962:, at the same time the men of Lasta made a successful raid out of their mountains into Susenyos' territory. When he attempted a second expedition against the rebels in Lasta, Susenyos found his men's morale so low that he was forced to allow them to observe one of the traditional Wednesday fastsâwhich brought an immediate reproach from the Catholic Patriarch. Although Susenyos eloquently defended himself, Bruce notes that "from this time, it plainly appears, that Socinios began to entertain ideas, at least of the church discipline and government, very opposite to those he had when he first embraced the Romish religion." Despite this concession to his troops, and despite the fact they reached Melka Krestos' headquarters, his forces fell to an ambush and Susenyos was forced to return to Dankaz with nothing to show for his effort.
708:, where he was formally crowned Emperor 18 March 1608, in a ceremony described by JoĂŁo Gabriel, the captain of the Portuguese in Ethiopia. Despite this act legitimizing his rule, Susenyos had no luck capturing the pretender, and was forced to leave the task to his servant Amsala Krestos. Amsala Krestos induced two brothers who had joined the rebellion to assassinate Yaqob the pretender, who then sent the dead man's head to Susenyos. Without a scarf obscuring his features, writes Bruce, "it now appeared, that he had neither scars in his face, broken jaw, nor loss of teeth; but the covering was intending only to conceal the little resemblance he bore to king Jacob, slain, as we said before, at the battle of Lebart."
2086:
891:, who wrote a treatise on the Oromo in 1593, attributed their success to the failures of feudalism which had produced too many privileged classes and not enough warriors. Susenyos in his court showed a willingness to break with social as well as tradition. Critics claimed he debased the imperial mystique after abandoning practices such as remaining behind a curtain to protect the emperor from the gaze of commoners and requiring his subjects to prostrate themselves before him. He withdrew privileges given to the sons of nobility and favored Jesuit-educated boys from outlying regions.
44:
578:, led a large army against Susenyos and his Oromo supporters in Walaqa. Susenyos fled with his Oromo warriors and Za-Dengel had to be content with the large amounts of loot he took from them. Once the Emperor returned to Gojjam, Susenyos followed him. While crossing the Abay Susenyos met the Liban Oromo from among whom about 400 cavalry joined him on his march on Gojjam. After the death of Emperor
248:
274:
809:
became the official religion. Some
Ethiopians consider the fact the Emperor proclaimed the Catholic Church as the official state religion: against his title of defender of the faith, thus de-facto forfeiting his title, and making the proclamation illegitimate, and due to that some Ethiopians see the
970:
reports his son told the troops that if they were victorious in Lasta, the
Emperor would restore the traditional Ethiopian practices. However, as they marched behind Susenyos to Lasta, his scouts reported that Melka Krestos had descended from Lasta with 25,000 men, and were at hand. On 26 July 1631
906:
on 24 January 1624. E. A. Wallis Budge has stated the commonly accepted opinion of this man, as being "rigid, uncompromising, narrow-minded, and intolerant. Strife and rebellions over the enforced changes began within days of Mendes' public ceremony in 1626, where he proclaimed the primacy of Rome
984:
Less than a year afterwards, on 14 June 1632 Susenyos made a declaration that those who would follow the
Catholic faith were allowed to do so, but no one would be forced to do so any further. At this point, all Patriarch Mendes could do in response was to confirm that this was, indeed, the actual
979:
These men, whom you see slaughtered on the ground, were neither Pagans nor
Mahometans, at whose death we should rejoiceâthey were Christians, lately your subjects and your countrymen, some of them your relations. This is not victory, which is gained over ourselves. In killing these, you drive the
565:
fighting off raids by Oromos. When
Susenyos went to Walaqa, he helped the governor against the Oromo who were invading the province at the time. However, Susenyos soon abandoned the governor and joined the Oromo in their attack on the province. Once the Oromo accepted him Susenyos took control of
761:
borderlands. The emperor sent priests to renew the
Orthodox Christianity of the province, though the missionaries seem to have become mired in doctrinal disputes, and their accomplishments were limited. In 1618â1619, the war continued, this time the Emperor sent three of his vassals to campaign
965:
Susenyos attempted one more campaign against the rebels, only to find his men mutinous. They saw no end to unrewarding expeditions to Lasta, and when at home confronted by the executions used to enforce
Catholicism on Ethiopia. While expressing some skepticism at the matter, Bruce states the
834:
who almost destroyed the existence of the
Ethiopian state. Susenyos hoped to receive a new contingent of well-armed European soldiers, this time against the Oromo, who were ravaging his kingdom, and to help with the constant rebellions. Two letters of this diplomatic effort survive, which he
643:
announced that he was the dead
Emperor Yaqob. The pretender managed to disguise the fact he did not resemble Yaqob by keeping part of his face covered, claiming that he had suffered grievous wounds to his teeth and face from the battle. The governor of
980:
sword into your own entrails. How many men have you slaughtered? How many more have you to kill? We have become a proverb, even among the Pagans and Moors, for carrying on this war, and apostatizing, as they say, from the faith of our ancestors.
540:
perceived older princeses such as
Susenyos as potential successors, and thus as legitimate threat to their own ambitions to exercise power during Yaqob's minority. Susenyos and other would be claimants were forced into exile. As a wandering
835:
entrusted to PĂĄez to send to Europe: the one to the King of Portugal is dated 10 December 1607, while the other is to the Pope and dated 14 October of the same year; neither mention his conversion, but both ask for soldiers. He showed the
886:
In addition to the strategic logic behind Susenyos's conversion, some historians point out that the Oromo crisis had undermined the legitimacy of the traditional Ethiopian social order based on feudalism and religious orthodoxy. The monk
570:
and returned to Walaqa, where he mercilessly looted a large commercial caravan. Whenever and wherever the Christian peasants revolted against him he attacked them with his Oromo bands and he settled them in the territory of the peasants.
954:, a distant member of the Solomonic dynasty, whom the Agaw had sued to be their leader. Susenyos' first campaign against them, which began in February 1629 with raising an army of 30,000 men in Gojjam, was defeated and his son-in-law
1005:, as emperor; Sarsa Krestos was promptly captured and hanged. Despite this, father and son stayed on good terms. After announcing his act of toleration, Susenyos abdicated in favor of Fasilides. He was buried at the church of
882:
conquests had created around the Ethiopian Empire by sailing all the way around the southern tip of Africa. However, they failed to reach Malindi, due to delays caused by local Christians hostile to the mission.
566:
Walaqa. From the latter province he went to Debra Selalo, where he impressed some Oromo bands who soon flocked to his standard. With his new Oromo followers, he pillaged Christian peasants on mountain tops in
1087:
1059:
695:
of Susenyos reports 12,000 Oromo were killed while only 400 on the Emperor's side were lost. With the Oromo threat dealt with, Susenyos now could turn his attention to Yaqob the pretender; he marched to
652:, eventually heard of the revolt, and not trusting the loyalty of a general levy of troops struck against the rebel with his own household and the descendants of the Portuguese soldiers who had followed
750:, Aleko, who was a servant of Emperor Susenyos, fled to Sennar with a number of the Emperor's horses and kettledrums. Susenyos complained of this to Badi, who refused to reply; further insulting him.
894:
Susenyos at last publicly converted to Catholicism in 1622, and separated himself from all of his wives and concubines except for his first wife, WĂ€ld ĆĂ€Êżala. However, the tolerant and sensitive
778:
Gebre Mariam to attack Mandara, whose queen controlled a strategic caravan road from Suakin. Bahir Negash was successful in capturing Queen Fatima, who was brought back to Susenyos palace in
675:
ended in a defeat for the Ethiopian advance guards; Susenyos rallied his men and made an attack which scattered the Oromo. The Marawa allied with other Oromo, and the united force entered
1042:, the monarch sired over twenty sons (who were all put to death by Fasilides) and several daughters by several concubines. Seven of his descendants are mentioned by name in the sources.
370:
who lived in Ethiopia during Susenyos reign, described the emperor as "tall with the features of a man of quality, large handsome eyes, and an ample and well groomed beard. He wore a
2835:
915:
reports 100,000 inhabitants of Dembiya and Wegera alone are said to have converted. The most serious response was launched by a triumvirate composed of his half-brother
1107:, one of her father's retainers. Her third marriage was with nobleman Takla Giyorgis, who was executed in 1628. Wangelawit died in 1652, leaving behind her descendants.
2052:
1279:
919:, a eunuch named Kefla Wahad, and his brother-in-law Julius. Susenyos avoided their first attempt to assassinate him at court, but while he was campaigning against
810:
Catholic Church as never formally to be recognized as a state religion even if for a short time. The Emperor became interested in Catholicism, in part due to
701:
606:
in southern Gojjam. After his defeat, Za Sellase became a supporter of Susenyos, but fell out with Susenyos early in his reign, and was imprisoned on an
426:
422:
822:(in union at the time of Susenyos' reign). Some decades earlier, in 1541, CristĂłvĂŁo da Gama had led a military expedition to save the Ethiopian emperor
2825:
684:
453:
Fasil and a number of others. Susenyos resided among the Oromos for over two years where he learned their language and customs. He was rescued by the
1126:
was his third daughter. She was married to Takla Giyorgis (who was at one point also married to her older sister Wangelawit). Died with no Children.
639:. Because the body of Yaqob had never been found after the Battle of Gol, there had been some doubt that the previous Emperor was truly dead, and a
1006:
916:
770:
Tekle Giyorgis, led a three-pronged assault on the border from their respective provinces. Welde Hawaryat finally conquered and sacked the town of
430:
994:
951:
603:
403:
2074:
1104:
668:
649:
467:
34:
1698:
1462:. Addis Abeba , East Lansing, Michigan: Institute of Ethiopian Studies, African Studies Center, Michigan State University. pp. 233â241.
1110:
503:
434:
1100:
1053:
1039:
1023:
928:
554:
529:
1238:
A history of Ethiopia, Nubia & Abyssinia. According to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of Egypt and Nubia, and the Ethiopian chronicles
1123:
518:
510:
971:
the armies clashed; 8,000 of the rebels were dead and Melka Krestos had fled the field. Upon viewing the field of battle, Susenyos' son
2820:
1625:
705:
739:
to his father by the Ethiopians, severed these ties, sending as an insult two lame horses and an army led by the Nail Weld Ageeb from
2082:
1046:
Kanafra Krestos (born before 1602) was Susenyos's eldest son by a concubine, he died young in 1615/1616 many years before his father.
923:
they raised a revolt, calling to their side "all those who were friends to the Alexandrian faith". However, Susenyos had returned to
932:
779:
747:
482:
of Susenyos. So that he could support himself, the queen mother, returned to him the lands (gult) previously held by his father in
2845:
187:
Sisinios, Sisinnius, Socinios, SociniĂłs, Socinius, Sousnyos SusÉnyos, SusĂ©nius, Susenyos, SĆ«sÄnyĆs, Susinyos, Susneus or Susneyos
1074:. He would have 2 sons and 1 daughter, when his daughter died at childbirth he was enraged and had an argument with his brother
660:) into Ethiopia. Despite defeating the rebels thrice, the pretender managed to escape each battle to hide in the mountains of
360:). The Jesuits, who were closely associated with Susenyosâs reign, also left numerous documents on their mission in Ethiopia.
2830:
1103:
was Susenyos's eldest daughter. She was married several times, her first marriage was dissolved and she was betrothed to the
261:
1517:
1427:
265:
43:
1674:
A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Darfur
1519:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 11 South and East Asia, Africa and the Americas (1600â1700)
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for a year until he was killed by a peasant, who sent his head to the Emperor. In his early reign he was defeated by
353:âas the founder of the Gondar line of the dynasty (which is, however, ultimately a subset of the Solomonic dynasty).
1556:
1485:
1459:
Proceedings of the seventh International Conference of Ethiopian Studies : University of Lund, 26â29 April
1180:
2060:
1690:
667:
Meanwhile, Emperor Susenyos was preoccupied with raiding parties of the Oromo. An initial encounter with the
859:
2094:
1723:
912:
1545:
1236:
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where he exposed his plans uprising against his brother. His future generations that continued governing
958:
slain. While Melka Krestos' master of horse was slain along with 4000 men not long after while pillaging
806:
2850:
2773:
226:
2760:
1597:
2104:
2684:
2137:
629:
1242:. London, Oosterhout: Methuen (1928), N.B. Anthropological Publications (1966). pp. 383â397.
927:
before the rebels expected, and quickly killed Julius. Yimena Krestos held out a while longer on
553:. His control over this territory was strengthened earlier through his marriage, around 1595, to
679:
to avenge their defeat. Upon hearing of this, the Emperor responded by summoning his son-in-law
935:
where Susenyos had his camp; here the Emperor's brother was tried and sentenced to banishment.
653:
582:
on December 13 1604, Susenyos was proclaimed Emperor on December 14 1604 by a faction led by
1052:
was the successor to Susenyos's throne. He was the second son of Susenyos and the eldest by
2815:
2810:
1457:
753:
In 1615, Susenyos, this time allied with the Nail Weld Ageeb, re-conquered and annexed the
356:
The life of Susenyos is known through his chronicle, written by several official writers (
8:
2782:
2769:
2090:
2034:
754:
309:
57:
1429:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
598:
Susenyos became Emperor following the defeat of first Za Selasse, then on 10 March 1607
2006:
1231:
920:
466:
Upon his rescue, Susenyos was entrusted to the care of Dowager Empress (Queen mother)
2702:
2456:
2442:
2293:
2112:
1922:
1779:
1754:
1552:
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1491:
1463:
1433:
1339:
1329:
1285:
1243:
1186:
475:
363:
346:
313:
285:
213:
154:
805:
Susenyos' reign is perhaps best known as the brief period in Ethiopian history when
683:
Julius and Kifla Krestos to join him with their troops, and defeated the raiders at
2589:
2554:
2533:
2512:
2498:
2484:
2470:
2371:
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939:
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621:
115:
48:
Contemporary portrait of King Susenyos I of Ethiopia receiving the Latin Patriarch
1640:
1572:
2505:
2424:
1672:
1391:
1323:
1120:, once an influential retainer turned rebel. Died leaving behind her descendants.
1083:
732:
716:
645:
522:
255:
232:
382:
style, a sash or girdle of many large pieces of fine gold, and an outer coat of
2737:
2251:
2181:
879:
758:
607:
1343:
1185:. Encyclopaedia Africana. New York: Reference Publications. pp. 131â132.
2804:
2779:
2744:
2624:
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1247:
959:
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899:
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missionaries his favor by a number of land grants, most importantly those at
763:
657:
625:
399:
49:
1467:
942:. One revolt which resisted all of Susenyos' efforts to put down was by the
895:
811:
746:
The hostilities between the two kingdoms increased when the governor of the
719:
acknowledged Susenyos' authority in 1606, receiving a negarit drum, sign of
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2617:
2568:
2300:
2230:
2223:
2174:
2123:
1926:
1026:, a princess from the ancient Christian family of the rulers of Walaqa and
867:
561:. Susenyos spent most of this period as shifta in his father's province of
557:, a princess from the ancient Christian family of the rulers of Walaqa and
550:
495:
471:
460:
406:, the daughter from a provincial chief from the noble family of Shime, and
985:
will of the Emperor, his protector. Catholic Ethiopia had come to an end.
727:
maintained the relationship, giving a number of fine horses as a present.
2709:
2695:
2540:
2519:
2449:
2435:
2237:
1114:
1027:
827:
767:
688:
636:
583:
558:
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prince, Susenyos with a few faithful followers took refuge in Gojjam and
526:
507:
470:, who supervised his early education. The Queen mother was the mother of
317:
192:
2013:, 1928. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.
911:
and frequent fasts. Yet a number of Ethiopians did embrace Catholicism:
614:. After a year, Za Selassie managed to escape and lived as an outlaw or
2716:
2463:
2357:
2286:
2244:
2202:
2167:
1322:
Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1977). "The Imperial House of Ethiopia".
1091:
1066:. In 1640, he was first imprisoned at house arrest then transferred to
823:
775:
680:
479:
345:. As a result, while some authorities list Susenyos as a member of the
72:
459:
Asbo in 1585 in a military campaign against the Oromos led by Emperor
2723:
2477:
2392:
2350:
2314:
2044:
1097:
Markos was his fourth son, Markos died young before Susenyos in 1626.
1075:
1071:
1049:
1002:
972:
844:
789:, Susenyos hence made his power felt along his western frontier from
720:
672:
640:
579:
575:
455:
350:
161:
95:
735:
and successor of Adlan I, however, outraged by the shelter given in
723:, and giving a trained falcon. Similarly, his brother and successor
2603:
2575:
2561:
2547:
2491:
2406:
2378:
2279:
2272:
2258:
2216:
2209:
1930:
1079:
1063:
998:
875:
815:
762:
against Sennar. Welde Hawaryat, Melca Chrestos and the governor of
676:
661:
415:
375:
342:
1284:. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 468â469.
421:
Susenyos was the youngest of his mother's five sons. His brothers
2730:
2413:
2399:
2364:
2195:
924:
903:
863:
840:
790:
724:
533:
499:
208:
938:
More revolts followed, some led by champions of the traditional
2385:
1117:
888:
851:
836:
794:
771:
740:
736:
728:
616:
611:
562:
542:
537:
514:
483:
446:
383:
367:
111:
2596:
2582:
2526:
2321:
2307:
2027:
1067:
947:
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in Gojjam, before Af Krestos captured him and brought him to
871:
819:
599:
587:
567:
546:
450:
411:
407:
379:
371:
333:
85:
586:
Atnatewos, however Za Selasse's faction restored his cousin
1773:
943:
855:
831:
697:
1487:
The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: 1300â1700
273:
774:
on the Nile after a 19-day march. Susenyos finally sent
1456:
Dombrowski, Franz Amadeus (1984). Sven Rubenson (ed.).
1278:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012).
292:
1551:. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. p. 164.
1321:
814:'s persuasion, but also hoping for military help from
2836:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Oriental Orthodoxy
1374:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 2)
1145:
A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 2)
862:. The plan was to head south, in an attempt to reach
2778:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
1086:
where their power was reduced, his current ancestor
1888:Other sources give differing year of birth such as
1544:
1235:
1056:. He reigned as Emperor for over thirty five year.
843:, located on a peninsula on the northern shore of
1748:
1730:(Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 369
1325:Burke's royal families of the world : 2. vol
2802:
1662:(Cambridge: University Press, 1922), p. 530
1451:
1449:
1394:, p. 189. Beckingham and Huntingford gloss
1386:Beckingham, C.F., and G.W.B. Huntingford. 1954.
1174:
437:held the most important posts during his reign.
2772:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
1515:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1277:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
24:
1753:. University of California Press. p. 37.
1398:as a "kind of short mantle of Moorish origin."
2068:
2003:. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.
1776:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1446:
907:and condemned local practices which included
898:died soon afterwards, and he was replaced by
874:today, hoping to break through the effective
850:In 1613, Susenyos sent a mission heading for
1912:, each having practically the same meaning.
1504:
1479:
1477:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1178:
1151:
1699:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1660:The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769â1840
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1226:
1224:
1222:
349:, others consider himârather than his son,
2075:
2061:
2011:A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia
1626:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
1598:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
1516:Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (2016).
1490:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 248â249.
1455:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1113:was his second daughter. She was the wife
1062:was his third son. He was the governor of
656:(son of the legendary Portuguese explorer
498:, and the accession of his very young son
489:
304:â1575 â 17 September 1632), also known as
42:
2826:17th-century Oriental Orthodox Christians
1474:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1254:
1022:Susenyos had one official marriage, with
1964:is also spelled in different sources as
1945:is also spelled in different sources as
1376:. London: Methuen & Co. p. 384.
1350:
1147:. London: Methuen & Co. p. 385.
1136:
782:, and renewed submission to the Empire.
414:Yaeqob, who in turn was the son of King
272:
1328:. London: Burke's Peerage. p. 46.
1199:
312:from 1607 to 1632, and a member of the
266:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2803:
1979:is also spelled in various sources as
1542:
1483:
1425:
1298:
574:His one-time ally and cousin, Emperor
2056:
1778:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 286â287.
1685:
1683:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1371:
1230:
1142:
16:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1606 to 1632
1869:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 98ff
1774:Prouty, Chris and Rosenfeld (1981).
1648:. University of London. p. 335.
1232:Budge, Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis
1070:after rebelling against his brother
374:of crimson velvet down to the knee,
268: instead of Ethiopic characters.
1388:Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593â1646
993:In 1630, after years of rebellion,
449:captured him and killed his father
13:
1993:
1832:
1680:
1638:
1604:
1582:
757:into the Ethiopian Empire, on the
525:and other chief nobles among them
337:Fasil, as well as the grandson of
14:
2862:
2821:17th-century emperors of Ethiopia
1802:(Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 107
1573:"The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500â1800"
1547:Historical dictionary of Ethiopia
687:on 17 January 1608. According to
2084:
1409:"Shime, Amhara Region, Ethiopia"
341:Yakob and the great-grandson of
246:
199:Seltan Sagad and Malak Sagad III
1970:
1955:
1936:
1921:Shime is located in modern day
1915:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1792:
1767:
1742:
1733:
1717:
1704:
1665:
1652:
1632:
1565:
1536:
1419:
1401:
1281:Dictionary of African biography
1182:Dictionary of African biography
743:, to pillage the border areas.
635:In 1608, a rebel appeared near
549:, and led a guerrilla war from
445:As a boy, a group of marauding
2846:History of Eastern Catholicism
2001:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
1904:Susenyos had the throne names
1898:
1882:
1677:(Cambridge, 1922), p. 436
1671:Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael,
1380:
1090:live a modest private life in
1033:
800:
402:descent, Susenyos was born to
140:Church of Ganata Iyasus, Azazo
1:
1130:
988:
711:
671:near the upper course of the
440:
298:
2831:17th-century Roman Catholics
1372:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1143:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
1001:, proclaimed Susenyos' son,
502:on the throne, Queen regent
293:
7:
2245:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
494:After the death of Emperor
393:
386:of the same colour, like a
10:
2867:
2774:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2259:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
1749:Marcus, Harold G. (1994).
1179:Ofosu-Appiah, L.H (1977).
975:is reported to have said,
289:
25:
2841:Ethiopian Roman Catholics
2754:
2683:
2423:
2338:
2131:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
2111:
2102:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2019:
1999:Richard K. P. Pankhurst.
1800:The Ethiopians: A History
1728:The Ethiopian Borderlands
1484:Hassen, Mohammed (2015).
1432:. Routledge. p. 16.
1426:Danver, Steven L (2015).
1017:
1012:
950:. Their first leader was
717:Abd al Qadir II of Sennar
219:
207:
198:
191:
186:
181:
177:
153:
145:
135:
121:
105:
101:
91:
81:
71:
63:
56:
41:
32:
21:
1875:
1038:Despite his marriage to
593:
410:Fasil the son of Prince
277:Ruins of Susenyos Palace
131:Dangaz, Ethiopian Empire
1689:Spaulding, Jay. 1974. "
858:, led by Jesuit priest
490:Struggle for the throne
1712:A History of the Arabs
1543:Prouty, Chris (1981).
1522:. Brill. p. 488.
982:
826:from the onslaught of
278:
254:This article contains
1751:A History of Ethiopia
977:
807:Catholic Christianity
474:and widow of Emperor
306:Susenyos the Catholic
276:
2091:Emperors of Ethiopia
506:and her sons-in-law
2783:Victor Emmanuel III
2035:Emperor of Ethiopia
1695:Meroitic Newsletter
1629:(1805 ed.), vol. 3.
1088:Ato Abenazer Aberra
755:Kingdom of Fazughli
310:Emperor of Ethiopia
109:1571, 1572, or 1575
58:Emperor of Ethiopia
2425:Era of the Princes
2007:E. A. Wallis Budge
1820:Bruce, pp. 381â384
1811:Bruce, pp. 344â350
1714:, pp. 437â438
1691:The Fate of Alodia
1658:H. Weld Blundell,
1639:Hassen, Mohammed.
331:He was the son of
279:
2851:Solomonic dynasty
2798:
2797:
2790:Emperor-in-exile.
2703:Tekle Giyorgis II
2457:Tekle Haymanot II
2443:Tekle Haymanot II
2113:Solomonic dynasty
2051:
2050:
2042:Succeeded by
1923:South Gondar Zone
1724:Richard Pankhurst
1642:Oromo of Ethiopia
913:Richard Pankhurst
902:, who arrived at
860:AntĂłnio Fernandes
785:According to his
654:CristĂłvĂŁo da Gama
364:Manuel de Almeida
347:Solomonic dynasty
314:Solomonic dynasty
262:rendering support
242:
241:
227:Oriental Orthodox
203:
202:
129:(aged 59â60)
125:17 September 1632
2858:
2791:
2786:
2764:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2590:Baeda Maryam III
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2555:Tekle Giyorgis I
2550:
2543:
2536:
2534:Tekle Giyorgis I
2529:
2522:
2515:
2513:Tekle Giyorgis I
2508:
2501:
2499:Tekle Giyorgis I
2494:
2487:
2485:Tekle Giyorgis I
2480:
2473:
2471:Tekle Giyorgis I
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2372:Tekle Haymanot I
2367:
2360:
2353:
2340:Gondarine period
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2126:
2089:
2088:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2039:1606–1632
2025:Preceded by
2017:
2016:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1886:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1856:Bruce, pp. 403ff
1854:
1848:
1847:Bruce, pp. 402ff
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:Bruce, pp. 390ff
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1602:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1348:
1347:
1319:
1296:
1295:
1275:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1228:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1149:
1148:
1140:
940:Ethiopian Church
909:Saturday Sabbath
866:, a port on the
759:Sennar Sultanate
729:Badi I of Sennar
630:Battle of Hadiya
521:the governor of
513:the governor of
418:(r. 1507â1540).
303:
300:
296:
291:
250:
249:
214:House of Solomon
179:
178:
128:
116:Ethiopian Empire
46:
28:
27:
19:
18:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2777:
2767:
2758:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2685:Modern Ethiopia
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2506:Baeda Maryam II
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2365:Iyasu the Great
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:: Senfa Ared IV
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2083:
2081:
2047:
2038:
2030:
1996:
1994:Further reading
1991:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1865:Paul B. Henze,
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1688:
1681:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1622:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1482:
1475:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:Hakluyt Society
1385:
1381:
1370:
1351:
1336:
1320:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1255:
1229:
1200:
1193:
1177:
1152:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1084:Zemene Mesfanit
1036:
1020:
1015:
991:
968:Royal Chronicle
803:
787:Royal Chronicle
733:Abd al-Qadir II
714:
693:Royal Chronicle
596:
590:to the throne.
492:
443:
396:
366:, a Portuguese
326:Malak Sagad III
301:
271:
270:
269:
260:Without proper
251:
247:
238:
172:
170:
168:
166:
164:
160:
159:Kanafra Krestos
141:
130:
126:
110:
52:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2738:Haile Selassie
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2252:Baeda Maryam I
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2182:Newaya Krestos
2178:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:Regnal titles
2015:
2014:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1969:
1954:
1935:
1914:
1897:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:Layers of Time
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1732:
1716:
1703:
1679:
1664:
1651:
1631:
1603:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1535:
1528:
1503:
1496:
1473:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1400:
1379:
1349:
1334:
1297:
1290:
1253:
1198:
1191:
1150:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1108:
1098:
1095:
1057:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:Genneta Iyasus
990:
987:
917:Yimena Krestos
802:
799:
713:
710:
700:by way of the
624:rebels led by
595:
592:
491:
488:
442:
439:
431:Yamana Krestos
427:Make'd Krestos
423:Se'ela Krestos
395:
392:
358:sehafe teâezaz
264:, you may see
252:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
233:Roman Catholic
230:
223:
221:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
201:
200:
196:
195:
189:
188:
184:
183:
175:
174:
157:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
137:
133:
132:
123:
119:
118:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2746:
2745:Amha Selassie
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:Gebre Krestos
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:Gebre Krestos
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:Amda Seyon II
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:Newaya Maryam
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1929:then part of
1928:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1838:Bruce, p. 398
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1785:0-8108-2663-1
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1760:0-520-08121-8
1756:
1752:
1745:
1739:Bruce, p. 287
1736:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1623:James Bruce,
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:James Bruce,
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1529:9789004335585
1525:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1497:9781847011176
1493:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1441:
1439:9781317464006
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:9780850110296
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1291:9780195382075
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1192:9780917256011
1188:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:, Viceroy of
996:
995:Sarsa Krestos
986:
981:
976:
974:
969:
963:
961:
960:Semien Gonder
957:
956:Gebre Krestos
953:
952:Melka Krestos
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
901:
900:Afonso Mendes
897:
892:
890:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
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709:
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659:
658:Vasco da Gama
655:
651:
647:
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638:
633:
631:
627:
626:Sidi Mohammed
623:
619:
618:
613:
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604:Battle of Gol
601:
591:
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531:
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462:
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404:Hamalmal Warq
401:
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256:Ethiopic text
234:
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77:18 March 1608
76:
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62:
59:
55:
51:
50:Afonso Mendes
45:
40:
37:
36:
35:Negusa Nagast
31:
26:ááłáá áá á±á”ááźá”
20:
2780:Italian King
2674:Sahle Dengel
2667:Yohannes III
2660:Sahle Dengel
2653:Yohannes III
2646:Sahle Dengel
2639:Yohannes III
2632:Sahle Dengel
2618:Sahle Dengel
2569:Egwale Seyon
2328:
2301:Sarsa Dengel
2231:Sarwe Iyasus
2224:Takla Maryam
2175:Amda Seyon I
2124:Yekuno Amlak
2033:
2010:
2000:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:KÉfÉlĂ€ WahÉd
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1927:Nefas Mewcha
1917:
1909:
1906:SeltÄn Sagad
1905:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
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1816:
1807:
1799:
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1775:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1697:(15):20â30.
1694:
1673:
1667:
1659:
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1641:
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1624:
1596:
1567:
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1538:
1518:
1486:
1458:
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1421:
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1395:
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1382:
1373:
1324:
1280:
1237:
1181:
1144:
1138:
1105:Bela Krestos
1037:
1021:
992:
983:
978:
967:
964:
937:
893:
885:
868:Indian Ocean
849:
804:
786:
784:
752:
745:
715:
692:
669:Marawa Oromo
666:
650:Sela Krestos
634:
615:
597:
573:
532:governor of
496:Sarsa Dengel
493:
472:Sarsa Dengel
468:Admas Mogasa
465:
461:Sarsa Dengel
454:
444:
420:
397:
387:
362:
357:
355:
338:
332:
330:
325:
322:Seltan Sagad
321:
318:throne names
305:
281:
280:
253:
149:Waled Sa'ala
127:(1632-09-17)
33:
2816:1632 deaths
2811:1572 births
2710:Yohannes IV
2696:Tewodros II
2688:(1855â1974)
2541:Salomon III
2520:Salomon III
2450:Susenyos II
2436:Yohannes II
2428:(1769â1855)
2343:(1632â1769)
2238:Amda Iyasus
2150:Qedma Asgad
2145:Hezba Asgad
2116:(1270â1632)
2105:Family tree
1910:Malak Sagad
1798:Pankhurst,
1710:McMichael,
1111:Malakotawit
1034:Descendants
870:in what is
830:, a Muslim
828:Ahmed Gragn
801:Catholicism
793:, north to
689:James Bruce
637:Debre Bizen
504:Maryam Sena
435:Afa Krestos
302: 1571
235:(1622â1632)
229:(1571â1622)
193:Regnal name
171:Malakotawit
82:Predecessor
22:Susenyos I
2805:Categories
2717:Menelik II
2464:Salomon II
2358:Yohannes I
2329:Susenyos I
2287:Gelawdewos
2203:Tewodros I
2168:Wedem Arad
2160:Saba Asgad
1985:ZĂ€ ĆÉllase
1981:Za-Selasse
1977:Za Selasse
1951:Athanasius
1947:Atenatewos
1558:081081448X
1413:mindat.org
1390:. London:
1344:1015115240
1131:References
1101:Wangelawit
1092:Maida Vale
1082:until the
1060:Gelawdewos
1054:Wald Saala
1040:Wald Saala
1024:Wald Saala
989:Succession
929:Melka Amba
896:Pedro PĂĄez
824:Gelawdewos
812:Pedro PĂĄez
776:Bahr Negus
712:Sennar War
681:Qegnazmach
555:Wald Saala
530:Za Selasse
480:great-aunt
441:Early life
282:Susenyos I
169:Wangelawit
73:Coronation
2770:1936â1941
2724:Lij Iyasu
2478:Iyasu III
2393:Dawit III
2351:Fasilides
2315:Za Dengel
2155:Jin Asgad
2045:Fasilides
1962:Keflawahd
1943:Atnatewos
1601:, vol. 2.
1248:874381390
1124:Galilawit
1094:, London.
1076:Fasilides
1072:Fasilides
1050:Fasilides
1028:Mahrabete
1003:Fasilides
973:Fasilides
878:that the
845:Lake Tana
731:, son of
721:vasselage
673:Reb River
641:pretender
580:Za Dengel
576:Za Dengel
559:Mahrabete
519:Keflawahd
511:Atnatewos
456:Dejazmach
388:capelhar.
351:Fasilides
173:Galilawit
162:Fasilides
96:Fasilides
92:Successor
67:1607â1632
2768:Between
2604:Iyasu IV
2576:Iyoas II
2562:Demetros
2548:Demetros
2492:Hezqeyas
2407:Iyasu II
2379:Tewoflos
2280:Dawit II
2217:Andreyas
2210:Yeshaq I
1931:Begemder
1468:38767663
1396:capelhar
1234:(1966).
1080:Begemder
1064:Begemder
999:Begemder
876:blockade
816:Portugal
706:Waldebba
677:Begemder
662:Hamasien
416:Dawit II
394:Ancestry
376:breeches
343:Dawit II
294:SĆ«sinyĆs
220:Religion
165:Claudius
2761:crowned
2731:Zewditu
2414:Iyoas I
2400:Bakaffa
2196:Dawit I
1925:, near
1892:, 1572
925:Dembiya
904:Massawa
880:Ottoman
864:Malindi
841:Gorgora
791:Fazogli
725:Adlan I
702:Lamalmo
628:at the
602:at the
534:Dembiya
380:Moorish
378:of the
209:Dynasty
146:Consort
2759:Never
2386:Yostos
1782:
1757:
1555:
1526:
1494:
1466:
1436:
1342:
1332:
1288:
1246:
1189:
1118:Yolyos
1018:Spouse
1013:Family
933:Dankaz
921:Sennar
889:Bahrey
852:Madrid
837:Jesuit
795:Suakin
780:Danqaz
772:Atbara
764:Tigray
748:Mazaga
741:Atbara
737:Chilga
691:, the
685:Ebenat
646:Tigray
622:Hadiya
617:shifta
612:Guzamn
563:Gojjam
551:Walaqa
543:shifta
538:Wogera
523:Tigray
515:Gojjam
484:Gojjam
478:, and
447:Oromos
400:Amhara
384:damask
368:Jesuit
316:. His
308:, was
167:Markos
136:Burial
112:Gojjam
2597:Gigar
2583:Gigar
2527:Yonas
2322:Yaqob
2308:Yaqob
2294:Menas
2273:Na'od
2028:Yaqob
1876:Notes
1646:(PDF)
1576:(PDF)
1068:Wehni
948:Lasta
872:Kenya
820:Spain
600:Yaqob
594:Reign
588:Yaqob
568:Shewa
547:Shewa
500:Yaqob
476:Menas
451:Abeto
412:Abeto
408:Abeto
372:tunic
339:Abeto
334:Abeto
320:were
290:á±á”ááźá”
286:Ge'ez
182:Names
155:Issue
86:Yaqob
64:Reign
2138:Sons
2095:List
1983:and
1908:and
1894:1575
1890:1571
1780:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1464:OCLC
1434:ISBN
1340:OCLC
1330:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1244:OCLC
1187:ISBN
1030:.
944:Agaw
856:Rome
854:and
832:Imam
818:and
704:and
698:Axum
608:amba
536:and
517:and
433:and
324:and
122:Died
106:Born
1693:".
1115:Ras
946:in
768:Ras
610:in
584:Ras
527:Ras
508:Ras
398:Of
2807::
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1949:,
1726:,
1682:^
1606:^
1584:^
1506:^
1476:^
1448:^
1411:.
1352:^
1338:.
1300:^
1256:^
1201:^
1153:^
1009:.
847:.
797:.
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648:,
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299:c.
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1415:.
1346:.
1294:.
1250:.
1195:.
284:(
258:.
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