855:). Some proponents believe that iconicity does not play an actual role in perception and production of signs once they have undergone phonological reduction and become part of the conventionalized vocabulary. More recently, the possible role of iconicity is being evaluated again. Current research on sign language phonology acknowledges that certain aspects are semantically motivated. Further, the ability to modify sign meaning through phonological changes to signs is gaining attention. The ability to work creatively with sign language in this way has been associated with accomplished, or native signers.
924:
reader must travel a great distance across the poem, therefore, in order to "arrive". The spatial dimension, then, can relate to a temporal dimension. In the poems "The Fish" and "The Moose" by
Elizabeth Bishop, temporal iconicity is at work. The amount of time it takes to read "The Fish" coincides with the length of time a fish could live outside of water; likewise, the duration of the long bus ride in "The Moose" coincides with the poem's long first sentence as well as the twenty-some stanzas it takes before the passengers on the bus (and the reader) actually encounters the moose.
29:
1102:
tongue recedes in articulating vowels from the front to the back of the mouth, and as acoustic frequencies become lower, the vowels are judged to be larger and darker". Bentley and Varron (1933) ran tests asking subjects to differentiate between vowel sounds without providing them, beforehand, contrasting attributes (such as bright and dark.) They found only moderate success rates that decreased when vowel sounds were closer in tone. However, they still found that sounds were judged larger or lower than sounds.
902:). Today it is often recognized that sign languages exhibit a greater degree of iconicity compared to spoken languages due to the visual natural of sign languages. However, the structure of sign languages also puts limits to the degree of iconicity: From a truly iconic language one would expect that a concept like SMILING would be expressed by mimicking a smile (i.e., by performing a smiling face). All known sign languages, however, do not express the concept of SMILING by a smiling face, but by a manual sign.
514:
866:(ASL) a grammatical marker denoting âintensityâ is characterized by a movement pattern with two parts: an initial pause, followed by a quick completion. When this pattern is added to the adjective GOOD the resulting meaning is VERY-GOOD. The ASL marker for "intensity" is iconic in that the intended meaning (building of pressure, a sudden release) is matched by the articulatory form (a pause, a quick completion).
711:, with the indexical signs of animal communication systems having no capacity for displacement, and the symbolic signs of human language requiring it. Iconic signs, however, "may or may not have it depending on how theyâre used ... iconicity, therefore, is the most probable road that our ancestors took into language".
751:
is iconic with the world beyond language signs, and endophoric where the signifier is iconic to another signifier within language. By endophoric he does not mean "trivial" recurrences like the letter 'e' in one sentence being iconic with the letter 'e' in another sentence, which are not iconic signs
869:
Like in vocal languages, developmental trends in ASL shy away from iconicity in favor of arbitrariness. These changes "contribute toward symmetry, fluidity, locational displacement and assimilation". For example, the sign WE used to contain the sign for each individual being described by the WE. So
633:
is quoted, âThe process is generally employed, with self-evident symbolism, to indicate such concepts as distribution, plurality, repetition, customary activity, increase of size, added intensity, continuanceâ (1921:79). This has been confirmed by the comparative studies of Key (1965) and
Moravcsik
763:
icon refers back to earlier of its recurrences in the text and the traces of them in our memory, it is an iconic sign. Insofar as these morphemes constitute a coherent pattern of relations which create a line of mentation, they form a diagrammatic icon". Intertextual iconicity would include things
735:
argues that the emanation of symbolic capacities unique to language was a critical factor in the evolution of the human brain, and that these symbolic capacities are vital to differentiating animal from human forms of communication, processes of learning, and brain anatomy. "The doorway into this
923:
A subset of visual iconicity involves a spatial iconicity. For instance, in
Cummings's grasshopper poem ("r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r") the word "arriving" begins on the far right of the poem with the "a", the "r" is near the middle of the poem, and the rest of the word is on the left of the poem. The
1101:
asked subjects to differentiate between two different sized tables using invented word pairs such as "mal" and "mil". He discovered a word containing was at four times more likely to be judged as larger if paired with a word containing . Nuckolls states: "Newman discovered that ... as the
1013:
It has been suggested that iconicity can be used in the teaching of languages. There are two ways this has been suggested. The first being âHorizontal-Iconicityâ and the second being vowel magnitude relationships. Horizontal-Iconicity is the phenomenon of opposition of meaning and spelling. For
885:
On the whole, some researchers stress that iconicity plays an important role in sign languages, while others downplay its role. The reason for this also lies in the fact that it was, for a long time, assumed that it is a major property of natural languages that there is no relation between the
910:
Iconicity often occurs within poetry through the use of onomatopoeia, which may be called auditory iconicity. Sometimes the form of the poem resembles or enacts the poem's content, and in this case, a visual iconicity is present. One poet well known for his visual poems, and therefore visual
722:. This process "would have created new words and deployed old words in new contexts, further weakening the uncoupling of words from situations, from current occurrenceâeven from fitness", and thus allowing for the creation of symbolic language.
827:, described by Savage-Rumbaugh et al., who could indicate direction of travel by "extending his hand". Another chimpanzee, Viki (Hayes and Nissen 1971:107) made motions of kneading or ironing when she wanted to knead dough or iron napkins.
898:. Thus, many linguists concerned with sign languages tried to downplay the role of iconicity in sign languages. It was, however, later acknowledged that iconicity also plays a role in many spoken languages (see, for example
802:
Iconic calls and gestures mimic the forms of the things they stand for (such as outlining shapes or moving your hands back and forth multiple times to show repetition.) Iconic calls and gestures are not formally considered
1000:
as having deep intrinsic truth, which might have been religiously and homiletically based. One should not forget that at that time it was a common belief that all languages were God-created and that Hebrew was the divine
707:(and, occasionally, iconic) signs, whereas in human language, "most words are symbolic, and ... without symbolic words we couldnât have language". The distinction Bickerton draws between these categories is one of
736:
virtual world was opened to us alone by the evolution of language, because language is not merely a mode of communication, it is also the outward expression of an unusual mode of thoughtâsymbolic representation."
677:
has argued against iconicity, claiming that most iconic phenomena can be explained by frequency biases: since simpler meanings tend to be more frequent in the language use they tend to lose phonological material.
1428:
For the history of research on iconicity in sign languages see, for example: Vermeerbergen, Myriam (2006): Past and current trends in sign language research. In: Language & Communication, 26(2). 168-192.
624:
The use of quantity of phonetic material to iconically mark increased quality or quantity can be noted in the lengthening of words to indicate a greater degree, such as "looong". It is also common to use
1418:
Hocket proposed 13 features which a natural language should have to count as a natural language. See feature number 8 in: Hockett, Charles (1960): The Origin of Speech. in
Scientific American, 203, pp.
1094:. Open vowel sounds are also more likely to be associated with round shapes and dark or gloomy moods, where closed vowel sounds are more likely to be associated with pointed shapes and happy moods.
1761:
Moravcsik, Edith, A. 1978. Reduplicative constructions. In
Universals of human language, vol. 3: Word structure, Joseph H. Greenberg, ed., 297â334. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1117:
cites examples of word order mimicking the natural order of ideas. In fact, iconicity is now widely acknowledged to be a significant factor at many levels of linguistic structure.
1607:
1109:, examples from degree adjectives, such as long, longer, longest, show that the most extreme degree of length is iconically represented by the word with the greatest number of
882:+ ME. Now the sign has turned into a smooth symbolic sign where the signer makes two touches on the chest, one on each side, with a sweep of the wrist in between.
807:, or language-like communication in that they do not contrast or possess arbitrary characteristics. Noises that imitate sounds of the surrounding environment (
759:. An example of intratextual endophoric iconicity is "the various recurrences of the word icon and its derivatives iconic or iconicity....Insofar as the
985:
1487:
718:
view of human evolution, Bickerton has hypothesized that human ancestors used iconic signs as recruitment signals in the scavenging of dead
919:. In his poem "A Wreath" (1633) each line overlaps the next while the rhyme scheme makes a circle, thus mimicking the form of a wreath.
1142:
1437:
Bross, Fabian (2020). The clausal syntax of German Sign
Language. A cartographic approach. Berlin: Language Science Press. Page 25.
1310:
Burling, Robbins (February 1993). "Primate Calls, Human
Language, and Nonverbal Communication [and Comments and Reply]".
823:
states: "Chimpanzees in the wild do not point, and rarely do so in captivity, however there is a documented case of one named
1642:
1270:
541:
431:
688:
more broadly) may be seen as a kind of iconicity, though even onomatopoeic sounds have a large degree of arbitrariness.
1482:' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective",
1072:
996:
explanation for the pogrom was regarded by some Jews as a mere play on words. However, others might have conceived of
1235:
72:
50:
1041:
Vowel magnitude relationships suggest that, the larger the object, the more likely its name has open vowels such as
43:
1456:
1199:
1056:
391:
1798:
1371:
Frishberg, Nancy (September 1975). "Arbitrariness and
Iconicity: Historical Change in American Sign Language".
451:
396:
169:
426:
117:
371:
237:
1050:
699:
has posited that iconic signs, both verbal and gestural, were crucial in the evolution of human language.
1064:
848:
491:
197:
1629:. Interactive Technologies (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. pp. 854â866.
1033:
tags for, it is suggested that it may be helpful to point these things out in the teaching of language.
886:
surface form of a word and its potential referents (thus, there is no relationship between how the word
851:. In sign languages iconicity was often argued to be largely confined to sign formation (comparable to
708:
1768:
Wilcox, S (2004). "Conceptual spaces and embodied actions: Cognitive iconicity and signed languages".
1574:
Croft, L. B. (1978). "The
Mnemonic Use of Linguistic Iconicity in Teaching Language and Literature".
1070:
1062:
1054:
1042:
894:). The idea that iconicity should not play a role in natural languages was, for example, stressed by
534:
481:
381:
207:
615:
Sequential order principle: the sequential order of events described is mirrored in the speech chain
1194:
1106:
899:
784:
386:
329:
144:
37:
1162:
1044:
933:
673:
make-up. Whether iconicity is a part of language is an open debate in linguistics. For instance,
486:
324:
301:
1132:
863:
862:
called classifiers. These are used to give descriptive information about a subject or verb. In
595:
587:
436:
403:
356:
272:
252:
232:
134:
112:
107:
54:
988:
1991: 42). Thus, if a pogrom had occurred in Radom, it would surely have been rationalized by
1603:
1472:
1406:
1262:
1253:
591:
579:
555:
212:
1764:
Shapiro, Bruce G. 1999. Reinventing Drama: Acting, Iconicity, Performance. Greenwood Press.
832:
727:
700:
527:
456:
366:
247:
192:
89:
1291:
NĂśth, Winfried (Summer 1999). "Peircean
Semiotics in the Study of Iconicity in Language".
1029:, which means left hand. Because people are more likely to remember things they have more
811:) are also iconic. Though humans possess a repertoire of iconic calls and gestures, other
791:
8:
771:
Specific utterances which adhere to the rules of a language are iconic with one another.
599:
598:
approaches to linguistics). The principle of iconicity is also shared by the approach of
297:
227:
202:
174:
1803:
1743:
1714:
1685:
1634:
1591:
1388:
1335:
1327:
1127:
715:
517:
496:
466:
421:
376:
344:
334:
222:
217:
1656:
1648:
1638:
1491:
1452:
1339:
1266:
1231:
1015:
937:
816:
513:
361:
339:
282:
1532:
1777:
1735:
1706:
1677:
1668:
Frishberg, N. (1975). "Arbitrariness and Iconicity: Historical Change in America".
1630:
1583:
1562:
1528:
1380:
1319:
1152:
1080:
1061:; the smaller the object, the more likely its name has closed vowel sounds such as
968:, the name of a town in Poland (approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of
843:
Iconicity is often argued to play a large role in the production and perception of
783:. Another example is âthe relationship between great, greater, greatestâŚ.since the
635:
575:
461:
292:
287:
262:
257:
242:
744:
1618:
981:
960:
952:
895:
732:
696:
612:
Proximity principle: conceptual distance tends to match with linguistic distance
567:
1614:
1476:
1114:
993:
916:
912:
859:
306:
1660:
747:
distinguishes between endophoric and exophoric iconicity, exophoric where the
1792:
1697:
Haiman, John (1980). "The Iconicity of Grammar: Isomorphism and Motivation".
1157:
891:
626:
583:
1098:
852:
828:
756:
704:
681:
630:
349:
139:
1781:
1566:
959:'of bad blood'). This is a toponymic rejective phono-semantic matching of
609:
Quantity principle: conceptual complexity corresponds to formal complexity
1622:
501:
476:
97:
1550:
1331:
1200:
Some Contributions of Typology to Cognitive Linguistics, and Vice Versa
674:
471:
154:
1747:
1718:
1689:
1595:
1392:
1259:
The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Human Brain
1147:
890:
is pronounced and what a computer, for example, looks like, see also
808:
788:
776:
755:
Textual endophoric iconicity can be divided between intratextual and
748:
719:
666:
559:
441:
277:
267:
159:
149:
1739:
1710:
1681:
1608:"Media Streams: An Iconic Visual Language for Video Representation"
1587:
1479:
1384:
1323:
1137:
1030:
804:
780:
765:
760:
1627:
Readings in HumanâComputer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000
1228:
Adam's Tongue: How Humans Made Language, How Language Made Humans
1110:
973:
945:
844:
772:
685:
670:
662:
571:
1652:
1451:. The Missionary Society of St. Paul the Apostle. p. 312.
969:
812:
775:
can also be iconic with one another in that they could both be
164:
1514:
1512:
1086:
964:
824:
1519:
Nuckolls, Janis B. (1999). "The Case for Sound Symbolism".
1509:
1230:. New York, NY: Hill & Wang. pp. 52â53, 218â222.
847:. Proposed ways in which iconicity is achieved is through
1205:
Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope and Methodology
1083:
815:
produce few iconic signals. Despite this, a few captive
1726:
Haiman, John (1983). "Iconic and Economic Motivation".
858:
Iconicity is expressed in the grammatical structure of
703:
systems, Bickerton has argued, are largely composed of
1484:
Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion
1465:
1181:
Luraghi, S. (2010) Introduzione, in Crof & Cruise
1024:
1018:
819:
have shown the beginning stages of iconicity. Burling
1252:
1754:Hinton, L., Nichols, J., and Ohala, J.J. (1994).
1790:
665:tendencies in language and are also part of our
1219:
1449:George Herbert: The Country Parson, The Temple
1502:
1500:
1293:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society
992:âof bad bloodâ. Obviously, providing such an
648:
640:
535:
1244:
691:
739:
1497:
1446:
1303:
915:. Another poet known for "shape poems" is
794:is the same as in loud, louder, loudestâ.
634:(1978). This can be seen, for example, in
542:
528:
1667:
1494:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 237â258.
1370:
1318:(1). University of Chicago Press: 30â31.
1225:
1143:Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1758:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1518:
1261:. Allen Lane the Penguin Press. p.
36:This article includes a list of general
1309:
1203:, in Janssen, Th and G. Redeker (1999)
1008:
849:Hands that Act, Embody, Model, and Draw
1791:
1767:
1725:
1696:
1250:
1602:
1573:
1548:
797:
619:
1576:The Slavic and East European Journal
1290:
1286:
1284:
1282:
831:are another example of iconicity in
432:Conservative and innovative language
22:
18:Aspect of linguistics and semiotics
13:
1635:10.1016/B978-0-08-051574-8.50089-3
1405:This idea is often traced back to
1036:
752:of one another according to NĂśth.
578:(linguistic or otherwise) and its
42:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1815:
1279:
927:
838:
1079:
661:Iconic coding principles may be
629:to iconically mark increase, as
512:
27:
1623:Buxton, William A. S.
1555:Sign Language & Linguistics
1542:
1533:10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.225
1440:
1431:
1422:
1412:
1399:
1364:
658:means that "it was shattered".
586:(which is typically assumed in
1355:
1346:
1210:
1188:
1175:
932:Iconicity occurs in rejective
870:the signer would sign ME + YOU
1:
1521:Annual Review of Anthropology
1169:
1023:, which means right hand and
951:), lit. 'of bad blood' (from
1447:Wall (Jr.), John N. (1984).
833:animal communication systems
372:Functional discourse grammar
238:Ethnography of communication
7:
1185:, Italian edition, pp.19-20
1120:
492:Second-language acquisition
10:
1820:
1625:; Greenberg, Saul (eds.).
646:means "it was broken" and
170:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1251:Deacon, Terrence (1997).
1226:Bickerton, Derek (2009).
905:
692:The evolution of language
482:Philosophy of linguistics
382:Interactional linguistics
900:Japanese sound symbolism
740:Endophoric and exophoric
1025:
1019:
936:. "Consider Lithuanian
934:phono-semantic matching
57:more precise citations.
1133:Charles Sanders Peirce
864:American Sign language
649:
641:
574:between the form of a
319:Theoretical frameworks
273:Philosophy of language
253:History of linguistics
1799:Cognitive linguistics
1782:10.1515/cogl.2004.005
1770:Cognitive Linguistics
1567:10.1075/sll.22003.bro
1407:Ferdinand de Saussure
1183:Linguistica cognitiva
556:cognitive linguistics
213:Conversation analysis
1551:"What is iconicity?"
1312:Current Anthropology
1009:Language acquisition
728:The Symbolic Species
701:Animal communication
457:Internet linguistics
367:Construction grammar
1473:Zuckermann, Ghilâad
605:Iconic principles:
600:linguistic typology
392:Systemic functional
187:Applied linguistics
129:General linguistics
1615:Baecker, Ronald M.
1549:Bross, F. (2024).
1128:Autonomy of syntax
798:Calls and gestures
768:, quotations etc.
716:niche-construction
620:Quantity principle
497:Theory of language
467:Origin of language
422:Autonomy of syntax
377:Grammaticalization
223:Discourse analysis
218:Corpus linguistics
1644:978-1-55860-246-5
1492:Joshua A. Fishman
1352:Frishburg (1975).
1272:978-0-393-03838-5
938:Ashkenazic Hebrew
881:
877:
873:
566:is the conceived
552:
551:
340:Distributionalism
283:Psycholinguistics
83:
82:
75:
1811:
1785:
1751:
1722:
1693:
1664:
1619:Grudin, Jonathan
1612:
1599:
1570:
1537:
1536:
1527:: 230â231, 246.
1516:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1256:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1223:
1217:
1216:Moravcsik (1978)
1214:
1208:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1163:Triadic relation
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1028:
1022:
879:
875:
871:
656:
644:
582:, as opposed to
558:, as well as in
544:
537:
530:
516:
462:LGBT linguistics
452:Internationalism
427:Compositionality
288:Sociolinguistics
263:Neurolinguistics
258:Interlinguistics
243:Ethnomethodology
85:
84:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
53:this article by
44:inline citations
31:
30:
23:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1756:Sound Symbolism
1645:
1610:
1545:
1540:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1477:Etymythological
1470:
1466:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1308:
1304:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1123:
1082:
1078:
1039:
1037:Vowel magnitude
1011:
994:etymythological
982:Uriel Weinreich
930:
922:
908:
896:Charles Hockett
841:
800:
742:
733:Terrence Deacon
697:Derek Bickerton
694:
622:
548:
507:
506:
417:
409:
408:
320:
312:
311:
307:Writing systems
198:Anthropological
188:
180:
179:
130:
122:
79:
68:
62:
59:
49:Please help to
48:
32:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1776:(2): 119â147.
1765:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1740:10.2307/413373
1734:(4): 781â819.
1723:
1711:10.2307/414448
1705:(3): 515â540.
1694:
1682:10.2307/412894
1676:(3): 696â719.
1665:
1643:
1600:
1588:10.2307/307673
1582:(4): 509â518.
1571:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1508:
1496:
1471:See p. 246 of
1464:
1457:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1398:
1385:10.2307/412894
1379:(3): 696â719.
1363:
1354:
1345:
1324:10.1086/204132
1302:
1278:
1271:
1243:
1236:
1218:
1209:
1187:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1097:A test run by
1038:
1035:
1010:
1007:
929:
928:Folk etymology
926:
917:George Herbert
913:E. E. Cummings
911:iconicity, is
907:
904:
860:sign languages
840:
839:Sign languages
837:
799:
796:
741:
738:
693:
690:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
610:
554:In functional-
550:
549:
547:
546:
539:
532:
524:
521:
520:
509:
508:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Prescriptivism
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
304:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
104:
101:
100:
94:
93:
81:
80:
35:
33:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:(1): 73â102.
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1361:Wilcox (2004)
1358:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1299:(3): 613â619.
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1237:9780809022816
1233:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Sign relation
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:), or of its
971:
967:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
925:
920:
918:
914:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:arbitrariness
889:
883:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
795:
793:
790:
786:
785:morphological
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
762:
758:
753:
750:
746:
745:Winfried NĂśth
737:
734:
730:
729:
723:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
689:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
655:
653:
645:
643:
637:
632:
628:
627:reduplication
614:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:structuralist
585:
584:arbitrariness
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
525:
523:
522:
519:
515:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Descriptivism
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
413:
412:
405:
404:Structuralism
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Prague circle
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
322:
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Documentation
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
208:Computational
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
77:
74:
66:
63:November 2015
56:
52:
46:
45:
39:
34:
25:
24:
21:
16:
1773:
1769:
1755:
1731:
1727:
1702:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1626:
1579:
1575:
1558:
1554:
1543:Bibliography
1524:
1520:
1506:Croft (1978)
1488:Tope Omoniyi
1486:, edited by
1483:
1467:
1458:0-80912298-7
1448:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1414:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1258:
1246:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1104:
1096:
1040:
1014:example, in
1012:
1002:
997:
989:
977:
963:
956:
948:
941:
931:
921:
909:
887:
884:
868:
857:
853:onomatopoeia
842:
820:
801:
770:
757:intertextual
754:
743:
726:
724:
713:
709:displacement
695:
682:Onomatopoeia
680:
660:
651:
647:
639:
631:Edward Sapir
623:
604:
563:
553:
446:
350:Glossematics
330:Constituency
302:interpreting
140:Lexicography
69:
60:
41:
20:
15:
1604:Davis, Marc
986:Paul Wexler
984:1955: 609,
976:adaptation
817:chimpanzees
787:pattern of
502:Terminology
477:Orthography
397:Usage-based
298:Translating
193:Acquisition
98:Linguistics
55:introducing
1793:Categories
1661:5706745444
1475:(2006), "'
1170:References
1107:morphology
829:Bee dances
809:ideophones
777:consonants
675:Haspelmath
671:biological
596:generative
568:similarity
472:Orismology
357:Functional
345:Generative
335:Dependency
155:Pragmatics
145:Morphology
135:Diachronic
38:references
1804:Semiotics
1340:147082731
1148:Semiotics
1003:Ursprache
789:adjective
766:allusions
749:signifier
720:megafauna
705:indexical
667:cognitive
642:täsäbbärä
592:formalist
564:iconicity
560:semiotics
447:Iconicity
442:Etymology
362:Cognitive
325:Formalist
278:Phonetics
268:Philology
160:Semantics
150:Phonology
1728:Language
1699:Language
1670:Language
1653:95-12073
1606:(1995).
1480:Othering
1373:Language
1138:Gematria
1121:See also
1115:Jakobson
1111:phonemes
1031:mnemonic
1016:Egyptian
888:computer
805:language
781:plosives
773:Phonemes
761:morpheme
714:Using a
638:, where
248:Forensic
228:Distance
175:Typology
90:a series
88:Part of
1332:2743729
1197:(1999)
974:Yiddish
957:ra` dam
946:Yiddish
845:gesture
813:mammals
792:grading
686:mimesis
663:natural
636:Amharic
580:meaning
572:analogy
203:Applied
113:History
108:Outline
51:improve
1748:413373
1746:
1719:414448
1717:
1690:412894
1688:
1659:
1651:
1641:
1596:307673
1594:
1455:
1419:89â97.
1393:412894
1391:
1338:
1330:
1269:
1234:
1077:, and
1053:, and
998:ra dam
990:ra dam
970:Warsaw
961:Polish
955:רע ××
953:Hebrew
949:ra dam
942:ra dom
940:רע ××
906:Poetry
878:+ YOU
821:et al.
650:täsäbb
518:Portal
416:Topics
165:Syntax
40:, but
1744:JSTOR
1715:JSTOR
1686:JSTOR
1613:. In
1611:(PDF)
1592:JSTOR
1389:JSTOR
1336:S2CID
1328:JSTOR
1195:Croft
1099:Sapir
980:(see
978:rĂłdem
965:Radom
944:(cf.
874:+ YOU
825:Kanzi
764:like
684:(and
118:Index
1657:OCLC
1649:LCCN
1639:ISBN
1490:and
1453:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1153:Sign
1051:/eÉŞ/
669:and
594:and
576:sign
300:and
293:Text
1778:doi
1736:doi
1707:doi
1678:doi
1631:doi
1584:doi
1563:doi
1529:doi
1381:doi
1320:doi
1254:"1"
1105:In
1026:rem
1020:mer
1005:."
779:or
725:In
654:ärä
570:or
1795::
1774:15
1772:.
1742:.
1732:59
1730:.
1713:.
1703:56
1701:.
1684:.
1674:51
1672:.
1655:.
1647:.
1637:.
1621:;
1617:;
1590:.
1580:22
1578:.
1559:27
1557:.
1553:.
1525:28
1523:.
1511:^
1499:^
1387:.
1377:51
1375:.
1334:.
1326:.
1316:34
1314:.
1297:35
1295:.
1281:^
1265:.
1263:22
1257:.
1113:.
1087:uË
1069:,
1065:iË
1049:,
835:.
731:,
652:ab
602:.
590:,
562:,
92:on
1784:.
1780::
1750:.
1738::
1721:.
1709::
1692:.
1680::
1663:.
1633::
1598:.
1586::
1569:.
1565::
1535:.
1531::
1461:.
1409:.
1395:.
1383::
1342:.
1322::
1275:.
1240:.
1207:.
1090:/
1084:j
1081:/
1075:/
1073:Ę
1071:/
1067:/
1063:/
1059:/
1057:ĂŚ
1055:/
1047:/
1045:É
1043:/
880:n
876:2
872:1
543:e
536:t
529:v
76:)
70:(
65:)
61:(
47:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.