944:
1060:. They emit low-pitched, two- to four-second calls intermittently at three- to six-second intervals to signal the herd to move. To signal to the herd to change direction, leaders emit "gritty", "creaking gate" sounds. When moving to drinking places, some individuals make long "maaa" calls up to 20 times a minute. When being aggressive, they make explosive grunts that may last long or turn into a rumbling growl. Cows produce croaking calls when looking for their calves. Calves make a similar call of a higher pitch when in distress. When threatened by predators, they make drawn-out "waaaa" calls. Dominant individuals make calls to announce their presence and location. A version of the same call, but more intense, is emitted as a warning to an encroaching inferior. When grazing, they make various sounds, such as brief bellows, grunts, honks, and croaks.
1109:
132:
1123:
1088:
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397:
988:
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distance between the ends of the horns can reach upwards of one metre (the record being 64.5 inches 164 cm). The horns form fully when the animal reaches the age of 5 or 6 years old, but the bosses do not become "hard" until it reaches the age of 8 to 9 years old. In cows, the horns are, on average, 10–20% smaller, and they do not have a boss. Forest-type buffalo horns are smaller than those of the savanna-type buffaloes from
Southern and East Africa, usually measuring less than 40 cm (16 in), and are almost never fused.
1144:
219:
162:
1032:
777:
194:
566:
967:. As with many diseases, these problems remain dormant within a population as long as the health of the animals is good. These diseases do, however, restrict the legal movements of the animals and fencing infected areas from unaffected areas is enforced. Some wardens and game managers have managed to protect and breed "disease-free" herds which become very valuable because they can be transported. Most well-known are
1077:
That bonding ends when a new calf is born, and the mother then keeps her previous offspring at bay with horn jabs. Nevertheless, the yearling follows its mother for another year or so. Males leave their mothers when they are two years old and join the bachelor groups. Young calves, unusually for bovids, suckle from behind their mothers, pushing their heads between the mothers' legs.
893:. Lions kill and eat buffaloes regularly, and in some regions, the buffaloes are the lions' primary prey. It often takes several lions to bring down a single adult buffalo, and the entire pride may join in the hunt. However, several incidents have been reported in which lone adult male lions have successfully brought down adult buffaloes. On very rare occasions, buffaloes and
639:, at 250 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000 lb), are only half that size. Its head is carried low; its top is located below the backline. The front hooves of the buffalo are wider than the rear, which is associated with the need to support the weight of the front part of the body, which is heavier and more powerful than the back.
1013:, a herd sticks close together and makes it hard for the predators to pick off one member. Calves are gathered in the middle. A buffalo herd responds to the distress call of a threatened member and tries to rescue it. A calf's distress call gets the attention of not only the mother, but also the herd. Buffaloes engage in
1200:, with a decreasing population of 400,000 individuals. While some populations (subspecies) are decreasing, others will remain unchanged in the long term if large, healthy populations continue to persist in a substantial number of national parks, equivalent reserves and hunting zones in southern and eastern Africa."
1076:
period of 11.5 months. Newborn calves remain hidden in vegetation for the first few weeks while being nursed occasionally by the mother before joining the main herd. Older calves are held in the centre of the herd for safety. The maternal bond between mother and calf lasts longer than in most bovids.
1068:
Females reach sexual maturity at around five years of age while males are sexually matured at four to six. African buffaloes mate and give birth only during the rainy seasons. Birth peak takes place early in the season, while mating peaks later. A bull closely guards a cow that comes into heat, while
383:
650:
of adult male
African buffalo (southern and eastern populations) is that the bases come very close together, forming a shield referred to as a "boss". From the base, the horns diverge downwards, then smoothly curve upwards and outwards and in some cases inwards and or backwards. In large bulls, the
1229:
Being a member of the big five game group, a term originally used to describe the five most dangerous animals to hunt, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy, with some hunters paying over $ 10,000 for the opportunity to hunt one. The larger bulls are targeted for their trophy value, although in
1005:
African buffaloes engage in several types of group behavior. Females appear to exhibit a sort of "voting behavior". During resting time, the females stand up, shuffle around, and sit back down again. They sit in the direction they think they should move. After an hour of more shuffling, the females
1027:
Males have a linear dominance hierarchy based on age and size. Since a buffalo is safer when a herd is larger, dominant bulls may rely on subordinate bulls and sometimes tolerate their copulation. The young males keep their distance from the dominant bull, which is recognizable by the thickness of
792:
Intermediate between the first two subspecies. Its dimensions are relatively small, especially compared to other buffalo found in
Cameroon, which weigh half as much as the Cape subspecies (bulls weighing 600 kg (1,300 lb) are considered to be very large). Adults average in weight up to
642:
Savannah-type buffaloes have black or dark brown coats with age. Old bulls often have whitish circles around their eyes and on their face. Females tend to have more reddish coats. Forest-type buffaloes are 30–40% smaller, reddish brown in colour, with much more hair growth around the ears and with
1039:
Adult bulls spar in play, dominance interactions, or actual fights. A bull approaches another, lowing, with his horns down, and waits for the other bull to do the same thing. When sparring, the bulls twist their horns from side to side. If the sparring is for play, the bull may rub his opponent's
897:
will fight over territory; due to the rhino's strength and size advantage, the rhino typically wins and the buffalo can die from injuries sustained during the encounter. Rhinos live solitary lives, whereas buffalo (excluding solitary adult bulls) primarily live social lives and thus they do not
1043:
During the dry season, males split from the herd and form bachelor groups. Two types of bachelor herds occur: ones made of males aged four to seven years and those of males 12 years or older. During the wet season, the younger bulls rejoin a herd to mate with the females. They stay with them
626:
The
African buffalo is a very robust species. Its shoulder height can range from 1.0 to 1.7 m (3.3 to 5.6 ft) and its head-and-body length can range from 1.7 to 3.4 m (5.6 to 11.2 ft). The tail can range from 70 to 110 cm (28 to 43 in) long. Compared with other
763:, and two to three times lighter in mass than the nominate subspecies. The color is red, with darker patches on the head and shoulders, and in the ears, forming a brush. This subspecies is so different from the Cape buffalo that some researchers still consider it to be a separate species,
720:, the average adult weight of this race was estimated as 631 kg (1,391 lb). Buffaloes of this subspecies living in the south of the continent, notably tall in size and ferocity, are the so-called Cape buffalo. Color of this subspecies is the darkest, almost black.
1017:
when fighting off predators. They have been recorded killing lions and chasing lions up trees and keeping them there for two hours, after the lions have killed a member of their group. Lion cubs can get trampled and killed. In one videotaped instance, known as the
874:. This buffalo prefers a habitat with dense cover, such as reeds and thickets, but can also be found in open woodland. While not particularly demanding in regard to habitat, they require water daily, and so they depend on perennial sources of water. Like the
635:, which is heavier and taller) and short but thickset legs, resulting in a relatively short standing height. Cape buffaloes weigh 425 to 870 kg (937 to 1,918 lb) (males weigh about 100 kg (220 lb) more than females). In comparison,
934:
are normally a threat only to newborn calves, though larger clans of hyenas have been recorded killing cows (mainly pregnant ones) and, on rare occasions, full-grown bulls. Large packs of wild dogs have been observed to hunt calves and sick adults.
910:; when they do this, the calves are most likely to be killed by the elephant attack as they are defenseless when facing an elephant alone, whereas adults will try to fight back and may survive (or succumb to injuries afterward). The average-sized
1242:, it is known as "the Black Death" or "the widowmaker", and is widely regarded as a very dangerous animal. African buffaloes are sometimes reported to kill more people in Africa than any other animal, although the same claim is also made of
1184:
The current status of the
African buffalo is dependent on the animal's value to both trophy hunters and tourists, paving the way for conservation efforts through anti-poaching patrols, village crop damage payouts, and
1080:
In the wild
African buffaloes have an average lifespan of 11 years but they've been recorded to reach 22 years of age. In captivity they can live for a maximum of 29.5 years though they only live 16 years on average.
1069:
keeping other bulls at bay. This is difficult, as cows are quite evasive and attract many males to the scene. By the time a cow is in full estrus, only the most dominant bull in the herd/subherd is there.
1270:
may still kill more people per annum than buffaloes. African buffaloes are notorious among big-game hunters as very dangerous animals, with wounded animals reported to ambush and attack pursuers.
497:
of East Africa. The adult
African buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head, referred to as a "boss".
1044:
throughout the season to protect the calves. Some older bulls cease to rejoin the herd, as they can no longer compete with the younger, more aggressive males. The old bachelors are called
1266:
and have a higher rate of inflicting fatalities during attacks than the predators (the
African buffalo, in particular, killing humans in 49.5% of attacks on them), but hippos and even
654:
Unlike other large bovines, African buffalo have 52 chromosomes (for comparison, American bison and domestic cattle have 60). This means domestic cattle and bison are unable to create
878:, the buffalo can live on tall, coarse grasses. Herds of buffalo mow down grasses and make way for more selective grazers. When feeding, the buffalo makes use of its tongue and wide
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and buffalo also do not normally interact, but if the buffalo provokes the hippo or makes it feel threatened, a fight can break out, but this is also rare. Adolescent bull
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1108:
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Turner, W. C.; Jolles, A. E.; Owen-Smith, N. (18 October 2005). "Alternating sexual segregation during the mating season by male
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)".
813:
It is similar to the Cape buffalo, but somewhat smaller, and its color is lighter. This subspecies is sometimes considered to be the same as the Sudan buffalo.
2058:
2294:
1040:
face and body during the sparring session. Actual fights are violent but rare and brief. Calves may also spar in play, but adult females rarely spar at all.
1087:
7424:
1122:
2002:
Hayward, M. W. (December 2006). "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion (Panthera leo)".
1553:
1203:
In the most recent and available census data at continental scale, the total estimated numbers of the three savanna-type
African buffalo subspecies (
943:
2522:
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/animal-behaviour/ecology-evolution-and-behaviour-wild-cattle-implications-conservation
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Trinkel, M. (11 December 2009). "Prey selection and prey preferences of spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".
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1143:
1509:. In Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation (pp. 326-372). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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Nominate subspecies and the largest one, with large males weighing up to 870 kg (1,920 lb). The average weight of bulls from
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typically attacks only old solitary animals and young calves, though they can kill healthy adults. Exceptionally large, old male
1002:. The basic herds are surrounded by subherds of subordinate males, high-ranking males and females, and old or invalid animals.
882:
row to eat grass more quickly than most other African herbivores. Buffaloes do not stay on trampled or depleted areas for long.
7444:
7439:
2619:
1860:
1884:
1811:"'Extremely rare sighting' of rhino's head-to-head battle with buffalo caught on camera | Animal Behaviour | Earth Touch News"
1254:, attacks, especially fatal ones, were much less frequent on humans than those by hippos, and especially, Nile crocodiles. In
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1943:
1661:
1494:
1379:
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Hughes, Kristen; Fosgate, Geoffrey T.; Budke, Christine M.; Ward, Michael P.; Kerry, Ruth; Ingram, Ben (13 September 2017).
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is highly variable. The core of the herds is made up of related females, and their offspring, in an almost linear
131:
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17:
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Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans
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The African buffalo is susceptible to many diseases, including those shared with domestic cattle, such as
7262:
7124:
7119:
1523:
2080:
Wilson, D. S. (1997). "Altruism and Organism: Disentangling the Themes of Multilevel Selection Theory".
1056:
African buffaloes make various vocalizations. Many calls are lower-pitched versions of those emitted by
1006:
travel in the direction they decide. This decision is communal and not based on hierarchy or dominance.
708:, eight bulls averaged similarly 751 kg (1,656 lb). In one survey, mature bulls and cows from
500:
The African buffalo is more closely related to other buffalo species than it is to other bovids such as
3040:
2612:
1505:
Cornélis, D., Melletti, M., Korte, L., Ryan, S. J., Mirabile, M., Prin, T., & Prins, H. H. (2014).
759:
is less than 120 cm and average weight is about 270 kg (600 lb), or about the size of a
396:
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6017:
2962:
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218:
1440:
1404:
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1335:
979:. Some disease-free buffaloes in South Africa have been sold to breeders for close to US$ 130,000.
729:
458:
1584:
512:. Its unpredictable temperament may be part of the reason that the African buffalo has never been
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In the past, numbers of African buffaloes suffered their most severe collapse during the great
987:
964:
740:
636:
516:, which would also explain why the African buffalo has no domesticated descendants, unlike the
474:
360:
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averaged 590 kg (1,300 lb) and 513 kg (1,131 lb) respectively. In both
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6727:
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709:
1599:"Variation of group size among African buffalo herds in a forest-savanna mosaic landscape"
1024:, a calf survived an attack by both lions and a crocodile after intervention of the herd.
8:
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Main, M. B.; Coblentz, Bruce E. (1990). "Sexual Segregation among Ungulate: A Critique".
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3013:
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2004:
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1258:, on the other hand, large herbivores were found to attack more people on average than
632:
521:
439:
213:
117:
1770:
The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates.
415:
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5993:
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2017:
1976:
1939:
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1375:
1312:
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Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo – Social Inequality and Decision Making
2117:
1903:"Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park"
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Ecology and Behaviour of the African Buffalo: Social Inequality and Decision Making
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2013:
1984:
1968:
1914:
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Environmental and maternal correlates of foetal sex ratios in the African buffalo (
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1020:
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960:
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537:
2440:
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may harass or kill Cape buffalo, either out of territorial aggression or while in
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The African buffalo is one of the most successful grazers in Africa. It lives in
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Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation
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Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle: Implications for Conservation
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1972:
1250:. These numbers may be somewhat overestimated; for example, in the country of
840:
mountainous areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda.
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1980:
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1988:
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horns that curve back and slightly up. Calves of both types have red coats.
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513:
152:
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2033:
7293:
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7078:
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6339:
5501:
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5208:
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4131:
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3531:
3453:
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3261:
3252:
2629:
1031:
482:
466:
270:
48:
2171:
1226:, caused mortalities as high as 95% among livestock and wild ungulates.
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5515:
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Body size and measurement of species diversity in large grazing mammals
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590: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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s ("mud covered"), and are considered the most dangerous to humans.
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1861:"VIDEO: Why the elephant killed the buffalo - an expert's opinion"
1374:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 695–696.
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Dunham, K. M., Ghiurghi, A., Cumbi, R., & Urbano, F. (2010).
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Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
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2549:. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores
2219:"Range and habitat Selection of African Buffalo in South Africa"
631:, it has a long but stocky body (the body length can exceed the
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Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals.
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767:. Hybrids between the Cape and forest buffalo are not uncommon.
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animals, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting.
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442:
260:
240:
2410:"Research review: the status and distribution of Cape buffalo
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and are capable of defending themselves against (and killing)
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Los Angeles, The University of California Press. pp. 195–200
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pp. 585–588. In: Wilson, D. E., Mittermeier, R. A., (Hrsg.).
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1936:
The Spotted Hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour
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Range of the commonly accepted forms of the African buffalo
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1891:. Masters of Science Thesis, The University of East Africa.
1536:
Visscher, D. R., Van Aarde, R. J., & Whyte, I. (2004).
1301:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1259:
1197:
890:
533:
5494:
2490:"African Animals Hunting facts and tips – Buffalo Hunting"
6636:
5235:
5181:
4113:
3495:
2584:"Buffalo, the name of two species of the true oxen"
2238:
10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[764:RAHSOA]2.0.CO;2
2217:
Ryan, S. J.; Knetchtel, Christiane U.; Wayne, M. (2006).
1642:
1524:
Variation and incipient speciation in the African buffalo
525:
477:) is the smallest subspecies, common in forest areas of
4486:
1697:"Modeling the spatial distribution of African buffalo (
1572:
Grazers species-packing in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
532:. Natural predators of adult African buffaloes include
5029:
2306:
2304:
1694:
2529:(Chapman & Hall Wildlife Ecology & Behaviour)
1835:"Buffalo escapes pride of 15 lions and then 3 hippos"
918:
may become semi-habitual predators of buffaloes. The
2572:
No attribution required Free African buffalo Images
2301:
508:, with its closest living relative being the Asian
2216:
2048:
1430:
1428:
755:The smallest of the subspecies; the height at the
1900:
1230:some areas, buffaloes are still hunted for meat.
971:'s efforts to source uninfected animals from the
7401:
2129:
2127:
1507:African buffalo Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779)
1489:. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books (1984),
2627:
1425:
1072:Cows first calve at five years of age, after a
2473:Treves, A., & Naughton-Treves, L. (1999).
2167:
2165:
2163:
2001:
1630:Age determination of the West African buffalo
1527:. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 37, 121-144.
1336:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21251A50195031.en
885:Other than humans, African buffaloes have few
837:Not universally recognized by all authorities.
2613:
2479:. Journal of Human Evolution, 36(3), 275-282.
2287:"Buffalo - Godfather of the African bushveld"
2124:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1639:. African Journal of Ecology, 26(3), 221-227.
1587:. African Journal of Ecology, 40(3), 267-275.
1574:. African Journal of Ecology, 45(4), 527-534.
2258:
1938:. University of Chicago Press. p. 335.
1701:) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa"
870:, and the forests of the major mountains of
7425:Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances
2160:
2137:. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
1958:
1311:IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2019).
1163:
2702:
2620:
2606:
2418:South African Journal of Wildlife Research
2407:
1858:
1751:
1570:Bonyongo, M. C., & Harris, S. (2007).
381:
192:
160:
130:
6937:
4409:
2354:
2252:
2210:
2050:"Why is this buffalo worth £8.5 million?"
1918:
1734:
1724:
1650:Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants).
1334:
1175:poses with a Cape buffalo he shot in 1953
947:African buffalo skull decomposing in the
898:usually recognize each other as threats.
770:Forest areas of Central and West Africa.
606:Learn how and when to remove this message
419:A pair of African buffalo resting inside
6818:
4208:
2492:. safariBwana newsletter. Archived from
2437:"Africa on the Matrix: The Cape Buffalo"
1167:
1030:
986:
942:
617:
414:
395:
3109:
2680:
2516:Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
2394:Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
1894:
1517:
1515:
1487:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals
1434:
14:
7402:
2827:
2279:
2079:
1877:
1648:C. P. Groves, D. M. Leslie Jr. (2011)
1561:. Journal of Zoology, 264(2), 111-116.
1439:. Ultimateungulate.com. Archived from
7410:IUCN Red List near threatened species
7045:
7044:
6936:
6805:
6804:
6410:
5493:
5028:
4485:
3947:
3093:
2679:
2601:
2545:Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983.
2360:
2046:
1933:
1927:
1596:
1460:
1409:) Fact Sheet: Taxonomy & History"
1356:
449:that are recognized as being valid.
4245:
2343:from the original on 27 October 2010
2339:. British Broadcasting Corporation.
1512:
1461:Estes, Richard; et al. (2020).
704:was 753 kg (1,660 lb). In
588:adding citations to reliable sources
559:
3094:
2313:"Syncerus caffer (African buffalo)"
2297:from the original on 6 August 2021.
1437:"Syncerus caffer – African buffalo"
1350:
1322:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
6411:
3948:
2510:
2434:
982:
25:
7456:
2560:
1402:
1192:The African buffalo is listed as
1189:payback programs to local areas.
2047:Laing, Aislinn (24 April 2016).
2018:10.1111/J.1469-7998.2006.00183.X
1615:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00430.x
1220:rinderpest epidemic of the 1890s
1142:
1121:
1107:
1086:
1051:
775:
728:
683:
646:A characteristic feature of the
564:
461:, and the largest one, found in
217:
46:
2972:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
2482:
2467:
2454:
2428:
2401:
2388:
2329:
2140:
2073:
2061:from the original on 2022-01-12
2040:
1995:
1952:
1852:
1827:
1803:
1782:
1688:
1666:
1636:and the constancy of tooth wear
1621:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1063:
575:needs additional citations for
524:which are the ancestors of the
3761:Central American red brocket (
2520:(Cambridge University Press).
2310:
2226:Journal of Wildlife Management
1530:
1499:
1479:
1454:
1396:
1215:) are at 513,000 individuals.
555:
13:
1:
7445:Taxa named by Anders Sparrman
7440:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
2547:Walker's Mammals of the World
2408:Winterbach, H. E. K. (1998).
1435:Huffman, Brent (2010-05-24).
1295:
661:
658:offspring with cape buffalo.
4468:Large subfamily listed below
4456:Large subfamily listed below
4444:Large subfamily listed below
2542:. Retrieved January 9, 2007.
2398:. Cambridge University Press
1726:10.1371/journal.pone.0182903
1405:"LibGuides: Forest Buffalo (
1153:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
1116:At Kazinga Channel in Uganda
7:
2963:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2954:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1885:The Lake Rudolf Crocodile (
1792:. Canadian Museum of Nature
1634:Syncerus caffer brachyceros
1273:
938:
622:Skull of an African buffalo
175:Réserve Africaine de Sigean
10:
7461:
2535:The ultimate ungulate page
2133:Sinclair, A. R. E. (1977)
1901:Pienaar, U. D. V. (1969).
1233:
1114:Two-week-old calf suckling
846:
793:400 kg (880 lb).
723:Southern and East Africa.
400:Male African buffalo with
7435:Mammals described in 1779
7343:
7053:
7011:
6983:
6959:
6950:
6946:
6932:
6899:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6890:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6878:
6827:
6814:
6800:
6764:
6740:
6716:
6707:
6589:
6556:
6532:
6499:
6475:
6454:North Sulawesi babirusa (
6433:
6424:
6420:
6406:
6370:
6328:
6151:
6142:
6096:
6072:
6048:
6006:
5955:
5931:
5922:
5894:
5870:
5863:
5817:
5757:
5733:
5646:
5595:
5571:
5547:
5523:
5514:
5510:
5489:
5444:
5345:
5336:
5308:
5284:
5179:
5119:
5110:
5082:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5024:
4983:
4959:
4881:
4857:
4833:
4809:
4758:
4734:
4683:
4578:
4554:
4530:
4506:
4502:
4481:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4400:
4363:
4339:
4306:
4282:
4273:
4236:
4199:
4153:
4093:
4084:
4056:
4005:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3943:
3889:
3855:
3821:
3797:
3773:
3743:Amazonian brown brocket (
3677:
3644:
3620:
3587:
3563:
3539:
3530:
3466:
3415:
3391:
3358:
3307:
3274:
3250:
3118:
3105:
3089:
3076:Large family listed below
3069:
3064:Large family listed below
3057:
3041:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2984:
2942:
2918:
2909:
2818:
2763:
2739:
2730:
2693:
2689:
2675:
2637:
2367:. Springer. p. 118.
2261:Wildlife Society Bulletin
2188:10.1017/S095283690500748X
1973:10.1007/S11284-009-0669-3
1859:bennostand (2015-10-06).
1676:Syncerus caffer matthewsi
1179:
1035:Bulls in position to spar
389:
380:
353:
348:
329:
322:
214:Scientific classification
212:
190:
181:
168:
159:
138:
129:
34:
5140:Domestic water buffalo (
3505:Central Asian red deer (
3130:Bornean yellow muntjac (
1920:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753
1815:Earth Touch News Network
1545:) and savanna elephant (
1164:Relationship with humans
637:African forest buffaloes
459:nominotypical subspecies
408:relationship and partly
6018:Bates' pygmy antelope (
5805:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3910:Yucatan brown brocket (
3139:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
3023:Philippine mouse-deer (
2590:The American Cyclopædia
2464:. Oryx, 44(2), 185-193.
2082:The American Naturalist
1240:"big five" African game
991:An African buffalo herd
949:Serengeti National Park
706:Serengeti National Park
6728:White-lipped peccary (
6664:Philippine warty pig (
6289:Yellow-backed duiker (
6253:Black-fronted duiker (
6226:White-bellied duiker (
5847:Przewalski's gazelle (
5070:Four-horned antelope (
3868:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
3427:Visayan spotted deer (
3286:European fallow deer (
3229:Northern red muntjac (
3175:Southern red muntjac (
2577:African buffalo images
2412:Syncerus caffer caffer
1883:Graham, A. D. (1968).
1368:; Reeder, D.M (eds.).
1222:, which, coupled with
1176:
1036:
992:
965:foot-and-mouth disease
952:
691:Syncerus caffer caffer
623:
489:is in West Africa and
451:Syncerus caffer caffer
424:
412:
7382:Paleobiology Database
7315:Paleobiology Database
6908:Wild Bactrian camel (
6610:Bornean bearded pig (
6601:Palawan bearded pig (
6190:White-legged duiker (
5616:Red-fronted gazelle (
3295:Persian fallow deer (
3211:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2884:Himalayan musk deer (
2793:Reticulated giraffe (
2361:Prins, H.H.T (1996).
1656:Lynx Edicions, 2009.
1597:Korte, L. M. (2008).
1583:Oindo, B. O. (2002).
1407:Syncerus caffer nanus
1329:: e.T21251A50195031.
1171:
1093:Two-week-old red calf
1034:
990:
946:
804:S. c. aequinoctialis
621:
418:
399:
6995:Pygmy hippopotamus (
6655:Oliver's warty pig (
6280:Red-flanked duiker (
5685:Erlanger's gazelle (
5405:Harnessed bushbuck (
5131:Wild water buffalo (
4608:East Caucasian tur (
4599:West Caucasian tur (
3752:Little red brocket (
3220:Truong Son muntjac (
3032:Vietnam mouse-deer (
3014:Greater mouse-deer (
2893:Siberian musk deer (
2540:UltimateUngulate.com
2317:Animal Diversity Web
1934:Kruuk, Hans (1979).
1889:Laurenti) Population
1887:Crocodylus niloticus
1362:"Order Artiodactyla"
1213:S. c. aequinoctialis
1149:Female with red calf
973:Kruger National Park
710:Kruger National Park
584:improve this article
491:S. c. aequinoctialis
370:S. c. aequinoctialis
7430:Herbivorous mammals
6628:Celebes warty pig (
6619:Visayan warty pig (
6235:Red forest duiker (
5967:Günther's dik-dik (
5829:Mongolian gazelle (
5634:Heuglin's gazelle (
5625:Thomson's gazelle (
4779:Long-tailed goral (
4174:Mountain reedbuck (
4165:Southern reedbuck (
4017:East African oryx (
3919:White-tailed deer (
3698:Small red brocket (
3665:South Andean deer (
3608:Siberian roe deer (
3599:European roe deer (
3436:Philippine sambar (
3403:Père David's deer (
3005:Lesser mouse-deer (
2866:Kashmir musk deer (
2567:Video:Battle Kruger
2414:in southern Africa"
2135:The African Buffalo
1961:Ecological Research
1717:2017PLoSO..1282903H
1132:Chobe National Park
1000:dominance hierarchy
957:bovine tuberculosis
440:sub-Saharan African
402:red-billed oxpecker
184:Conservation status
145:Chobe National Park
6776:Collared peccary (
6646:Flores warty pig (
6487:Giant forest hog (
6349:Maxwell's duiker (
6271:Ruwenzori duiker (
6217:Jentink's duiker (
6126:Sharpe's grysbok (
5882:Tibetan antelope (
5787:Bright's gazelle (
5721:Goitered gazelle (
5694:Mountain gazelle (
5667:Cuvier's gazelle (
5607:Mongalla gazelle (
4995:Pyrenean chamois (
4421:Tibetan antelope (
4375:Black wildebeest (
3202:Reeves's muntjac (
3166:Sumatran muntjac (
3157:Gongshan muntjac (
2930:Water chevrotain (
2857:Alpine musk deer (
2784:Southern giraffe (
2775:Northern giraffe (
2532:Huffman, B. 2006.
2175:Journal of Zoology
2005:Journal of Zoology
1678:(Virunga Buffalo)"
1627:Brown, W. (1988).
1603:Journal of Zoology
1556:2017-08-09 at the
1547:Loxodonta africana
1521:Grubb, P. (1972).
1413:ielc.libguides.com
1177:
1037:
993:
953:
633:wild water buffalo
624:
522:wild water buffalo
425:
413:
118:Middle Pleistocene
7397:
7396:
7302:Open Tree of Life
7047:Taxon identifiers
7038:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7029:
7007:
7006:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6752:Chacoan peccary (
6703:
6702:
6691:Javan warty pig (
6682:Timor warty pig (
6489:H. meinertzhageni
6463:Togian babirusa (
6402:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6358:Walter's duiker (
6298:Abbott's duiker (
6262:Ogilby's duiker (
6208:Harvey's duiker (
6172:Brooke's duiker (
6138:
6137:
5918:
5917:
5859:
5858:
5796:Peter's gazelle (
5778:Grant's gazelle (
5712:Speke's gazelle (
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5362:
5332:
5331:
5320:African buffalo (
5151:B. depressicornis
5106:
5105:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
4788:Himalayan goral (
4610:C. cylindricornis
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4433:
4432:
4396:
4395:
4384:Blue wildebeest (
4318:Common tsessebe (
4269:
4268:
4232:
4231:
4195:
4194:
4107:K. ellipsiprymnus
4080:
4079:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3879:P. mephistophiles
3835:P. mephistophiles
3526:
3525:
3222:M. truongsonensis
3184:Pu Hoat muntjac (
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3053:
3052:
2996:Java mouse-deer (
2905:
2904:
2875:Black musk deer (
2848:Dwarf musk deer (
2839:Anhui musk deer (
2814:
2813:
2777:G. camelopardalis
2726:
2725:
2555:978-0-8018-2525-5
2435:Stumpf, Bruce G.
2374:978-0-412-72520-3
2337:"African Buffalo"
2293:. 5 August 2020.
2291:Africa Geographic
2057:. The Telegraph.
1945:978-0-226-45508-2
1768:Estes, R. (1991)
1662:978-84-96553-77-4
1495:978-0-671-42805-1
1381:978-0-8018-8221-0
1209:S. c. brachyceros
904:African elephants
844:
843:
783:S. c. brachyceros
616:
615:
608:
538:African wild dogs
487:S. c. brachyceros
445:. There are five
421:Ngorongoro Crater
394:
393:
366:S. c. brachyceros
207:
124:
16:(Redirected from
7452:
7415:Bovids of Africa
7390:
7389:
7377:
7376:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7322:
7310:
7309:
7297:
7296:
7284:
7283:
7271:
7270:
7258:
7257:
7245:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7219:
7218:
7206:
7205:
7193:
7192:
7180:
7179:
7167:
7166:
7154:
7153:
7141:
7140:
7128:
7127:
7115:
7114:
7102:
7101:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7042:
7041:
6957:
6956:
6948:
6947:
6934:
6933:
6825:
6824:
6816:
6815:
6802:
6801:
6714:
6713:
6520:Common warthog (
6511:Desert warthog (
6431:
6430:
6422:
6421:
6408:
6407:
6307:Weyns's duiker (
6181:Peters' duiker (
6163:Aders's duiker (
6149:
6148:
6036:Royal antelope (
5994:Salt's dik-dik (
5985:Silver dik-dik (
5976:Kirk's dik-dik (
5929:
5928:
5906:Saiga antelope (
5868:
5867:
5807:N. soemmerringii
5676:Dorcas gazelle (
5521:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5505:
5491:
5490:
5378:Mountain nyala (
5361:
5360:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5298:P. nghetinhensis
5200:European bison (
5191:American bison (
5117:
5116:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5040:
5026:
5025:
4902:Domestic sheep (
4746:Himalayan tahr (
4713:Mainland serow (
4695:Japanese serow (
4504:
4503:
4497:
4483:
4482:
4407:
4406:
4280:
4279:
4243:
4242:
4206:
4205:
4183:Bohor reedbuck (
4091:
4090:
4070:A. nasomaculatus
3993:Sable antelope (
3970:
3969:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3707:Merida brocket (
3537:
3536:
3478:Thorold's deer (
3330:A. calamianensis
3213:M. rooseveltorum
3159:M. gongshanensis
3116:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3091:
3090:
2916:
2915:
2825:
2824:
2804:G. tippelskirchi
2737:
2736:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2439:. Archived from
2432:
2426:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2169:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:Getaway Magazine
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1485:Boitani, Luigi,
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1308:
1224:pleuro-pneumonia
1173:Ernest Hemingway
1146:
1125:
1111:
1090:
1021:Battle at Kruger
1015:mobbing behavior
961:corridor disease
928:African wild dog
828:mountain buffalo
816:Central Africa.
779:
732:
687:
666:
665:
611:
604:
600:
597:
591:
568:
560:
548:. As one of the
385:
335:
222:
221:
201:
196:
195:
169:Forest buffalo (
164:
134:
116:
115:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7385:
7380:
7372:
7367:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7339:
7331:
7326:
7318:
7313:
7305:
7300:
7292:
7289:Observation.org
7287:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7261:
7253:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7227:
7222:
7214:
7209:
7201:
7196:
7188:
7183:
7175:
7170:
7162:
7157:
7149:
7144:
7136:
7131:
7123:
7118:
7112:syncerus-caffer
7110:
7105:
7097:
7092:
7085:Syncerus caffer
7083:
7082:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7055:Syncerus caffer
7049:
7039:
7026:
7003:
6979:
6942:
6916:
6874:
6810:
6784:
6760:
6736:
6699:
6666:S. philippensis
6603:S. ahoenobarbus
6585:
6577:Red river hog (
6552:
6528:
6495:
6471:
6445:Buru babirusa (
6416:
6390:
6382:Common duiker (
6366:
6324:
6134:
6092:
6068:
6044:
6002:
5951:
5914:
5890:
5855:
5840:P. picticaudata
5813:
5753:
5729:
5723:G. subgutturosa
5642:
5591:
5567:
5543:
5506:
5495:
5473:
5440:
5432:Cape bushbuck (
5425:T. strepsiceros
5354:
5353:
5351:
5328:
5304:
5280:
5175:
5167:Mountain anoa (
5102:
5096:B. tragocamelus
5078:
5072:T. quadricornis
5041:
5030:
5012:
4979:
4955:
4911:Bighorn sheep (
4877:
4853:
4829:
4821:Mountain goat (
4805:
4797:Chinese goral (
4754:
4730:
4715:C. sumatraensis
4679:
4662:Siberian ibex (
4626:Domestic goat (
4574:
4550:
4526:
4518:Barbary sheep (
4498:
4487:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4429:
4392:
4359:
4335:
4302:
4265:
4228:
4191:
4149:
4076:
4052:
4026:Scimitar oryx (
4001:
3984:Roan antelope (
3955:
3949:
3927:
3885:
3877:Northern pudu (
3851:
3843:Southern pudu (
3833:Northern pudu (
3817:
3793:
3769:
3734:Pygmy brocket (
3716:Dwarf brocket (
3673:
3640:
3616:
3583:
3559:
3522:
3462:
3411:
3387:
3354:
3328:Calamian deer (
3303:
3297:D. mesopotamica
3270:
3246:
3240:M. vuquangensis
3238:Giant muntjac (
3148:Fea's muntjac (
3101:
3095:
3077:
3065:
3049:
2980:
2938:
2901:
2859:M. chrysogaster
2810:
2802:Masai giraffe (
2759:
2722:
2685:
2671:
2633:
2626:
2581:
2563:
2513:
2511:Further reading
2508:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2311:Ng, Christoph.
2309:
2302:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2257:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2170:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2125:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2045:
2041:
2000:
1996:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1752:
1711:(9): e0182903.
1699:Syncerus caffer
1693:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1647:
1643:
1626:
1622:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1558:Wayback Machine
1543:Syncerus caffer
1535:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1444:
1433:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1397:
1382:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1315:Syncerus caffer
1309:
1302:
1298:
1276:
1236:
1194:Near threatened
1182:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1097:Kazinga Channel
1094:
1091:
1066:
1058:domestic cattle
1054:
1009:When chased by
985:
983:Social behavior
941:
849:
832:Virunga buffalo
664:
612:
601:
595:
592:
581:
569:
558:
546:Nile crocodiles
463:Southern Africa
434:Syncerus caffer
429:African buffalo
372:
368:
364:
358:
344:
337:
333:Syncerus caffer
331:
318:
216:
208:
199:Near Threatened
197:
193:
186:
125:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
35:African buffalo
28:
23:
22:
18:African Buffalo
15:
12:
11:
5:
7458:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7378:
7365:
7349:
7347:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7324:
7311:
7298:
7285:
7272:
7259:
7246:
7233:
7220:
7207:
7194:
7181:
7168:
7155:
7142:
7129:
7116:
7103:
7090:
7075:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6997:C. liberiensis
6991:
6989:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6971:Hippopotamus (
6967:
6965:
6954:
6952:Hippopotamidae
6944:
6943:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6905:
6901:C. dromedarius
6896:
6886:
6884:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6822:
6812:
6811:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6746:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6688:
6684:S. timoriensis
6679:
6670:
6661:
6652:
6643:
6637:Domestic pig (
6634:
6625:
6616:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6574:
6564:
6562:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6517:
6513:P. aethiopicus
6507:
6505:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6465:B. togeanensis
6460:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6376:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6336:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6316:Zebra duiker (
6313:
6304:
6295:
6291:C. silvicultor
6286:
6277:
6268:
6259:
6250:
6244:Black duiker (
6241:
6232:
6228:C. leucogaster
6223:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6187:
6178:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6117:Cape grysbok (
6114:
6104:
6102:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6060:Klipspringer (
6056:
6054:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6033:
6024:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5991:
5987:M. piacentinii
5982:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5937:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:P. przewalskii
5844:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5769:Dama gazelle (
5765:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5718:
5709:
5703:Rhim gazelle (
5700:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5603:
5601:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5561:A. marsupialis
5555:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5465:Common eland (
5462:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5429:
5423:Greater kudu (
5420:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5242:
5236:Domestic yak (
5233:
5224:
5215:
5206:
5197:
5187:
5185:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5164:
5160:B. mindorensis
5155:
5149:Lowland anoa (
5146:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5053:
5043:
5042:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5001:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4869:Nilgiri tahr (
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4722:Taiwan serow (
4719:
4710:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4653:Iberian ibex (
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4542:Arabian tahr (
4538:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4345:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4214:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4176:R. fulvorufula
4171:
4161:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4044:Arabian oryx (
4041:
4032:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:O. virginianus
3916:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3840:
3829:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:O. bezoarticus
3781:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3727:M. gouazoubira
3725:Gray brocket (
3722:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3480:C. albirostris
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3334:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:E. cephalophus
3258:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3193:Leaf muntjac (
3190:
3186:M. puhoatensis
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:T. williamsoni
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:M. moschiferus
2890:
2886:M. leucogaster
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2850:M. berezovskii
2845:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2695:Antilocapridae
2687:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:Laurasiatheria
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2530:
2524:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2481:
2466:
2453:
2427:
2400:
2387:
2373:
2353:
2328:
2300:
2278:
2267:(2): 204–210.
2251:
2232:(3): 764–776.
2209:
2159:
2139:
2123:
2094:10.1086/286053
2072:
2039:
2012:(4): 606–614.
1994:
1967:(2): 413–417.
1951:
1944:
1926:
1893:
1876:
1851:
1826:
1802:
1790:"Cape Buffalo"
1781:
1750:
1687:
1665:
1641:
1620:
1609:(3): 229–236.
1589:
1576:
1563:
1529:
1511:
1498:
1478:
1463:"Cape buffalo"
1453:
1424:
1395:
1380:
1349:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1244:hippopotamuses
1235:
1232:
1181:
1178:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1085:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1050:
984:
981:
940:
937:
912:Nile crocodile
900:Hippopotamuses
848:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
824:S. c. mathewsi
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
801:
798:
797:
794:
790:
780:
772:
771:
768:
753:
741:forest buffalo
733:
725:
724:
721:
698:
688:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
660:
614:
613:
572:
570:
563:
557:
554:
542:spotted hyenas
502:American bison
479:Central Africa
475:forest buffalo
392:
391:
387:
386:
378:
377:
374:S. c. mathewsi
351:
350:
346:
345:
338:
327:
326:
320:
319:
315:S. caffer
312:
310:
306:
305:
298:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
210:
209:
191:
188:
187:
182:
179:
178:
166:
165:
157:
156:
139:Cape buffalo (
136:
135:
127:
126:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
27:Bovine species
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7457:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7388:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7342:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7065:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7043:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6998:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6931:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6892:C. bactrianus
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6757:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6694:
6693:S. verrucosus
6689:
6687:
6685:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6639:S. domesticus
6635:
6633:
6631:
6630:S. celebensis
6626:
6624:
6622:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:Potamochoerus
6555:
6549:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6456:B. celebensis
6452:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6361:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6340:Blue duiker (
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6255:C. nigrifrons
6251:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6237:C. natalensis
6233:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6183:C. callipygus
6179:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6110:R. campestris
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6062:O. oreotragus
6058:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5705:G. leptoceros
5701:
5699:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5609:E. albonotata
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5585:A. cervicapra
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5488:
5470:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5456:Giant eland (
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5434:T. sylvaticus
5430:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5396:Lesser kudu (
5394:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5211:B. domesticus
5209:Bali cattle (
5207:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5023:
5009:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4913:O. canadensis
4909:
4907:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4860:Nilgiritragus
4856:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4823:O. americanus
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4748:H. jemlahicus
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4644:Nubian ibex (
4642:
4640:
4638:
4635:Alpine ibex (
4633:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Pantholopinae
4399:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4353:A. buselaphus
4349:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4257:Grey rhebok (
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Aepycerotinae
4198:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4132:Nile lechwe (
4130:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:Hippotraginae
3962:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3811:B. dichotomus
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3785:Pampas deer (
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3745:M. nemorivaga
3741:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3689:Red brocket (
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:H. antisensis
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3498:C. canadensis
3494:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3447:R. timorensis
3443:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3405:E. davidianus
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3372:R. duvaucelii
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3337:Bawean deer (
3335:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3262:Tufted deer (
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:M. putaoensis
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3141:M. crinifrons
3137:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3088:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:T. versicolor
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2841:M. anhuiensis
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2795:G. reticulata
2791:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2496:on 2013-07-08
2495:
2491:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2443:on 2002-12-20
2442:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:: S122–S134.
2087:
2083:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2055:The Telegraph
2051:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1443:on 2012-03-19
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1403:Jirik, Kate.
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1052:Vocalizations
1049:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
989:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
950:
945:
936:
933:
932:spotted hyena
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
863:, as well as
862:
858:
854:
839:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
820:
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
799:
795:
791:
788:
787:Sudan buffalo
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
750:Congo buffalo
747:
746:dwarf buffalo
743:
742:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
722:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:Distribution
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
659:
657:
652:
649:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
620:
610:
607:
599:
589:
585:
579:
578:
573:This section
571:
567:
562:
561:
553:
551:
550:Big Five game
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:water buffalo
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
510:water buffalo
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
435:
430:
423:in Tanzania.
422:
417:
411:
407:
403:
398:
388:
384:
379:
376:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
334:
328:
325:
324:Binomial name
321:
317:
316:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
211:
205:
200:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
128:
123:
119:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
7344:
7054:
6996:
6984:
6973:H. amphibius
6972:
6962:Hippopotamus
6960:
6940:Whippomorpha
6909:
6900:
6891:
6879:
6867:
6858:
6849:
6840:
6828:
6777:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6729:
6717:
6692:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6647:
6638:
6629:
6621:S. cebifrons
6620:
6611:
6602:
6590:
6578:
6569:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6522:P. africanus
6521:
6512:
6502:Phacochoerus
6500:
6488:
6476:
6464:
6455:
6447:B. babyrussa
6446:
6434:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6351:P. maxwellii
6350:
6342:P. monticola
6341:
6329:
6317:
6308:
6299:
6290:
6282:C. rufilatus
6281:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6199:Bay duiker (
6192:C. crusalbum
6191:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6152:
6144:Cephalophini
6127:
6119:R. melanotis
6118:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6061:
6049:
6037:
6029:N. moschatus
6028:
6019:
6007:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5969:M. guentheri
5968:
5956:
5945:D. megalotis
5944:
5932:
5907:
5895:
5884:P. hodgsonii
5883:
5871:
5848:
5839:
5831:P. gutturosa
5830:
5818:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5758:
5746:
5734:
5722:
5713:
5704:
5695:
5687:G. erlangeri
5686:
5677:
5668:
5660:G. bennettii
5659:
5647:
5635:
5627:E. thomsonii
5626:
5618:E. rufifrons
5617:
5608:
5596:
5584:
5572:
5560:
5548:
5536:
5524:
5466:
5458:T. derbianus
5457:
5445:
5433:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5397:
5389:T. eurycerus
5388:
5379:
5370:
5346:
5338:Tragelaphini
5321:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5264:
5256:B. javanicus
5255:
5246:
5238:B. grunniens
5237:
5228:
5220:B. frontalis
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5141:
5132:
5120:
5095:
5083:
5071:
5059:
5006:R. rupicapra
5005:
4997:R. pyrenaica
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4939:
4938:Snow sheep (
4930:
4921:
4920:Dall sheep (
4912:
4903:
4894:
4882:
4871:N. hylocrius
4870:
4858:
4847:O. moschatus
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4759:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4684:
4672:
4671:Walia ibex (
4663:
4655:C. pyrenaica
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4619:C. falconeri
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4579:
4568:B. taxicolor
4567:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4519:
4507:
4423:P. hodgsonii
4422:
4410:
4385:
4376:
4366:Connochaetes
4364:
4352:
4351:Hartebeest (
4340:
4328:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4275:Alcelaphinae
4259:P. capreolus
4258:
4246:
4221:
4209:
4184:
4175:
4167:R. arundinum
4166:
4154:
4142:
4134:K. megaceros
4133:
4124:
4115:
4106:
4094:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3985:
3973:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3869:
3856:
3844:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3809:Marsh deer (
3798:
3786:
3774:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3691:M. americana
3690:
3678:
3666:
3657:
3647:Hippocamelus
3645:
3633:
3621:
3609:
3601:C. capreolus
3600:
3588:
3576:
3575:Water deer (
3564:
3552:
3540:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3446:
3438:R. mariannus
3437:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3379:Eld's deer (
3371:
3370:Barasingha (
3359:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3231:M. vaginalis
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3132:M. atherodes
3131:
3119:
3042:
3033:
3025:T. nigricans
3024:
3015:
3006:
2998:T. javanicus
2997:
2985:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2943:
2932:H. aquaticus
2931:
2919:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2840:
2828:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2764:
2753:O. johnstoni
2752:
2740:
2716:A. americana
2715:
2703:
2665:Superorder:
2659:Infraclass:
2630:Artiodactyla
2588:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2484:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:the original
2430:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2363:
2356:
2345:. Retrieved
2331:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:
2290:
2281:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2179:
2173:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2063:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1879:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1841:. 2023-03-31
1838:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1784:
1769:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1506:
1501:
1486:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:the original
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1406:
1398:
1370:
1366:Wilson, D.E.
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1326:
1320:
1314:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1205:S. c. caffer
1204:
1202:
1191:
1183:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1064:Reproduction
1055:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1019:
1008:
1004:
994:
977:South Africa
969:Lindsay Hunt
954:
895:white rhinos
884:
876:plains zebra
850:
831:
827:
823:
808:Nile buffalo
807:
803:
796:West Africa
786:
782:
764:
749:
745:
739:
735:
702:South Africa
695:Cape buffalo
694:
690:
653:
645:
641:
629:large bovids
625:
602:
593:
582:Please help
577:verification
574:
526:domestic yak
514:domesticated
504:or domestic
499:
490:
486:
470:
455:Cape buffalo
454:
450:
433:
432:
428:
426:
373:
369:
365:
359:
356:S. c. caffer
355:
354:
332:
330:
314:
313:
301:
271:Artiodactyla
170:
153:Cattle egret
141:S. c. caffer
140:
29:
7185:iNaturalist
7079:Wikispecies
6850:L. guanicoe
6709:Tayassuidae
6673:Wild boar (
6612:S. barbatus
6570:P. larvatus
6546:P. salvania
6544:Pygmy hog (
6478:Hylochoerus
6331:Philantomba
6219:C. jentinki
6201:C. dorsalis
6154:Cephalophus
6038:N. pygmaeus
5996:M. saltiana
5934:Dorcatragus
5908:S. tatarica
5798:N. petersii
5736:Litocranius
5636:E. tilonura
5583:Blackbuck (
5559:Springbok (
5502:Antilopinae
5500:(subfamily
5447:Taurotragus
5414:Sitatunga (
5407:T. scriptus
5398:T. imberbis
5355:(including
5348:Tragelaphus
5169:B. quarlesi
5051:Boselaphini
5035:(subfamily
4940:O. nivicola
4781:N. caudatus
4770:Red goral (
4761:Naemorhedus
4724:C. swinhoei
4704:Red serow (
4686:Capricornis
4664:C. sibirica
4601:C. caucasia
4592:C. aegagrus
4590:Wild goat (
4544:A. jayakari
4533:Arabitragus
4492:(subfamily
4463:Antilopinae
4386:C. taurinus
4329:D. pygargus
4222:A. melampus
4143:K. vardonii
4105:Waterbuck (
4046:O. leucoryx
3975:Hippotragus
3903:O. hemionus
3901:Mule deer (
3800:Blastocerus
3709:M. bricenii
3667:H. bisulcus
3634:R. tarandus
3610:C. pygargus
3532:Capreolinae
3514:Sika deer (
3456:R. unicolor
3445:Rusa deer (
3348:A. porcinus
3168:M. montanus
2965:M. kathygre
2714:Pronghorn (
2705:Antilocapra
2424:(3): 82–88.
2182:(03): 291.
2154:youtube.com
1342:19 November
1238:One of the
1028:his horns.
861:floodplains
736:S. c. nanus
675:Description
556:Description
483:West Africa
471:S. c. nanus
467:East Africa
438:is a large
404:, partly a
361:S. c. nanus
349:Subspecies
287:Subfamily:
171:S. c. nanus
41:0.7–0
7404:Categories
7360:Q109646857
7345:Bos caffer
6986:Choeropsis
6868:L. vicugna
6754:C. wagneri
6657:S. oliveri
6648:S. heureni
6384:S. grimmia
6373:Sylvicapra
6360:P. walteri
6273:C. rubidis
6264:C. ogilbyi
6210:C. harveyi
6174:C. brookei
6128:R. sharpei
6108:Steenbok (
6099:Raphicerus
6051:Oreotragus
5924:Neotragini
5873:Pantholops
5789:N. notatus
5747:L. walleri
5696:G. gazella
5669:G. cuvieri
5658:Chinkara (
5550:Antidorcas
5537:A. clarkei
5526:Ammodorcas
5516:Antilopini
5416:T. spekeii
5380:T. buxtoni
5371:T. angasii
5263:Wild yak (
5247:B. indicus
5202:B. bonasus
5142:B. bubalis
5085:Boselaphus
5061:Tetracerus
4931:O. gmelini
4799:N. griseus
4772:N. baileyi
4737:Hemitragus
4706:C. rubidus
4697:C. crispus
4646:C. nubiana
4509:Ammotragus
4412:Pantholops
4342:Alcelaphus
4327:Bontebok (
4320:D. lunatus
4309:Damaliscus
4296:B. hunteri
4185:R. redunca
4086:Reduncinae
4037:O. gazella
3986:H. equinus
3912:O. pandora
3892:Odocoileus
3776:Ozotoceros
3632:Reindeer (
3577:H. inermis
3566:Hydropotes
3489:C. elaphus
3487:Red deer (
3429:R. alfredi
3346:Hog deer (
3204:M. reevesi
3177:M. muntjak
3007:T. kanchil
2974:M. meminna
2921:Hyemoschus
2911:Tragulidae
2868:M. cupreus
2786:G. giraffa
2732:Giraffidae
2683:Ruminantia
2500:2010-10-23
2447:2010-10-23
2347:2010-10-23
2322:2022-12-15
1989:Q105300095
1870:2023-05-01
1845:2023-04-30
1820:2023-04-30
1796:2010-10-23
1778:0520080858
1674:"BioLib -
1472:2023-02-16
1467:Britannica
1447:2010-10-23
1418:2023-04-30
1296:References
1252:Mozambique
1248:crocodiles
951:, Tanzania
916:crocodiles
868:grasslands
672:Subspecies
662:Subspecies
596:March 2014
493:is in the
447:subspecies
6938:Suborder
6848:Guanaco (
6820:Camelidae
6806:Suborder
6778:D. tajacu
6767:Dicotyles
6743:Catagonus
6730:T. pecari
6675:S. scrofa
6579:P. porcus
6568:Bushpig (
6436:Babyrousa
6412:Suborder
6309:C. weynsi
6300:C. spadix
6165:C. adersi
6086:O. ourebi
6020:N. batesi
6009:Neotragus
5978:M. kirkii
5780:N. granti
5745:Gerenuk (
5714:G. spekei
5678:G. dorcas
5535:Dibatag (
5322:S. caffer
5287:Pseudoryx
5274:B. taurus
5254:Banteng (
5229:B. gaurus
5158:Tamaraw (
5004:Chamois (
4986:Rupicapra
4973:P. nayaur
4949:O. vignei
4929:Mouflon (
4628:C. hircus
4617:Markhor (
4520:A. lervia
4285:Beatragus
4211:Aepyceros
4035:Gemsbok (
4028:O. dammah
3870:P. carlae
3763:M. temama
3754:M. rufina
3718:M. chunyi
3700:M. bororo
3590:Capreolus
3516:C. nippon
3507:C. hanglu
3394:Elaphurus
3339:A. kuhlii
3253:Elaphodus
3121:Muntiacus
2956:M. indica
2945:Moschiola
2877:M. fuscus
2820:Moschidae
2681:Suborder
2641:Kingdom:
2204:Q56338562
2196:1469-7998
2034:Q55951239
2026:1469-7998
1981:0912-3814
1865:Lowvelder
1682:biolib.cz
1358:Grubb, P.
1268:elephants
1074:gestation
1046:dagga boy
1011:predators
996:Herd size
887:predators
765:S. nanus
485:, while
457:, is the
410:parasitic
406:symbiotic
309:Species:
237:Kingdom:
231:Eukaryota
177:, France
7420:Syncerus
7354:Wikidata
7268:14200707
7203:10587518
7099:Syncerus
7064:Wikidata
6910:C. ferus
6866:Vicuña (
6859:L. pacos
6857:Alpaca (
6841:L. glama
6808:Tylopoda
6318:C. zebra
6246:C. niger
5820:Procapra
5598:Eudorcas
5574:Antilope
5311:Syncerus
5272:Cattle (
5265:B. mutus
5193:B. bison
5133:B. arnee
5094:Nilgai (
4971:Bharal (
4962:Pseudois
4922:O. dalli
4904:O. aries
4895:O. ammon
4893:Argali (
4845:Muskox (
4812:Oreamnos
4790:N. goral
4673:C. walie
4557:Budorcas
4494:Caprinae
4439:Caprinae
4294:Hirola (
4238:Peleinae
4220:Impala (
4125:K. leche
4123:Lechwe (
4019:O. beisa
3995:H. niger
3656:Taruca (
3623:Rangifer
3553:A. alces
3454:Sambar (
3381:R. eldii
3361:Rucervus
3319:Chital (
3111:Cervinae
3098:Cervidae
3059:Cervidae
2987:Tragulus
2661:Eutheria
2655:Mammalia
2649:Chordata
2647:Phylum:
2643:Animalia
2341:Archived
2295:Archived
2200:Wikidata
2118:23390199
2110:18811309
2059:Archived
2030:Wikidata
1985:Wikidata
1745:28902858
1705:PLOS ONE
1554:Archived
1390:62265494
1360:(2005).
1274:See also
1264:leopards
1187:CAMPFIRE
1157:Tanzania
1136:Botswana
939:Diseases
853:savannas
718:Botswana
518:wild yak
495:savannas
341:Sparrman
302:Syncerus
277:Family:
261:Mammalia
251:Chordata
247:Phylum:
241:Animalia
227:Domain:
204:IUCN 3.1
155:atop it
149:Botswana
122:Holocene
7374:8965549
7242:1006274
7177:2441034
7070:Q160042
7022:Cetacea
7013:Cetacea
6881:Camelus
6839:Llama (
6719:Tayassu
6535:Porcula
6084:Oribi (
6075:Ourebia
5958:Madoqua
5943:Beira (
5864:Saigini
5771:N. dama
5649:Gazella
5498:Bovidae
5496:Family
5467:T. oryx
5387:Bongo (
5369:Nyala (
5296:Saola (
5218:Gayal (
5122:Bubalus
5037:Bovinae
5033:Bovidae
5031:Family
4947:Urial (
4637:C. ibex
4566:Takin (
4490:Bovidae
4488:Family
4451:Bovinae
4377:C. gnou
4156:Redunca
4068:Addax (
3952:Bovidae
3950:Family
3858:Pudella
3845:P. pudu
3736:M. nana
3551:Moose (
3321:A. axis
3288:D. dama
3150:M. feae
3096:Family
3071:Bovidae
3016:T. napu
2830:Moschus
2766:Giraffa
2751:Okapi (
2653:Class:
2632:species
2628:Extant
2593:. 1879.
2380:31 July
2273:3782137
2149:YouTube
2102:2463504
2065:25 June
1736:5597095
1713:Bibcode
1234:Attacks
1196:by the
924:leopard
920:cheetah
880:incisor
847:Ecology
757:withers
343:, 1779)
297:Genus:
291:Bovinae
281:Bovidae
267:Order:
257:Class:
202: (
151:with a
110:↓
7387:374466
7320:149719
7307:644255
7255:caffer
7216:183847
7164:SYKRCA
7151:328707
7125:344446
7107:ARKive
6426:Suidae
6027:Suni (
5760:Nanger
5245:Zebu (
5227:Gaur (
5112:Bovini
4836:Ovibos
4141:Puku (
4116:K. kob
3680:Mazama
3469:Cervus
2742:Okapia
2553:
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2246:356110
2244:
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1942:
1907:Koedoe
1776:
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1660:
1493:
1388:
1378:
1256:Uganda
1180:Status
1101:Uganda
963:, and
872:Africa
865:mopane
857:swamps
656:hybrid
544:, and
506:cattle
453:, the
443:bovine
7333:17227
7294:79414
7229:21251
7198:IRMNG
7190:42405
7138:7B7J7
6414:Suina
5897:Saiga
5838:Goa (
5357:kudus
4581:Capra
4248:Pelea
4114:Kob (
4096:Kobus
4059:Addax
3542:Alces
3496:Elk (
2269:JSTOR
2242:S2CID
2222:(PDF)
2114:S2CID
2098:JSTOR
1364:. In
1260:lions
908:musth
891:lions
826:(the
806:(the
785:(the
761:zebra
738:(the
714:Kenya
693:(the
669:Image
648:horns
534:lions
473:(the
173:) at
143:) at
7369:GBIF
7281:9970
7276:NCBI
7250:MNHN
7224:IUCN
7211:ITIS
7172:GBIF
7159:EPPO
7120:BOLD
7020:see
6830:Lama
4884:Ovis
4008:Oryx
3824:Pudu
3418:Rusa
3310:Axis
3277:Dama
2551:ISBN
2382:2013
2369:ISBN
2192:ISSN
2106:PMID
2067:2019
2022:ISSN
1977:ISSN
1940:ISBN
1774:ISBN
1741:PMID
1658:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1386:OCLC
1376:ISBN
1344:2021
1327:2019
1290:Zebu
1285:Gaur
1280:Anoa
1246:and
1211:and
1198:IUCN
1128:Calf
930:and
859:and
716:and
528:and
520:and
481:and
465:and
427:The
49:PreꞒ
7328:TSA
7263:MSW
7237:MDD
7146:EoL
7133:CoL
7094:ADW
6592:Sus
5182:Bos
2234:doi
2184:doi
2180:267
2090:doi
2086:150
2014:doi
2010:270
1969:doi
1915:doi
1731:PMC
1721:doi
1611:doi
1607:275
1331:doi
1262:or
1155:in
1151:At
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