1381:
683:, as in the third column in the chart above, simple affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are separated from the stem with hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets. Reduplication is often shown with a tilde. Affixes which cannot be segmented are marked with a back slash.
699:, when compared with free nouns, often have a more generic or general meaning, for example, one denoting "water in a general sense" may not have a noun equivalent because all the nouns denote more specific meanings such as "saltwater", "whitewater", etc. (while in other cases the lexical suffixes have become
834:
Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial or adjectival notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may additionally be syntactic
1293:
181:
etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g.
1057:
according to their position to the left, on top, to the right, or at the bottom of the main glyph. A small glyph placed inside another is called an
838:
just as free nouns are and, thus, equating lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical suffixes in the
1184:
Lexical Change in
Present-day English: A Corpus-based Study of the Motivation, Institutionalization, and Productivity of Creative Neologisms
731:- where they show little to no resemblance to free nouns with similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns of
1182:
1021:(which has changed slightly in pronunciation, but this can also be ignored here). The lexical suffix is neither "the baby" (
1367:
1275:
1251:
1192:
128:
1416:
1290:
1362:. Canadian Ethnology service paper (No. 119); Mercury series. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
736:
847:
1355:
Occasional Papers in
Linguistics (No. 4). Missoula, MT: University of Montana Linguistics Laboratory.
1124:
1385:
1134:
158:
1037:, the terms for affixes may be used for the smaller elements of conjunct characters. For example,
1222:
The categories and types of present-day
English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach
1411:
1286:
400:
711:, they never occur as freestanding nouns. Lexical affixes are relatively rare and are used in
1209:
Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of
English and German
121:
1349:
1129:
1025:) nor "a baby" (indefinite); such referential changes are routine with incorporated nouns.
8:
1119:
839:
720:
1334:
716:
712:
700:
1363:
1338:
1271:
1247:
1188:
704:
680:
485:
186:
1406:
1326:
1239:
1114:
1066:
732:
629:
515:
114:
1345:
1297:
1139:
1062:
210:
1243:
1160:
1099:
1001:
614:
198:
1400:
1155:
1104:
1089:
1079:
835:
728:
724:
498:
466:
102:
51:
1317:
Gerdts, Donna B. (2003). "The morphosyntax of
Halkomelem lexical suffixes".
1351:
An outline of the morphology and phonology of
Saanich, North Straits Salish
1084:
1022:
1038:
1034:
1011:
does not appear as a free noun. Instead it appears as the lexical suffix
142:
1109:
843:
162:
1144:
408:
154:
46:
1330:
1149:
589:
560:
554:
A discontinuous affix that interleaves within a discontinuous stem
509:
474:
438:
150:
81:
76:
71:
66:
1069:
utilizes prefix, suffix, superfix, and subfix consonant letters.
1061:
Similar terminology is found with the conjunct consonants of the
653:
221:
Changing a word by adding a morpheme at its beginning is called
1391:
1380:
1094:
623:
375:
311:
257:
206:
202:
86:
61:
40:
35:
1236:
Writing: Theory and
History of the Technology of Civilization
369:
157:
to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are
56:
31:
708:
305:
Appears before the stem, but is only partially bound to it
16:
Morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word
363:
Appears after the stem, but is only partially bound to it
216:
1392:
Comprehensive and searchable affix dictionary reference
982:
are inflectional suffixes. The subject "the woman" is
432:
One portion appears before the stem, the other after
996:. In this sentence, "the baby" is a free noun. (The
1360:Saanich, North Straits Salish classified word list
1004:, which can be ignored for explanatory purposes.)
189:into present continuous or past tense by adding
1398:
503:(may occur before, after, or within the stem)
1319:International Journal of American Linguistics
703:to various degrees.) Although they behave as
122:
1291:"Precomposed Tibetan Part 1 : BrdaRten"
707:roots/stems within verbs and as elements of
735:written in the Saanich orthography and in
129:
115:
906:
1211:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.
1049:joined at its margins. These are called
165:affixes. Derivational affixes, such as
1266:Robert Sharer & Loa Traxler, 2006,
1180:
1152:- affix removal using computer software
1028:
399:Appears within a stem — common e.g. in
1399:
1316:
1233:
217:Adfixes, infixes and their variations
966:In sentence (1), the verb "wash" is
197:to an English word. All of them are
13:
1234:Powell, Barry (2012). "Glossary".
1017:which is affixed to the verb root
686:
14:
1428:
1373:
1379:
1238:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 255.
1051:prefixes, superfixes, postfixes,
1310:
669:may be subsumed under the term
1280:
1260:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1174:
723:— the presence of these is an
465:Links two stems together in a
1:
1167:
1041:are generally compounds of a
819:"building, house, campsite"
727:of the Pacific Northwest of
583:Changes a segment of a stem
7:
1270:Stanford University Press.
1244:10.1002/9781118293515.gloss
1224:. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.
1072:
229:, and at the end is called
10:
1433:
1358:Montler, Timothy. (1991).
1181:Fischer, Roswitha (1998).
225:, in the middle is called
1125:Internet-related prefixes
951:
895:
747:
744:
1135:Morphological derivation
733:Northern Straits Saanich
548:⟨transfix⟩
542:⟨transfix⟩
275:Appears before the stem
1417:Linguistics terminology
691:Semantically speaking,
656:of a portion of a stem
333:Appears after the stem
1220:Marchand, Hans. 1969.
1207:Kremer, Marion. 1997.
1187:. Gunter Narr Verlag.
679:When marking text for
647:⟩disfix⟨
401:Austronesian languages
237:Categories of affixes
153:that is attached to a
417:⟩light⟨
393:⟨infix⟩
185:), or present simple
1388:at Wikimedia Commons
1130:Marker (linguistics)
1029:Orthographic affixes
737:Americanist notation
681:interlinear glossing
426:⟩stem⟨
1120:Family name affixes
1065:. For example, the
848:verb–subject–object
840:Halkomelem language
721:Chimakuan languages
238:
1303:September 14, 2006
1296:2010-10-17 at the
896:"the woman washed
808:"foot, lower leg"
799:"foot, lower leg"
632:: tipli "break up"
617:feature of a stem
384:⟨ma⟩
236:
1384:Media related to
1268:The Ancient Maya,
1007:In sentence (2),
962:
961:
832:
831:
705:incorporated noun
673:, in contrast to
660:
659:
527:⟨e⟩
521:⟨i⟩
501:portion of a stem
486:shm-reduplication
211:separable affixes
139:
138:
1424:
1383:
1346:Montler, Timothy
1342:
1304:
1284:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1178:
1115:English prefixes
1067:Tibetan alphabet
1016:
1010:
995:
989:
974:is the root and
957:
940:
919:
901:
889:
855:
854:
742:
741:
697:semantic affixes
648:
639:
610:
580:
573:
569:
550:
549:
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543:
529:
528:
523:
522:
494:
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458:
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131:
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117:
19:
18:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
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1423:
1422:
1421:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1298:Wayback Machine
1285:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1140:Separable affix
1075:
1063:Indic alphabets
1031:
1012:
1008:
991:
987:
986:and the object
953:
936:
917:
897:
885:
745:Lexical Suffix
701:grammaticalized
693:lexical affixes
689:
687:Lexical affixes
646:
637:
633:
608:
599:
578:
571:
567:
547:
546:
541:
540:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
502:
497:Incorporates a
492:
481:
462:
456:
454:
445:
427:
423:
418:
414:
392:
391:
383:
382:
373:
358:
352:
328:
322:
299:
293:
269:
263:
219:
201:by definition;
199:bound morphemes
135:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1430:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1375:
1374:External links
1372:
1371:
1370:
1356:
1343:
1331:10.1086/382736
1325:(4): 345–356.
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1259:
1252:
1226:
1213:
1200:
1193:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1161:Word formation
1158:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Combining form
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1030:
1027:
964:
963:
960:
959:
950:
947:
946:
944:
941:
933:
930:
926:
925:
923:
920:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
903:
894:
891:
890:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
858:
830:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
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800:
797:
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790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
746:
688:
685:
658:
657:
650:
643:
634:(compare root
627:
619:
618:
615:suprasegmental
611:
605:
593:
585:
584:
581:
575:
564:
556:
555:
552:
537:
532:(compare root
513:
505:
504:
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489:
478:
470:
469:
463:
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452:
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4:
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2:
1429:
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1413:
1412:Lexical units
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1368:0-660-12908-6
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1276:0-8047-4817-9
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1253:9781118293515
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1204:
1196:
1194:9783823349402
1190:
1186:
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1177:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Unpaired word
1154:
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1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
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1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Concatenation
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Binary prefix
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Agglutination
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
956:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
934:
931:
928:
927:
924:
921:
915:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
893:
892:
888:
884:
881:
878:
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871:
867:
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861:
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857:
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852:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
827:
824:
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815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
743:
740:
738:
734:
730:
729:North America
726:
725:areal feature
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
684:
682:
677:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
651:
644:
641:
631:
628:
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625:
621:
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616:
612:
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603:
597:
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582:
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563:
562:
558:
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538:
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517:
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477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
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405:
402:
398:
389:
380:
377:
372:
371:
367:
366:
362:
356:
350:
348:
347:pseudo-suffix
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
326:
320:
318:
314:
313:
309:
308:
304:
298:
292:
290:
289:pseudo-prefix
286:
282:
279:
278:
274:
268:
262:
260:
259:
255:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
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232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
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172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
132:
127:
125:
120:
118:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
103:Null morpheme
101:
100:
99:
98:
94:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
42:
39:
37:
33:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
1359:
1350:
1322:
1318:
1311:Bibliography
1300:
1282:
1267:
1262:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1085:Augmentative
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:and smaller
1042:
1032:
1018:
1013:
1006:
997:
992:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:
954:
937:
898:
886:
879:šak’ʷ-ət-əs
833:
762:, ełtálṉew̱
696:
692:
690:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:
635:
622:
601:
595:
588:
559:
533:
530:b "he wrote"
508:
499:reduplicated
473:
437:
407:
368:
346:
342:
338:
316:
310:
288:
284:
280:
256:
251:Description
230:
226:
222:
220:
194:
190:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:inflectional
159:derivational
146:
140:
22:
1301:BabelStone,
1287:Andrew West
1039:Maya glyphs
1035:orthography
1000:here is an
952:"the woman
765:ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ
598:duce (noun)
343:semi-suffix
285:semi-prefix
231:suffixation
223:prefixation
143:linguistics
1401:Categories
1348:. (1986).
1168:References
1110:Diminutive
988:"the baby"
943:łə słeniʔ
882:łə słeniʔ
844:word order
613:Changes a
374:(see also
227:infixation
1339:143721330
1145:SI prefix
1043:main sign
1002:auxiliary
984:łə słeniʔ
968:šak’ʷətəs
958:-washed"
918:+LEX.SUFF
836:arguments
768:"person"
759:"person"
428:circumfix
424:circumfix
409:Circumfix
359:suffixoid
339:Suffixoid
300:prefixoid
281:Prefixoid
155:word stem
95:See also:
47:Circumfix
1294:Archived
1150:Stemming
1073:See also
1055:subfixes
1023:definite
899:the baby
846:here is
828:"house"
822:, á,leṉ
816:-ew̕txʷ
805:sx̣ənəʔ
785:skʷičəl
717:Salishan
713:Wakashan
642:"break")
609:suprafix
590:Suprafix
579:simulfix
561:Simulfix
536:"write")
510:Transfix
493:duplifix
475:Duplifix
467:compound
457:interfix
439:Interfix
207:suffixes
203:prefixes
151:morpheme
82:Suprafix
77:Simulfix
72:Transfix
67:Interfix
52:Duplifix
1407:Affixes
1386:Affixes
1047:affixes
907:
825:ʔeʔləŋ
813:-áwtw̱
802:sxene,
782:sȼićel
654:elision
630:Alabama
516:Maltese
482:shmoney
317:postfix
245:Example
209:may be
23:Affixes
1366:
1337:
1274:
1250:
1191:
1095:Clitic
1059:infix.
1009:"baby"
993:łə qeq
972:šak’ʷ-
970:where
887:łə qeq
788:"day"
779:"day"
719:, and
675:infix.
667:suffix
663:Prefix
624:Disfix
604:(verb)
570:se → m
480:money~
448:-meter
444:speed-
376:tmesis
329:suffix
312:Suffix
296:-cover
270:prefix
258:Prefix
248:Schema
171:-ation
87:Disfix
62:Libfix
41:Suffix
36:Prefix
1335:S2CID
1019:šk’ʷ-
1014:-əyəł
938:-əyəł
922:SUBJ
865:SUBJ
862:VERB
842:(the
796:-sən
793:-sen
776:-net
773:-nát
748:Noun
709:nouns
671:adfix
607:stem\
577:stem\
491:stem~
459:-stem
387:cated
370:Infix
357:stem-
327:stem-
321:look-
302:-stem
294:flexi
272:-stem
242:Affix
187:tense
183:-(e)s
175:anti-
149:is a
147:affix
145:, an
57:Infix
32:Adfix
1364:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1053:and
978:and
955:baby
935:šk’ʷ
932:niʔ
929:(2)
916:VERB
876:niʔ
873:(1)
868:OBJ
756:-aʔ
753:-o,
665:and
652:The
602:duce
451:stem
353:like
351:cat-
205:and
191:-ing
179:pre-
161:and
1327:doi
1240:doi
1033:In
998:niʔ
990:is
980:-əs
976:-ət
850:):
695:or
636:tip
600:pro
596:pro
534:ktb
518:: k
381:edu
323:ing
266:-do
195:-ed
167:un-
141:In
1403::
1333:.
1323:69
1321:.
1289:,
1246:.
902:"
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