833:, flooded at high tide, which led from Northey to the flats along the southern margin of the estuary. Before they (the Danes) had left their camp on the island Byrhtnoth, with his retainers and a force of local militia, had taken possession of the landward end of the causeway. Refusing a demand for tribute, shouted across the water while the tide was high, Byrhtnoth drew up his men along the bank, and waited for the ebb. As the water fell the raiders began to stream out along the causeway. But three of Byrhtnoth's retainers held it against them, and at last they asked to be allowed to cross unhindered and fight on equal terms on the mainland. With what even those who admired him most called 'over-courage', Byrhtnoth agreed to this; the pirates rushed through the falling tide, and battle was joined. Its issue was decided by Byrhtnoth's fall. Many even of his own men immediately took to flight and the English ranks were broken. What gives enduring interest to the battle is the superb courage with which a group of Byrhtnoth's thegns, knowing that the fight was lost, deliberately gave themselves to death in order that they might avenge their lord."
634:
ecclesiastical reform, but these disrupted aristocratic families' traditional patronage. The end of his firm rule saw a reversal of this policy, with aristocrats recovering their lost properties or seizing new ones. This was opposed by
Dunstan, but according to Cyril Hart, "The presence of supporters of church reform on both sides indicates that the conflict between them depended as much on issues of land ownership and local power as on ecclesiastical legitimacy. Adherents of both Edward and Æthelred can be seen appropriating, or recovering, monastic lands." Nevertheless, favour for Edward must have been strong among the monastic communities. When Edward was killed at Æthelred's estate at
852:
586:. At the time of his father's death, Æthelred could have been no more than 10 years old. As the elder of Edgar's sons, Edward – reportedly a young man given to frequent violent outbursts – probably would have naturally succeeded to the throne of England despite his young age, had he not "offended many important persons by his intolerable violence of speech and behaviour." In any case, a number of English nobles took to opposing Edward's succession and to defending Æthelred's claim to the throne; Æthelred was, after all, the son of Edgar's last, living wife, and no rumour of illegitimacy is known to have plagued Æthelred's birth, as it might have his elder brother's.
1313:. To each city let there be 36 chosen for witnessing; to small towns and to each hundred let there be 12, unless they desire more. And everybody shall purchase and sell their goods in the presence of a witness, whether he is buying or selling something, whether in a city or a wapentake. And each of them, when they first choose to become a witness, shall give an oath that he will never, neither for wealth nor love nor fear, deny any of those things which he will be a witness to, and will not, in his capacity as a witness, make known any thing except that which he saw and heard. And let there be either two or three of these sworn witnesses at every sale of goods.
1028:, but leading English noblemen sent a deputation to Æthelred to negotiate his restoration to the throne. He was required to declare his loyalty to them, to bring in reforms regarding everything that they disliked and to forgive all that had been said and done against him in his previous reign. The terms of this agreement are of great constitutional interest in early English history as they are the first recorded pact between a King and his subjects; they are also widely regarded as showing that many English noblemen had submitted to Sweyn simply because of their distrust of Æthelred. According to the
1206:
utterly damned. Recent cautious assessments of Æthelred's reign have more often uncovered reasons to doubt, rather than uphold, Æthelred's later infamy. Though the failures of his government will always put Æthelred's reign in the shadow of the reigns of kings Edgar, Æthelstan, and Alfred, historians' current impression of Æthelred's personal character is certainly not as unflattering as it once was: "Æthelred's misfortune as a ruler was owed not so much to any supposed defects of his imagined character, as to a combination of circumstances which anyone would have found difficult to control."
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652:
and stabbed him ... So far as can be seen the murder was planned and carried out by Æthelred's household men in order that their young master might become king. There is nothing to support the allegation, which first appears in writing more than a century later, that Queen Ælfthryth had plotted her stepson's death. No one was punished for a part in the crime, and Æthelred, who was crowned a month after the murder, began to reign in an atmosphere of suspicion which destroyed the prestige of the crown. It was never fully restored in his lifetime.
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1514:
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696:Æthelred was between nine and twelve years old when he became king and affairs were initially managed by leading councillors such as Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, Queen Ælfthryth and Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Æthelwold was especially influential and when he died, on 1 August 984, Æthelred abandoned his early councillors and launched on policies which involved encroachment on church privileges, to his later regret. In a
1329:, some 200 years after the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, and that the practice had originated with the Franks, who in turn had influenced the Normans, who thence introduced it to England. Since Brunner's thesis, the origin of the English jury has been much disputed. Throughout the 20th century, legal historians disagreed about whether the practice was English in origin, or was introduced, directly or indirectly, from either
888:; King Æthelred stood as his sponsor. After receiving gifts, Olaf promised "that he would never come back to England in hostility." Olaf then left England for Norway and never returned, though "other component parts of the Viking force appear to have decided to stay in England, for it is apparent from the treaty that some had chosen to enter into King Æthelred's service as mercenaries, based presumably on the Isle of Wight."
1290:
sylle ælc þara ceapa, þe he bigcge oððe sylle aþer oððe burge oððe on wæpengetace. & heora ælc, þonne hine man ærest to gewitnysse gecysð, sylle þæne að, þæt he næfre, ne for feo ne for lufe ne for ege, ne ætsace nanes þara þinga, þe he to gewitnysse wæs, & nan oðer þingc on gewitnysse ne cyðe buton þæt an, þæt he geseah oððe gehyrde. & swa geæþdera manna syn on ælcum ceape twegen oððe þry to gewitnysse.
944:. Nevertheless, Æthelred must have felt at a loss, and, in the Spring of 1002, the English bought a truce for £24,000. Æthelred's frequent payments of immense Danegelds are often held up as exemplary of the incompetency of his government and his own short-sightedness. However, Keynes points out that such payments had been practice for at least a century, and had been adopted by
1240:þæt man habbe gemot on ælcum wæpentace; & gan ut þa yldestan XII þegnas & se gerefa mid, & swerian on þam haligdome, þe heom man on hand sylle, þæt hig nellan nænne sacleasan man forsecgean ne nænne sacne forhelan. & niman þonne þa tihtbysian men, þe mid þam gerefan habbað, & heora ælc sylle VI healfmarc wedd, healf landrican & healf wæpentake.
1528:
1157:. The three latest codes from Æthelred's reign seemed to have been drafted by Wulfstan. These codes are extensively concerned with ecclesiastical affairs. They also exhibit the characteristics of Wulfstan's highly rhetorical style. Wulfstan went on to draft codes for King Cnut, and recycled there many of the laws which were used in Æthelred's codes.
1077:, Olaf led a successful attack on London Bridge with a fleet of ships. He then went on to help Æthelred retake London and other parts of the country. Cnut and his army decided to withdraw from England in April 1014, leaving his Lindsey allies to suffer Æthelred's revenge. In about 1016, it is thought that Olaf left to concentrate on raiding
1007:
and the king and his council decided not to risk it in a general action. In
Stenton's view: "The history of England in the next generation was really determined between 1009 and 1012 ... the ignominious collapse of the English defence caused a loss of morale which was irreparable." The Danish army of 1009, led by
1196:, who has often argued that our poor impression of Æthelred is almost entirely based upon after-the-fact accounts of, and later accretions to, the narrative of events during Æthelred's long and complex reign. Chief among the culprits is in fact one of the most important sources for the history of the period, the
825:, which describes the doomed but heroic attempt of Byrhtnoth to defend the coast of Essex against overwhelming odds. This was the first of a series of crushing defeats felt by the English: beaten first by Danish raiders, and later by organised Danish armies. Stenton summarises the events of the poem:
1006:
An expedition the following year was bought off in early 1007 by tribute money of £36,000, and for the next two years
England was free from attack. In 1008, the government created a new fleet of warships, organised on a national scale, but this was weakened when one of its commanders took to piracy,
1289:
ic wille, þæt ælc mon sy under borge ge binnan burgum ge buton burgum. & gewitnes sy geset to ælcere byrig & to ælcum hundrode. To ælcere byrig XXXVI syn gecorone to gewitnesse; to smalum burgum & to ælcum hundrode XII, buton ge ma willan. & ælc mon mid heora gewitnysse bigcge &
1218:
who were charged with publishing the names of any notorious or wicked men in their respective districts. Because the members of these bodies were under solemn oath to act in accordance with the law and their own good consciences, they have been seen by some legal historians as the prototype for the
1205:
Yet, as virtually no strictly contemporary narrative account of the events of Æthelred's reign exists, historians are forced to rely on what evidence there is. Keynes and others thus draw attention to some of the inevitable snares of investigating the history of a man whom later popular opinion has
1160:
Despite the failure of his government in the face of the Danish threat, Æthelred's reign was not without some important institutional achievements. The quality of the coinage, a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, significantly improved during his reign due to his numerous coinage
651:
On the surface his relations with Æthelred his half-brother and Ælfthryth his stepmother were friendly, and he was visiting them informally when he was killed. retainers came out to meet him with ostentatious signs of respect, and then, before he had dismounted, surrounded him, seized his hands,
633:
Edward reigned for only three years before he was murdered by members of his brother's household. Though little is known about Edward's short reign, it is known that it was marked by political turmoil. Edgar had made extensive grants of land to monasteries which pursued the new monastic ideals of
875:
It was about this time that Æthelred met with the leaders of the Danish fleet and arranged an uneasy accord. A treaty was signed that provided for seemingly civilised arrangements between the then-settled Danish companies and the
English government, such as regulation of settlement disputes and
589:
Both boys, Æthelred certainly, were too young to have played any significant part in the political manoeuvring which followed Edgar's death. It was the brothers' supporters, and not the brothers themselves, who were responsible for the turmoil which accompanied the choice of a successor to the
751:
Danish attacks started becoming more serious in the early 990s, with highly devastating assaults in 1006–1007 and 1009–1012. Tribute payments by Æthelred did not successfully temper the Danish attacks. Æthelred's forces were primarily composed of infantry, with substantial numbers of foreign
1003:, he caused the Danes heavy losses and was nearly able to destroy their ships. The Danish army left England for Denmark in 1005, perhaps because of the losses they sustained in East Anglia, perhaps from the very severe famine which afflicted the continent and the British Isles in that year.
561:
remarked that "much that has brought condemnation of historians on King Æthelred may well be due in the last resort to the circumstances under which he became king." Æthelred's father, King Edgar, had died suddenly in July 975, leaving two young sons behind. The elder, Edward (later
1345:
practice of conducting inquests using bodies of sworn, private witnesses. Wormald has gone as far as to present evidence suggesting that the
English practice outlined in Æthelred's Wantage Code is at least as old as, if not older than, 975, and ultimately traces it back to a
896:
In 997, Danish raids began again. According to Keynes, "there is no suggestion that this was a new fleet or army, and presumably the mercenary force created in 994 from the residue of the raiding army of 991 had turned on those whom it had been hired to protect." It harried
952:
and many others. Indeed, in some cases it "may have seemed the best available way of protecting the people against loss of life, shelter, livestock and crops. Though undeniably burdensome, it constituted a measure for which the king could rely on widespread support."
396:
in 1013 and was replaced by Sweyn. After Sweyn died in 1014, Æthelred returned to the throne, but he died just two years later. Æthelred's 37-year combined reign was the longest of any Anglo-Saxon
English king and was only surpassed in the 13th century, by
676:
Nevertheless, at first, the outlook of the new king's officers and counsellors seems in no way to have been bleak. According to one chronicler, the coronation of Æthelred took place with much rejoicing by the councillors of the
English people.
1279:
But the wording here suggests that Æthelred was perhaps revamping or re-confirming a custom which had already existed. He may actually have been expanding an established
English custom for use among the Danish citizens in the North (the
536:
Because the nickname was first recorded in the 1180s, more than 150 years after Æthelred's death, it is doubtful that it carries any implications as to the reputation of the king in the eyes of his contemporaries or near contemporaries.
1271:, which shall be placed in their hands, that they will never knowingly accuse an innocent man nor conceal a guilty man. And thereafter let them seize those notorious men, who have business with the reeve, and let each of them give a
876:
trade. But the treaty also stipulated that the ravaging and slaughter of the previous year would be forgotten, and ended abruptly by stating that £22,000 of gold and silver had been paid to the raiders as the price of peace. In 994,
1145:Æthelred's government produced extensive legislation, which he "ruthlessly enforced". Records of at least six legal codes survive from his reign, covering a range of topics. Notably, one of the members of his council (known as the
871:
at Maldon that continued to ravage the
English coast from 991 to 993. In 994, the Danish fleet, which had swollen in ranks since 991, turned up the Thames estuary and headed toward London. The battle fought there was inconclusive.
1093:
Over the next few months Cnut conquered most of
England, while Edmund rejoined Æthelred to defend London when Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The subsequent war between Edmund and Cnut ended in a decisive victory for Cnut at the
1169:
Later perspectives of Æthelred have been less than flattering. Numerous legends and anecdotes have sprung up to explain his shortcomings, often elaborating abusively on his character and failures. One such anecdote is given by
738:
in 981, and Dorset in 982. A period of six years then passed before, in 988, another coastal attack is recorded as having taken place to the south-west, though here a famous battle was fought between the invaders and the
743:
of Devon. Stenton notes that, though this series of isolated raids had no lasting effect on England itself, "their chief historical importance is that they brought England for the first time into diplomatic contact with
642:
in March 978, the job of recording the event, as well as reactions to it, fell to monastic writers. Stenton offers a summary of the earliest account of Edward's murder, which comes from a work praising the life of St
1085:, had revolted against his father and established himself in the North, which was angry at Cnut and Æthelred for the ravaging of Lindsey and was prepared to support Edmund in any uprising against both of them.
1019:
Sweyn then launched an invasion in 1013 intending to crown himself king of England. By the end of 1013, English resistance had collapsed and Sweyn had conquered the country, forcing Æthelred into exile in
2547:
Note that this terms specifies the north and north-eastern territories in England which were at the time largely governed according to Danish custom; no mention is made of the law's application to the
722:, Æthelred's father. However, beginning in 980, when Æthelred could not have been more than 14 years old, small companies of Danish adventurers carried out a series of coastline raids against England.
1040:) lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before. Then the king sent his son Edward hither with his messengers and bade them greet all his people and said that he would be a gracious (
693:, "there was great joy at his consecration", and describes the king in this connection as "a young man in respect of years, elegant in his manners, with an attractive face and handsome appearance".
700:
of 993, he stated that Æthelwold's death had deprived the country of one "whose industry and pastoral care administered not only to my interest but also to that of all inhabitants of the country."
1362:, describes Æthelred as "elegant in his manners, handsome in visage, glorious in appearance". No contemporary descriptions of Æthelred's appearance survive. The thirteenth-century Icelandic text,
1044:) lord to them, and reform all the things which they hated; and all the things which had been said and done against him should be forgiven on condition that they all unanimously turned to him (
1024:. But the situation changed suddenly when Sweyn died on 3 February 1014. The crews of the Danish ships in the Trent that had supported Sweyn immediately swore their allegiance to Sweyn's son
921:, 'Dane-payment'. This sudden relief from attack Æthelred used to gather his thoughts, resources, and armies: the fleet's departure in 1000 "allowed Æthelred to carry out a devastation of
987:, was said to have been among the victims. It is likely that a wish to avenge her was a principal motive for Sweyn's invasion of western England the following year. By 1004, Sweyn was in
913:
in 998. In 999, it raided Kent, and, in 1000, it left England for Normandy, perhaps because the English had refused in this latest wave of attacks to acquiesce to the Danish demands for
1182:
as a child, which led St Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during his reign. This story is, however, a fabrication and a similar story is told of the
3519:
364:. After several decades of relative peace, Danish raids on English territory began again in earnest in the 980s, becoming markedly more serious in the early 990s. Following the
703:Ælfthryth enjoyed renewed status in the 990s, when she brought up his heirs and her brother Ordulf became one of Æthelred's leading advisers. She died between 1000 and 1002.
1368:, preserves a positive assessment of Æthelred's character, in which he is described by a visiting Icelander as "a good prince", a "generous prince", and a "war-swift king".
1011:
and his brother Hemming, was the most formidable force to invade England since Æthelred became king. It harried England until it was bought off by £48,000 in April 1012.
2463:
Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original
759:
offered shelter to Danes returning from raids on England. This led to tension between the English and Norman courts, and word of their enmity eventually reached
3415:
2721:
3512:
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2915:
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1202:, which, as it reports events with a retrospect of 15 years, cannot help but interpret events with the eventual English defeat a foregone conclusion.
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means "evil counsel", "bad plan", or "folly". It was most often used in reference to decisions and deeds, but once in reference to the ill-advised
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2261:
1560:
1487:
706:
Despite conflicts with the Danes throughout his reign, Æthelred's reign of England saw expansion in England's population, trade and wealth.
483:, is commonly translated into present-day English as "The Unready" (less commonly but more accurately "The Redeless"). The Anglo-Saxon noun
253:
2118:
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met Sweyn in force, and made an impression on the until-then rampant Danish expedition. Though Ulfcytel was eventually defeated, outside
4312:
533:: "Noble counsel, No counsel". The nickname has also been translated as "ill-advised", "ill-prepared", thus "Æthelred the ill-advised".
3298:
1974:
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and Michael Macnair have reasserted arguments in favour of finding in practices current during the Anglo-Saxon period traces of the
3041:
1069:(modern North Lincolnshire) supported Cnut. Æthelred first set out to recapture London, apparently with the help of the Norwegian
566:), was probably illegitimate, and was "still a youth on the verge of manhood" in 975. The younger son was Æthelred, whose mother,
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Efforts to rehabilitate Æthelred's reputation have gained momentum since about 1980. Chief among the rehabilitators has been
1098:
on 18 October 1016. Edmund's reputation as a warrior was such that Cnut nevertheless agreed to divide England, Edmund taking
3401:
3320:"Ethelred the Unready" in "History For All" magazine September 2000, republished in "Legends of British History" (2008).
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1984:
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Cubitt, Catherine (2012). "The politics of remorse: penance and royal piety in the reign of Æthelred the Unready".
1565:
1555:
1081:. In the same year, Cnut returned to find a complex and volatile situation unfolding in England. Æthelred's son,
55:
2209:
William of Malmesbury's Chronicle of the kings of England. From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen
591:
31:
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Chronicles of the Reign of Æthelred the Unready: An Edition and Translation of the Old English and Latin Annals
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In August 991, a sizeable Danish fleet began a sustained campaign in the south-east of England. It arrived off
228:
3301:. Medieval Mysteries.com "Reviews of Outstanding Historical Novels set in the Medieval Period". Archived from
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2548:
1495:
1310:
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Benham, Jenny (2020). "The earliest arbitration treaty? A reassessment of the Anglo-Norman treaty of 991*".
1189:(the epithet means "dung-named"), another medieval monarch who was unpopular among certain of his subjects.
353:. He came to the throne at about the age of 12, following the assassination of his older half-brother, King
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17:
2207:
567:
350:
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from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016. His epithet comes from the Old English word
102:
3904:
3109:
Turner, Ralph V. (1968). "The Origins of the Medieval English Jury: Frankish, English or Scandinavian?".
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1381:
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851:
288:
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Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
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626:. In the end, Edward's supporters proved the more powerful and persuasive, and he was crowned king at
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Keynes, Simon (2012). "The Burial of King Æthelred the Unready at St. Paul's". In David Roffe (ed.).
1309:, both within settled areas and without. And "witnessing" shall be established in each city and each
763:. The pope was disposed to dissolve their hostility towards each other, and took steps to engineer a
3391:
2808:
Keynes, Simon (1978), "The Declining Reputation of King Æthelred the Unready", in David Hill (ed.),
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in 1872, who claimed that evidence of the jury was only seen for the first time during the reign of
863:, it was decided that the English should grant the tribute to the Danes that they desired, and so a
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3680:
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Wormald, Patrick (1999b). "Neighbors, Courts, and Kings: Reflections on Michael Macnair's Vicini".
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333:
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of £10,000 was paid them for their peace. Yet it was presumably the Danish fleet that had beaten
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223:
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Miller, Sean (1999). "Edward the Martyr". In M. Lapidge; J. Blair; S. Keynes; D. Scragg (eds.).
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of 6 half-marks, half of which shall go to the lord of that district, and half to the wapentake.
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1214:Æthelred has been credited with the formation of a local investigative body made up of twelve
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model (something Brunner had done). However, no scholarly consensus has yet been reached.
8:
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1284:). Previously, King Edgar had legislated along similar lines in his Whitbordesstan code:
1065:Æthelred then launched an expedition against Cnut and his allies. Only the people of the
984:
690:
644:
607:
435:, "counsel, advice", is typical of the compound names of those who belonged to the royal
64:
3428:
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Keynes, Simon (1986). "A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready".
1048:) without treachery. And complete friendship was then established with oath and pledge (
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German name customs: Collected essays on the customs of German personal and place names
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In 1001, a Danish fleet – perhaps the same fleet from 1000 – returned and ravaged west
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1052:) on both sides, and they pronounced every Danish king an exile from England forever.
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Barlow, Frank (1965). "Edward the Confessor's Early Life, Character and Attitudes".
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Deutsche Namenkunde: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kunde deutsche Personen- und Ortsnamen
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in 1666. A modern monument in the crypt lists his among the important graves lost.
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1106:. However, Edmund died on 30 November, and Cnut became king of the whole country.
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Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen: in der Ursprache mit Uebersetzung und Erläuterungen
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2579:
2227:
1916:
1889:
1847:
1491:
1434:
1401:
1342:
1338:
1264:
1138:
1082:
980:
877:
510:
436:
402:
381:
268:
92:
2439:
4209:
4096:
4053:
4007:
3792:
3251:
2803:. Vol. 2. Translated by Jennifer Bray; P. McGurk. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2490:
2304:
2302:
1547:
1456:
1427:
1179:
1078:
972:
792:
727:
342:
meaning "poorly advised"; it is a pun on his name, which means "well advised".
162:
2924:
2888:
2759:
2647:
Firth, Matthew (2020). "Æthelred II 'the Unready' and the Role of Kingship in
2475:
2231:
2206:
William of Malmesbury; Sharpe, John (trans); Gile, John Allen (trans) (1847).
1268:
439:, and it characteristically alliterates with the names of his ancestors, like
4271:
3085:
3053:
2672:
2625:
2617:
1186:
933:
558:
361:
3370:
Challenging the Boundaries of Medieval History: The Legacy of Timothy Reuter
2971:
2299:
752:
mercenaries. He did not have substantial numbers of trained cavalry forces.
4234:
3991:
3168:
1224:
1193:
1103:
881:
760:
678:
635:
3586:
442:
4239:
4224:
3809:
2464:
1442:
1330:
1133:
988:
816:
515:
505:
is the same element in Æthelred's name that means "counsel" (compare the
490:
475:
2906:
The English and Their Legacy, 900–1200: Essays in Honour of Ann Williams
2692:(3rd with corrections ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1918:
Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017
1849:
Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017
932:. During its movements, the fleet regularly returned to its base in the
4214:
4204:
4194:
3781:
3643:
2857:
2414:
2412:
2213:
1220:
795:. About 2 kilometres (1 mile) west of Northey lies the coastal town of
780:
682:
48:
3224:
3130:
2812:, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 227–253
2587:
2370:
714:
England had experienced a period of peace after the reconquest of the
4229:
4199:
3786:
3761:
2496:
The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest
1438:
1256:
1137:
A charter of Æthelred's in 1003 to a follower, also called Æthelred.
906:
868:
800:
723:
619:
575:
405:, but Edmund died after a few months and was replaced by Sweyn's son
129:
3887:
3175:, British Archaeological Reports – British Series 59, pp. 47–80
2849:
2507:
2409:
2358:
2119:"Remarkable monuments from Pre-Fire St Paul's – St Paul's Cathedral"
450:
4219:
4160:
3766:
3591:
3216:
3122:
1272:
1021:
1000:
976:
968:
918:
902:
898:
830:
735:
731:
530:
393:
369:
360:
The chief characteristic of Æthelred's reign was conflict with the
2065:
2063:
925:, the motive for which is part of the lost history of the north."
4137:
4043:
1334:
1281:
1232:
992:
756:
715:
697:
686:
599:
506:
389:
385:
263:
2688:
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I, eds. (1996).
2468:
971:
of all Danish men in England to take place on 13 November 1002,
524:
500:
494:
484:
478:
464:
456:
448:
440:
430:
422:
337:
3929:
3877:
3601:
3596:
2205:
2060:
1306:
1260:
1154:
1099:
1036:
they said that no lord was dearer to them than their natural (
941:
929:
910:
860:
815:
that followed between English and Danes is immortalised by the
796:
639:
571:
550:
2551:, the southern and English equivalent of the Danish wapentake.
3849:
1658:
1215:
1178:
1080 – 1143), who reports that Æthelred had defecated in the
937:
808:
804:
768:
740:
685:
states similarly that when Æthelred was consecrated king, by
623:
579:
424:
3335:(New ed.). Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
3240:
Wormald, Patrick (23 September 2004). "Wulfstan (d. 1023)".
2148:
1634:
590:
throne. Æthelred's cause was led by his mother and included
3633:
1318:
1025:
880:, a Norwegian prince and already a baptised Christian, was
784:
406:
3527:
3416:
Documentary – The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready
3173:
Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference
2810:
Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference
2172:
829:
For access to the mainland they (the Danes) depended on a
787:, and made its way around the south-east coast and up the
570:, Edgar had married in 964. Ælfthryth was the daughter of
3183:
Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century
2709:
Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu: The Saga of Gunnlaug Wormtongue
2075:
2048:
2036:
2000:
1935:
1891:
The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century
1726:
1724:
2706:
2429:
2427:
2376:
1682:
1259:, and in that assembly shall go forth the twelve eldest
2715:. Translated by R. Quirke. London: Thomas Nelson. 1957.
2263:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1502:
All of Æthelred's sons were named after English kings.
53:Æthelred II in an early thirteenth-century copy of the
2722:"Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge"
2687:
2418:
2087:
2024:
2012:
1866:
1760:
1721:
1694:
936:. There was later an attempted attack in the south of
2511:"counsel" survived into modern English, the negative
2424:
2399:
2397:
2382:
2318:
2287:
2136:
2099:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1748:
1736:
1494:, Count of Mantes, Valois and the Vexin and secondly
940:, though the English mounted a successful defence at
376:. In 1002, Æthelred ordered what became known as the
2819:
The Diplomas of King Æthelred 'the Unready' 978–1016
2515:
appears to fall out of use by the 15th century; c.f
1827:
1772:
1509:
2160:
1711:
1709:
1670:
1646:
956:
3186:. Vol. 1: Legislation and its Limits. Wiley.
2394:
1796:
1223:. Æthelred makes provision for such a body in the
30:"Æthelred II" redirects here. For other uses, see
3354:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2982:. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2953:The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England
2873:Keynes, Simon (23 September 2004). "Æthelred II (
2795:
2364:
791:, coming eventually to its estuary and occupying
413:, would become king of England many years later.
4269:
2913:Lawson, M. K. (23 September 2004). "Edmund II".
2748:Hart, Cyril (24 May 2007). "Edward the Martyr".
1706:
421:Æthelred's first name, composed of the elements
3394:at the official website of the British monarchy
2534:For this king's forebear of the same name, see
1121:were destroyed along with the cathedral in the
2997:] (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
2632:
2339:, pp. 4–26, especially pp. 7–8 and 17–18.
1664:
1640:
3513:
3149:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King
2719:
2069:
1317:The "legend" of an Anglo-Saxon origin to the
1102:and Cnut the whole of the country beyond the
3246:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2919:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2883:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2838:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2754:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
917:or tribute, which would come to be known as
401:. Æthelred was briefly succeeded by his son
4080:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2799:(1995). R.R. Darlington; P. McGurk (eds.).
1561:Cultural depictions of Æthelred the Unready
1353:
1113:, London. The tomb and his monument in the
995:. In this year, a nobleman of East Anglia,
254:Godgifu, Countess of the Vexin and Boulogne
27:King of England (r. 978–1013 & 1014–16)
4257:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3520:
3506:
3427:
3333:Aethelred II: King of the English 978–1016
3094:(3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press.
2939:
2735:. London: London Archaeologist Association
2226:
2154:
1852:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 145.
1384:, in about 985. Their known children are:
1296:
1246:
846:
709:
47:
2574:(315). Oxford University Press: 225–251.
2448:, p. 28 and family tree in endpaper.
1921:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 28.
1887:
1255:that there shall be an assembly in every
1249:, pp. 228–32, "III Æthelred" 3.1–3.2
244:Edward the Confessor, King of the English
3200:
3179:
3145:
3036:
3015:
3001:
2986:
2969:
2946:. Vol. 1. Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer.
2821:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2499:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p.
2348:
2336:
2178:
2093:
1976:History of the Vikings and Norse Culture
1833:
1778:
1766:
1676:
1652:
1358:The twelfth century English chronicler,
1132:
1057:
850:
598:, while Edward's claim was supported by
544:
392:, as a result of which Æthelred fled to
213:
3330:
3243:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3239:
3166:
3084:
3046:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2916:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2880:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2751:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2489:
2457:
2259:
2166:
2142:
2081:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1947:
1894:. Oxford University Press. p. 35.
1872:
1839:
1730:
1700:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1267:along with them, and let them swear on
1073:. According to the Icelandic historian
891:
838:
657:
14:
4270:
3275:
3108:
2950:
2912:
2903:
2872:
2835:
2816:
2807:
2774:
2603:
2594:
2565:
2521:, a 15th century poem in reference to
2445:
2433:
2403:
2324:
2308:
2293:
2266:. John Wiley & Sons. p. N.p.
2105:
1941:
1914:
1908:
1845:
1821:
1790:
1754:
1742:
1688:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1371:
311:
3501:
3349:
2646:
2388:
1883:
1881:
1305:It is my wish that each person be in
1209:
553:of Æthelred wearing armour, 1003–1006
3402:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
3327:. The Early Chronicles of England 1.
3296:
2747:
1972:
1715:
1615:
1490:or Goda of England (married firstly
1953:
1578:
1299:, pp. 206–14, "IV Edgar" 3–6.2
1088:
1014:
774:
616:Æthelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia
584:Æthelwald, Ealdorman of East Anglia
24:
3406:
3268:
2801:The Chronicle of John of Worcester
2720:Hagland, J.R.; Watson, B. (2005).
2473:. Compare the modern dialect word
1878:
1321:was first challenged seriously by
807:, was stationed with a company of
765:peace between England and Normandy
380:of Danish settlers. In 1013, King
368:in 991, Æthelred paid tribute, or
25:
4324:
3425:National Portrait Gallery, London
3385:
3323:Hart, Cyril, ed. and tr. (2006),
3011:. George W. Jacobs & Company.
3008:Memorials of St. Paul's Cathedral
1956:"John XV – the Scholarly Pontiff"
1337:. Recently, the legal historians
672:Government in Anglo-Saxon England
3290:10.1111/j.1468-2281.2011.00571.x
2976:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2778:The Death of Anglo-Saxon England
2599:. London: Yale University Press.
2488:"Ethelred the Redeless" e.g. in
1556:Burial places of British royalty
1540:
1526:
1512:
957:St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002
905:and south Wales in 997, Dorset,
734:were attacked in 980, Devon and
3557:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
2541:
2253:
2220:
2199:
2184:
2111:
1966:
1151:Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York
474:Æthelred's notorious nickname,
328:966 – 23 April 1016), known as
4313:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
3554:Monarchs of England until 1603
3111:The Journal of British Studies
2690:Handbook of British Chronology
2528:
2482:
1128:
884:as Christian in a ceremony at
614:among other noblemen, notably
409:. Another of Æthelred's sons,
229:Edmund II, King of the English
13:
1:
4293:11th-century English monarchs
4288:10th-century English monarchs
3421:Portraits of King Ethelred II
2973:"St. Edward the Martyr"
2874:
2665:10.1080/14629712.2020.1728930
2568:The English Historical Review
2377:Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu 1957
1571:
1496:Eustace II, Count of Boulogne
1478:(King of England, died 1066);
1420:
1404:(King of England, died 1016);
1395:
1175:
540:
345:Æthelred was the son of King
325:
160:23 April 1016 (aged about 50)
143:
3260:UK public library membership
3078:UK public library membership
2933:UK public library membership
2897:UK public library membership
2768:UK public library membership
1979:. Spangenhelm. p. N.p.
1469:Richard II, Duke of Normandy
1231:), promulgations enacted at
592:Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia
491:disobedience of Adam and Eve
32:Æthelred II (disambiguation)
7:
4164:British monarchs after the
3048:. Oxford University Press.
3003:Sinclair, William Macdonald
1566:House of Wessex family tree
1505:
1382:Thored, earl of Northumbria
855:Silver penny of Æthelred II
718:in the mid-10th century by
665:
10:
4329:
3180:Wormald, Patrick (1999a).
3016:Stafford, Pauline (1989).
2940:Liebermann, Felix (1903).
2642:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2580:10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXV.225
2558:
2240:World History Encyclopedia
1888:Molyneaux, George (2015).
1665:Bosworth & Toller 1882
1641:Bosworth & Toller 1882
1520:Anglo-Saxon England portal
1463:In 1002, Æthelred married
1426:Eadgyth or Edith (married
960:
669:
279:Edgar, King of the English
29:
4252:
4175:
4159:
4155:
4092:
4075:
4071:
3548:
3544:
3486:
3477:
3469:
3459:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3167:Wormald, Patrick (1978),
3042:"Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001)"
2987:Schröder, Edward (1944).
2639:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
2260:Lapidge, Michael (2014).
2070:Hagland & Watson 2005
1164:
630:before the year was out.
463:("rich-protection"), and
284:
274:
262:
206:
185:
172:
156:
139:
135:
125:
117:
109:
98:
88:
78:
70:
63:
46:
41:
3169:"Aethelred the lawmaker"
2970:Phillips, G. E. (1909).
2775:Higham, Nick J. (2000).
2649:Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu
2636:; Toller, T. N. (1882).
1618:Britain's Royal Families
1416:(executed by Cnut 1017);
1394:Ecgberht Ætheling (died
1365:Gunnlaugs saga Ormstungu
1354:Appearance and character
767:, which was ratified in
755:During this period, the
604:Archbishop of Canterbury
4308:Medieval child monarchs
3368:Skinner, Patricia, ed,
3299:"A Hollow Crown review"
3171:, in David Hill (ed.),
2469:
2193:Encyclopædia Britannica
1954:Brusher, Joseph. S. J.
1620:. Vintage. p. 23.
1471:. Their children were:
1376:Æthelred married first
1119:Old St Paul's Cathedral
1111:Old St Paul's Cathedral
1109:Æthelred was buried in
1050:mid worde and mid wædde
963:St Brice's Day massacre
847:England begins tributes
710:Conflict with the Danes
596:Æthelwold of Winchester
525:
501:
495:
485:
479:
465:
457:
449:
441:
431:
423:
416:
378:St Brice's Day massacre
338:
321:
304:
178:Old St Paul's Cathedral
3409:"Æthelred the Unready"
3331:Lavelle, Ryan (2008).
3252:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098
3204:Law and History Review
3146:Williams, Ann (2003).
2817:Keynes, Simon (1980).
2618:10.1093/hisres/htaa001
2595:Barlow, Frank (1997).
2474:
2365:John of Worcester 1995
1960:Popes Through the Ages
1315:
1302:
1277:
1252:
1235:in 997, which states:
1187:Constantine Copronymus
1142:
1063:
856:
844:
663:
554:
514:
2979:Catholic Encyclopedia
2925:10.1093/ref:odnb/8502
2889:10.1093/ref:odnb/8915
2760:10.1093/ref:odnb/8515
2523:Richard II of England
1616:Weir, Alison (1989).
1419:Edgar Ætheling (died
1303:
1286:
1253:
1237:
1199:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1172:William of Malmesbury
1136:
1034:
1030:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
967:Æthelred ordered the
854:
827:
670:Further information:
649:
548:
4298:Anglo-Saxon warriors
4134:William III & II
3699:Henry the Young King
3649:Edward the Confessor
3617:Æthelred the Unready
3352:Æthelred the Unready
3350:Roach, Levi (2016).
3086:Stenton, Frank Merry
3054:10.1093/ref:odnb/194
2729:London Archaeologist
2597:Edward the Confessor
2518:Richard the Redeless
2236:www.worldhistory.org
2230:(13 November 2017).
1973:Kane, Njord (2019).
1915:Howard, Ian (2003).
1846:Howard, Ian (2003).
1476:Edward the Confessor
1123:Great Fire of London
892:Renewed Danish raids
859:In the aftermath of
822:The Battle of Maldon
683:Byrhtferth of Ramsey
628:Kingston upon Thames
411:Edward the Confessor
330:Æthelred the Unready
113:1014 – 23 April 1016
42:Æthelred the Unready
4082:Union of the Crowns
3480:King of the English
3453:King of the English
3278:Historical Research
3091:Anglo-Saxon England
2840:. Fifth Series 36.
2653:The Court Historian
2606:Historical Research
2367:, pp. 430–431.
2351:, pp. 598–99,
1944:, pp. 189–204.
1691:, pp. 240–241.
1448:Wulfhild? (married
1410:(died before 1013);
1372:Marriages and issue
334:King of the English
313:[ˈæðelræːd]
74:18 March 978 – 1013
65:King of the English
4166:Acts of Union 1707
4129:James II & VII
3822:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3607:Edgar the Peaceful
2536:Æthelred of Wessex
2216:. pp. 190–92.
2181:, pp. 356–60.
2157:, pp. 216–70.
2084:, pp. 386–93.
2072:, pp. 328–33.
2057:, pp. 384–86.
2045:, pp. 381–84.
2009:, pp. 377–78.
1450:Ulfcytel Snillingr
1389:Æthelstan Ætheling
1210:Origin of the jury
1143:
1096:Battle of Assandun
1067:Kingdom of Lindsey
997:Ulfcytel Snillingr
991:, where he sacked
857:
687:Archbishop Dunstan
612:Archbishop of York
555:
347:Edgar the Peaceful
224:Æthelstan Ætheling
180:, London, now lost
56:Abingdon Chronicle
4265:
4264:
4248:
4247:
4151:
4150:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
3612:Edward the Martyr
3496:
3495:
3487:Succeeded by
3460:Succeeded by
3446:Edward the Martyr
3378:978-2-503-52359-0
3361:978-0-300-19629-0
3342:978-0-7524-4678-3
3258:(Subscription or
3193:978-0-631-13496-1
3152:. A&C Black.
3101:978-0-19-280139-5
3076:(subscription or
3063:978-0-19-861412-8
3038:Stafford, Pauline
3029:978-0-7131-6532-6
2931:(Subscription or
2895:(Subscription or
2797:John of Worcester
2788:978-0-7509-2469-6
2766:(Subscription or
2419:Fryde et al. 1996
2123:www.stpauls.co.uk
1901:978-0-19-102775-8
1433:Ælfgifu (married
1360:John of Worcester
1184:Byzantine Emperor
1009:Thorkell the Tall
901:, Devon, western
841:, pp. 376–77
691:Archbishop Oswald
564:Edward the Martyr
455:("elf-counsel"),
355:Edward the Martyr
294:
293:
83:Edward the Martyr
16:(Redirected from
4320:
4157:
4156:
4117:Richard Cromwell
4107:The Protectorate
4097:James I & VI
4073:
4072:
3654:Harold Godwinson
3574:Edward the Elder
3567:Alfred the Great
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3470:Preceded by
3443:Preceded by
3435:
3434:
3431:
3412:
3365:
3346:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3293:
3284:(228): 179–192.
3263:
3255:
3236:
3197:
3176:
3163:
3142:
3105:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3033:
3012:
2998:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2947:
2936:
2928:
2909:
2908:. Boydell Press.
2900:
2892:
2876:
2869:
2832:
2813:
2804:
2792:
2771:
2763:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2684:
2643:
2634:Bosworth, Joseph
2629:
2612:(260): 189–204.
2600:
2591:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2504:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2391:, pp. 1–14.
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2306:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2228:Cartwright, Mark
2224:
2218:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1534:Biography portal
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1482:Alfred Aetheling
1465:Emma of Normandy
1422:
1397:
1323:Heinrich Brunner
1300:
1250:
1177:
1089:Death and burial
1075:Snorri Sturluson
1061:
1015:Invasion of 1013
950:Charles the Bald
946:Alfred the Great
842:
789:River Blackwater
775:Battle of Maldon
661:
528:
504:
498:
488:
482:
471:("rich-spear").
470:
462:
454:
447:("noble-wolf"),
446:
434:
428:
366:Battle of Maldon
341:
327:
315:
310:
217:
198:Emma of Normandy
148:
145:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4303:House of Wessex
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4244:
4171:
4147:
4112:Oliver Cromwell
4088:
4063:
4058:
3905:Constantine III
3814:
3639:Harold Harefoot
3629:Edmund Ironside
3540:
3535: and
3526:
3492:
3483:
3475:
3465:
3456:
3448:
3388:
3383:
3362:
3343:
3318:Godsell, Andrew
3308:
3306:
3305:on 18 June 2017
3297:Gilbride, M.B.
3271:
3269:Further reading
3266:
3257:
3194:
3160:
3102:
3075:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3030:
2963:
2930:
2894:
2850:10.2307/3679065
2829:
2789:
2765:
2738:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2491:Hodgkin, Thomas
2487:
2483:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:, pp. 1–2.
2323:
2319:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2232:"Constantine V"
2225:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2191:"Ethelred II".
2190:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2155:Liebermann 1903
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1757:, pp. 7–8.
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:, p. 1124.
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1579:
1574:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1492:Drogo of Mantes
1484:(died 1036–37);
1435:Uhtred the Bold
1414:Eadwig Ætheling
1408:Eadred Ætheling
1402:Edmund Ironside
1374:
1356:
1339:Patrick Wormald
1301:
1297:Liebermann 1903
1295:
1251:
1247:Liebermann 1903
1245:
1212:
1167:
1153:, a well-known
1139:British Library
1131:
1091:
1083:Edmund Ironside
1071:Olaf Haraldsson
1062:
1056:
1046:to him gecyrdon
1017:
985:King of Denmark
981:Sweyn Forkbeard
965:
959:
894:
878:Olaf Tryggvason
849:
843:
837:
803:, ealdorman of
777:
712:
674:
668:
662:
656:
622:, ealdorman of
582:, and widow of
543:
437:House of Wessex
429:, "noble", and
419:
403:Edmund Ironside
382:Sweyn Forkbeard
308:
258:
249:Alfred Ætheling
239:Eadwig Ætheling
234:Eadred Ætheling
211:
210:
202:
193:Ælfgifu of York
181:
161:
149:
146:
121:Sweyn Forkbeard
93:Sweyn Forkbeard
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
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4285:
4280:
4263:
4262:
4260:
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4249:
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4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
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4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4008:Edward Balliol
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
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3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Constantine II
3865:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3796:
3789:
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3779:
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3739:
3734:
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3719:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3660:Edgar Ætheling
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3614:
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3599:
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3476:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:Regnal titles
3433:
3432:
3418:
3413:
3407:Miller, Sean.
3404:
3395:
3387:
3386:External links
3384:
3382:
3381:
3366:
3360:
3347:
3341:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3294:
3272:
3270:
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3237:
3217:10.2307/744383
3211:(3): 597–601.
3198:
3192:
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3164:
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3143:
3123:10.1086/385549
3106:
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2481:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2436:, p. 232.
2423:
2408:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2298:
2296:, p. 217.
2286:
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2252:
2219:
2198:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2110:
2108:, p. 129.
2098:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2033:, p. 380.
2023:
2021:, p. 379.
2011:
1999:
1985:
1965:
1946:
1934:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1877:
1875:, p. 375.
1865:
1858:
1838:
1826:
1795:
1793:, p. 166.
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1745:, p. 163.
1735:
1733:, p. 372.
1720:
1705:
1703:, p. 374.
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1643:, p. 781.
1633:
1626:
1576:
1575:
1573:
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1558:
1552:
1551:
1548:Royalty portal
1537:
1523:
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1500:
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1479:
1461:
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1457:Wherwell Abbey
1453:
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1431:
1428:Eadric Streona
1424:
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1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1380:, daughter of
1373:
1370:
1355:
1352:
1293:
1243:
1211:
1208:
1180:baptismal font
1166:
1163:
1130:
1127:
1090:
1087:
1079:western Europe
1054:
1026:Cnut the Great
1016:
1013:
961:Main article:
958:
955:
893:
890:
848:
845:
835:
793:Northey Island
776:
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493:. The element
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3980:Alexander III
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3859:
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3854:
3852:
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3847:
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3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:Constantine I
3833:
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3159:1-85285-382-4
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3022:. E. Arnold.
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2828:0-521-22718-6
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2699:0-521-56350-X
2695:
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2514:
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2485:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2421:, p. 27.
2420:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2379:, p. 15.
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2349:Wormald 1999b
2345:
2338:
2337:Wormald 1999a
2333:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2290:
2275:
2273:9781118316108
2269:
2265:
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2256:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2179:Wormald 1999a
2175:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2145:, p. 49.
2144:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2096:, p. 93.
2095:
2094:Sinclair 1909
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
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1810:
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1800:
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1780:
1779:Phillips 1909
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1768:
1767:Stafford 1989
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1751:
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1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
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1697:
1690:
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1677:Williams 2003
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1653:Schröder 1944
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3045:
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2732:
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2262:
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2243:. Retrieved
2235:
2222:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2186:
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2167:Wormald 2004
2162:
2150:
2143:Wormald 1978
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2082:Stenton 2001
2077:
2055:Stenton 2001
2050:
2043:Stenton 2001
2038:
2031:Stenton 2001
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2014:
2007:Stenton 2001
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1975:
1968:
1959:
1949:
1937:
1917:
1910:
1890:
1873:Stenton 2001
1868:
1848:
1841:
1829:
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1701:Stenton 2001
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1672:
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1363:
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1287:
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1229:III Æthelred
1228:
1225:Wantage Code
1213:
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1194:Simon Keynes
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820:
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750:
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679:Simon Keynes
675:
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650:
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296:
295:
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18:Aethelred II
4283:1016 deaths
4278:960s births
4240:Charles III
4225:Edward VIII
3955:Alexander I
3935:Malcolm III
3910:Kenneth III
3810:Elizabeth I
3772:Richard III
3398:Æthelred 32
3392:Ethelred II
3117:(2): 1–10.
3069:12 February
2844:: 195–217.
2465:Old English
2446:Barlow 1997
2434:Barlow 1965
2404:Lawson 2004
2325:Turner 1968
2311:, pp.
2309:Turner 1968
2294:Keynes 1986
2106:Keynes 2012
1942:Benham 2020
1822:Keynes 2004
1791:Keynes 1980
1755:Higham 2000
1743:Miller 1999
1689:Keynes 1978
1443:Northumbria
1348:Carolingian
1331:Scandinavia
1269:holy relics
1129:Legislation
989:East Anglia
923:Strathclyde
817:Old English
594:and Bishop
476:Old English
374:Danish king
301:Old English
297:Æthelred II
118:Predecessor
79:Predecessor
4272:Categories
4215:Edward VII
4205:William IV
4195:George III
4124:Charles II
4019:Robert III
3965:Malcolm IV
3940:Donald III
3915:Malcolm II
3900:Kenneth II
3782:Henry VIII
3742:Richard II
3737:Edward III
3671:William II
3644:Harthacnut
3484:1014–1016
3262:required.)
2935:required.)
2899:required.)
2781:. Sutton.
2770:required.)
2389:Firth 2020
2279:5 December
2245:26 October
2214:H. G. Bohn
2212:. London:
1992:5 December
1572:References
1455:Abbess of
1221:grand jury
781:Folkestone
720:King Edgar
541:Early life
519:and Dutch
349:and Queen
309:pronounced
147: 966
4230:George VI
4200:George IV
4190:George II
4102:Charles I
4084:from 1603
4034:James III
4014:Robert II
3970:William I
3945:Duncan II
3873:Malcolm I
3863:Donald II
3787:Edward VI
3777:Henry VII
3762:Edward IV
3732:Edward II
3722:Henry III
3705:Richard I
3666:William I
3587:Æthelstan
3490:Edmund II
3457:978–1013
3233:147200281
3139:146678716
3080:required)
2955:. Wiley.
2866:161932925
2681:216504721
2673:1462-9712
2626:0950-3471
2353:et passim
1716:Hart 2007
1439:ealdorman
1257:wapentake
907:Hampshire
882:confirmed
869:Byrhtnoth
801:Byrhtnoth
724:Hampshire
620:Byrhtnoth
576:ealdorman
568:Ælfthryth
443:Æthelwulf
399:Henry III
372:, to the
351:Ælfthryth
318:Old Norse
289:Ælfthryth
130:Edmund II
126:Successor
105:(978–984)
103:Ælfthryth
89:Successor
4220:George V
4210:Victoria
4185:George I
4054:James VI
4039:James IV
4029:James II
4002:David II
3997:Robert I
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3829:Donald I
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3757:Henry VI
3747:Henry IV
3727:Edward I
3693:Henry II
3592:Edmund I
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3539:monarchs
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3088:(2001).
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1155:homilist
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1001:Thetford
977:Gunhilde
975:'s Day.
973:St Brice
969:massacre
919:Danegeld
903:Somerset
899:Cornwall
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771:in 991.
746:Normandy
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394:Normandy
388:invaded
370:Danegeld
322:Aðalráðr
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4024:James I
3960:David I
3925:Macbeth
3857:Eochaid
3752:Henry V
3687:Matilda
3681:Stephen
3676:Henry I
3537:British
3531:,
3529:English
3423:at the
2858:3679065
2739:27 July
2559:Sources
2470:Æþelræd
2195:. 2009.
1488:Godgifu
1378:Ælfgifu
1343:Angevin
1335:Francia
1311:hundred
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1233:Wantage
1174:(lived
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993:Norwich
886:Andover
757:Normans
716:Danelaw
698:charter
600:Dunstan
509:in the
507:cognate
390:England
386:Denmark
305:Æþelræd
214:more...
186:Spouses
167:England
151:England
4049:Mary I
3930:Lulach
3894:Amlaíb
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1100:Wessex
942:Exeter
930:Sussex
911:Sussex
861:Maldon
813:battle
811:. The
809:thegns
797:Maldon
741:thegns
728:Thanet
645:Oswald
640:Dorset
618:, and
610:, the
608:Oswald
602:, the
572:Ordgar
551:mancus
529:is an
511:German
467:Eadgar
451:Ælfred
332:, was
285:Mother
275:Father
269:Wessex
173:Burial
163:London
99:Regent
3950:Edgar
3850:Giric
3716:Louis
3623:Sweyn
3473:Sweyn
3463:Sweyn
3309:9 May
3229:S2CID
3221:JSTOR
3135:S2CID
3127:JSTOR
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783:, in
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486:unræd
480:Unræd
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110:Reign
71:Reign
4180:Anne
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