314:"Scholars have tended to see Pedro Páez, who converted Susənyos, as a tolerant intellectual who built relations, and to see Mendes as an intolerant hard-liner who destroyed relations by insisting on culturally unacceptable religious practices. But some scholars have argued otherwise. In the 1930s, the Portuguese scholar Paulo Durão pointed out that in the environment of the seventeenth century, the Jesuits were less worried about accusations of intolerance than in accusations about their condescending attitudes. Decades later, Merid Wolde Aregay suggested that Mendes feared appearing lax and weak in the eyes of his superiors in Rome and behaved accordingly. ... suggest that Mendes was not, in fact, a hard-liner by personality but rather was implementing the new rules handed down by the new missionary oversight institution of the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide."
244:
After many years of civil war, and devastated by what his own soldiers had done to the local people in a battle on 7 June 1632, Emperor
Susenyos rescinded his edict on 14 June 1632, and issued a formal declaration that those who would follow the Catholic faith were allowed to do so, but no one would
226:
and frequent fasts. He also told women that their children were in hell because they had been baptized in the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Many of the royal women resisted conversion and worked to destabilize the Jesuit's mission. He also ordained many Catholic priests and had Latin texts, including
248:
Upon succeeding his father, Fasilides first confined the
Catholic hierarchy to Fremona, then in 1634 exiled Mendes (who had served for nine years in Ethiopia) and most of the Catholic missionaries from Ethiopia.
276:), at the last moment the Pasha insisted on keeping Patriarch Mendes, two priests, three clerics, and two of his servants. These were kept prisoner until Mendes managed to raise another 4000
117:
has expressed the commonly accepted opinion of this man, as being "rigid, uncompromising, narrow-minded, and intolerant", there are some who disagree with it. The writings of Mendes include
318:
Mendes himself blamed the royal
Ethiopian women. For instance, he described the emperor's daughter Wängelawit as the “principal figura nesta tragédia” (principal figure in this tragedy ).
234:
reports 100,000 inhabitants of
Dembiya and Wegera are said to have converted to Catholicism. But many were compelled to convert through threats, imprisonment, and battle.
310:
However, some have argued that the Jesuit organization blamed Mendes, who was only carrying out their orders, to avoid the failure being laid at their feet.
307:
Mendes is frequently blamed for the failure of the Jesuit mission in
Ethiopia. Indeed, the only other country where the Jesuit mission failed was Japan.
291:
He appears to have spent the rest of his life in Goa, where he wrote his book on
Ethiopian history and geography and the Jesuit mission in Ethiopia,
695:
288:
They reached Diu a month later, and Mendes immediately continued on to Goa, where he unsuccessfully sought military support for his restoration.
690:
505:"Sisters Debating the Jesuits: The Role of African Women in Defeating Portuguese Proto-Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Abyssinia"
715:
685:
245:
be forced to do so any further. Patriarch Mendes confirmed that this was, indeed, the actual will of the
Emperor, his protector.
651:
Leonardo Cohen, Andreu MartĂnez d’Alòs-Moner, “The Jesuit
Mission to Ethiopia (16th–17th Centuries): An Analytical Bibliography”
252:
On March 29, 1633, Mendes began his journey out of
Ethiopia, a journey fraught with difficulties. When they reached the Ottoman
237:
However, strife and rebellions over the enforced changes began within days of the public ceremony, and soon the Emperor's son,
423:
705:
680:
433:
700:
130:
35:
376:
The Missionary Factor in Ethiopia: Papers from a Symposium on the Impact of European Missions on Ethiopian Society
710:
219:
and Patriarch Mendes publicly acknowledged the primacy of the Roman See and made Catholicism the state religion.
380:
Des Jésuites Au Royaume Du Prêtre Jean (Éthiopie): Stratégies, Rencontres Et Tentatives D'implantation 1495–1633
110:
93:
625:
Rerum Aethiopicarum Scriptores Occidentales Inediti a Saeculo Xvi Ad Xix. Rome: Printed for C. de Luigi, 1908.
133:. He entered the Society of Jesus, where he was ordained priest, he received his doctorate in theology at the
268:
forced the party to pay a ransom before they could proceed to India. Despite settling for a ransom of 4300
231:
156:, and left for Ethiopia in March 1623. (The first Catholic missionaries had arrived in Ethiopia in 1557).
167:
on 28 May 1624. After making further preparations in Goa, the Patriarch sailed for Ethiopia by way of
378:, ed. Getatchew Haile, Samuel Rubenson, and Aasulv Lande (Frankfurt: Verlag, 1998); Hervé Pennec,
269:
203:, the base of Catholic missionary efforts, on 21 June 1625, over two years after Mendes had left
504:
393:
238:
160:
134:
675:
670:
149:
8:
196:
146:
39:
114:
524:
429:
195:, who was a vassal to the Emperor of Ethiopia. The party crossed the desert into the
72:
520:
516:
480:, translated by Donald M. Lockhart (London: Hakluyt Society, 1984), pp. 71–153
273:
223:
61:
332:
280:
as their ransom, and the Pasha put them on a ship bound for Diu on 24 April 1635.
175:), and arrived at Beilul on 2 May 1625. The primary port of entrance to Ethiopia,
172:
374:
Merid Wolde Aregay, "The Legacy of Jesuit Missionary Activities in Ethiopia," in
277:
153:
295:. His letters and annual reports in Latin appear in other volumes of the series
183:, which was hostile to both Ethiopian and European interests, so they landed at
180:
664:
528:
327:
163:
that September, where they were delayed by winter weather, and only reached
395:
Diccionário ou Noticia Histórica de todas as Cidades, Villas, Lugares (...)
152:
showed towards Catholicism, Mendes was appointed Patriarch of Ethiopia by
192:
640:
Rerum Aethiopicarum Scriptores Occidentales Inediti a Saeculo Xvi Ad Xix
337:
216:
168:
159:
The journey to Ethiopia was long and difficult. Mendes' party reached
16:
Portuguese Jesuit theologian; Patriarch of Ethiopia from 1622 to 1634
476:
Mendes' journey from Diu to Fremona is described in JerĂłnimo Lobo,
428:. Translated by Wright, Jessica; Grek, Leon. Harrassowitz Verlag.
567:
The Jesuits in Ethiopia (1609–1641): Latin Letters in Translation
425:
The Jesuits in Ethiopia (1609–1641): Latin Letters in Translation
257:
200:
188:
176:
362:, 1928 (Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications, 1970), p. 390
261:
204:
184:
106:
82:
265:
222:
Mendes condemned a number of local practices, which included
253:
121:, which describes the customs and conditions of Ethiopia.
164:
57:
137:, where he subsequently taught at the College of Arts.
215:
At a public ceremony on 11 February 1626, the Emperor
241:
sided with the indigenous Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
569:(Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2017), pp. 1f.
260:, Ethiopia, the Naib sent them to his superior at
662:
565:Leonardo Cohen, "Introduction to the Text," in
227:the mass, translated into the local language.
105:(18 June 1579 – 21 June 1659) was a Portuguese
545:(Porto: Civilização, 1971), pp. 40, 49.
382:(Paris: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2003).
299:and many have been translated into English.
297:Rerum Aethiopicarum Scriptores Occidentales
593:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
360:A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia
541:M. Gonçalves da Costa, “Introdução,” in
696:Roman Catholic missionaries in Ethiopia
502:
421:
391:
691:Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries
663:
582:(Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 107
451:The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia
448:
140:
595:(1805 edition), vol. 3 pp. 403ff
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
543:Itinerário e Outros Escritos Inéditos
210:
417:
415:
413:
370:
368:
354:
352:
179:, was at the time controlled by the
230:For a time, conversions were made.
13:
548:
272:(which Mendes borrowed from local
14:
727:
410:
365:
349:
636:Relationes Et Epistolae Variorum
283:
191:, controlled by the king of the
716:Jesuit missionaries in Ethiopia
686:17th-century Portuguese Jesuits
645:
628:
611:
598:
585:
572:
535:
521:10.14321/nortafristud.13.1.0121
478:The Itinerário of Jerónimo Lobo
496:
483:
470:
457:
442:
385:
1:
503:Belcher, Wendy Laura (2013).
422:Belcher, Wendy Laura (2017).
343:
302:
706:University of Coimbra alumni
124:
7:
623:. 15 vols. Vol. 8 & 9,
621:. Edited by Camillo Beccari
321:
187:, an open roadstead on the
10:
732:
681:Ethiopian Catholic bishops
642:. Rome: C. de Luigi, 1910.
453:. J. Knapton. p. 224.
449:TĂ©llez, Balthazar (1710).
580:The Ethiopians: A History
509:Northeast African Studies
145:In response to the favor
113:from 1622 to 1634. While
89:
78:
68:
46:
28:
21:
701:17th century in Ethiopia
619:Expeditionis Aethiopicae
293:Expeditionis Aethiopicae
171:(where he was joined by
119:Expeditionis Aethiopicae
638:. 15 vols. Vol. 10–14,
711:Portuguese theologians
634:Beccari, Camillo, ed.
392:Cardoso, Luiz (1747).
316:
312:
161:Portuguese Mozambique
135:University of Coimbra
111:Patriarch of Ethiopia
94:Patriarch of Ethiopia
150:Susenyos of Ethiopia
197:Ethiopian highlands
141:Journey to Ethiopia
129:Mendes was born in
40:Kingdom of Portugal
655:9 (2006): 190–212.
617:Mendes, Alphonso.
211:Career in Ethiopia
115:E. A. Wallis Budge
232:Richard Pankhurst
99:
98:
723:
656:
649:
643:
632:
626:
615:
609:
602:
596:
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583:
576:
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539:
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532:
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468:
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439:
419:
408:
407:
405:
403:
389:
383:
372:
363:
356:
274:Banyan merchants
224:Saturday Sabbath
109:theologian, and
62:Portuguese India
53:
19:
18:
731:
730:
726:
725:
724:
722:
721:
720:
661:
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629:
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501:
497:
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471:
462:
458:
447:
443:
436:
420:
411:
401:
399:
398:(in Portuguese)
390:
386:
373:
366:
357:
350:
346:
324:
305:
286:
278:pieces of eight
213:
154:Pope Urban VIII
143:
127:
64:
55:
51:
42:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
729:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
658:
657:
644:
627:
610:
597:
584:
571:
547:
534:
515:(1): 121–166.
495:
482:
469:
456:
441:
435:978-3447108799
434:
409:
384:
364:
358:Wallis Budge,
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
335:
330:
323:
320:
304:
301:
285:
282:
212:
209:
199:, and reached
181:Ottoman Empire
142:
139:
126:
123:
97:
96:
91:
90:Known for
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
56:
54:(aged 80)
48:
44:
43:
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
728:
717:
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669:
668:
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648:
641:
637:
631:
624:
620:
614:
607:
601:
594:
591:James Bruce,
588:
581:
575:
568:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
544:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
492:
486:
479:
473:
467:, p. 225
466:
460:
452:
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437:
431:
427:
426:
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414:
397:
396:
388:
381:
377:
371:
369:
361:
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348:
339:
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334:
333:JerĂłnimo Lobo
331:
329:
326:
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315:
311:
308:
300:
298:
294:
289:
284:Career in Goa
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228:
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178:
174:
173:JerĂłnimo Lobo
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
148:
138:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:Afonso Mendes
95:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
23:Afonso Mendes
20:
652:
647:
639:
635:
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618:
613:
605:
600:
592:
587:
579:
574:
566:
542:
537:
512:
508:
498:
490:
485:
477:
472:
464:
459:
450:
444:
424:
400:. Retrieved
394:
387:
379:
375:
359:
317:
313:
309:
306:
296:
292:
290:
287:
264:, where the
251:
247:
243:
236:
229:
221:
214:
158:
144:
131:Santo Aleixo
128:
118:
102:
100:
52:(1659-06-21)
50:21 June 1659
36:Santo Aleixo
32:18 June 1579
676:1659 deaths
671:1579 births
578:Pankhurst,
69:Nationality
665:Categories
653:Aethiopica
402:1 November
344:References
338:Susenyos I
328:Pedro Páez
303:Reputation
85:theologian
79:Occupation
73:Portuguese
529:0740-9133
239:Fasilides
125:Education
608:, p. 260
604:TĂ©llez,
489:TĂ©llez,
463:TĂ©llez,
322:See also
217:Susenyos
606:Travels
491:Travels
465:Travels
270:patacas
258:Massawa
201:Fremona
189:Red Sea
177:Massawa
147:Emperor
101:Father
527:
432:
262:Suakin
205:Lisbon
185:Beilul
107:Jesuit
83:Jesuit
266:Pasha
193:Afars
525:ISSN
430:ISBN
404:2011
254:Naib
47:Died
29:Born
517:doi
256:at
169:Diu
165:Goa
58:Goa
667::
550:^
523:.
513:13
511:.
507:.
412:^
367:^
351:^
207:.
60:,
38:,
531:.
519::
493:.
438:.
406:.
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