Reduplication - Knowledge

4618:(long long) meaning "very long or many things long". This type is used also in formal Turkish, especially in literature. There are a lot of reduplications in this category which do not, if used as one word, have a place in the Turkish language's vocabulary but is used solely in this way. These words are called mimetic in linguistics. An example is 'şırıl şırıl' (used for the sound of a waterfall). They try to give sounds to not only audible but also non-audible phenomena. For example, 'mışıl mışıl' is used for sleeping soundly. 5457:. In the Mortlockese language, reduplication is used to show a habitual or imperfective aspect. For example, /jææjæ/ means "to use something" while the word /jæjjææjæ/ means "to use something habitually or repeatedly". Reduplication is also used in the Mortlockese Language to show extremity or extreme measures. One example of this can be seen in /ŋiimw alɛɛtɛj/ which means "hate him, her, or it". To mean "really hate him, her, or it," the phrase changes to /ŋii~mw al~mw alɛɛtɛj/. 6037: 2075: 2035: 3571:

leri-leri, nap-buf, ning-nang, ning-ning, non-non, nyam-nyam, nyau-nyau, nyec-nyec, nyeu-nyeu, nyic-nyic, nyigo-nyigo, nyigui-nyogui, passa-passa, pengim-penjam, pif-paf, ping-pong, piu-piu, poti-poti, rau-rau, ringo-rango, rum-rum, taf-taf, tam-tam, tau-tau, tic-tac, tol·le-tol·le, tric-trac, trip-trap, tris-tras, viu-viu, xano-xano, xau-xau, xerric-xerrac, xim-xim, xino-xano, xip-xap, xiu-xiu, xup-xup, zig-zag, ziga-zaga, zim-zam, zing-zing, zub-zub, zum-zum

5512:. In terms of reduplication, the indigenous language known as Old Rapa uses reduplication consistent to other Polynesian languages. Reduplication of Old Rapa occurs in four ways: full, rightward, leftward, and medial. Full and rightward are generally more frequently used as opposed to the leftward and medial. Leftward and medial only occur as CV reduplication and partial leftward and medial usually denote emphasis. 142: 2650:. It appears as a progression of language development as infants experiment with their vocal apparatus and home in on the sounds used in their native language. Canonical/reduplicated babbling also appears at a time when general rhythmic behavior, such as rhythmic hand movements and rhythmic kicking, appear. Canonical babbling is distinguished from earlier syllabic and vocal play, which has less structure. 3180:

the reduplicated comparative with "and". This construction is common in speech and is used even in formal speech settings, but it is less common in formal written texts. Although English has simple constructs with similar meanings, such as "John's apple looked ever redder," these simpler constructs are rarely used in comparison with the reduplicative form. Comparative reduplication is fully

3416:. Further examples of this include: "koes" (to dodge) being reduplicated in the sentence "Piet hardloop koes-koes weg" (Piet is running away while constantly dodging / cringing); "sukkel" (to struggle) becoming "sukkel-sukkel" (making slow progress; struggling on); and "kierang" (to cheat) becoming "kierang-kierang" to indicate being cheated on repeatedly. 2361:"I ate ice cream and candy, and of course food-food". Here, "food-food" is contrasted to "junk-food". One may say, "En ollut eilen koulussa, koska olin kipeä. Siis kipeäkipeä" ("I wasn't at school yesterday because I was sick. Sick-sick, that is"); that means that one was actually suffering from an illness instead of making up excuses, as usual. 9290: 5496:

Few languages employ triplication in their language. In Micronesia, Pingelapese is one of only two languages that uses triplication, the other being Mokilese. Reduplication and triplication are not to be confused with tense however. In order to make a phrase past, present, or future tense, a temporal

3228:

are instances of intensificatory reduplication. This type of reduplication is used to intensify the meaning of the original word. It's a way of expressing that something is not just big or long, but very big or very long. This type of reduplication is typically used only with a narrow range of words,

3184:

and clearly changes the meaning of any comparative to a temporal one, despite the absence of any time-related words in the construction. For example, the temporal meaning of "The frug seemed wuggier and wuggier" is clear: despite not knowing what a frug is or what wugginess is, it is easy to grasp

3179:

mean that John's apple is redder than some other apple, which would be a possible interpretation in the absence of reduplication, e.g. in "John's apple looked redder." With reduplication, the comparison is of the object being compared to itself over time. Comparative reduplication always combines

3570:

així així, aixina aixana, balandrim-balandram, baliga-balaga, banzim-banzam, barliqui-barloqui, barrija-barreja, bitllo-bitllo, bub-bub, bum-bum, but-but, catric-catrac, cloc-cloc, cloc-piu, corre-corrents, de nyigui-nyogui, farrigo-farrago, flist-flast, fru-fru, gara-gara, gloc-gloc, gori-gori,

5236:

In the Malay language, reduplication is a semi-productive process. It is used for expression of various grammatical functions (such as verbal aspect) and it is part in a number of complex morphological models. Simple reduplication of nouns and pronouns can express at least three meanings:

5468:

is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese utilizes both duplication and triplication of a verb or part of a verb to express that something is happening for certain duration of time. No

3669:

means tea, while this phrase means tea or any other supplementary drink or tea along with snacks). Quite common in casual conversations are a few more examples like shopping-wopping, khana-wana. South Asian Indo Aryan languages are also rich in other forms of reduplication: morphological

4548:: A word can be reduplicated partially, such that an emphatic stem is created to be attached to the adjective. This is done by taking the first syllable of the adjective, dropping the syllable-final phoneme, and adding one of four interpolated consonants (p, s, m, r). For example, 5850:

Adjectives and adverbs employ morphological reduplication for many different reasons such as number agreement when the adjective modifies a plural noun, intensification of the adjective or adverb, and sometimes because the prefix forces the adjective to have a reduplicated stem".

4827:

frequently reduplicate consonants, though often not the vowels that appear next to the consonants in some verb form. This can take the shape of reduplicating the antepenultimate consonant (usually the second of three), the last of two consonants, or the last two consonants.

2357:. Finnish colloquial speech uses the process; nouns can be reduplicated to indicate genuinity, completeness, originality and being uncomplicated, as opposed to being fake, incomplete, complicated or fussy. It can be thought as compound word formation. For example, 3209:

cake?". This is similar to the Finnish use mentioned above. Furthermore, it is used to contrast "real" or "pure" things against imitations or less pure forms. For example, at a coffee shop one may be asked, "Do you want soy milk?" and respond, "No, I want

5839:

They can further be divided into "non-significant" (where its significance is not apparent) and "significant" reduplication. 1, 2, and 3 are always non-significant; while 5 and 6 are always significant. 4 can be non-significant when used for nouns (e.g.

9014:

McCarthy, John J. and Alan S. Prince. (1986 ). Prosodic morphology 1986. Technical report #32. Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science. (Unpublished revised version of the 1986 paper available online on McCarthy's website:

5672:

For the Rapa Language the implementation of reduplication has specific implications. The most evident of these are known as iterative, intensification, specification, diminutive, metaphorical, nominalizing, and adjectival.

7933: 5966:

Verb roots can undergo whole or partial reduplication to mark aspect. Actions that are continuous are indicated by a reduplicated initial syllable. A whole reduplication can also be used to indicate imperfective aspect.

3093:, pitter-patter, riffraff, sing-song, slipslop, splish-splash, tick-tock, ticky-tacky, tip-top, whiff-whaff, wibble-wobble, wishy-washy, zig-zag. Three-part ablaut sequences are less numerous, but are attested, e.g. 180:: "generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuance." Reduplication is used in 4502:, reduplication follows the same classification as in Turkish (see below), namely emphatic reduplication, echo reduplication, and doubling. Many appear as lexical entries in Armenian lexicographical sources. 5892:. In "Mag- verbs" reduplication of the root after the prefix "mag-" or "nag-" changes the verb from the infinitive form, or perfective aspect, respectively, to the contemplated or imperfective aspect. Thus: 3403:

means "to scratch one's self vigorously", whereas "dit het plek-plek gereën" means "it rained here and there". Reduplication in Afrikaans has been described extensively in the literature – see for example

3017:: Ack ack, aye-aye, back-to-back, blah-blah, boo-boo, bye-bye, chin-chin, choo-choo, chow-chow, dik-dik, doo-doo, fifty-fifty, gogo, ha ha, half-and-half, honk-honk, housey-housey, juju, klop-klop, mama, 6421:

One of the puzzles of Basque is the large number of words that begin with vowels in which the initial and second vowels are the same. Joseba Lakarra proposes that in Pre-Proto-Basque there was extensive

5847:

Full or partial reduplication among nouns and pronouns can indicate emphasis, intensity, plurality, or causation; as well as a diminutive, superlative, iterative, restrictive, or distributive force.

5194:, but collectives that refer to a large, given set of the same object; for example, the formal English equivalent of 人々 would be "people" (collective), rather than "persons" (plural individuals). 5794:

Reduplication of the final syllable of a disyllabic word, where the added syllable is created from the first consonant of the first syllable and the last consonant of the second syllable; e.g.

3384:

as an auxiliary verb with itself is considered incorrect, but is commonly used in Flanders. Numerous examples of reduplication in Dutch (and other languages) are discussed by Daniëls (2000).

2973:

English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below). See also the

1534:

Internal reduplication can also involve copying the beginning or end of the base. In Quileute, the first consonant of the base is copied and inserted after the first vowel of the base.

4899:‎ "cow", and literally means "cow by cow", referring to "one thing at a time". This is possibly a folk etymology, and a derivation from Spanish "para" meaning "stop" is possible. 7431:

Inkelas, Sharon and Downing, Laura (2015). What is Reduplication? Typology and Analysis Part 1/2: The Typology of Reduplication. Language and Linguistics Compass 9/12 (2015), p. 510

5209:(sparkling or shining). By one count, approximately 43% of Japanese mimetic words are formed by full reduplication, and many others are formed by partial reduplication, as in がささ〜 3175:

indicates that the comparative is becoming more true over time, meaning roughly "John's apple looked progressively redder as time went on." In particular, this construction does

8384:

Affeu fangani 'join together': A morphophonemic analysis of possessive suffix paradigms and a discourse-based ethnography of the elicitation session in Pakin Lukunosh Mortlockese

3774:

There are a number of constructions in Hindi and Urdu that are constructed by reduplication. Nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, all have possibility of reduplications.

5364:

Notice that in the first case, the nasalisation of the initial consonant (whereby /p/ becomes /m/) is repeated, while in the second case, it only applies in the repeated word.

2342:("I beget, I begat") and Greek τίθημι, ἔθηκα, τέθηκα (I place, I placed, I have placed). Other Indo-European verbs used reduplication as a derivational process: compare Latin 381:

In reduplication, the reduplicant is most often repeated only once. However, in some languages, reduplication can occur more than once, resulting in a tripled form, and not a

1871:

a new '-ish' adjective form is derived from other words by suffixing the reduplicated first consonant of the base followed by the segment . This can be written succinctly as

5469:

reduplication means that something happens. A reduplicated verb means that something IS happening, and a triplication means that something is STILL happening. For example,

9224:(1973). The phonology of reduplication. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois. (Also published by Indiana University Linguistics Club in 1973, republished 1997.) 8606:

Van Huyssteen, Gerhard B & Wissing, Daan P. (2007). "Datagebaseerde Aspekte van Afrikaanse Reduplikasies" [Data-based Aspects of Afrikaans Reduplications].

8883:

Haugen, Jason D. (forthcoming). Reduplicative allomorphy and language prehistory in Uto-Aztecan. (Paper presented at Graz Reduplication Conference 2002, November 3–6).

7566: 1728:(an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia). "Expressive minor reduplication" is formed with an initial reduplicant that copies the first and last segment of the base: 5138:'pile stones into a wall', since the second radical is not fully specified, what some call "hollow", the antepenultimate reduplication process reduplicates the 191:

to create new words. It is often used when a speaker adopts a tone more "expressive" or figurative than ordinary speech and is also often, but not exclusively,

8587:

Van Huyssteen, Gerhard B. (2004). "Motivating the composition of Afrikaans reduplications: a cognitive grammar analysis". In Radden, G.; Panther, K-U. (eds.).

7372: 9062:

Oller, D. Kimbrough. 1980. The emergence of the sounds of speech in infancy, in Child Phonology Vol. I, edited by G. H. Yeni-Komshian, J. F. Kavanaugh, and

9033:

McCarthy, John J.; and Prince, Alan S. (1999). Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. In R. Kager, H. van der Hulst, and W. Zonneveld (Eds.),

4580:("spotless"). The added consonant is unpredictable grammatically speaking, however phonological studies, such as Wedel (1999) shed light on the subject. 3395:

makes use of reduplication to emphasize the meaning of the word repeated and to denote a plural or event happening in more than one place. For example,

1852:

All of the examples above consist of only reduplication. However, reduplication often occurs with other phonological and morphological process, such as

8227: 291: 9264: 3455:("The Spaniards came, cannonaded, and left. The English came, cannonaded heavily, and left. The French came, trumpeted on bugles, and captured it.") 2825:. Ancient Greek preserves this reduplication in the present tense of some verbs. Usually, but not always, this is reduplication of a consonant and 2642:(Stark 198, Oller, 1980). Canonical babbling is characterized by repetition of identical or nearly identical consonant-vowel combinations, such as 8353: 8185:

Ghomeshi, Jila; Jackendoff, Ray; Rosen, Nicole & Russell, Kevin (2004). "Contrastive focus reduplication in English (the Salad-Salad paper)".

7396: 2614:, reduplication can mark both diminution and plurality, with one process being applied to each end of the word, as in the following example from 9022:

McCarthy, John J.; and Prince, Alan S. (1995). Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In J. Beckman, S. Urbanczyk, and L. W. Dickey (Eds.),

6008:

The onomatopoeia in Wuvulu language also uses reduplication to describe the sound. These onomatopoeic words can be used as alienable nouns.

5112:, verb roots can be reduplicated three different ways. These can result in verbs, nouns, or adjectives (which are often derived from verbs). 3229:

and the meaning can often be inferred even if the specific combination is not a standard idiomatic expression. The more common items include

8374:

A New Century of Phonology and Phonological Theory: A Festschrift for Professor Shosuke Haraguchi on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday

9026:(pp. 249–384). Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistics Students Association. (Available online on the Rutgers Optimality Archive website: 8491: 5854:

Number agreement for adjectives is entirely optional in Tagalog (e.g., a plural noun does not have to have a plural article marking it):

7315: 8226:[Morpho(no)logy: Introduction to Morphology (in relation to Phonology)] (in Dutch). Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen. 7086: 7070: 1161:

copying). There is a tendency for prefixing reduplicants to copy left-to-right and for suffixing reduplicants to copy right-to-left:

9153:

Shaw, Patricia A. (2004). Reduplicant order and identity: Never trust a Salish CVC either?. In D. Gerdts and L. Matthewson (Eds.),

2251:

to indicate reduplication, although in Chinese the iteration mark is no longer used in standard writing and is often found only in

8571: 6091:('beautiful' ), which consist of two syllables (when reduplicated, each syllable is reduplicated separately), when reduplicated ( 3771:, "he gives". Even though the general idea is to reduplicate the verb root as a prefix, several sandhi rules change the outcome. 3185:

that the apparent wugginess of the frug was increasing over time, as indicated by the reduplication of the comparative "wuggier".

5399:"people". Biggs calls this "infixed reduplication". It occurs in a small subset of "people" words in most Polynesian languages. 2112:

backcopying – A putative phenomenon of over-application in the reduplicant of a process triggered by the reduplicant in the base

7458:

Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 4, p. 575, Yerevan: State Publishing House

7449:

Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 3, p. 198, Yerevan: State Publishing House

7411: 8802:

Cooper, William E. & Ross, "Háj" John R. (1975). "World order". In Grossman, R. E.; San, L. J. & Vance, T. J. (eds.).

8530:

Tamamura, Fumio (1979). "Nihongo to chuugokugo ni okeru onshoochoogo" [Sound-symbolic words in Japanese and Chinese].

7440:

Malxaseancʿ, Stepʿan (1944–1945), Hayerēn bacʿatrakan baṙaran (in Armenian), Volume 2, p. 396 Yerevan: State Publishing House

8895: 8596: 8450: 8284: 7222: 5146:

along with the consonant as a place holder for the hollow consonant, which is by some criteria antepenultimate, and produces

3594: 2350:("I remain"). All of those Indo-European inherited reduplicating forms are subject to reduction by other phonological laws. 4610:

Doubling: A word can be reduplicated totally, giving a related but different meaning or used for emphasizing. For example,

8331: 4607:

meaning "green, greenish, whatever". Although not used in formal written Turkish, it is a standard accepted construction.

3041:. While in many forms of English, exact reduplications can also be used to emphasise the strength of a word ("He wants it 355:). As a result, reduplication is interesting theoretically as it involves the interface between phonology and morphology. 8770: 8483: 5963:

as it is in other Austronesian languages. Some nouns exhibit reduplication, though they are considered to be fossilized.

2895: 9037:(pp. 218–309). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Available online on the Rutgers Optimality Archive website: 8423: 8714:

Alderete, John; Benua, Laura; Gnanadesikan, Amalia E.; Beckman, Jill N.; McCarthy, John J.; Urbanczyk, Suzanne (1999).

6885: 2353:

Reduplication can be used to refer to the most prototypical instance of a word's meaning. In such a case, it is called

225:

is the standard term for this phenomenon in the linguistics literature. Other terms that are occasionally used include

8090: 9215: 9038: 9027: 8959: 8917: 8833: 8715: 8049: 7586: 7578: 5454: 128: 9241: 6911: 6085:, reduplication is used in verbs and adjectives to form adverbs. Many Burmese words, especially adjectives such as 5100:

There are also numerous examples in the Torah, for example "אם שמוע תשמעו" which means "if you listen diligently".

3661:

in some form or the other. It is usually used to sound casual, or in a suggestive manner. It is often used to mean

3011:, itsy-bitsy, namby-pamby, raggle-taggle, ragtag, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, teenie-weenie, willy-nilly, wingding. 7848: 9250: 8992: 6891: 6323:

Other than verbs and adjectives, some nouns can be reduplicated to express plurality or a collection in Chinese.

3453:

Spagnoli venir...boum boum...andar; Inglis venir...boum boum bezef...andar; Francés venir...tru tru tru...chapar.

3189: 2630:'plural small knives' (Haeberlin 1918:159). Reduplication has been found to be a major part of Salish languages. 2619: 2354: 273: 2177:"people". This orthography has resurfaced widely in text messaging and other forms of electronic communication. 9315: 9277: 6901: 2974: 2822: 3521:, reduplication is not uncommon and it has been used for both the creation of new words (including many from 9200:

Reduplicative words in English: A study of formations of the types tick-tock, hurly-burly, and shilly-shally

8223: 7689: 7204: 5934:

The complete superlative prefix pagka- demands reduplication of the first syllable of the adjective's stem:

8925: 6027: 2677: 2669: 8382: 8254: 5190:

and is limited to a small set of nouns. Similarly to Standard Chinese, the meaning is not that of a true

2011: 1954: 1944: 1934: 1902: 1892: 1882: 1873: 1820: 1785: 1750: 1701: 1667: 1623:

In Temiar, the last consonant of the root is copied and inserted before the medial consonant of the root.

1511: 1502: 1489: 1407: 1373: 1000: 890: 650: 624: 576: 550: 453: 445: 437: 427: 419: 411: 287: 283: 8817:

Diffloth, Gérald. (1973). Expressives in Semai. In P. N. Jenner, L. C. Thompson, and S. Starsota (Eds.),

6869: 3448: 2638:

At 25–50 weeks after birth, typically developing infants go through a stage of reduplicated or canonical

195:

in meaning. Reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, though its level of

9157:. University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (Vol. 17). Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 5473:

means 'to cry' in Pingelapese. When reduplicated and triplicated, the duration of this verb is changed:

8561:

Unseth, Peter (2003). "Surveying bi-consonantal reduplication in Semitic". In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.).

8357: 5187: 3181: 3158: 2338:

stem, rather than the perfect stem, often with a different vowel from that used for the perfect: Latin

1173: 196: 6849: 5917:(frequently referred to as "object focus" verbs) reduplication of part the infix and the stem occur: 340: 9235: 8732: 6048: 2086: 2046: 8710:

Albright, Adam. (2002). A restricted model of UR discovery: Evidence from Lakhota. (Draft version).

6906: 5198: 2899: 336: 188: 158: 6426:

and that later, certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV pattern of Proto-Basque:

5906:

nagluluto actor trigger-reduplication-cook "cook" (as in "I cook all the time) or "is/was cooking"

3161:, meaning that examples of the first three are fixed forms and new forms are not easily accepted. 498:(i.e. the doubling of consonants or vowels) is considered to be a form of reduplication. The term 6854: 6078: 5050: 4904:

To create a diminutive: by reduplicating the last two consonants (bi-consonantal reduplication):

4587:

in other languages, a word can be reduplicated while replacing the initial consonants (not being

4545: 2258: 9058:. Chicago Linguistics Society, April 2003. Chicago Linguistics Society – via ling.auf.net. 7120:

Donka Minkova, "Ablaut reduplication in English: the criss-crossing of prosody and verbal art",

9305: 8727: 8396: 5225: 362:

is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. The reduplicated element is called the

269: 8495: 8039: 7699: 5205:, but also words intended to invoke non-auditory senses or psychological states, such as きらきら 3301:

is in some cases a type of reduplication, which may be regarded as non-standard or incorrect.

9053: 8440: 7562: 7157: 7096: 7080: 6916: 3150: 3106: 2383: 1868: 322: 121: 9024:

University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics 18: Papers in optimality theory

8341:(2). Department of Oriental and African Languages, Göteborg University: 4–26. Archived from 8294:

Kiparsky, Paul (2010). "Reduplication in stratal OT". In Linda Uyechi; Lian-Hee Wee (eds.).

5057:

lexical item נודיען nídyen / núdzhen "to bore, bother" - also "to bother, pest, nag, annoy".

3193:: Exact reduplication can be used with contrastive focus (generally where the first noun is 8126:. Typology of African Prosodic Systems Workshop. Bielefeld University, Germany – via 6864: 6181:

Reduplication is sometimes employed in verbs and adjectives to enhance the effect of them.

5761: 5465: 5450: 3274: 3270: 3230: 3197:) to indicate a literal, as opposed to figurative, example of a noun, or perhaps a sort of 3194: 3057: 2681: 833: 669: 8563:

Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff

393:

has both forms. In this article, English translations of words are shown in apostrophes:

8: 9143: 9063: 8198: 8005: 5960: 4627: 2923: 2154: 8366: 9320: 9285: 9186: 9132: 9124: 9095: 9087: 8975: 8872: 8864: 8790: 8753: 8745: 8660: 8652: 8623: 8477: 8210: 8202: 8152: 8077: 7824: 7784: 7570: 7185: 6874: 5889: 4803: 4603:

then means "plates, dishes and such". This can be applied to all kinds of words, as in

3597:

serves for various kinds of intensifying of the meaning and exists in several forms: a

2685: 2611: 2331: 2158: 1345: 596: 352: 348: 344: 332: 248: 166: 162: 8579: 7962: 2065: 335:). In addition to phonological description, reduplication often needs to be described 9211: 9178: 9136: 8966:

Key, Harold (1965). "Some semantic functions of reduplication in various languages".

8955: 8913: 8905:. Manila: The Institute of National Language and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. 8891: 8876: 8829: 8794: 8664: 8627: 8592: 8446: 8316:. International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics. Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 8280: 8214: 8121: 8045: 7582: 7574: 7390: 7218: 7189: 7177: 6896: 5888:

In verbs, reduplication of the root, prefix or infix is employed to convey different

5769: 5163: 5159: 4840:, reduplication is used in nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs for various reasons: 4824: 4499: 3650: 3606: 3514: 3198: 3117: 3098: 2270: 2221: 2132: 2116: 1978: 1853: 1542: 522: 476: 200: 9190: 9099: 8757: 5764:

are characterized as having the most productive use of reduplication, especially in

5373: 3171:: In the sentence "John's apple looked redder and redder," the reduplication of the 859: 173:(or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. 9310: 9170: 9116: 9079: 8937: 8856: 8782: 8737: 8644: 8615: 8516: 8442:

A Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan Language, with English and Samoan vocabulary

8194: 8173: 8144: 8017: 7816: 7774: 7353: 7210: 7169: 7128: 7021: 6443: 6274:

Similar to other Sino-Tibetan languages, adjectives form adverbs by reduplication.

6107:. This is also true of many Burmese verbs, which become adverbs when reduplicated. 6082: 5765: 5109: 4741: 4538: 3743: 3654: 3646: 3518: 3425: 3138: 3134: 2615: 2199: 1435: 468: 184:

to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification, etc., and in

114: 9039:

https://web.archive.org/web/20050525032431/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=562

9028:

https://web.archive.org/web/20090423020041/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=568

9016: 5772:). Reduplication in Tagalog is complex. It can be roughly divided into six types: 9281: 9254: 9044:

Moravcsik, Edith. (1978). Reduplicative constructions. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.),

6438: 5897: 4837: 4730: 4718: 4631: 3479: 3459: 3030: 2622:, but the reduplication of both initial and final portions of the root is clear: 2323: 1918: 1631: 1023: 941: 8543:

Tamamura, Fumio (1989). "Gokei" [Word forms]. In Tamamura, Fumio (ed.).

8521: 8504: 8372:. In Honma, Takeru; Okazaki, Masao; Tabata, Toshiyuki; Tanaka, Shinichi (eds.). 8314:

Nominal reduplication in Indonesian challenging the theory of grammatical change

7589: 9161:

Stark, Rachel E. (1978). "Features of infant sounds: The emergence of cooing".

8942: 8342: 7373:"Reduplication Reduplication in Hindi (Matthew Miller's Morphological Musings)" 7173: 7026: 7009: 6471: 5873:

The entire adjective is repeated for intensification of adjectives or adverbs:

5183: 4997:

To create secondary derivative verbs: by reduplicating the root or part of it:

4775: 3751: 3618: 3577:

In colloquial Mexican Spanish it is common to use reduplicated adverbs such as

3102: 3049: 3026: 2955: 2937: 2297: 2243: 2139: 1725: 488: 9174: 8648: 8619: 8164:

Gates, J. P. (2016). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)".

7779: 7766: 7132: 6801: 3324:

While not common in Dutch, reduplication does exist. Most, but not all (e.g.,

9299: 9269: 9221: 9210:. Cambridge grammatical descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8786: 8415: 8296:

Reality exploration and discovery: pattern interaction in language & life

7327: 7181: 6744: 6143:

A few measure words can also be reduplicated to indicate "one or the other":

5914: 5505: 4808: 4793: 3298: 3146: 3142: 3081:). Examples include: bric-a-brac, chit-chat, clip-clop, ding-dong, flimflam, 3034: 2996: 2335: 2181: 1635: 1145:

Internal reduplication is much less common than the initial and final types.

763: 518: 102: 9083: 8741: 8177: 7412:"Introduction to Morphology, Syntax and Lexical Semantics of Hindi and Urdu" 5228:

are known for their extensive use of reduplication in both nouns and verbs.

2910:

Reduplication in nouns was rare, the best example being Proto-Indo-European

2135:

family, reduplication is used to form plurals (among many other functions):

1970:

This combination of reduplication and affixation is commonly referred to as

8683: 8127: 8094: 5202: 3522: 3467: 3463: 3109:" achieves comic effect by varying the ordering of vowels in such triples: 2948: 2431: 2003:'dig out of ground (unitative)' → 'dig out of ground (repetitive)' ( 1985:

of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs:

506:) to refer to different types of reduplication that have the same meaning. 472: 464: 177: 8954:. Cambridge studies in linguistics (No. 106). Cambridge University Press. 8761: 8224:"Morfo(no)logie: Inleiding in de Morfologie (in relatie tot de Fonologie)" 8104:

Salish Languages and Linguistics: Theoretical and Descriptive Perspectives

7214: 7137: 6428: 2242:"sometimes, from time to time". Both languages can use a special written 9182: 8912:. Empirical approaches to language typology (No. 28). Mouton de Gruyter. 8068:

Butts, Aaron Michael (2011). "Reduplicated Nominal Patterns in Semitic".

5720:

Metaphorical (typically comparing an animal action with a human action):

5377: 4798: 4734: 4506:

Emphatic reduplication, one of two interpolated consonants (փ, ս), as in

3451:, particularly but not exclusively for onomatopoeic action descriptions: 3172: 3166: 3094: 3008: 3000: 2334:. Many verbs in the Indo-European languages exhibit reduplication in the 2252: 390: 253: 150: 9107:

Reichard, Gladys A. (1959). "A comparison of five Salish languages: V".

8979: 8656: 8635:

Voinov, Vitaly (2012). "Rhyming reduplication in Russian paired words".

8081: 7934:"Adjacency in Burmese Reduplication: An Optimality Theoretical Analysis" 7788: 7058: 6036: 5927:

niluluto object trigger infix-reduplication-cook "cook"/"is/was cooking"

2074: 2034: 762:

Many languages often use both full and partial reduplication, as in the

9128: 9091: 8868: 8847:

Haeberlin, Herman (1918). "Types of Reduplication in Salish Dialects".

8749: 8206: 8135:

Emeneau, M. B. (1971). "Onomatopoetics in the Indian linguistic area".

4813: 3598: 3082: 3066: 2633: 2330:

Those forms do not survive in Modern English but existed in its parent

1982: 1921:

has a similar suffix that is used in forming the plural of some nouns:

1861: 592: 495: 313: 204: 181: 9259: 9247: 8156: 8061:

Form and meaning in word formation: a study of Afrikaans reduplication

7828: 6110:

Some nouns are also reduplicated to indicate plurality. For instance,

4856:‎ "slowly" is duplicated to mean "very slowly". In the slangism 3428:

reduplication was used both to create new words or word associations (

3376:) can be used as an auxiliary verb, which can lead to a triplication: 2415:"home of your parents", as opposed to one's current place of residence 1250: 8988: 6879: 6844: 5201:

formed by reduplication of a syllable. These words include not only

4584: 3658: 3392: 3360:). Another example is a former safe sex campaign slogan in Flanders: 3090: 3070: 3004: 2701: 2697: 2266: 1177: 305: 192: 46: 9274: 9055:

Metalinguistic, shmetalinguistic: The phonology of shm-reduplication

9048:(Vol. 3, pp. 297–334). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 8926:"Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives: An areal dimension" 8022: 7010:"Vowel alternation in disyllabic reduplicatives: An areal dimension" 3045:

now"), in South African English, 'now-now' means 'relatively soon'.

9120: 8860: 8148: 7820: 6884:

For an example of a language with many types of reduplication see:

6859: 6716: 5509: 3337: 2930: 2693: 2639: 2066:

Phonological processes, environment, and reduplicant-base relations

1639: 1337:

Copying from the other direction is possible although less common:

328: 279: 243: 81: 76: 71: 66: 5421:

Reduplication can also extend the meaning of a word; for instance

2273:. In the older Indo-European languages, many such verbs survive: 1847: 5909:

magluluto inf/actor trigger-rdplc-cook (contemplated) "will cook"

5167: 5054: 4754: 3670:(expressives), lexical (distributives), and phrasal (aspectual). 3086: 3022: 2027:

Sometimes gemination can be analyzed as a type of reduplication.

1857: 484: 480: 185: 8713: 8445:(3rd and revised ed.). Papakura, New Zealand: R. McMillan. 7279: 6959:, edited by Roger D. Woodard, 19-59. Cambridge University Press. 3605:(either exact or inflected reduplication), and forms similar to 668:

involves a reduplication of only part of the word. For example,

141: 8332:"Verbal extensions in Bantu (the case of Swahili and Nyamwezi)" 6688: 6104: 5383:

Reduplication can convey a simple plural meaning, for instance

5191: 3062: 3018: 2309: 1169: 841: 317: 86: 61: 40: 35: 8578:. University of Pretoria Faculty for Education. Archived from 8184: 7143: 4595:. The meaning of the original word is broadened. For example, 2423:("away, on vacation, on leave"), where the adessive morpheme - 8826:

A comparative survey of reduplication in Australian languages

8674:

The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language In Change

8041:

Let's learn Maori: a guide to the study of the Maori language

6554: 5959:

Reduplication is not a productive noun derivation process in

5402:

Reduplication can convey emphasis or repetition, for example

3642: 3038: 2919: 2886: 2877: 2865: 2856: 2844: 2833: 2718: 2709: 2689: 2462:"begin" reduplicate when they are combined with other verbs. 2303: 2291: 2285: 849: 176:

The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is

56: 31: 22: 8505:"Second radical reduplication in Amharic: Optimality theory" 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 5293:

Reduplication of an adjective can express different things:

5123:'it was shattered' and biconsonantal reduplication produces 3097:, bing-bang-boom, bish-bash-bosh, splish-splash-splosh and " 1153:

A reduplicant can copy from either the left edge of a word (

199:

varies. Examples of it can be found at least as far back as

8828:. LINCOM Studies in Australian Languages (No. 03). Lincom. 6957:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages

6830: 6772: 6500: 4261:

green grass that way/over there. (emphasis on the quantity)

3602: 3585:(almost almost) which intensifies the meaning of 'almost'. 3048:

lexical reduplication: 'Each-each boy take one-one chair.'

2419:

Words can be reduplicated with their case morphemes, as in

2262: 2185: 170: 7102: 7034: 2680:

verb forms. The perfect or preterite (past) tense of some

672:

forms words meaning 'to wear X' by reduplicating the last

517:

involves a reduplication of the entire word. For example,

9155:

Studies in Salish linguistics in honor of M. Dale Kinkade

8608:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

8101: 7865: 7567:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

7064: 6660: 6012:"baʔa" or "baʔabaʔa" is a word for the sound of knocking. 5247:= "All those birds are also exported out of the country". 2975:

alliteration section of the irreversible binomial article

7720: 7255: 5805:

Reduplication of the initial syllable of the root; e.g.

3069:(typically ɪ as in hit) and the reduplicated vowel is a 2766: 2760: 2165:

was shorthand for the reduplication that forms plurals:

8841:

Reduplication in indigenous languages of South America.

8102:

Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa & Kinkade, M. Dale (1998).

7743: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7243: 7209:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 561. 5724:

kapa 'mime with hands' → kapakapa 'flap wings (a bird)'

4868:‎ "man" is duplicated to mean a "very manly man". 3961:

child-child.DAT fifty-fifty toffees received.PRF.FEM.PL

2618:. Note that the transcription is not comparable to the 7896: 7617: 7593: 7358:

Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics

7203:

Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002-04-15).

3214:

milk." This gives the idea that they want "real" milk.

389:

is the term for this phenomenon of copying two times.

9148:

Theoretical Issues in Dakota Phonology and Morphology

7908: 7884: 7710: 7708: 6397: 6376: 6353: 6332: 6304: 6283: 6255: 6234: 6211: 6190: 5924:

niluto object trigger infix-cook (perf-cook) "cooked"

5896:

magluto inf/actor trigger-cook "to cook" or "cook!" (

5340:

prefixation, depending on the position of the prefix

2829:, and contrasts with e-reduplication in the perfect: 2308:(Greek, "I see, I saw"; these Greek examples exhibit 8605: 8367:"Reduplicants and Prefixes in Japanese Onomatopoeia" 8352: 7807:

Blake, Frank R. (1917). "Reduplication in Tagalog".

7732: 7653: 7641: 7333: 7285: 5741:

Panga'a 'divide' → panaga'anga'a 'a break, a divide'

5320:

Reduplication of a verb can express various things:

5186:"々" to indicate duplication. This formation is not 3413: 2912: 2821:

Proto-Indo-European also used reduplication for the

2634:

Reduplicative babbling in child language acquisition

2395:"phone for talking", as opposed to a pocket computer 2359:

Söin jäätelöä ja karkkia, sekä tietysti ruokaruokaa.

278:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 9265:

List of contrastive focus reduplications in English

8298:. Center for the Study of Language and Information. 8093:. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Archived from 7515: 7479: 7231: 6967: 6965: 5727:

mākuru 'detach oneself' → mākurukuru 'shed or molt'

5508:is the French Polynesian language of the island of 5231: 3304:More can be learned about English reduplication in 3089:, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat, knick-knack, mishmash, 3065:reduplications, the first vowel is almost always a 8839:Gomez, Gale Goodwin, and Hein van der Voort, eds. 8676:(Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. 8547:. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Meiji Shoin. pp. 23–51. 8390:(Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. 8123:Tone (Non-) Transfer in Bantu Verbal Reduplication 7705: 7605: 7539: 7491: 7303: 5453:is a Micronesian language spoken primarily on the 145:Occurrence of reduplication across world languages 7677: 7527: 7503: 7291: 7267: 6944:Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. 6134:, which means "kinds," but the reduplicated form 5831:("turning around continually", "tumbling"), from 4885:‎ "day", and means "every day, day by day". 4201:shall we have a cup of tea? (emphasis on meeting 3111:There's a Nong Nang Ning/Where the trees go Ping! 509: 9297: 9291:La réduplication à m dans l’arabe parlé à Mardin 8768: 8494:. Taal.vrt.be. December 10, 1999. Archived from 8006:"A Galilean Analysis of Afrikaans Reduplication" 7665: 7370: 7202: 6989: 6962: 5119:'break', antepenultimate reduplication produces 2261:formerly used reduplication to form a number of 292:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 9017:http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/pub/papers/pm86all.pdf 8821:(pp. 249–264). University Press of Hawaii. 8814:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 8707:. London, England: University of London Press. 8591:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 269–292. 7963:"Aitzineuskara berreraikiaz: zergatik ezkerra?" 7629: 7046: 6977: 6955:p. 31, Michalowski, Piotr. 2004. "Sumerian" in 5680:naku 'come, go' → nakunaku 'pass by frequently' 5410:"die in numbers"; and de-emphasis, for example 5166:forms produced by reduplication (possibly with 1848:Reduplication and other morphological processes 308:in one of two ways: either (1) as reduplicated 9070:Raimy, Eric (2000). "Remarks on backcopying". 8806:. Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 63–111. 8509:Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 8242: 7352:Montaut, Annie (2009). Singh, Rajendra (ed.). 5827:Combined partial and full reduplication; e.g. 5245:Burung-burung itu juga diekspor ke luar negeri 4789:Popular names that have reduplication include 3157:Of the above types, only shm-reduplication is 3021:, night-night, no-no, papa, pee-pee, pip-pip, 2799: 2790: 2672:used partial reduplication of a consonant and 2246: 2237: 2225: 2184:uses reduplication to increase the force of a 2010:'hit (unitative)' → 'hit (repetitive)' 214: 208: 9109:International Journal of American Linguistics 8950:Inkelas, Sharon; & Zoll, Cheryl. (2005). 8849:International Journal of American Linguistics 8586: 8110: 7878: 7206:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 6392: 6371: 6348: 6327: 6299: 6278: 6250: 6229: 6206: 6185: 6167: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6098: 6092: 6086: 5930:lulutuin rdp-cook-object trigger "will cook". 5921:lutuin cook-inf/object trigger-cook "to cook" 3409: 3253:), along with intensificatory adverbs (e.g., 3217:Intensificatory reduplication: Examples like 2212: 2203: 463:Triplication occurs in other languages, e.g. 122: 9270:List of English reduplications in Wiktionary 9260:Exhaustive list of reduplications in English 9066:. Academic Press, New York. pp. 93–112. 9046:Universals of human language: Word structure 8804:Papers from the parasession on functionalism 8569: 7771:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 7354:"Reduplication and echo words in Hindi/Urdu" 7261: 6823: 6793: 6765: 6737: 6709: 6681: 6653: 6627: 6601: 6575: 6547: 6521: 6492: 6464: 6116:, means "country," but when reduplicated to 4254:{tither/that way} green-green grass be.3.PRS 1103:(Moravcsik 1978, Broselow and McCarthy 1984) 8991:[Come] (in Marathi). Maayboli.com. 8769:Broselow, Ellen; McCarthy, John J. (1984). 8556:(Thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. 8490: 8471:. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii. 8243:Göksel, Asli & Kerslake, Celia (2005). 7558: 7556: 7554: 7395:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7249: 4287: 3958:{bacce-bacce ko} pacās-pacās tɔfiyā̃ milī̃. 3336:(gingerbread)) reduplications in Dutch are 2751: 2745: 9051: 8801: 8565:. Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 257–273. 8404:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society 8356:. Mount Allison University. Archived from 6028:Vietnamese morphology § Reduplication 5948:and there are none more beautiful anywhere 5858:"Ang magandang puno" "the beautiful tree". 5783:Reduplication of the final syllable; e.g. 5691:mare 'cough' → maremare 'cough forcefully' 5380:) uses reduplication in a number of ways. 5347:Repetition or continuation of the action: 4541:, there are three kinds of reduplication. 4025:who-who.NOM will-come them.DAT say.IMP.FUT 3834:children.DAT one-one.REDUP toffee give.IMP 3313: 3309: 1716:(Broselow and McCarthy 1984, Walther 2000) 260: 129: 115: 9007:Marantz, Alec. (1982). Re reduplication. 8941: 8846: 8731: 8688:Working Papers in Phonology at Santa Cruz 8520: 8305:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic 8021: 7778: 7025: 5351:: "That man continuously beat his child"; 5197:Japanese also contains a large number of 5182:is rendaku) – these are written with the 4374:tomorrow-tomorrow.LOC happen.3.FUT.PRF {} 3641:Typically all Indo-Aryan languages, like 2961:'ball'), itself likely a deverbative of * 1724:A rare type of reduplication is found in 9106: 9052:Nevins, Andrew & Vaux, Bert (2003). 8986: 8930:Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri 8671: 8542: 8529: 8293: 8187:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 8166:Transactions of the Philological Society 8070:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7802: 7800: 7798: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7659: 7647: 7551: 7339: 7040: 7014:Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri 5683:ipuni 'hide' → ipunipuni 'hide and seek' 5358:= "Those two men would beat each other". 4729:Reduplication is a common phenomenon in 4414: 3883: 3742:'Yearning desire floods into my heart.' 3380:(we are going to get going). The use of 1943:'lump of meat' → 'lumps of meat' 1011:(Shaw 1980, Marantz 1982, Albright 2002) 140: 9150:. Garland Publ: New York. pp. ix + 396. 8302: 8274: 8252: 8221: 8134: 8119: 7960: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7726: 7521: 7485: 7351: 7237: 7108: 6128:, "international"). Another example is 5752:pake 'sun' → pakepake 'shining, bright' 5730:taŋi 'Yell' → taŋitaŋi 'chirp (a bird)' 5705:kini 'to pinch' → kinikini 'pinch skin' 5241:Diversity or non-exhaustive plurality: 4458: 4454: 4310: 4184: 4169: 4139: 4057: 4012: 3982: 3948: 3825: 3755:(verb class) of the Sanskrit language: 2999:, okey-dokey, easy-peasy, hanky-panky, 2521:Si chunt üse Chrischtboum cho schmücke. 2126: 1996:'rock' → 'rock (distributive)' ( 823: 9298: 8634: 8560: 8554:Biconsonantal reduplication in Amharic 8551: 8414: 8410:(2): 9–13. Issue later designated J11. 8380: 8376:. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. pp. 210–221. 8320: 7997:Reduplication in South Asian languages 7842: 7840: 7838: 7714: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7545: 7409: 7321: 7309: 6946:New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 5738:para 'finished' → parapara 'leftovers' 4469: 3581:(then then) meaning "immediately", or 3269:). This is only possible for pre-head 3029:, so-so, ta-ta, there-there, tut-tut, 2663: 2531:She comes to adorn our Christmas tree. 9160: 9069: 8952:Reduplication: Doubling in morphology 8716:"Reduplication with fixed segmentism" 8681: 8475: 8438: 8329: 8311: 8163: 8111:Domigpe, J. & Nenita, D. (2012). 8088: 8067: 8058: 8037: 8003: 7931: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7806: 7795: 7764: 7753: 7695: 7683: 7533: 7509: 7297: 7273: 7092: 7076: 7065:Czaykowska-Higgins & Kinkade 1998 6995: 6971: 5749:repo 'dirt, earth' → reporepo 'dirty' 5308:Plurality of the corresponding noun: 4717:'The child fell down while walking.' 4711:pillavāḍu naḍustū naḍustū paḍi pōyāḍu 4418: 4338: 4306: 4245: 4135: 4083: 3952: 3897:you.ERG what-what.REDUP saw.MASC.PRF? 3872: 3861: 3806: 3749:Reduplication also occurs in the 3rd 3617:Reduplication is a common feature of 3595:reduplication in the Russian language 3405: 3399:means "to scratch one's self," while 3121:can be used with most any word; e.g. 9275:graz database on reduplication (gdr) 9197: 8771:"A theory of internal reduplication" 8482:. American Book Company – via 8466: 8394: 8364: 7994: 7671: 7497: 7155: 7052: 6983: 6031: 5880:ng maganda ang kabayo "the horse is 4708:పిల్లవాడు నడుస్తూ నడుస్తూ పడి పోయాడు 4614:(time time) meaning "occasionally"; 4544:Emphatic reduplication, also called 4427:sleep-sleep.PTCP.PRF die.PRF.MASC.PL 4353: 4349: 4241: 4093:child-child.NOM know.PTCP be.3.PRES? 4079: 4016: 3665:. For example, in Hindi, chai-shai ( 3419: 3305: 2465: 2069: 2029: 1981:initial reduplication also involves 1929:is the last consonant of the base): 1864:of non-reduplicating material, etc. 1148: 282:. For the distinction between , 203:, where it was used in forming some 8995:from the original on March 14, 2016 8965: 8923: 8502: 8484:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 8426:from the original on March 22, 2018 7835: 7635: 7007: 6886:St'at'imcets language#Reduplication 6416: 6122:, it means "many countries" (as in 5903:nagluto actor trigger-cook "cooked" 5787:("separate meat from bones"), from 5213:(rustling) – compare English " 4772:) 'to strike repeatedly, to batter' 4001: 3917: 3795: 3612: 3588: 3201:of the noun, as in "Is that carrot 2943:(kýklos) 'circle'), which doubled * 2704:verbs preserve this reduplication: 2372:"proper food", as opposed to snacks 1989:'ox' → 'ox (distributive)' ( 1782:'appearance of nodding constantly' 13: 8987:Kulkarni, Angha (August 5, 2013). 8312:Lande, Yury A. (27–29 June 2003). 8277:Preverbal Particles in Pingelapese 8199:10.1023/B:NALA.0000015789.98638.f9 8010:Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 7920: 7410:Sharma, Dipti Misra (2012-12-08). 6817: 6808: 6787: 6778: 6759: 6750: 6731: 6722: 6703: 6694: 6675: 6666: 6647: 6638: 6621: 6612: 6595: 6586: 6569: 6560: 6541: 6532: 6515: 6506: 6486: 6477: 6458: 6449: 5713:paki 'slap, strike'pakipaki 'clap' 5127:'it was shattered repeatedly' and 4395: 4283: 4068: 3486:; and in many nursery words, like 3414:Van Huyssteen & Wissing (2007) 14: 9332: 9229: 8230:from the original on July 8, 2013 7941:UST Working Papers in Linguistics 7809:The American Journal of Philology 6822: 6792: 6764: 6736: 6708: 6680: 6652: 6626: 6600: 6574: 6546: 6520: 6491: 6463: 5865:gandang puno" "the beautiful tree 5697:maki 'sick'makimaki 'really sick' 5356:Kedua-dua orang itu pukul-memukul 5329:Kenapa orang tidak datang-datang? 5049:‎) "to swing" and - due to 5023:‎) "to impoverish, weaken". 4785:to stretch one's legs repeatedly' 4478:shouted.PRF.SG.FEM loud-loud.INST 3458:Common uses for reduplication in 2894:"I sit down" (present; from sd-, 2382:"complete game", as opposed to a 1157:copying) or from the right edge ( 591:Another example is from Musqueam 339:as a reduplication of linguistic 304:Reduplication is often described 9035:The prosody morphology interface 8888:Māori: a linguistic introduction 8684:"Turkish Emphatic Reduplication" 8589:Studies in Linguistic Motivation 8545:Kooza nihongo to nihongo kyooiku 8245:Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar 7849:"Reduplication in Tagalog verbs" 7122:English Language and Linguistics 6912:List of reduplicated place names 6829: 6799: 6771: 6743: 6715: 6687: 6659: 6633: 6607: 6581: 6553: 6527: 6498: 6470: 6035: 6016: 5515:Example of reduplication forms: 5232:Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian) 4319:eat-eat.PTCP.IPFV not talk.2.IMP 4045:(4) Reduplication of adjectives 3525:) and expressions, for example, 3440:) and to intensify the meaning ( 2810:A rare modern English reflex is 2658: 2073: 2033: 1730: 1644: 1547: 1440: 1350: 1255: 1182: 1031: 949: 867: 690: 601: 527: 9248:Echo-Word Reduplication Lexicon 8908:Hurch, Bernhard (Ed.). (2005). 8696: 8115:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. 7999:. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. 7951: 7846: 7773:. Deel 106 (2de Afl): 151–311. 7470: 7461: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7403: 7371:matthewjmiller07 (2015-02-11). 7364: 7345: 7196: 7149: 7114: 6892:Contrastive focus reduplication 6067: 5716:kati 'bite' → katikati 'nibble' 5641:kume 'large, flat leaf seaweed' 5349:Orang itu memukul-mukul anaknya 5220: 5015:‎) "to dilute", and also 4714:child walking walking fall went 4583:Echo reduplication: similar to 4450: 4410: 4399: 4357: 4198:tea-tea.NOM happen.PRF.SG.SUBJ? 4188: 4180: 3944: 3887: 3370:First blah-blah, then boom-boom 3190:Contrastive focus reduplication 3133:. This process is a feature of 2524:she comes our {Christmas tree} 2355:contrastive focus reduplication 1567:'he put it on (frequentative)' 274:International Phonetic Alphabet 8570:van der Walt, Elmarie (2002). 8381:Odango, Emerson Lopez (2015). 7932:Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam (2017). 7162:Journal of English Linguistics 7001: 6949: 6936: 6902:Repetition (rhetorical device) 5694:roa 'much' → roroa 'very much' 5460: 5444: 5268:= "spoke; bar; radius; etc." ( 5131:'a shard, a shattered piece'. 5041:‎) "to wander" but also 4733:and is usually used to form a 4626:Reduplication is also used in 3783:(2) Reduplication of pronouns 2807:"he has written" or "he wrote" 1891:'yellow' → 'yellowish' 525:forms by total reduplication: 521:derives reciprocal forms from 510:Full and partial reduplication 1: 8256:Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary 8091:"A Glossary of Lingua Franca" 8063:. Cambridge University Press. 8044:. Auckland University Press. 7987: 6021: 5954: 5331:= "Why aren't people coming?" 5312:= "The houses here are big" ( 5283:"I am not a child anymore!" ( 5033:‎) "to move, nod" > 4591:, and possibly missing) with 4271:(6) Reduplication of adverbs 3780:(1) Reduplication of numbers 3739:mind-in longing choking comes 3636: 3629:both meaning 'commotion' and 3372:). In Dutch the verb "gaan" ( 2119:terminology: BR-faithfulness) 2115:base-reduplicant "identity" ( 8890:Cambridge University Press. 8819:Austroasiatic studies part I 8479:A Greek Grammar for Colleges 8476:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). 8330:Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. (2002). 8323:Reference Grammar of Amharic 8106:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 7467:Göksel & Kerslake (2005) 6942:p. 76. Sapir, Edward. 1921. 6930: 6298:) is a reduplicated form of 6205:) is a reduplicated form of 6166:(measure word for things) → 6152:(measure word for people) → 4621: 4485:. (emphasis on the loudness) 4148:this hot-hot tea drink.2.IMP 3736:manaa-t hur-hur daaT.un yete 3387: 3362:Eerst bla-bla, dan boem-boem 3003:, hoity-toity, hokey-pokey, 2670:Proto-Indo-European language 1615:(Broselow and McCarthy 1984) 792: 'to sleep constantly' 7: 8968:Anthropological Linguistics 8901:Healey, Phyllis M. (1960). 8824:Fabricius, Anne H. (2006). 8522:10.17959/sppm.2016.22.1.121 8397:"The Malay Spelling Reform" 6870:Siamese twins (linguistics) 6838: 6398: 6377: 6354: 6333: 6305: 6284: 6256: 6235: 6212: 6191: 5664:taki 'excellent; very well' 5258:= "ceiling; palate; etc." ( 5153: 4493: 4268:(5) Reduplication of verbs 4042:(3) Reduplication of nouns 3153:and then the whole country. 2653: 2122:tonal transfer/non-transfer 1972:fixed-segment reduplication 1933:'ditch' → 'ditches' 1877:. Below are some examples: 680:) sequence of a base, i.e. 10: 9337: 9284:Institute of Linguistics, 9206:Watters, David E. (2002). 8943:10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12 8672:Walworth, Mary E. (2015). 8469:Ponapean reference grammar 8325:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 8120:Downing, Laura J. (2001). 8004:Botha, Rudolph P. (1984). 7767:"Reduplication in Tagalog" 7174:10.1177/007542426800200109 7027:10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.12 6176: 6072: 6025: 5756: 5299:Jangan bicara keras-keras! 5281:Saya bukan anak-anak lagi! 5150:'pile stones repeatedly'. 5103: 4819: 4532: 4517:Echo Reduplication, as in 4371:kal-kal mẽ {hī ho jāyegā.} 4155:tea. (emphasis on hotness) 4034:(to all and every visitor) 3621:and includes the examples 2968: 2913: 2887: 2878: 2866: 2857: 2845: 2834: 2719: 2710: 2598:She doesn't let him sleep. 2304: 2292: 2196:"examine with attention". 1901:'water' → 'watery' 1698:'to marry (continuative)' 1664:'to shoot (continuative)' 1329:(McCarthy and Prince 1996) 1080:'he/she loves' (singular) 1046:'he/she walks' (singular) 798: 'to sleep (plural)' 385:as in most reduplication. 9175:10.1017/S0305000900002051 9163:Journal of Child Language 8705:Somali-English dictionary 8649:10.1007/s11185-012-9091-5 8620:10.2989/16073610709486472 8467:Rehg, Kenneth L. (1981). 8395:Omar, Asmah Haji (1989). 8354:"Morphological Exercises" 8253:Hafford, James A (2015). 7879:Domigpe & Nenita 2012 7780:10.1163/22134379-90002477 7133:10.1017/S1360674302001077 6850:Augment (Bantu languages) 6393: 6372: 6349: 6328: 6300: 6279: 6251: 6230: 6207: 6186: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6148: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6099: 6093: 6087: 5816:Full reduplication; e.g. 5310:Rumah di sini besar-besar 5301:= "Don't speak loudly!" ( 5158:A small number of native 5072: 5067:‎) "to laugh" > 5064: 5046: 5038: 5030: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4983: 4973: 4961: 4951: 4939: 4929: 4917: 4907: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4831: 4781:'to stretch one's legs'; 4251:udhar harī-harī ghās hai. 3831:{baccõ ko} ek-ek tɔfī do. 3733:मनात {हूर हूर} दाटून येते 3366:First talk, then have sex 3265:) and determiners (e.g., 2800: 2791: 2588:Si lat ne nid la schlafe. 2405:"unquestionably far away" 2312:as well as reduplication) 2265:forms, especially in the 2247: 2238: 2226: 2213: 2204: 2202:also uses reduplication: 1881:'red' → 'reddish' 917:'a long time (in years)' 674:consonant-vowel-consonant 320:) or (2) as reduplicated 9238:(Lexicon of Linguistics) 8910:Studies on reduplication 8787:10.1515/tlir.1983.3.1.25 7961:Lakarra, Joseba (2009). 7286:Mount Allison University 7099:: initial consonant + i. 6925: 6907:Redundancy (linguistics) 6140:means "multiple kinds." 5564:Rightward reduplication 5429:"slap or clap once" and 5367: 5327:Pragmatic accentuation: 5277:Pragmatic accentuation: 5094:"to make noise, rustle". 5087:"to make noise, rustle". 4724: 3378:we gaan (eens) gaan gaan 3319: 3314:Nevins & Vaux (2003) 3310:Cooper & Ross (1975) 3291:*I want it really really 2852:"I have given" (perfect) 2626:'knife' reduplicated as 1690:'to marry (perfective)' 1656:'to shoot (perfective)' 9084:10.1162/002438900554433 8810:Dayley, Jon P. (1985). 8742:10.1162/002438999554101 8532:Ootani Joshidai Kokubun 8503:Tak, Jin-young (2016). 8439:Pratt, George (1984) . 8275:Hattori, Ryoko (2012). 8178:10.1111/1467-968X.12083 8089:Corré, Alan D. (2005). 8059:Botha, Rudi P. (1988). 7765:Lopez, Cecilio (1950). 7158:"English Reduplication" 7127::1:133–169 (May 2002), 7083:: simple consonant + e. 6855:Augment (Indo-European) 6103:'beautifully' ) become 6079:Tibeto-Burman languages 5617:Leftward reduplication 5603:'splash (of raindrops)' 5500: 5252:Conceptual similarity: 5051:phono-semantic matching 3633:meaning 'intertwined'. 3287:I really really want it 2767: 2761: 2259:Indo-European languages 457: 'still sleeping' 368:, often abbreviated as 299: 270:phonetic transcriptions 261:Typological description 215: 209: 197:linguistic productivity 9242:What is reduplication? 8703:Abraham, Roy. (1964). 8682:Wedel, Andrew (1999). 8552:Unseth, Peter (2002). 8303:Kroonen, Guus (2013). 6824: 6800: 6794: 6766: 6738: 6710: 6682: 6654: 6628: 6602: 6576: 6548: 6522: 6493: 6465: 5572:taka'uri 'go backward' 5324:Simple reduplication: 5226:Austronesian languages 5075:‎) "to chuckle". 4871:To mean "one by one": 4751:'to strike repeatedly' 4737:verb or for emphasis. 4634:for the same purpose. 4599:means "plate(s)", and 4145:ye garm-garm cāy piyo. 4090:baccā-baccā jāntā hai. 4022:jo-jo āẽge unhẽ kɛhnā. 3352:) or imitative (e.g., 3285:is ungrammatical, and 3025:, poo-poo, pooh-pooh, 2752: 2746: 1953:'boy' → 'boys' 1599:'snow here and there' 778:Partial reduplication 431: 'still singing' 267:This article contains 146: 9316:Linguistic morphology 8775:The Linguistic Review 8348:on December 11, 2009. 8321:Leslau, Wolf (1995). 8038:Biggs, Bruce (1998). 7995:Abbi, Anvita (1992). 7215:10.1017/9781316423530 6917:Proto-Basque language 6285:piào piào liàng liàng 5809:("will write"), from 5648:Medial reduplication 5596:'roll back and forth' 5497:phrase must be used. 5007:‎) "poor" > 4510:(red), which becomes 4475:cillāyī {zor-zor se.} 4424:soye-soye {mar gaye.} 4316:khāte-khāte mat bolo. 3283:*the way is long long 3273:, and not with other 3141:, starting among the 3107:On the Ning Nang Nong 3058:Ablaut reduplications 2993:Rhyming reduplication 2756:"I ran" or "have run" 2326:, "to name, I named") 1168:copying in Oykangand 1121:'the man' (singular) 1091:'they love' (plural) 1057:'they walk' (plural) 828:Reduplication may be 666:Partial reduplication 502:has been used (after 249:biological taxonomies 161:process in which the 144: 16:Linguistic phenomenon 8924:Ido, Shinji (2011). 8886:Harlow, Ray. (2007) 8360:on January 16, 2013. 8247:. London: Routledge. 8097:on February 3, 2009. 7156:Watt, W. C. (1968). 7144:Ghomeshi et al. 2004 7008:Ido, Shinji (2011). 6865:Language acquisition 5820:("every day"), from 5762:Philippine languages 5653:maitaki 'good; well' 5451:Mortlockese language 5441:"close eyes firmly" 5142:inserting the vowel 4379:before tomorrow ends 3965:each and every child 3894:tumne kyā-kyā dekhā? 3847:one toffee per child 3659:echoic reduplication 3462:are the creation of 3410:Van Huyssteen (2004) 3015:Exact reduplications 2300:, "I leave, I left") 2127:Function and meaning 2021:(Haugen forthcoming) 1508:'gopher (abs. sg.)' 1466:'ground (abs. sg.)' 824:Reduplicant position 621:'likely to capsize' 9198:Thun, Nils (1963). 8637:Russian Linguistics 8498:on August 30, 2011. 8492:"We gaan gaan gaan" 8365:Nasu, Akio (2003). 7563:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 7111:, pp. 264–265. 7043:, pp. 125–142. 6004:"talked" (durative) 5992:"good" (continuous) 5942:gandang puno" "The 5890:grammatical aspects 5776:Monosyllabic; e.g. 5589:'pour continuously' 5531:Full reduplication 5336:Reduplication with 4852:, where the adverb 4783:tambalalá-tambalalá 4628:Dravidian languages 3275:syntactic functions 3226:very very difficult 3219:a big, big problem, 3073:(typically æ as in 2823:imperfective aspect 2664:Proto-Indo-European 2288:, "I vow, I vowed") 775:Full reduplication 247:when it is used in 9286:University of Graz 9280:2012-03-13 at the 9253:2005-04-02 at the 9072:Linguistic Inquiry 9009:Linguistic Inquiry 8720:Linguistic Inquiry 8582:on August 4, 2013. 8113:Elementary Tagalog 7571:Palgrave Macmillan 7419:verbs.colorado.edu 7377:Morphology 440 640 6875:Syntactic doubling 6391:) is derived from 6347:) is derived from 6047:. You can help by 5768:(the basis of the 5526:Reduplicated form 5297:Adverbialisation: 5080:For onomatopoeia: 4804:Eric Djemba-Djemba 4572:(very green), and 4337:tomorrow-tomorrow. 4195:cāy-śāy {ho jāye?} 3348:, (ik hoorde het) 3233:adjectives (e.g., 2902:in *sed-os → ἕδος 2841:"I give" (present) 2628:ṣuk!ṣuk!Emen'’me’n 2612:Salishan languages 2332:Germanic languages 2085:. You can help by 2045:. You can help by 989:'good (singular)' 961:'tall (singular)' 515:Full reduplication 374:or sometimes just 147: 9222:Wilbur, Ronnie B. 9208:A grammar of Kham 9144:Shaw, Patricia A. 8896:978-0-521-80861-3 8598:978-3-11-018245-3 8574:Bitter berry dawn 8452:978-0-908712-09-0 8339:Africa & Asia 8286:978-1-267-81721-1 8222:Gilbers (2009) . 7729:, pp. 34–35. 7262:van der Walt 2002 7224:978-0-521-43146-0 6897:Shm-reduplication 6836: 6835: 6432:Pre-Proto-Basque 6065: 6064: 5798:(" scale"), from 5770:Filipino language 5687:Intensification: 5670: 5669: 5635:komo 'deep sleep' 5492:– is still crying 5490:saeng-saeng-saeng 4844:For emphasis: in 4825:Semitic languages 4528:(little little) 4521:(table schmable). 4491: 4490: 3901:what (all things) 3607:shm-reduplication 3420:Romance languages 3118:Shm-reduplication 3099:Live, Laugh, Love 2873:"I set" (present) 2607: 2606: 2591:she lets him not 2305:δέρκομαι, δέδορκα 2220:for "everybody". 2133:Malayo-Polynesian 2103: 2102: 2063: 2062: 2023: 1966: 1914: 1867:For instance, in 1854:vowel alternation 1845: 1844: 1841: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1243: 1242: 1149:Copying direction 1143: 1142: 1105: 1022:reduplication in 1017: 1016: 1013: 940:reduplication in 935: 934: 931: 887:'late afternoon' 858:reduplication in 821: 820: 786: 'to sleep' 760: 759: 756: 716:'to wear a belt' 663: 662: 659: 589: 588: 585: 573:'they (to) them' 461: 460: 449: 'sleeping' 441: 'to sleep' 372: 139: 138: 9328: 9203: 9194: 9140: 9103: 9059: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8983: 8947: 8945: 8880: 8812:Tzutujil grammar 8807: 8798: 8765: 8764:on May 25, 2005. 8760:. Archived from 8735: 8691: 8677: 8668: 8631: 8610:(in Afrikaans). 8602: 8583: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8539: 8526: 8524: 8499: 8487: 8472: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8411: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8377: 8371: 8361: 8349: 8347: 8336: 8326: 8317: 8308: 8307:. Leiden: Brill. 8299: 8290: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8261: 8248: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8218: 8181: 8160: 8131: 8116: 8107: 8098: 8085: 8064: 8055: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8025: 8000: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7967: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7938: 7929: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7844: 7833: 7832: 7804: 7793: 7792: 7782: 7762: 7751: 7745: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7560: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7394: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7250:Taal.vrt.be 1999 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7090: 7084: 7074: 7068: 7067:, pp. 18ff. 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6960: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6827: 6797: 6769: 6741: 6713: 6685: 6657: 6631: 6608:can, to be able 6605: 6579: 6551: 6525: 6496: 6468: 6429: 6417:Old Proto-Basque 6411: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6215: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6125:အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ 6121: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6060: 6057: 6039: 6032: 5946:beautiful tree ( 5824:("day" or "sun") 5518: 5517: 5455:Mortlock Islands 5437:"blink" becomes 5272:= "finger" etc.) 5074: 5066: 5048: 5040: 5032: 5022: 5014: 5006: 4985: 4975: 4963: 4953: 4941: 4931: 4919: 4909: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4576:(clean) becomes 4568:(green) becomes 4524:Doubling, as in 4471: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4401: 4397: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4340: 4312: 4308: 4289: 4285: 4247: 4243: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4141: 4137: 4097:(each and) every 4085: 4081: 4070: 4059: 4018: 4014: 4003: 3984: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3919: 3889: 3885: 3874: 3863: 3827: 3808: 3797: 3777: 3776: 3613:Celtic languages 3589:Slavic languages 3444:"very softly"). 3222:a long, long way 3151:New York dialect 3135:American English 2995:: Artsy-fartsy, 2916: 2915: 2890: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2836: 2803: 2802: 2798:'he writes' vs. 2794: 2793: 2770: 2765:"it breaks" vs. 2764: 2755: 2749: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2466: 2346:("I stand") and 2307: 2306: 2295: 2294: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2228: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2109:underapplication 2098: 2095: 2077: 2070: 2058: 2055: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2019: 2017: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1940: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1898: 1888: 1875: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1799: 1764: 1731: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1677: 1645: 1616: 1613: 1548: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1504: 1491: 1441: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1383: 1351: 1330: 1327: 1313:'to come apart' 1256: 1183: 1104: 1101: 1032: 1012: 1009: 1006: 997:'good (plural)' 969:'tall (plural)' 950: 930: 927: 896: 868: 769: 768: 755: 752: 746:'to wear socks' 691: 658: 655: 652: 626: 602: 595:"dispositional" 584: 581: 578: 552: 528: 455: 447: 439: 429: 423: 'singing' 421: 415: 'to sing' 413: 396: 395: 370: 289: 285: 218: 212: 131: 124: 117: 19: 18: 9336: 9335: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9296: 9295: 9282:Wayback Machine 9255:Wayback Machine 9232: 9227: 8998: 8996: 8903:An Agta grammar 8733:10.1.1.387.3969 8699: 8694: 8599: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8429: 8427: 8399: 8387: 8369: 8345: 8334: 8287: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8233: 8231: 8052: 8028: 8026: 8023:10.5774/13-0-99 7990: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7936: 7930: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7845: 7836: 7805: 7796: 7763: 7754: 7746: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7706: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626:, p. 1035. 7622: 7618: 7610: 7606: 7602:, p. 1029. 7598: 7594: 7561: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7369: 7365: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7201: 7197: 7154: 7150: 7142: 7138: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7091: 7087: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6963: 6954: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6841: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6179: 6075: 6070: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6045:needs expansion 6030: 6024: 6019: 5957: 5759: 5701:Specification: 5503: 5463: 5447: 5370: 5234: 5223: 5156: 5106: 4834: 4822: 4764:) 'to strike'; 4731:Bantu languages 4727: 4722: 4706: 4696: 4685: 4674: 4663: 4652: 4624: 4560:(blue) becomes 4546:intensification 4535: 4496: 4487: 4473: 4462: 4440: 4422: 4403: 4383: 4369: 4361: 4342: 4328: 4314: 4299: 4291: 4263: 4249: 4234: 4226: 4218: 4216:tither/that way 4207: 4193: 4173: 4157: 4143: 4128: 4120: 4112: 4101: 4088: 4072: 4061: 4037: 4020: 4005: 3994: 3986: 3972: 3969:50 toffees each 3956: 3937: 3929: 3921: 3905: 3892: 3876: 3865: 3851: 3829: 3818: 3810: 3799: 3747: 3731: 3721: 3710: 3699: 3688: 3657:use partial or 3639: 3627:ruaille buaille 3615: 3591: 3551:terchea-berchea 3480:Zinedine Zidane 3422: 3390: 3322: 3279:a long long way 3277:. For example, 3205:cake or carrot 3127:cancer-shmancer 2983:dribs and drabs 2977:for cases like 2971: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2636: 2608: 2600: 2586: 2578: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2544: 2533: 2519: 2511: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2427:appears twice. 2421:lomalla lomalla 2129: 2106:overapplication 2099: 2093: 2090: 2083:needs expansion 2068: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2043:needs expansion 2020: 1963: 1911: 1850: 1838: 1817:'monsoon rain' 1715: 1614: 1559:'he put it on' 1525: 1422:(Reichard 1959) 1421: 1328: 1151: 1132:'men' (plural) 1102: 1010: 928: 826: 766:example below: 754:(Moravsik 1978) 753: 656: 582: 512: 337:morphologically 302: 297: 296: 295: 263: 135: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9334: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9245: 9239: 9231: 9230:External links 9228: 9226: 9225: 9219: 9204: 9195: 9169:(3): 379–390. 9158: 9151: 9141: 9121:10.1086/464538 9115:(4): 239–253. 9104: 9078:(3): 541–552. 9067: 9064:C. A. Ferguson 9060: 9049: 9042: 9031: 9020: 9012: 9005: 8984: 8963: 8948: 8936:(1): 185–193. 8921: 8906: 8899: 8884: 8881: 8861:10.1086/463719 8855:(2): 154–174. 8844: 8837: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8799: 8766: 8726:(3): 327–364. 8711: 8708: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8679: 8669: 8643:(2): 175–191. 8632: 8614:(3): 419–439. 8603: 8597: 8584: 8576:Ingrid Jonker" 8567: 8558: 8549: 8540: 8527: 8515:(1): 121–145. 8500: 8488: 8473: 8464: 8451: 8436: 8412: 8392: 8378: 8362: 8350: 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8285: 8272: 8250: 8240: 8219: 8193:(2): 307–357. 8182: 8161: 8149:10.2307/411660 8143:(2): 274–299. 8132: 8117: 8108: 8099: 8086: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8035: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7950: 7919: 7907: 7905:, p. 100. 7895: 7883: 7864: 7834: 7821:10.2307/288967 7815:(4): 425–431. 7794: 7752: 7731: 7719: 7704: 7688: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7628: 7616: 7604: 7592: 7550: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7469: 7460: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7424: 7402: 7363: 7344: 7332: 7314: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7223: 7195: 7148: 7136: 7113: 7101: 7085: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7000: 6988: 6976: 6961: 6948: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6786: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6730: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6625: 6620: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6472:horn (anatomy) 6469: 6462: 6457: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6433: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6369: 6321: 6320: 6272: 6271: 6227: 6192:bāng bāng máng 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6159: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6042: 6040: 6026:Main article: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5915:ergative verbs 5911: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5886: 5885: 5871: 5870: 5859: 5837: 5836: 5829:babalibaligtad 5825: 5814: 5803: 5792: 5791:(same meaning) 5781: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5734:Nominalizing: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5707: 5706: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569:māringi 'pour' 5565: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5502: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5462: 5459: 5446: 5443: 5425:"pat" becomes 5374:Māori language 5369: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5352: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5317: 5306: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5233: 5230: 5222: 5219: 5184:iteration mark 5170:), such as 人々 5155: 5152: 5134:From the root 5115:From the root 5105: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5058: 5024: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4886: 4869: 4833: 4830: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4773: 4752: 4726: 4723: 4697: 4686: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4623: 4620: 4552:(red) becomes 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4463: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4432:while sleeping 4404: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4377:It'll be done 4362: 4343: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4300: 4292: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4073: 4062: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4006: 3995: 3987: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3913:bacce-bacce ko 3911: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3877: 3866: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3819: 3811: 3800: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3722: 3711: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3674:morphological: 3638: 3635: 3614: 3611: 3590: 3587: 3575: 3574: 3566: 3563:hodoronc-tronc 3541:, expressions 3498:'auntie' (vs. 3490:'horsie' (vs. 3421: 3418: 3401:krap-krap-krap 3389: 3386: 3321: 3318: 3295: 3294: 3215: 3199:Platonic ideal 3186: 3178: 3155: 3154: 3114: 3103:Spike Milligan 3054: 3053: 3052: 3050:Indian English 3012: 2970: 2967: 2908: 2907: 2906:"seat, abode") 2874: 2853: 2842: 2819: 2818: 2808: 2787: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2727: 2726:"I have freed" 2708:Ancient Greek 2678:stative aspect 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2635: 2632: 2605: 2604: 2579: 2569: 2561: 2553: 2545: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2512: 2502: 2499:Christmas tree 2494: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2417: 2416: 2406: 2396: 2393:puhelinpuhelin 2386: 2373: 2328: 2327: 2313: 2301: 2293:λείπω, λέλοιπα 2289: 2244:iteration mark 2211:for "person", 2151: 2150: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2040: 2038: 2025: 2024: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1979:Tohono O'odham 1968: 1967: 1964:(Abraham 1964) 1951: 1941: 1916: 1915: 1899: 1889: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1530: 1529: 1526:(Marantz 1982) 1522: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1241: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1015: 1014: 1007: 998: 995: 993: 990: 987: 985: 982: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 959: 957: 954: 933: 932: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 909:'a long time' 907: 905: 902: 898: 897: 888: 885: 883: 880: 877: 875: 872: 825: 822: 819: 818: 811: 804: 800: 799: 793: 787: 780: 779: 776: 773: 758: 757: 750: 747: 744: 739: 736: 733: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 709: 706: 703: 698: 695: 661: 660: 653: 648: 645: 643: 640: 637: 635: 632: 628: 627: 625:(kʼʷə́ɬ-kʼʷəɬ) 622: 619: 617: 614: 611: 609: 606: 587: 586: 583:(Watters 2002) 579: 574: 571: 569: 566: 563: 561: 558: 554: 553: 548: 545: 543: 540: 537: 535: 532: 511: 508: 459: 458: 450: 442: 433: 432: 424: 416: 407: 406: 403: 402:Reduplication 400: 312:(sequences of 306:phonologically 301: 298: 290:⟩, see 266: 265: 264: 262: 259: 178:Edward Sapir's 137: 136: 134: 133: 126: 119: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 97: 96: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 38: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9333: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9306:Reduplication 9304: 9303: 9301: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9236:Reduplication 9234: 9233: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9216:0-521-81245-3 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9159: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9050: 9047: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9013: 9010: 9006: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8974:(3): 88–102. 8973: 8969: 8964: 8961: 8960:0-521-80649-6 8957: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8922: 8919: 8918:3-11-018119-3 8915: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8834:3-89586-531-1 8831: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8454: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8437: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8416:"fite fuaite" 8413: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279:. Ann Arbor. 8278: 8273: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8105: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8076:(1): 83–108. 8075: 8071: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8051:9781869401863 8047: 8043: 8042: 8036: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7971: 7964: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7917:, p. 46. 7916: 7911: 7904: 7899: 7893:, p. 47. 7892: 7887: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7850: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7748:Walworth 2015 7744: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7660:Tamamura 1989 7656: 7649: 7648:Tamamura 1979 7644: 7637: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7587:9781403938695 7584: 7580: 7579:9781403917232 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7500:, p. 37. 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7437: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7340:Kulkarni 2013 7336: 7329: 7328:"fite fuaite" 7325: 7324: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7168:(1): 96–122. 7167: 7163: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7041:Kiparsky 2010 7037: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6935: 6923: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Modern Basque 6437: 6435:Proto-Basque 6434: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424:reduplication 6400: 6379: 6370: 6356: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6307: 6286: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6258: 6237: 6228: 6214: 6193: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6160: 6155:တစ်ယောက်ယောက် 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6108: 6106: 6084: 6080: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6043:This section 6041: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6017:Austroasiatic 6011: 6010: 6009: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802:("to scrape") 5801: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5575:pātī 'bounce' 5574: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5357: 5354:Reciprocity: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5256:langit-langit 5254: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5199:mimetic words 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5036: 5028: 5025: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4863: 4851: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4829: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Lomana LuaLua 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4794:Bafana Bafana 4792: 4791: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770:oku-kuba-kuba 4767: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747:'to strike'; 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4564:(very blue); 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4364:hī ho jāyegā. 4360: 4346: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3993: 3990: 3985: 3979: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767:"he offers", 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3547:harcea-parcea 3544: 3543:talmeș-balmeș 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3506:'unkie' (vs. 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:hypocoristics 3461: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3449:Lingua Franca 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3299:double copula 3292: 3288: 3284: 3281:is fine, but 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169:reduplication 3168: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3147:New York City 3144: 3143:American Jews 3140: 3136: 3132: 3131:fancy-shmancy 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:boogie-woogie 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2843: 2840: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2741:) "I/he held" 2740: 2736: 2733:"I hold" vs. 2732: 2728: 2725: 2717:'I free' vs. 2716: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:Ancient Greek 2679: 2675: 2671: 2659:Indo-European 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2302: 2299: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2224:does it too: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2182:Nama language 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161:orthography, 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2094:December 2009 2088: 2084: 2081:This section 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2057: 2048: 2044: 2041:This section 2039: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1912:(Dayley 1985) 1906: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1839:Diffloth 1973 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1636:Austroasiatic 1633: 1629: 1624: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404:'they break' 1403: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:ñimbuchaochao 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1159:right-to-left 1156: 1155:left-to-right 1146: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1008: 1004: 999: 996: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 980: 979: 975: 971: 968: 966: 963: 960: 958: 955: 952: 951: 948: 946: 945:(-CCV suffix) 943: 939: 929:(Healey 1960) 926: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 908: 906: 903: 900: 899: 894: 889: 886: 884: 881: 878: 876: 873: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 816: 812: 809: 808:mahuta-mahuta 805: 802: 801: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 771: 770: 767: 765: 751: 748: 745: 743: 740: 737: 734: 732: 729: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 707: 704: 702: 699: 696: 693: 692: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 654: 649: 646: 644: 641: 638: 636: 633: 630: 629: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613:'to capsize' 612: 610: 607: 604: 603: 600: 598: 594: 580: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565:'themselves' 564: 562: 559: 556: 555: 549: 547:'we (to) us' 546: 544: 541: 538: 536: 533: 530: 529: 526: 524: 520: 516: 507: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 456: 451: 448: 443: 440: 435: 434: 430: 425: 422: 417: 414: 409: 408: 405:Triplication 404: 401: 398: 397: 394: 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 367: 366: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 324: 319: 315: 311: 307: 293: 281: 277: 275: 271: 258: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:Reduplication 220: 217: 211: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 159:morphological 156: 155:reduplication 152: 143: 132: 127: 125: 120: 118: 113: 112: 110: 109: 104: 103:Null morpheme 101: 100: 99: 98: 94: 93: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 53: 50: 48: 45: 42: 39: 37: 33: 30: 29: 28: 27: 24: 21: 20: 9207: 9199: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9147: 9112: 9108: 9075: 9071: 9054: 9045: 9034: 9023: 9011:13: 435–482. 9008: 8997:. Retrieved 8971: 8967: 8951: 8933: 8929: 8909: 8902: 8887: 8852: 8848: 8843:Brill, 2014. 8840: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8781:(1): 25–88. 8778: 8774: 8762:the original 8723: 8719: 8704: 8697:Bibliography 8687: 8673: 8640: 8636: 8611: 8607: 8588: 8580:the original 8573: 8562: 8553: 8544: 8535: 8531: 8512: 8508: 8496:the original 8478: 8468: 8456:. Retrieved 8441: 8428:. Retrieved 8419: 8407: 8403: 8383: 8373: 8358:the original 8343:the original 8338: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8295: 8276: 8264:. Retrieved 8255: 8244: 8232:. Retrieved 8190: 8186: 8172:(1): 14–26. 8169: 8165: 8140: 8136: 8128:ResearchGate 8122: 8112: 8103: 8095:the original 8073: 8069: 8060: 8040: 8027:. Retrieved 8013: 8009: 7996: 7974:. Retrieved 7969: 7953: 7944: 7940: 7915:Hafford 2015 7910: 7903:Hafford 2015 7898: 7891:Hafford 2015 7886: 7855:. Retrieved 7812: 7808: 7770: 7727:Hattori 2012 7722: 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7595: 7541: 7529: 7522:Downing 2001 7517: 7505: 7493: 7486:Emeneau 1971 7481: 7476:Wedel (1999) 7472: 7463: 7454: 7445: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7405: 7380:. Retrieved 7376: 7366: 7357: 7347: 7335: 7322: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7245: 7238:Gilbers 2009 7233: 7205: 7198: 7165: 7161: 7151: 7139: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7109:Kroonen 2013 7104: 7088: 7072: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7017: 7013: 7003: 6991: 6979: 6956: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6921: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6760: 6755: 6751: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6596: 6591: 6587: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6423: 6420: 6322: 6273: 6236:pàng pàng de 6200:Please help! 6180: 6142: 6109: 6076: 6068:Sino-Tibetan 6053: 6049:adding to it 6044: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5912: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5817: 5813:("to write") 5810: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5760: 5745:Adjectival: 5744: 5733: 5719: 5709:Diminutive: 5708: 5700: 5686: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5638: 5632: 5622:komo 'sleep' 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5578:ngaru 'wave' 5554: 5550:'pinch skin' 5547: 5536:kini 'pinch' 5514: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5363: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5244: 5235: 5224: 5221:Austronesian 5217:-ha-ha-ha". 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203:onomatopoeia 5196: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5157: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5125:täsbäräbbärä 5124: 5120: 5116: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5091: 5084: 5068: 5060: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5016: 5008: 5000: 4987: 4977: 4965: 4955: 4943: 4933: 4921: 4911: 4895:is based on 4892: 4881:is based on 4878: 4861: 4849: 4835: 4823: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4766:okukubaakuba 4765: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4728: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4625: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556:(very red); 4553: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4482: 4481:she shouted 4480: 4477: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4448: 4445: 4436:in his sleep 4435: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4408: 4405: 4394:sleep-sleep. 4393: 4390: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4347: 4344: 4336: 4333: 4324:while eating 4323: 4322:do not talk 4321: 4318: 4315: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4281: 4278: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4178: 4175: 4167: 4164: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4099:child knows. 4096: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4077: 4074: 4066: 4063: 4056:child-child. 4055: 4052: 4033: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4010: 4007: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3980: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3923: 3916:child-child. 3915: 3912: 3903:did you see? 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3881: 3878: 3870: 3867: 3859: 3856: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3812: 3804: 3801: 3793: 3790: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3763:"he bears", 3760: 3759:"he fears", 3756: 3750: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3666: 3662: 3640: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3601:or repeated 3592: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523:onomatopoeia 3512: 3507: 3503: 3502:'aunt'), or 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3406:Botha (1988) 3400: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3323: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3188: 3165: 3156: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3078: 3074: 3056: 3042: 3014: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949:Old Prussian 2944: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2911: 2909: 2903: 2891: 2882: 2870: 2861: 2849: 2838: 2826: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2795: 2783: 2779: 2778:"I row" vs. 2775: 2750:"I run" vs. 2738: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2673: 2667: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2623: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2496:Chrischtboum 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:, the verbs 2432:Swiss German 2429: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2401:"far away", 2398: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2340:gigno, genui 2339: 2329: 2319: 2315: 2281: 2277: 2257: 2234: 2230: 2217: 2208: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2153:In pre-1972 2152: 2146: 2142: 2130: 2091: 2087:adding to it 2082: 2051: 2047:adding to it 2042: 2026: 2013: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1956: 1946: 1936: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1904: 1894: 1884: 1872: 1866: 1851: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1723: 1707: 1703: 1673: 1669: 1638:language of 1627: 1625: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1575: 1571: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1517: 1513: 1501: 1488: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1450: 1431: 1429: 1413: 1409: 1379: 1375: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1300: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1265: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1207: 1203: 1176:language of 1174:Pama–Nyungan 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1144: 1136: 1127: 1116: 1095: 1086: 1075: 1061: 1052: 1041: 1027:(-CV- infix) 1026: 1019: 1018: 1002: 973: 944: 937: 936: 921: 892: 879:'afternoon' 863:(CV- prefix) 862: 855: 854: 845: 837: 829: 827: 814: 807: 795: 790:mahutamahuta 789: 783: 761: 749:(takin-kin) 741: 730: 719:(kagir-gir) 711: 700: 685: 681: 677: 673: 665: 664: 647:'talkative' 590: 539:'ourselves' 514: 513: 503: 499: 493: 462: 452: 444: 436: 426: 418: 410: 387:Triplication 386: 382: 380: 375: 369: 364: 363: 359: 357: 341:constituents 321: 309: 303: 286:and ⟨ 268: 252: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221: 175: 154: 148: 51: 8266:10 February 7972:(54, 1): 52 7958:(in Basque) 7715:Odango 2015 7624:Leslau 1995 7612:Unseth 2002 7600:Leslau 1995 7546:Unseth 2003 7310:Voinov 2012 7020:: 185–194. 6172:(something) 6137:အမျိုးမျိုး 6077:As in many 5835:("reverse") 5676:Iterative: 5625:kume 'drag' 5539:kati 'bite' 5486:– is crying 5484:saeng-saeng 5466:Pingelapese 5461:Pingelapese 5445:Mortlockese 5433:"applaud"; 5378:New Zealand 5162:nouns have 5121:täsäbabbärä 4864:, the noun 4862:gever gever 4850:le'at le'at 4799:Chipolopolo 4735:frequentive 4612:zaman zaman 4605:yeşil meşil 4601:tabak mabak 4519:սեղան-մեղան 4514:(very red). 4465:zor-zor se. 4279:khāte-khāte 4224:green-green 4151:drink this 4053:baccā-baccā 3927:fifty-fifty 3924:pacās-pacās 3631:fite fuaite 3579:luego luego 3559:calea-valea 3442:piano piano 3306:Thun (1963) 3173:comparative 3167:Comparative 3149:, then the 3123:baby-shmaby 3095:tic-tac-toe 3077:or ɒ as in 3037:, wee-wee, 3009:hurdy-gurdy 3001:hocus-pocus 2965:'to turn'. 2914:*kʷé-kʷl-os 2786:) "I rowed" 2253:calligraphy 2192:, "look;", 2171:orang-orang 2147:rumah-rumah 1747:'to vomit' 1630:copying in 1541:copying in 1434:copying in 1344:copying in 1249:copying in 1228:'straight' 670:Marshallese 657:(Shaw 2004) 651:(qʷél-qʷel) 639:'to speak' 599:formation: 399:Basic verb 391:Pingelapese 365:reduplicant 254:Bison bison 235:duplication 205:color terms 182:inflections 151:linguistics 9300:Categories 9202:. Uppsala. 8538:: 208–216. 8420:Pota Focal 7988:References 7847:Wan, Jin. 7698:, p. 7696:Biggs 1998 7684:Lande 2003 7534:Butts 2011 7510:Lodhi 2002 7382:2020-10-23 7323:Pota Focal 7298:Corré 2005 7274:Botha 1984 7093:Smyth 1920 7077:Smyth 1920 6996:Pratt 1984 6972:Gates 2016 6634:to forget 6528:beautiful 6022:Vietnamese 5980:"hurrying" 5974:"to hurry" 5961:Wuvulu-Aua 5955:Wuvulu-Aua 5938:"Ang pagka 5898:imperative 5844:, "man"). 5610:'sea sick' 5523:Base form 5414:"hot" and 5395:"person", 5287:= "child") 5188:productive 5174:"people" ( 5164:collective 4814:Ngorongoro 4554:kıpkırmızı 4468:loud-loud. 4434:/ he died 4032:will come 3871:what-what. 3637:Indo-Aryan 3599:hyphenated 3529:Romanian: 3510:'uncle'). 3494:'horse'), 3470:, whereby 3447:Common in 3438:leccalecca 3330:blauwblauw 3182:productive 3159:productive 3067:high vowel 2924:Lithuanian 2896:zero-grade 2774:Old Norse 2771:"it broke" 2759:Old Irish 2624:ṣōk!Emē'’n 2454:"let" and 2403:kauaskauas 2370:ruokaruoka 2169:"person", 2155:Indonesian 1983:gemination 1862:affixation 1274:achisiasia 1117:le tamaloa 772:Base verb 593:Halkomelem 496:gemination 494:Sometimes 454:mejmejmejr 428:kɔukɔukɔul 314:consonants 251:, such as 239:repetition 189:derivation 9321:Phonology 9137:224808110 8898:. 127–129 8877:144246419 8795:170488926 8728:CiteSeerX 8665:169134304 8628:147086852 8234:April 22, 8215:170949456 7672:Nasu 2003 7498:Abbi 1992 7190:220752157 7182:0075-4242 7053:Omar 1989 6984:Rehg 1981 6931:Citations 6880:Motherese 6845:Ideophone 6386:every day 6378:tiān tiān 6306:piàoliàng 6244:quite fat 6158:(someone) 6119:အပြည်ပြည် 6056:July 2022 5818:araw-araw 5391:"women", 5387:"woman", 5316:= "big"). 5266:jari-jari 5211:ga-sa-sa- 5129:səbərbari 4968:"whitish" 4944:khataltul 4893:para para 4779:tambalalá 4647:pillavāḍu 4644:పిల్లవాడు 4622:Dravidian 4616:uzun uzun 4585:echo word 4512:կասկարմիր 4406:mar gaye. 4391:soye-soye 4259:(so much) 4257:there is 4221:harī-harī 4115:garm-garm 3992:will-come 3967:received 3943:received. 3794:children. 3583:casi casi 3568:Catalan: 3496:tati/tata 3430:tran-tran 3393:Afrikaans 3388:Afrikaans 3338:loanwords 3332:(laten), 3271:modifiers 3105:'s poem " 3091:ping-pong 3083:flip-flop 3071:low vowel 3027:putt putt 3005:holy moly 2979:flip-flop 2954:'wheel', 2936:'wheel', 2789:Sanskrit 2702:Old Norse 2698:Old Irish 2514:schmücke. 2391:"phone", 2267:preterite 2159:Malaysian 2149:"houses". 2145:"house", 2000:-h-hodai) 1993:-n-nowiu) 1869:Tz'utujil 1626:Internal 1610:-ko:jo’) 1537:Internal 1495:'gopher' 1455:'ground' 1346:Tillamook 1301:ñimbuchao 1178:Australia 1128:tamaloloa 815:ma-mahuta 577:(jaː-jaː) 551:(ɡin-ɡin) 523:reflexive 329:syllables 219:"black". 213:"white", 95:See also: 47:Circumfix 9278:Archived 9251:Archived 9191:39093455 9146:(1980). 9100:57569184 8993:Archived 8980:30022538 8758:53539427 8657:41679424 8430:21 March 8424:Archived 8262:(Thesis) 8228:Archived 8137:Language 8082:23044728 8029:April 6, 7976:22 April 7789:27859677 7636:Tak 2016 7565:(2003), 7391:cite web 6860:Amredita 6839:See also 6717:hazelnut 6649:*inin-tz 6623:*anan-tz 6483:*da-dats 6342:everyone 6293:prettily 6213:bāngmáng 6002:wareware 5990:rarawani 5833:baligtad 5796:kaliskis 5785:himaymay 5592:taka'uri 5557:'nibble' 5510:Rapa Iti 5431:pakipaki 5418:"warm". 5416:werawera 5408:matemate 5397:taangata 5262:= "sky") 5207:kirakira 5172:hitobito 5160:Japanese 5154:Japanese 5092:rishrésh 5085:shikshék 5069:tzikhkek 4986:‎ 4980:"small" 4976:‎ 4966:levanban 4964:‎ 4958:"white" 4954:‎ 4946:"kitten" 4942:‎ 4932:‎ 4920:‎ 4910:‎ 4891:‎ 4877:‎ 4860:‎ 4848:‎ 4762:oku-kuba 4749:pigapiga 4638:phrasal: 4578:tertemiz 4570:yemyeşil 4500:Armenian 4494:Armenian 4449:shouted. 4430:he died 4282:eat-eat. 4203:over tea 4176:ho jāye? 4168:tea-tea. 3981:who-who. 3805:one-one. 3791:baccõ ko 3761:bibharti 3663:etcetera 3651:Gujarati 3515:Romanian 3482:becomes 3474:becomes 3342:koeskoes 3334:taaitaai 3289:but not 3231:gradable 3195:stressed 2931:Sanskrit 2929:'neck', 2883:sésdomai 2879:σέσδομαι 2694:Sanskrit 2676:in many 2654:Examples 2640:babbling 2610:In some 2581:schlafe. 2446:"come", 2413:kotikoti 2411:"home", 2380:pelipeli 2378:"game", 2368:"food", 2282:spopondi 2235:tokidoki 2233:"time", 2222:Japanese 2054:May 2008 1955:(wɪːl-a- 1858:deletion 1640:Malaysia 1543:Quileute 1503:jilʔejil 1396:'break' 1340:Initial 1278:'I cut' 1164:Initial 1053:savavali 1020:Internal 924:-ŋaŋaj) 852:), e.g. 846:internal 842:suffixal 834:prefixal 796:mamahuta 742:takinkin 712:kagirgir 504:morpheme 477:Mokilese 323:prosodic 310:segments 284:/ / 280:Help:IPA 244:tautonym 231:doubling 201:Sumerian 82:Suprafix 77:Simulfix 72:Transfix 67:Interfix 52:Duplifix 9311:Grammar 9129:1263673 9092:4179117 8999:June 4, 8869:1262824 8750:4179068 8207:4048061 7970:Euskera 7857:21 July 6814:*ra-ran 6784:*te-ten 6756:*ze-zen 6728:*za-zal 6700:*nu-nur 6672:*no-nol 6644:*ni-nin 6618:*na-nan 6592:*na-nal 6566:*go-gor 6538:*do-dol 6512:*de-der 6455:*da-dar 6444:English 6334:rén rén 6249:) from 6221:to help 6177:Chinese 6169:တစ်ခုခု 6105:adverbs 6083:Burmese 6073:Burmese 5884:pretty" 5878:Maganda 5861:"Ang ma 5807:susulat 5780:("mad") 5766:Tagalog 5757:Tagalog 5585:māringi 5480:– cries 5406:"die", 5393:tangata 5389:waahine 5305:= hard) 5168:rendaku 5148:akakabä 5110:Amharic 5104:Amharic 5061:tzakhak 5055:Yiddish 5053:of the 4988:ktantan 4924:"puppy" 4922:klavlav 4889:פרה פרה 4879:yom yom 4875:יום יום 4858:גבר גבר 4846:לאט לאט 4820:Semitic 4758:okukuba 4742:Swahili 4672:walking 4669:naḍustū 4666:నడుస్తూ 4661:walking 4658:naḍustū 4655:నడుస్తూ 4562:masmavi 4550:kırmızı 4539:Turkish 4533:Turkish 4526:քիչ-քիչ 4446:cillāyī 4348:happen. 4334:kal-kal 4179:happen. 4165:cāy-śāy 4118:hot-hot 4030:whoever 4028:say to 3935:toffees 3932:tɔfiyā̃ 3868:kyā-kyā 3845:child, 3843:to each 3841:toffee 3757:bibheti 3744:Marathi 3708:choking 3705:daaT.un 3697:longing 3694:hur-hur 3691:हूर हूर 3686:mind-in 3683:manaa-t 3655:Bengali 3647:Punjabi 3555:țac-pac 3519:Catalan 3434:via via 3426:Italian 3368:; lit. 3350:via via 3340:(e.g., 3139:Yiddish 3087:hip-hop 3035:wah-wah 3023:pom-pom 2969:English 2963:kʷelh₁- 2945:kʷel-o- 2922:' (cf. 2892:hézomai 2805:lilekha 2796:likhati 2753:cucurrī 2735:haíhald 2729:Gothic 2648:idididi 2616:Shuswap 2389:puhelin 2336:present 2320:haíháit 2278:spondeo 2271:perfect 2200:Chinese 2131:In the 2018: 2016:-ɡ-ɡɨw) 2007:-k-kow) 1961: 1945:(ʕad-a- 1935:(toɡ-a- 1925:(where 1909: 1807: 1804: 1772: 1769: 1737: 1734: 1685: 1682: 1651: 1648: 1591:'snow' 1586: 1583: 1554: 1551: 1485: 1482: 1462:nutenut 1447: 1444: 1436:Chukchi 1391: 1388: 1370:'eyes' 1357: 1354: 1297: 1294: 1266:achisia 1262: 1259: 1251:Sirionó 1218: 1215: 1199:'rain' 1189: 1186: 1113: 1110: 1098:-lofa) 1087:alolofa 1072: 1069: 1064:-vali) 1038: 1035: 1001:(waʃte- 984: 981: 972:(hãska- 956: 953: 904: 901: 895:-ɸuɾab) 874: 871: 856:Initial 850:infixal 830:initial 803: 735:'sock' 727: 724: 705:'belt' 697: 694: 634: 631: 608: 605: 560: 557: 534: 531: 500:dupleme 485:Hokkien 481:Min Nan 469:Shipibo 446:mejmejr 420:kɔukɔul 272:in the 227:cloning 207:, e.g. 186:lexical 23:Affixes 9214: 9189: 9183:701415 9181: 9135: 9127: 9098: 9090: 8978: 8958: 8916: 8894: 8875: 8867: 8832: 8793: 8756: 8748: 8730: 8678:Print. 8663: 8655: 8626: 8595: 8458:8 June 8449: 8283: 8249:Print. 8213: 8205: 8157:411660 8155: 8080: 8048: 7829:288967 7827: 7787: 7585: 7577: 7221: 7188: 7180: 6761:*zezen 6655:ihintz 6629:ahantz 6571:*gogoR 6488:*adats 6363:person 6314:pretty 6131:အမျိုး 6100:လှလှပပ 5998:"talk" 5986:"good" 5984:rawani 5978:roroni 5842:lalaki 5439:kikimo 5427:papaki 5385:wahine 5260:langit 5192:plural 5043:nidned 5017:dildel 4990:"tiny" 4940:חתלתול 4936:"cat" 4934:khatul 4914:"dog" 4838:Hebrew 4832:Hebrew 4719:Telugu 4704: 4701: 4691:pōyāḍu 4688:పోయాడు 4632:Telugu 4508:կարմիր 4483:loudly 4367: 4134:drink. 4008:kɛhnā. 3940:milī̃. 3879:dekhā? 3816:toffee 3769:dadāti 3765:juhoti 3729: 3726: 3539:dârdâi 3535:țurțur 3531:mormăi 3504:tonton 3492:cheval 3478:, and 3476:Loulou 3472:Louise 3460:French 3358:tomtom 3354:tamtam 3346:bonbon 3312:, and 3259:really 3203:cheese 3063:ablaut 3019:muumuu 2941:κύκλος 2927:kãklas 2888:ἕζομαι 2850:dédōka 2846:δέδωκα 2839:dídōmi 2835:δίδωμι 2768:memaid 2762:maidid 2744:Latin 2739:hĕhald 2724:léluka 2720:λέλυκα 2700:, and 2686:Gothic 2644:nanana 2602: 2442:"go", 2324:Gothic 2316:háitan 2310:ablaut 2218:rénrén 2175:orang2 1919:Somali 1893:(qʼan- 1632:Temiar 1490:jilʔe- 1430:Final 1362:'eye' 1316:(ñimbu 1245:Final 1170:Kunjen 1139:-loa) 1135:(tama- 1042:savali 1024:Samoan 942:Dakota 848:(i.e. 844:), or 840:(i.e. 832:(i.e. 784:mahuta 597:aspect 343:(i.e. 318:vowels 288: 241:, and 210:babbar 193:iconic 87:Disfix 62:Libfix 41:Suffix 36:Prefix 9244:(SIL) 9187:S2CID 9133:S2CID 9125:JSTOR 9096:S2CID 9088:JSTOR 8976:JSTOR 8873:S2CID 8865:JSTOR 8791:S2CID 8754:S2CID 8746:JSTOR 8661:S2CID 8653:JSTOR 8624:S2CID 8400:(PDF) 8388:(PDF) 8370:(PDF) 8346:(PDF) 8335:(PDF) 8260:(PDF) 8211:S2CID 8203:JSTOR 8153:JSTOR 8078:JSTOR 7966:(PDF) 7937:(PDF) 7852:(PDF) 7825:JSTOR 7785:JSTOR 7415:(PDF) 7186:S2CID 6926:Notes 6819:*aran 6802:break 6789:*eten 6767:zezen 6733:*azal 6705:*unuR 6689:board 6677:*onoL 6597:*anaL 6582:hard 6577:gogor 6555:blood 6543:*odoL 6517:*edeR 6499:long 6494:adats 6479:*dats 6460:*adaR 6149:ယောက် 6081:, in 5811:sulat 5800:kalis 5789:himay 5606:ngaru 5587:ringi 5478:saeng 5471:saeng 5368:Māori 5314:besar 5303:keras 5090:רשרש 5083:שקשק 5035:nadad 5009:dilel 4984:קטנטן 4978:katan 4962:לבנבן 4956:lavan 4918:כלבלב 4912:kelev 4776:Chewa 4755:Ganda 4725:Bantu 4650:child 4630:like 4597:tabak 4574:temiz 4566:yeşil 4305:talk. 4302:bolo. 4232:grass 4213:udhar 4131:piyo. 4067:know. 4064:jāntā 4000:them. 3978:jo-jo 3873:REDUP 3857:tumne 3837:give 3824:give. 3807:REDUP 3802:ek-ek 3719:comes 3702:दाटून 3643:Hindi 3619:Irish 3508:oncle 3500:tante 3484:Zizou 3468:names 3374:to go 3320:Dutch 3239:great 3224:, or 3137:from 3061:: In 3039:yo-yo 2956:Welsh 2952:kelan 2947:(cf. 2938:Greek 2934:cakrá 2920:wheel 2904:hédos 2862:sísdō 2858:σίσδω 2801:लिलेख 2792:लिखति 2747:currō 2690:Latin 2595:sleep 2584:sleep 2528:adorn 2517:adorn 2483:comes 2480:chunt 2399:kauas 2366:ruoka 2348:sisto 2298:Greek 2286:Latin 2194:go-go 2167:orang 2143:rumah 2140:Malay 1903:(jaʔ- 1883:(kaq- 1829:ruhaː 1726:Semai 1628:R → L 1578:-ko) 1539:L → R 1451:nute- 1432:L → R 1342:R → L 1281:(achi 1247:R → L 1166:L → R 1076:alofa 938:Final 838:final 731:takin 701:kagir 383:duple 353:roots 349:stems 345:words 333:moras 325:units 276:(IPA) 216:kukku 169:of a 157:is a 57:Infix 32:Adfix 9212:ISBN 9179:PMID 9001:2015 8989:"आई" 8956:ISBN 8914:ISBN 8892:ISBN 8830:ISBN 8593:ISBN 8460:2010 8447:ISBN 8432:2018 8408:1989 8281:ISBN 8268:2017 8236:2018 8046:ISBN 8031:2015 7978:2016 7859:2019 7583:ISBN 7575:ISBN 7397:link 7219:ISBN 7178:ISSN 7097:§447 7081:§440 6831:plum 6825:aran 6810:*ran 6795:eten 6780:*ten 6773:bull 6752:*zen 6745:bark 6739:azal 6724:*zal 6696:*nur 6683:ohol 6668:*nol 6640:*nin 6614:*nan 6603:ahal 6588:*nal 6562:*gor 6549:odol 6534:*dol 6523:eder 6508:*der 6501:hair 6466:adar 6451:*dar 6399:tiān 6280:漂漂亮亮 6257:pàng 6113:ပြည် 5996:ware 5972:roni 5944:most 5913:For 5882:very 5822:araw 5778:olol 5599:pātī 5594:'uri 5555:kati 5553:kati 5548:kini 5546:kini 5506:Rapa 5501:Rapa 5449:The 5435:kimo 5423:paki 5412:wera 5404:mate 5372:The 5285:anak 5270:jari 5073:צחקק 5047:נדנד 5021:דלדל 4930:חתול 4745:piga 4694:went 4683:fall 4680:paḍi 4558:mavi 4470:INST 4415:MASC 4409:die. 4396:PTCP 4288:IPFV 4284:PTCP 4237:hai. 4229:ghās 4189:SUBJ 4110:this 4084:PRES 4075:hai. 4069:PTCP 4011:say. 3997:unhẽ 3989:āẽge 3884:MASC 3882:saw. 3860:you. 3813:tɔfī 3752:gaṇa 3716:yete 3713:येते 3680:मनात 3667:chai 3653:and 3623:rírá 3603:word 3593:The 3517:and 3488:dada 3466:for 3412:and 3397:krap 3382:gaan 3326:pipi 3297:The 3267:much 3255:very 3243:deep 3212:milk 3207:cake 3129:and 3031:tutu 2987:etc. 2900:root 2871:hízō 2814:vs. 2784:røra 2780:rera 2731:hald 2668:The 2550:lets 2526:come 2508:come 2460:aafo 2456:aafa 2425:-lla 2409:koti 2376:peli 2263:verb 2231:toki 2186:verb 2180:The 2157:and 1907:-oχ) 1897:-oχ) 1887:-oχ) 1874:-Coχ 1634:(an 1322:chao 1318:chao 1239:al) 1210:er) 1060:(sa- 860:Agta 764:Motu 682:base 519:Kham 489:Stau 438:mejr 412:kɔul 360:base 358:The 300:Form 171:word 167:stem 163:root 9171:doi 9117:doi 9080:doi 8938:doi 8857:doi 8783:doi 8738:doi 8645:doi 8616:doi 8517:doi 8195:doi 8174:doi 8170:115 8145:doi 8074:131 8018:doi 7817:doi 7775:doi 7700:137 7211:doi 7170:doi 7129:doi 7022:doi 6711:hur 6661:dew 6407:day 6355:rén 6265:fat 6231:胖胖的 6187:帮帮忙 6094:လှပ 6088:လှပ 6051:. 5660:mai 5342:me- 5338:me- 5136:kHb 5117:sbr 5108:In 5065:צחק 5039:נדד 5027:nad 5013:דלל 5001:dal 4974:קטן 4952:לבן 4908:כלב 4897:פרה 4883:יום 4866:גבר 4854:לאט 4836:In 4677:పడి 4537:In 4498:In 4459:FEM 4451:PRF 4411:PRF 4400:PRF 4358:PRF 4354:FUT 4339:LOC 4311:IMP 4297:not 4294:mat 4246:PRS 4240:be. 4181:PRF 4170:NOM 4153:hot 4140:IMP 4126:tea 4123:cāy 4078:be. 4058:NOM 4017:FUT 4013:IMP 4002:DAT 3983:NOM 3949:FEM 3945:PRF 3918:DAT 3888:PRF 3862:ERG 3826:IMP 3821:do. 3796:DAT 3513:In 3424:In 3251:old 3247:bad 3235:big 3177:not 3145:of 3101:". 3079:top 3075:cat 3043:now 2959:pêl 2898:of 2867:ἵζω 2816:did 2715:lúō 2711:λύω 2646:or 2620:IPA 2593:let 2575:let 2566:not 2563:nid 2558:him 2547:lat 2542:she 2504:cho 2491:our 2488:üse 2475:she 2458:or 2450:or 2444:cho 2440:goh 2438:or 2436:gah 2430:In 2384:mod 2344:sto 2269:or 2209:rén 2173:or 2089:. 2049:. 1977:In 1923:-aC 1706:-lɔ 1702:(s- 1672:-lu 1668:(s- 1642:): 1518:jil 1516:ʔe- 1514:jil 1475:nut 1471:nut 1412:-tə 1378:-ɡa 1287:sia 1283:sia 1237:alg 1233:alg 1180:): 1172:(a 1094:(a- 1003:ʃte 974:ska 836:), 686:CVC 678:CVC 487:), 473:Twi 465:Ewe 371:RED 331:or 165:or 149:In 9302:: 9185:. 9177:. 9165:. 9131:. 9123:. 9113:25 9111:. 9094:. 9086:. 9076:31 9074:. 9041:). 9030:). 9019:). 8970:. 8932:. 8928:. 8871:. 8863:. 8851:. 8789:. 8777:. 8773:. 8752:. 8744:. 8736:. 8724:30 8722:. 8718:. 8686:. 8659:. 8651:. 8641:36 8639:. 8622:. 8612:25 8534:. 8513:22 8511:. 8507:. 8422:. 8418:. 8406:. 8402:. 8337:. 8209:. 8201:. 8191:22 8189:. 8168:. 8151:. 8141:45 8139:. 8072:. 8016:. 8014:13 8012:. 8008:. 7968:. 7943:. 7939:. 7922:^ 7867:^ 7837:^ 7823:. 7813:38 7811:. 7797:^ 7783:. 7769:. 7755:^ 7734:^ 7707:^ 7581:/ 7573:. 7569:. 7553:^ 7417:. 7393:}} 7389:{{ 7375:. 7356:. 7326:, 7217:. 7184:. 7176:. 7164:. 7160:. 7095:, 7079:, 7016:. 7012:. 6964:^ 6812:→ 6782:→ 6754:→ 6726:→ 6698:→ 6670:→ 6642:→ 6616:→ 6590:→ 6564:→ 6536:→ 6510:→ 6481:→ 6453:→ 6412:). 6373:天天 6368:). 6329:人人 6301:漂亮 6208:帮忙 6163:ခု 6097:→ 5950:)" 5940:ga 5869:". 5863:ga 5662:ta 5639:ku 5633:ko 5608:ru 5601:tī 5344:: 5178:→ 5031:נד 5005:דל 4455:SG 4419:PL 4345:mẽ 4185:SG 4107:ye 3953:PL 3649:, 3645:, 3625:, 3609:. 3561:, 3557:, 3553:, 3549:, 3545:, 3537:, 3533:, 3436:, 3432:, 3408:, 3356:, 3344:, 3328:, 3316:. 3308:, 3263:so 3261:, 3257:, 3249:, 3245:, 3241:, 3237:, 3125:, 3085:, 3033:, 3007:, 2985:, 2981:, 2885:→ 2864:→ 2812:do 2776:rœ 2696:, 2692:, 2688:, 2684:, 2571:la 2555:ne 2539:Si 2472:Si 2452:lo 2448:la 2318:, 2280:, 2255:. 2239:時々 2214:人人 2190:go 2188:: 2117:OT 2014:ɡɨ 2005:ko 1998:ho 1991:no 1974:. 1895:qʼ 1860:, 1856:, 1823:cw 1812:→ 1794:ŋɔ 1788:dh 1777:→ 1759:ʉː 1753:kʔ 1742:→ 1693:→ 1659:→ 1606:u- 1594:→ 1576:ts 1574:i- 1572:ts 1562:→ 1545:: 1498:→ 1477:) 1473:e- 1458:→ 1438:: 1399:→ 1365:→ 1348:: 1324:) 1305:→ 1289:) 1270:→ 1253:: 1223:→ 1208:ed 1204:ed 1194:→ 1137:lo 1124:→ 1096:lo 1083:→ 1062:va 1049:→ 1029:: 992:→ 976:) 964:→ 947:: 922:ŋa 912:→ 893:ɸu 882:→ 865:: 817:) 810:) 738:→ 708:→ 688:: 642:→ 616:→ 568:→ 542:→ 491:. 479:, 475:, 471:, 467:, 378:. 351:, 347:, 257:. 237:, 233:, 229:, 153:, 9218:. 9193:. 9173:: 9167:5 9139:. 9119:: 9102:. 9082:: 9003:. 8982:. 8972:7 8962:. 8946:. 8940:: 8934:2 8920:. 8879:. 8859:: 8853:1 8836:. 8797:. 8785:: 8779:3 8740:: 8690:. 8667:. 8647:: 8630:. 8618:: 8601:. 8572:" 8536:9 8525:. 8519:: 8486:. 8462:. 8434:. 8289:. 8270:. 8238:. 8217:. 8197:: 8180:. 8176:: 8159:. 8147:: 8130:. 8084:. 8054:. 8033:. 8020:: 7980:. 7947:. 7945:9 7881:. 7861:. 7831:. 7819:: 7791:. 7777:: 7750:. 7717:. 7702:. 7686:. 7674:. 7662:. 7650:. 7638:. 7614:. 7548:. 7536:. 7524:. 7512:. 7488:. 7421:. 7399:) 7385:. 7360:. 7342:. 7330:. 7312:. 7300:. 7288:. 7276:. 7264:. 7252:. 7240:. 7227:. 7213:: 7192:. 7172:: 7166:2 7146:. 7131:: 7125:6 7055:. 7030:. 7024:: 7018:2 6998:. 6986:. 6974:. 6888:. 6410:' 6404:' 6402:( 6394:天 6389:' 6383:' 6381:( 6366:' 6360:' 6358:( 6350:人 6345:' 6339:' 6337:( 6319:) 6317:' 6311:' 6309:( 6296:' 6290:' 6288:( 6270:) 6268:' 6262:' 6260:( 6252:胖 6247:' 6241:' 6239:( 6226:) 6224:' 6218:' 6216:( 6203:' 6197:' 6195:( 6058:) 6054:( 5900:) 5867:s 5376:( 5215:a 5180:b 5176:h 5144:a 5140:k 5071:( 5063:( 5045:( 5037:( 5029:( 5019:( 5011:( 5003:( 4768:( 4760:( 4593:m 4589:m 4457:. 4453:. 4438:. 4417:. 4413:. 4398:. 4381:. 4356:. 4352:. 4350:3 4326:. 4309:. 4307:2 4286:. 4244:. 4242:3 4205:) 4191:? 4187:. 4183:. 4138:. 4136:2 4086:? 4082:. 4080:3 4015:. 3951:. 3947:. 3890:? 3886:. 3849:. 3839:a 3573:. 3565:. 3364:( 3293:. 3113:. 2918:' 2876:* 2855:* 2827:i 2782:( 2737:( 2674:e 2322:( 2296:( 2284:( 2248:々 2227:時 2205:人 2163:2 2096:) 2092:( 2056:) 2052:( 2012:( 1959:) 1957:l 1949:) 1947:d 1939:) 1937:ɡ 1927:C 1905:j 1885:k 1833:) 1831:w 1827:c 1825:- 1821:( 1798:) 1796:h 1792:d 1790:- 1786:( 1763:) 1761:ʔ 1757:k 1755:- 1751:( 1710:) 1708:ɡ 1704:ɡ 1676:) 1674:h 1670:h 1608:t 1604:t 1602:( 1570:( 1520:) 1512:( 1469:( 1416:) 1414:q 1410:q 1408:( 1382:) 1380:ɬ 1376:ɬ 1374:( 1320:- 1285:- 1235:- 1231:( 1206:- 1202:( 1005:) 920:( 891:( 813:( 806:( 684:+ 676:( 483:( 376:R 327:( 316:/ 294:. 130:e 123:t 116:v 43:) 34:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index