments to the providers if the claims are approved or to the provider's billing service.
567:
429:
290:, Australia, to allow for the rapid determination of progress claims under building contracts or sub-contracts and contracts for the supply of goods or services in the building industry. This process was designed to ensure cash flow to businesses in the building industry, without parties getting tied up in lengthy and expensive litigation or arbitration. It is regulated by the
332:(ANB) to appoint one. The "Scheme for Construction Contracts" set up under the Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 contains a set of adjudication provisions which are to apply to a construction contract unless the contract itself includes arrangements for adjudication which comply in full with statutory requirements.
359:"smash and grab" claim refers to the practice of submitting a large interim payment application at the end of the construction phase of a project, but before completion of the final account, and the term "'smash and grab' adjudication" has been used in relation to several adjudication decisions regarding liability for interim payment of such claims.
368:"wholly unnecessary" to resolve as far as the initial adjudication was concerned. In other circumstances, an adjudicator's ruling is binding and a point which has been resolved cannot be raised again, but where the adjudicator went outside the scope of the adjudication referred to them, their comments were not a binding part of the ruling.
694:: "Adjudication is the review and consideration of all available information to ensure an individual's loyalty, reliability, and trustworthiness are such that entrusting an individual with national security information or assigning an individual to sensitive duties is clearly in the best interest of national security."
415:. Their skills are as likely (if not more likely) to lie in other disciplines. The task of the adjudicator is not to act as arbitrator or judge. The time constraints within which he is expected to operate are proof of that. The task of the adjudicator is to find an interim solution which meets the needs of the case."
367:
In a 2010 case involving two consecutive adjudications in relation to a construction contract for homeowner
Charles Wishart, the High Court allowed the second adjudicator's ruling on an issue which the first adjudicator had commented on and purported to have resolved, but which was not part of, and
542:
to process claims and make a decision or doing so manually. If it is done automatically using software or a web-based subscription, the claim process is called auto-adjudication. Automating claims often improve efficiency and reduce expenses required for manual claims adjudication. Many claims are
358:
The phrase "true value adjudication" is sometimes used in relation to the role of an adjudicator, meaning that the adjudicator is asked to determine the true value of a completed construction where this may be different from the value claimed by the contractor and/or paid by the client. The term
346:
Section 108(3) of the 1996 Act and paragraph 23(2) of the Scheme for
Construction Contracts state that "the decision of the adjudicator shall be binding on the parties, and they shall comply with it until the dispute is finally determined by legal proceedings, by arbitration ... or by agreement
213:
in 1999. There is very little harmony between the legislation in each jurisdiction regarding the scope of contract covered and the adjudication procedure. However, in all jurisdictions, adjudications are interim pending final resolution of the dispute under the relevant terms of the contract.
378:, Matt Molloy notes that there can be a distinction between "statutory adjudication", applying the processes set out in legislation, and "contractual adjudication", where a complainant exercises a right provided for in their contract. In this case, which related to a
738:
defines a dually adjudicated child as "a child who is found to be dependent or temporarily subject to court jurisdiction pending an adjudication of a dependency petition and who is alleged or found to have committed a delinquent or incorrigible act". According to
230:
on 26 March 2000 and applies to all construction contracts commenced on or after that date. It is not possible to contract out of the legislation. Amendments to the Act made in 2013 are not retrospective, however, earlier amendments are. The Act does not apply to
269:
in
October, 2004. Through a statutory-based adjudication process a claimant can seek to resolve payment on account disputes. The act covers construction, and related supply of goods and services, contracts, whether written or verbal. BCIPA is regulated by the
537:
industry to refer to the process of paying claims submitted or denying them after comparing claims to the benefit or coverage requirements. The adjudication process consists of receiving a claim from an insured person and then utilizing
342:
For there to be a dispute capable of being addressed by adjudication, "it must be clear that a point has emerged from the process of discussion or negotiation that has ended and that there is something which needs to be decided".
262:
271:
818:
regards it as "resolved" that where there is any difference between contractual adjudication arrangements and statutory requirements, the contractual arrangements fall and the Scheme is applied "in its
727:
743:, "adjudicated" means that the Juvenile Court has entered an order declaring that a child "is neglected, abused, dependent, a minor requiring authoritative intervention, a delinquent minor or an
546:
After the claims adjudication process is complete, the insurance company often sends a letter to the person filing the claim describing the outcome. The letter, which is sometimes referred to as
1152:
687:. It may be determined that the person is not suitable for a public trust position, but is suitable for a non-sensitive position. However, a person may be deemed unsuitable for any position.
320:
Any party to a construction contract has the right to refer a dispute arising under the contract to a third party for adjudication, whose decision shall be binding unless the courts or an
188:
of all the parties there to have been considered and set at rest." In some cases, an application for adjudication is an alternative legal process instead of applying for a court hearing.
928:
314:
291:
235:
work, however, construction work ancillary to the operation of a mine is covered. The Act also does not apply to work undertaken for a resident owner within the meaning of the
275:
710:
that set off an alarm and assessing the potential threat that the material or device might pose with corresponding implications for the need to take further action."
324:
have already made a determination on the referred issue. The Act does not define "adjudication" or an "adjudicator", but an adjudicator's obligation is to act "
310:
691:
328:" (section 108(2)(e)). The parties can agree between themselves who will undertake the adjudication, but where they cannot agree, either party may ask an
1184:
1355:
Michael J. Gorr and
Sterling Harwood, eds., Controversies in Criminal Law: Philosophical Essays on Responsibility and Procedure (Westview Press, 1992).
249: has allowed an adjudicator's determination for a non-jurisdictional error to be overturned through judicial review. The case went against
50:
1126:
722:
can refer to children that are under a court's jurisdiction, usually as a result of having engaged in delinquent behavior and not having a
297:
Builders, sub-contractors and suppliers need to carefully choose a nominating authority to which they make an adjudication application.
1358:
Michael J. Gorr and
Sterling Harwood, eds., Crime and Punishment: Philosophic Explorations (Wadsworth Publishing Co., 2000; originally
941:
2613:
1045:
390:, the court determined that the adjudicator had exceeded his jurisdiction and the adjudicator's ruling was therefore not upheld.
1248:
Fiscal Year 2011: Homeland
Security Grant Program Supplemental Resource: Preventive Radiological / Nuclear Detection Guidance
1388:
John T. Noonan and
Kenneth I. Winston, eds., The Responsible Judge: Readings in Judicial Ethics (Praeger Publishers, 1993).
639:
501:
1215:
611:
473:
394:
202:
253:(2004), which had held that judicial intervention was limited to cases of a breach of essential and basic requirements.
910:
352:
2039:
1597:
1496:
1049:
892:
658:
520:
84:
618:
596:
480:
458:
382:-removal agreement requiring the contractor to remove the remains of a boat sunk to stop torpedoes being fired into
2153:
2022:
1009:
853:
2608:
1955:
1856:
2115:
1749:
761:
592:
454:
411:
reminded litigants that in the UK context, "the majority of adjudicators are not chosen for their expertise as
625:
487:
1468:
1359:
588:
450:
17:
2275:
1754:
1319:
1284:
355:
argued that the wording would have been clearer if had said "unless and until" instead of merely "until".
2691:
2270:
607:
469:
2245:
1744:
1398:
Harry H. Wellington, Interpreting the
Constitution: The Supreme Court and the Process of Adjudication (
1379:
957:
137:
and at other competitive forums, by which competitors are evaluated and ranked and a winner is found.
2328:
914:
683:
position, which is a job that requires a very knowledgeable and responsible person, often related to
2696:
2123:
2105:
1368:
Sterling
Harwood, Judicial Activism: A Restrained Defense (Austin & Winfield Publishers, 1993).
1339:
1247:
1001:
703:
672:
577:
439:
403:
66:
2457:
675:
where the investigation results are reviewed to determine whether a candidate should be awarded a
2686:
2498:
2285:
1774:
1759:
1371:
Allan C. Hutchinson, It's All in the Game: A Nonfoundationalist
Account of Law and Adjudication (
1349:
1113:
1066:
969:
581:
443:
184:
on the factual issue(s) involved; it may be equivalent to a determination. It indicates that the
553:
The process of claims adjudication, in this context, is also called "medical billing advocacy".
2553:
2538:
46:
988:
702:
Adjudication is the "process of identifying, with reasonable certainty, the type or nature of
126:, to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved.
2657:
2250:
1928:
1739:
1416:
1399:
1372:
1309:
1264:
1097:
1084:
1004:
Brodyn Pty. Ltd. t/as Time Cost and Quality v. Davenport & Anor. [2004] NSWCA 394
930:
International Best Legal Practice in Project and Construction Agreements: Security of payment
408:
1153:
The Future of 'Smash and Grab' Adjudications and what it means for the Construction Industry
2378:
1724:
287:
1232:
1187:, case reference: EWHC 3366 (TCC), published 22 December 2010, accessed 23 September 2023
1142:(2018) EWHC 123 (TCC), paragraph 13, published 27 February 2018, accessed 16 December 2021
632:
494:
209:
legislation which provide for adjudication of progress construction claims, starting with
168:; also the judgment or decision given. The entry of a decree by a court in respect to the
8:
2533:
1673:
1590:
1433:
1139:
775:
374:
206:
1202:
1029:
991: (15 June 2016), Supreme Court New South Wales: Equity – Technology and Construction
2348:
2007:
1861:
1846:
1824:
1568:
1548:
1501:
1491:
1033:
915:
Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Limited (Respondent) v Higgins Construction Plc (Appellant)
780:
756:
676:
349:
Aspect Contracts (Asbestos) Limited (Respondent) v Higgins Construction Plc (Appellant)
150:
58:
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1709:
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1461:
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888:
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547:
130:
62:
1155:, Penningtons Manches Cooper LLP, published 23 April 2020, accessed 16 December 2021
1030:
Text of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (1996 Chapter 53)
2338:
2305:
1804:
1668:
1663:
1628:
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1329:
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can also result in a determination that a child is in need of services. Different
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1308:, The Least Dangerous Branch: The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics, 2nd ed. (
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227:
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185:
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1979:
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1335:
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306:
181:
154:
115:
1429:
1385:
David Lyons, Moral Aspects of Legal Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
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1442:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1441:
1425:
Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
1424:
1318:, Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities (Ann Arbor:
1032:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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790:
383:
173:
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146:
119:
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1533:
1511:
1454:
1345:
1315:
795:
680:
339:, the Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998 apply.
325:
177:
1205:(2012) EWHC 84 (TCC), published 26 January 2012, accessed 16 November 2022
1085:
The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998
1069: at para. 29 (6 December 2011), High Court (England and Wales)
2572:
2513:
2503:
2300:
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2133:
2034:
1950:
1909:
1876:
1841:
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387:
286:
Adjudication is a relatively new process introduced by the government of
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107:
98:
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2049:
2044:
2002:
1984:
1972:
1933:
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1438:
The Merits (and Demerits) of International Adjudication and Arbitration
1391:
Kathleen M. Sullivan and Gerald Gunther, Constitutional Law, 15th ed. (
861:
832:, June 2001, quoted in High Court (Technology and Construction Court).
671:
In the United States, adjudication is the process directly following a
321:
266:
1116: at para. 24 (22 May 2003), High Court (England and Wales)
2543:
2508:
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2425:
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2187:
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1994:
1967:
1851:
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731:
534:
399:
379:
134:
2631:
1300:
Darren Noble, Users' Guide to Adjudication in Victoria (Anstat 2009)
566:
543:
submitted on paper and are processed manually by insurance workers.
428:
2592:
2577:
2280:
2165:
1962:
1506:
539:
336:
244:
123:
1201:
England and Wales High Court (Technology and Construction Court),
1138:
England and Wales High Court (Technology and Construction Court),
2482:
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2410:
2358:
2170:
2088:
1904:
1866:
1814:
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that could be entrusted with being responsible for him or her. A
1365:
H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford University Press, 1961).
1235: (16 November 2005), Court of Appeal (England and Wales)
2582:
2435:
2180:
2071:
2066:
2012:
1683:
958:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
734:
have different processes for declaring a child as adjudicated.
412:
315:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
292:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002
232:
224:
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
2523:
2467:
2373:
2214:
2017:
1516:
1098:
Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998
985:
Probuild Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd
162:
122:, including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or
111:
917:, Trinity Term UKSC 38, paragraph 15, accessed 5 April 2021
2405:
2353:
2209:
1607:
1523:
1203:
Herbosh-Kiere Marine Contractors Ltd v Dover Harbour Board
1477:
1229:
Carillion Construction Ltd v Devonport Royal Dockyard Ltd
937:
556:
1218:, published 14 February 2012, accessed 16 November 2022
1087:, SI 649/1998, made 6 March 1998, accessed 5 April 2021
309:
in regard to construction in the United Kingdom is the
1446:
311:
Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
1287:". Illinois General Assembly. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
692:
Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility
263:
Building and Construction Industry Payments Act 2004
247:
Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd v Shade Systems Pty Ltd
926:
887:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 118.
858:Washington State Office of Administrative Hearings
313:(1996 Chapter 53), later amended by Part 8 of the
272:Building and Construction Industry Payments Agency
2678:
1216:Adjudication "torpedoed" by adjudicator's frolic
129:Adjudication can also refer to the processes at
1328:, Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies (
1185:Redwing Construction Limited v Charles Wishart
927:McNair, Damian; PwC Australia (January 2016),
533:"Claims adjudication" is a phrase used in the
393:In the same case, reference is made to a 2006
1462:
1165:Benfield Construction v Trudson (Hatton) Ltd.
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1421:International Law in the Age of Adjudication
882:
1348:, Principles of Human Rights Adjudication (
1061:
885:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 1
595:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
457:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1469:
1455:
1140:Grove Developments Ltd v S&T (UK) Ltd.
980:
978:
883:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
1378:David Lyons, Ethics and the Rule of Law (
1227:
1079:
1077:
659:Learn how and when to remove this message
521:Learn how and when to remove this message
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
2614:History of the American legal profession
1197:
1195:
1193:
1046:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
906:
904:
828:Lloyd QC, in the unreported decision of
728:child dependency or neglect adjudication
153:. The formal giving or pronouncing of a
1271:. Justia. 2005. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
975:
713:
373:Herbosh-Kiere Marine Contractors Ltd v
14:
2679:
1074:
854:"Glossary for Administrative Hearings"
557:Background investigations (employment)
1450:
1190:
1063:Sprunt Ltd v London Borough of Camden
994:
901:
697:
347:between the parties". In the case of
1252:U.S. Department of Homeland Security
593:adding citations to reliable sources
560:
455:adding citations to reliable sources
422:
145:Adjudication may be defined as "the
29:
1173:Redwing Construction Ltd. v Wishart
191:
24:
1294:
1169:Barr Ltd v Klin Investment UK Ltd.
1114:[2003] EWHC 1187 (TCC)
1067:[2011] EWHC 3191 (TCC)
911:Supreme Court of England and Wales
353:Supreme Court of England and Wales
217:
140:
25:
2708:
1598:Restitution and unjust enrichment
362:
300:
106:is the legal process by which an
2645:
2644:
2630:
1127:More on True Value Adjudications
1010:Supreme Court of New South Wales
565:
427:
34:
2609:History of the legal profession
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1208:
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718:Referring to a minor, the term
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920:
876:
846:
762:Alternative dispute resolution
13:
1:
1360:Jones and Bartlett Publishers
839:
418:
256:
1320:University of Michigan Press
1281:Illinois Administrative Code
1233:[2005] EWCA Civ 1358
1171:, 2009, both referred to in
1071:, accessed 22 November 2023.
371:In relation to a 2012 case,
276:Queensland Building Services
265:(BCIPA) came into effect in
196:
7:
1406:
1338:, Taking Rights Seriously (
1129:, accessed 12 November 2021
750:
330:Adjudicator Nominating Body
281:
61:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2713:
2276:International legal theory
1755:International slavery laws
1750:International human rights
1745:International criminal law
1380:Cambridge University Press
1125:Addleshaw Goddard (2019),
1110:Orange EBS Ltd. v ABB Ltd.
251:Brodyn Pty Ltd v Davenport
96:
47:the English-speaking world
2624:
2601:
2491:
2329:Administration of justice
2314:
2223:
2114:
1993:
1895:
1616:
1484:
1417:Sir Christopher Greenwood
1342:, 2005, originally 1977).
1285:Section 304.2 Definitions
1052:, accessed on 1 July 2024
989:[2016] NSWSC 770
242:In NSW, the 2016 case of
2106:Basic structure doctrine
1956:Natural and legal rights
1837:Public international law
1340:Harvard University Press
1237:accessed 21 August 2023.
801:
673:background investigation
404:Devonport Royal Dockyard
172:in a case. It implies a
2286:Principle of typicality
1760:International trade law
1476:
1350:Oxford University Press
1269:Arizona Revised Statues
972:, accessed 25 June 2018
960:, accessed 25 June 2018
690:From the United States
679:, or is suitable for a
49:and do not represent a
970:Home Building Act 1989
400:Carillion Construction
237:Home Building Act 1989
2281:Principle of legality
2040:Delegated legislation
1740:Intellectual property
1400:Yale University Press
1373:Duke University Press
1310:Yale University Press
1050:Adjudication Services
409:Lord Justice Chadwick
351:, heard in 2015, the
2499:Barristers' chambers
2441:Legal representation
2379:Justice of the peace
1725:Financial regulation
714:Referring to a minor
589:improve this section
451:improve this section
226:came into effect in
67:create a new article
59:improve this article
45:deal primarily with
2534:Election commission
2246:Expressive function
1775:Landlord–tenant law
1674:Consumer protection
1434:Stephen M. Schwebel
776:Collateral estoppel
375:Dover Harbour Board
207:security of payment
203:state and territory
151:resolving a dispute
2692:Administrative law
2492:Legal institutions
2359:Lawsuit/Litigation
2349:Dispute resolution
2154:Catholic canon law
1862:State of emergency
1825:Will and testament
1549:Law of obligations
1502:Constitutional law
1492:Administrative law
1265:§8-271 Definitions
1034:legislation.gov.uk
1006:(3 November 2004)"
947:on 8 November 2022
781:Dispute resolution
757:Administrative law
741:Illinois state law
698:Emergency response
677:security clearance
274:, a branch of the
176:by a court, after
131:dance competitions
2674:
2673:
2334:Constitutionalism
2256:Law and economics
2094:Act of parliament
1832:Product liability
1785:Legal archaeology
1710:Environmental law
1704:Entertainment law
1544:International law
1326:Erwin Chemerinsky
1183:Fenwick Elliott,
830:Sindall v Solland
736:Arizona state law
685:national security
669:
668:
661:
643:
548:remittance advice
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523:
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69:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
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2458:Question of fact
2339:Criminal justice
1669:Construction law
1664:Conflict of laws
1629:Agricultural law
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1393:Foundation Press
1330:Aspen Publishers
1306:Alexander Bickel
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1083:UK Legislation,
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860:. Archived from
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2529:Court of equity
2487:
2463:Question of law
2416:Practice of law
2396:Judicial review
2310:
2261:Legal formalism
2241:Comparative law
2236:Contract theory
2219:
2139:Legal pluralism
2110:
2099:Act of Congress
2023:Executive order
1989:
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1810:Nationality law
1735:Immigration law
1659:Competition law
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1485:Core subjects
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894:9780787663742
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816:Peter Coulson
811:
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791:Jurisprudence
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617:
613:
610: –
609:
605:
604:Find sources:
598:
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584:
583:
579:
574:This section
572:
568:
563:
562:
554:
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514:
511:November 2023
503:
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486:
482:
479:
475:
472: –
471:
467:
466:Find sources:
460:
456:
452:
446:
445:
441:
436:This section
434:
430:
425:
424:
416:
414:
410:
406:
405:
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396:
391:
389:
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384:Dover Harbour
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360:
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338:
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331:
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318:
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308:
305:The relevant
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120:argumentation
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41:
32:
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27:Legal process
19:
18:Adjudications
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2401:Jurisdiction
2369:Legal remedy
2324:Adjudication
2323:
2224:Legal theory
2062:Ratification
2057:Promulgation
2028:Proclamation
2008:Codification
1941:Human rights
1929:Divine right
1919:Constitution
1887:Women in law
1805:Military law
1800:Marriage law
1795:Maritime law
1694:Election law
1634:Aviation law
1624:Abortion law
1576:Property law
1512:Criminal law
1437:
1420:
1346:Conor Gearty
1316:Gad Barzilai
1280:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1228:
1223:
1214:Molloy, M.,
1210:
1179:
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1121:
1109:
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1092:
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1041:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1003:
996:
984:
965:
953:
942:the original
929:
922:
884:
878:
866:. Retrieved
862:the original
857:
848:
829:
824:
810:
796:Res judicata
719:
717:
701:
689:
681:public trust
670:
655:
646:
636:
629:
622:
615:
603:
587:Please help
575:
552:
545:
532:
517:
508:
498:
491:
484:
477:
465:
449:Please help
437:
398:
392:
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329:
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285:
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205:has enacted
200:
144:
128:
104:Adjudication
103:
102:
81:
72:
44:
2573:Legislature
2504:Bureaucracy
2301:Rule of man
2296:Rule of law
2271:Libertarian
2134:Chinese law
2035:Legislation
1985:Regulations
1973:Law reports
1951:Natural law
1847:Reparations
1842:Refugee law
1765:Jurimetrics
1706:(Media law)
1644:Banking law
1639:Amnesty law
1617:Disciplines
1554:Private law
1167:(2008) and
766:Arbitration
720:adjudicated
649:August 2023
407:, in which
388:World War I
326:impartially
307:legislation
99:Adjudicator
2681:Categories
2566:Law school
2446:Prosecutor
2384:Magistrate
2171:Jewish law
2129:Common law
2050:Rulemaking
2045:Regulation
1995:Law making
1934:Divine law
1910:Legal code
1857:Sports law
1780:Law of war
1730:Health law
1715:Family law
1699:Energy law
1649:Bankruptcy
1586:Punishment
1581:Public law
1015:2 December
840:References
819:entirety".
619:newspapers
481:newspapers
419:Healthcare
322:arbitrator
267:Queensland
257:Queensland
166:proceeding
135:game shows
97:See also:
2544:Judiciary
2539:Executive
2514:The bench
2451:Solicitor
2426:Barrister
2306:Sociology
2291:Pseudolaw
2231:Anarchist
2188:Roman law
2176:Parsi law
2161:Hindu law
2149:Canon law
2124:Civil law
2077:Concordat
1968:Precedent
1877:Trust law
1852:Space law
1689:Drugs law
1559:Procedure
1497:Civil law
1436:entitled
1419:entitled
770:Mediation
732:US states
576:does not
535:insurance
438:does not
197:Australia
124:litigants
63:talk page
2651:Category
2593:Tribunal
2578:Military
2421:Attorney
2391:Judgment
2251:Feminist
2166:Jain law
1963:Case law
1684:Cyberlaw
1591:Corporal
1569:Criminal
1539:Evidence
1529:Doctrine
1507:Contract
1407:Lectures
1402:, 1992).
1395:, 2004).
1382:, 1984).
1375:, 2000).
1362:, 1996).
1352:, 2005).
1332:, 2006).
1322:, 2003).
1312:, 1986).
1254:. p. 11.
913:(2015),
751:See also
747:minor".
745:addicted
704:material
540:software
397:ruling,
337:Scotland
288:Victoria
282:Victoria
245:Probuild
155:judgment
116:evidence
114:reviews
75:May 2023
57:You may
2665:Outline
2602:History
2509:The bar
2483:Verdict
2431:Counsel
2411:Justice
2266:History
2089:Statute
1905:Charter
1867:Tax law
1815:Probate
1440:in the
1430:Lecture
1423:in the
1413:Lecture
868:16 July
785:Lawsuit
633:scholar
597:removed
582:sources
495:scholar
459:removed
444:sources
413:lawyers
386:during
174:hearing
170:parties
108:arbiter
2583:Police
2554:Agency
2436:Lawyer
2181:Sharia
2072:Treaty
2067:Repeal
2013:Decree
1924:Custom
1820:Estate
1770:Labour
1534:Equity
891:
814:Judge
783:(e.g.
764:(e.g.
708:device
635:
628:
621:
614:
606:
497:
490:
483:
476:
468:
233:mining
186:claims
178:notice
159:decree
2658:Index
2524:Court
2468:Trial
2374:Judge
2215:Yassa
2018:Edict
1564:Civil
1517:Crime
1231:
1112:
1065:
987:
945:(PDF)
934:(PDF)
802:Notes
640:JSTOR
626:books
502:JSTOR
488:books
380:wreck
201:Each
180:, of
163:court
161:in a
112:judge
65:, or
2406:Jury
2354:Fiqh
2210:Xeer
1608:Tort
1524:Deed
1017:2016
889:ISBN
870:2015
612:news
580:any
578:cite
474:news
442:any
440:cite
261:The
222:The
118:and
1478:Law
1432:by
1415:by
1267:".
1250:".
938:PwC
706:or
591:by
453:by
335:In
157:or
149:of
110:or
2683::
1912:/
1283:,
1192:^
1076:^
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1008:.
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