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31:
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457:. The eastern cattle egret breeds in South Asia, Eastern Asia, and Australasia, and the western species occupies the rest of the genus range, including Western Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. According to the IOC birdlist, they are both monotypic species. While some authorities recognise a third
729:
for the first time. This trend has continued and cattle egrets have become more numerous in southern
Britain with influxes in some numbers during the nonbreeding seasons of 2007/08 and 2016/17. They bred in Britain again in 2017, following an influx in the previous winter, and may become established
1198:
A cattle egret will weakly defend the area around a grazing animal against others of the same species, but if the area is swamped by egrets, it will give up and continue foraging elsewhere. Where numerous large animals are present, cattle egrets selectively forage around species that move at around
1190:
and other large grazing and browsing animals, and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals. Studies have shown that cattle egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly. When foraging with cattle, it has been shown to be 3.6 times more
963:
behaviours, such as shaking a twig and sky-pointing (raising his bill vertically upwards), and the pair forms over 3–4 days. A new mate is chosen in each season and when renesting following nest failure. The nest is a small, untidy platform of sticks in a tree or shrub constructed by both parents.
1281:
The IUCN Red List treats them as a single species. They have a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 355,000,000 km (100,000,000 sq mi). Their global population is estimated to be 3.8–6.7 million individuals. For these reasons, the genus is evaluated as
855:
and New
Zealand in the winter and return in the spring. Migration in western Africa is in response to rainfall, and in South America, migrating birds travel south of their breeding range in the nonbreeding season. Populations in southern India appear to show local migrations in response to the
1344:. A study in Australia found that cattle egrets reduced the number of flies that bothered cattle by pecking them directly off the skin. It was the benefit to stock that prompted ranchers and the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry to release the western cattle egret in Hawaii.
895:
894:
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Not all interactions between humans and cattle egrets are beneficial. The cattle egret can be a safety hazard to aircraft due to its habit of feeding in large groups in the grassy verges of airports, and it has been implicated in the spread of animal infections such as
3922:
326:
is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Cattle egrets exploit drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their feeding habitats include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies. They often
586:
become bright red for a brief period prior to pairing. The sexes are similar, but the male is marginally larger and has slightly longer breeding plumes than the female; juvenile birds lack coloured plumes and have a black bill.
756:
relationship with large grazing and browsing animals, it was easily able to switch to domesticated cattle and horses. As the keeping of livestock spread throughout the world, the cattle egret was able to occupy otherwise empty
819:
Although the cattle egret sometimes feeds in shallow water, unlike most herons, it is typically found in fields and dry grassy habitats, reflecting its greater dietary reliance on terrestrial insects rather than aquatic prey.
920:, which are often found around bodies of water. The colonies are usually found in woodlands near lakes or rivers, in swamps, or on small inland or coastal islands, and are sometimes shared with other wetland birds, such as
1028:, third and fourth chicks inevitably starve. In the dryer habitats with fewer amphibians, the diet may lack sufficient vertebrate content and may cause bone abnormalities in growing chicks due to calcium deficiency. In
879:
Young birds are known to disperse up to 5,000 km (3,000 mi) from their breeding area. Flocks may fly vast distances and have been seen over seas and oceans including in the middle of the
Atlantic.
708:
in 1963, although it was probably established before then. In Europe, the species had historically declined in Spain and
Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century, it expanded back through the
574:, and a hunched posture. The nonbreeding adult has mainly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. During the breeding season, adults of the western cattle egret develop orange-buff
3864:
1017:, although these eggs seldom hatch. Also, evidence of low levels of intraspecific brood parasitism has been found, with females laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets. As much as 30%
1302:. These mostly relate to its habit of following cattle and other large animals, and it is known variously as cow crane, cow bird or cow heron, or even elephant bird or rhinoceros egret. Its
590:
The eastern differs from the western in breeding plumage, when the buff colour on its head extends to the cheeks and throat, and the plumes are more golden in colour. This species' bill and
354:, but birds or mammals may raid its nests, and chicks may be lost to starvation, calcium deficiency, or disturbance from other large birds. This genus maintains a special relationship with
3337:
2047:
Rojas, L.M.; McNeil, R.; Cabana, T.; Lachapelle, P. (1999). "Behavioral, Morphological and
Physiological Correlates of Diurnal and Nocturnal Vision in Selected Wading Bird Species".
3862:
1972:
3782:
1908:
896:
733:
In
Australia, the colonisation began in the 1940s, with the eastern cattle egret establishing itself in the north and east of the continent. It began to regularly visit
1446:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
3511:
641:
The western cattle egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide-reaching natural expansions of any bird species. It was originally native to parts of southern
847:
Some populations of cattle egrets are migratory, others are dispersive, and distinguishing between the two can be difficult. In many areas, populations can be both
3863:
2863:
725:
was recorded for the first time in 2008, only a year after an influx seen in the previous year. In 2008, cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into
2187:
3401:
968:
size can be one to five eggs, although three or four is most common. The pale bluish-white eggs are oval-shaped and measure 45 mm × 53 mm (
765:
and dispersive, and this has helped the genus' range expansion. The cattle egret has been seen as a vagrant in various sub-Antarctic islands, including
3158:
2090:
Katzir, G.; Strod, T.; Schectman, E.; Hareli, S.; Arad, Z. (1999). "Cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons".
3906:
851:
and migratory. In the
Northern Hemisphere, migration is from cooler climes to warmer areas, but cattle egrets nesting in Australia migrate to cooler
621:
or nocturnal activity. Adapted to foraging on land, they have lost the ability possessed by their wetland relatives to accurately correct for light
4276:
2418:
1195:, but it is forced to move more. In urban situations, cattle egrets have also been observed foraging in peculiar situations such as railway lines.
5206:
4782:
3950:
1314:
consider the presence of large numbers of cattle egrets as an indicator of impending drought and use it to decide on moving their cattle herds.
4543:
5094:
3611:
2919:
Hudson, Jack W.; Dawson, William R.; Hill, Richard W. (1974). "Growth and development of temperature regulation in nestling cattle egrets".
5186:
4814:
4597:
4261:
2442:
4608:
4580:
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4348:
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1522:
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is
November to early January, with one brood laid per season. The North American breeding season lasts from April to October. In the
370:
from cattle and consumes them. This benefits both organisms, but it has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases.
1835:
Krebs, E.A.; Hunte, W.; Green, D.J. (2004). "Plume variation, breeding performance and extra-pair copulations in the cattle egret".
1310:, means "father of ticks", a name derived from the huge number of parasites such as avian ticks found in its breeding colonies. The
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1987:
3793:
2344:
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2392:
1927:
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276:
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at 9–12 days and are fully feathered in 13–21 days. They begin to leave the nest and climb around at 2 weeks,
453:
5073:
287:, although some authorities regard them as a single species. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus
3523:
1516:
2157:
684:
The species first arrived in North
America in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in
3943:
3916:
3759:"Serological survey of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves"
1199:
5–15 steps per minute, avoiding faster and slower moving herds; in Africa, cattle egrets selectively forage behind
1048:
nesting in the vicinity, which accidentally, but frequently, dislodged nests or caused nestlings to fall. In
Australia,
362:
mammals; wider human farming is believed to be a major cause of their suddenly expanded range. The cattle egret removes
2207:
1106:
2206:
Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A. (1992). "Family Ardeidae (Herons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
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Hilaluddin; Kaul, Rahul; Hussain, Mohd Shah; Imam, Ekwal; Shah, Junid N.; Abbasi, Faiza; Shawland, Tahir A. (2005).
2659:
1238:, it has also been reported to eat exhausted migrating landbirds. Birds of the Seychelles race also indulge in some
673:. In the 1930s, the species is thought to have become established in that area. It is now widely distributed across
5143:
5099:
4218:
3488:
de Godoy, Fernando Igor; Macarrão, Arthur; Costa, Julio César (June 2020). "Hunting behaviour of Southern Caracara
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194:
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3546:
3432:
2237:
1666:
2784:
1623:
Krebs, Elizabeth A.; Riven-Ramsey, Deborah; Hunte, W. (1994). "The Colonization of Barbados by Cattle Egrets (
5161:
5081:
2622:
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1074:
657:. At the end of the 19th century, it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the
30:
2498:
5201:
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lasts around 23 days, with both sexes sharing incubation duties. The chicks are partly covered with
3820:"Survey for antibodies to Newcastle Disease virus in cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves"
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4867:
3819:
1814:
1404:
5135:
472:
Despite superficial similarities in appearance, the cattle egret is more closely related to the genus
5148:
5109:
3898:
3457:
Feare, C.J. (1975). "Scavenging and kleptoparasitism as feeding methods on Seychelles Cattle Egrets,
1779:
1353:
261:
79:
1550:. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Biocon Research Group in association with the New South Wales Bird Atlassers.
299:. Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its
2352:
1419:
383:
168:
3736:"Distribution of Cattle Egret Roosts in Hawaii With Notes on the Problems Egrets Pose to Airports"
2785:"Status and distribution of breeding cattle egret and little egret in Amroha using density method"
1258:
have been observed chasing cattle egrets in flight, forcing them to the ground, and killing them.
1191:
successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone. Its performance is similar when it follows
5211:
1590:
1469:
1057:
833:
2559:
1286:. The expansion and establishment of the genus over large ranges has led it to be classed as an
4917:
2457:
1024:
The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation. Sibling rivalry can be intense, and in
774:
493:
304:
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adult showing the red flush on the legs and bill, present at the height of the breeding season
3879:
3361:
Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (1993). "Making Foraging Decisions: Host Selection by Cattle Egrets
2181:
1018:
964:
Sticks are collected by the male and arranged by the female, and stick-stealing is rife. The
5122:
447:
The eastern and western cattle egrets were split by McAllan and Bruce, but were regarded as
5003:
3894:
2521:
1274:
1216:
778:
766:
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and was first discovered in the northern region of the country in 1964, feeding along with
556:–38 in) wingspan; it is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long and weighs 270–512 g (
387:
344:
284:
280:
2321:
8:
3038:
Phalen, David N.; Drew, Mark L.; Contreras, Cindy; Roset, Kimberly; Mora, Miguel (2005).
2716:
2012:
Martin, G.R.; Katzir, G. (1994). "Visual Fields and Eye Movements in Herons (Ardeidae)".
1576:
1381:
1317:
Cattle egrets are an occurring traditional motif in fishing boats among fishermen of the
1009:, and a few instances have been reported of cattle egret eggs being laid in the nests of
864:
after September. During winter, many birds have been seen flying at night with flocks of
602:
is smaller and shorter-winged than the other forms. It has white cheeks and throat, like
201:
44:
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1118:
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as other possible nest raiders. The same study attributed some nestling mortality to
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for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to their association with cattle.
4802:
3040:"Naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in cattle egrets (
2630:
1483:
1318:
1303:
1208:
872:) on the south-eastern coast of India and a winter influx has also been noted in
745:
579:
575:
466:
405:
396:
300:
5086:
4969:
2419:"Hello exotic egrets, farewell mountain butterflies as fauna revolution hits UK"
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4905:
4893:
4020:
4005:
3911:
3060:
3039:
1848:
1235:
1223:
1192:
1182:. In a rare instance, they have been observed foraging along the branches of a
1049:
762:
722:
670:
583:
429:
340:
275:) found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. According to the
131:
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during feeding, and physiological studies suggest that they may be capable of
5180:
4940:
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4178:
3958:
2302:
1594:
1441:
1390:
1311:
1283:
1045:
1033:
965:
813:
770:
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in 1908. Cattle egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of
658:
474:
391:
295:
190:
184:
64:
59:
3758:
3735:
737:
in the 1960s. Since 1948, the cattle egret has been permanently resident in
610:. Individuals with abnormally grey, melanistic plumages have been recorded.
451:
by almost all other recent authors until the publication of the influential
4888:
4881:
4637:
4512:
4358:
4151:
3999:
3656:
McKilligan, N.G. (1984). "The food and feeding ecology of the Cattle Egret
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2423:
2414:
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2111:
2103:
2068:
1491:
1266:
1212:
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1025:
987:
837:
788:
In addition to the natural expansion of its range, cattle egrets have been
505:
328:
3715:
Breese, P.L. (1959). "Information on Cattle Egret, a Bird New to Hawaii".
2940:
2033:
1222:
The cattle egret sometimes shows versatility in its diet. On islands with
5055:
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4693:
4550:
4505:
4498:
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4285:
4141:
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3907:
Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
3882:
was created from a revision of this article dated 17 April 2009
1450:
A. capite laevi, corpore albo, rostro flavescente apice pedibusque nigris
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1880:
Herons, Egrets and Bitterns: Their Biology and Conservation in Australia
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Fagbohun, O.A.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Owoade, A.A.; Olayemi, F.O. (2000).
3757:
Fagbohun, O.A.; Owoade, A.A.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Olayemi, F.O. (2000).
2597:. Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 15–17.
1665:
Drury, William H.; Morgan, Allen H.; Stackpole, Richard (July 1953).
1204:
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91:
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3378:
3314:
3190:
3101:
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436:, but was applied to the western cattle egret in error. The epithet
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east coast who believed them as a symbol of good luck and fortune.
1167:
1111:
1029:
852:
678:
666:
646:
272:
151:
111:
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2212:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions. pp. 401–402.
1714:
5156:
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4710:
4665:
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4069:
3597:
Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society
3213:
3084:
2994:
2955:
2617:
2443:"Cattle Egrets: South to Tasmania and New Zealand for the winter"
1678:
1325:
1231:
944:
begins with the onset of monsoons in May. The breeding season in
857:
726:
685:
523:
An older English name for the cattle egret is buff-backed heron.
488:
432:
word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the
359:
311:
289:
4617:
3981:
3297:
Dinsmore, James J. (1973). "Foraging Success of Cattle Egrets,
3085:"Breeding biology of five species of herons in coastal Florida"
2744:
Arendt, Wayne J. (1988). "Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret (
1715:"Phylogeny of herons estimated from DNA-DNA hybridization data"
1187:
1183:
1175:
1155:
1147:
1131:
1002:
at 30 days and become independent at around the 45th day.
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689:
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650:
355:
332:
215:
101:
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1375:
1373:
908:
call at the breeding colony, but is otherwise largely silent.
570:–18 oz). It has a relatively short, thick neck, a sturdy
486:), than to the majority of species termed egrets in the genus
5130:
4237:
4193:
3993:
3594:
1923:
1171:
1130:
The cattle egret feeds on a wide range of prey, particularly
1065:
941:
792:
into a few areas. The western cattle egret was introduced to
718:
713:, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe, southern
642:
421:
413:
404:, and the eastern cattle egret had been described in 1783 by
367:
265:
141:
1298:
As a conspicuous genus, the cattle egret has attracted many
959:
The male displays in a tree in the colony, using a range of
688:
in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in
2868:. Vol. 1 (Ratites to Ducks). Oxford University Press.
2520:
Silva, M.P.; Coria, N.E.; Favero, M.; Casaux, R.J. (1995).
2046:
1370:
1337:
1227:
1219:
birds feed nearest to the host, and thus obtain more food.
1186:
tree for ripe figs. The cattle egret is usually found with
1163:
1159:
1151:
1093:
1061:
782:
697:
654:
571:
363:
121:
3338:"Foraging behaviour of cattle egret in an unusual habitat"
2089:
542:
The cattle egret is a stocky heron with an 88–96 cm (
2782:
2373:"Flying in ... to make new friends down on the farm"
1341:
1143:
3214:"Summer Foods of Cattle Egrets in North Central Florida"
3177:
Siegfried, W.R. (1971). "The Food of the Cattle Egret".
3037:
2717:"Further notes on the local movements of the Pond Heron
2865:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
3160:
The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago
3123:
2657:
2519:
2238:"Spread of the Cattle Egret in the Western Hemisphere"
1622:
1424:
Annales des Sciences Naturelles comprenant la zoologie
1379:
1290:, although little, if any, impact has been noted yet.
744:
The massive and rapid expansion of the cattle egret's
478:, which comprises the great or typical herons and the
339:
prey disturbed by these animals. Some populations are
4865:
3487:
3124:
Seedikkoya, K.; Azeez, P.A.; Shukkur, E.A.A. (2007).
2836:
2658:
Seedikkoya, K.; Azeez, P.A.; Shukkur, E.A.A. (2005).
2205:
1952:
Willoughby, P. J. (2001). "Melanistic Cattle Egret".
1448:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. p. 144.
4810:
4760:
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4313:
4273:
4257:
4147:
4137:
4114:
4104:
4056:
4040:
3243:
Chaturvedi, N. (1993). "Dietary of the cattle egret
2956:"Extra-marital and pair copulations in cattle egret"
1664:
318:, usually near bodies of water and often with other
2486:. Haifa, Israel: Shalit Publishers Ltd. p. 17.
800:in 1955. Successful releases were also made in the
307:much of the rest of the world in the last century.
3733:
2342:
1405:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697109A155477521.en
38:Breeding-plumaged adult in Wakodahatchee Wetlands
1970:
1575:
748:is due to its relationship with humans and their
5178:
3792:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3212:Fogarty, Michael J.; Hetrick, Willa Mae (1973).
2953:
2918:
2816:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 182.
2186:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2156:Telfair II, Raymond C. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.).
1465:An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language
781:. A small flock of eight birds was also seen in
692:in 1962. It is now commonly seen as far west as
3329:
2861:
2336:
1834:
1324:The cattle egret is a popular bird with cattle
761:. Many populations of cattle egrets are highly
741:. Prior to 1948, it was only a winter visitor.
613:The positioning of the egret's eyes allows for
3649:
3595:Tidemann, Sonia; Gosler, Andrew, eds. (2010).
3393:
3360:
3268:"Adaptiveness of Foraging in the Cattle Egret"
3236:
3211:
3117:
2986:
2893:
2837:Skerrett, A.; Bullock, I.; Disley, T. (2001).
2776:
2651:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
293:, it is more closely related to the herons of
3944:
3249:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
3170:
2708:
2689:
2557:
816:in England, but they were never established.
812:failed. Numerous birds were also released by
606:, but the nuptial plumes are golden, as with
3750:
3633:Spirit of Wood: The Art of Malay Woodcarving
3309:(1). The University of Notre Dame: 242–246.
3290:
2534:from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica"
2280:"Colonization of Brazil by the cattle egret
2176:. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
2011:
1747:
1548:The birds of New South Wales, a working list
1545:
1518:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1068:infections may also be causes of mortality.
900:Multiple contact calls at a nighttime roost.
669:in 1877, having apparently flown across the
3734:Paton, P.; Fellows, D.; Tomich, P. (1986).
3335:
3205:
3082:
2947:
2683:
2364:
1863:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1434:
1293:
628:
3951:
3937:
3790:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3708:
3680:
3655:
3399:
3354:
3242:
3185:(2). British Ecological Society: 447–468.
2992:
2912:
2894:Kushlan, James A.; Hancock, James (2005).
2889:
2887:
2885:
2830:
2737:
2551:
2490:
2475:
2436:
2434:
2343:Nightingale, Barry; Dempsey, Eric (2008).
2155:
2083:
2005:
1951:
1876:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1772:
1539:
1005:The cattle egret engages in low levels of
823:
214:
53:
29:
3811:
3727:
3450:
3259:
3176:
3141:
3100:
3059:
3014:
2921:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2811:
2714:
2690:Kushlan, James A.; Hafner, Heinz (2000).
2513:
2499:"The naturalness of biological invasions"
2301:
2231:
2229:
2040:
1828:
1730:
1418:
1403:
1273:waiting for scraps at the fish market of
1226:, it will prey on the eggs and chicks of
3890:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3873:
3694:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
3660:when nesting in south-east Queensland".
3630:
3402:"Predation on birds by the Cattle Egret"
3296:
3083:Maxwell, G.R. II; Kale, H.W. II (1977).
2807:
2805:
2664:habitat use and association with cattle"
2588:
2586:
2584:
2277:
1758:. Oxford University Press. p. 190.
1753:
1667:"Occurrence of an African Cattle Egret (
1660:
1658:
1564:
1440:
1412:
1265:
1117:
1105:
904:The cattle egret gives a quiet, throaty
892:
827:
632:
530:
279:bird list, it contains two species, the
3481:
3076:
2882:
2611:
2440:
2431:
2370:
2151:
2149:
1794:
1712:
1706:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1514:
883:
310:They are white birds adorned with buff
5207:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
5179:
3827:African Journal of Biomedical Research
3764:African Journal of Biomedical Research
3714:
3686:
3555:) as a Factor in Egyptian Agriculture"
3544:
3156:
3150:
3031:
2855:
2814:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
2743:
2496:
2481:
2235:
2226:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2168:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
1756:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World
1476:
1462:Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (1828).
1036:, and a study in Florida reported the
717:in 1958, northern France in 1981, and
390:had already been described in 1758 by
4916:
4915:
4235:
4018:
3932:
3775:
3609:
3456:
3265:
2802:
2592:
2581:
1900:
1655:
1586:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
1546:McAllan, I.A.W.; Bruce, M.D. (1988).
1510:
1508:
1461:
1122:A nonbreeding adult eating a frog in
992:not capable of fending for themselves
653:, and humid tropical and subtropical
314:in the breeding season. They nest in
5162:2C4A73EB-2325-4A0E-BF5D-459522B587AD
5136:176A5D5B-B7F3-E31C-0190-47D7A5A1186F
5110:d7f60a3e-f290-42f4-9bf8-691df07d8f18
5035:75ddeee0-f7a3-4075-94af-1abe9d7031d4
3504:
3373:(3). Blackwell Publishing: 229–236.
3126:"Cattle egret as a biocontrol agent"
2862:Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (1990).
2413:
2393:"Cattle Egrets breeding in Cheshire"
1886:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 88–93.
1611:
1521:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
1455:
936:. The breeding season varies within
808:, but attempts to introduce them to
696:. It was first recorded breeding in
5187:IUCN Red List least concern species
3917:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
3538:
2954:Fujioka, M.; Yamagishi, S. (1981).
2748:) in the Greater Caribbean Basin".
2385:
2314:
2194:
2126:
1391:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1246:and forcing them to disgorge food.
13:
4019:
3860:
3631:Noor, Farish; Khoo, Eddin (2003).
3545:McAtee, Waldo Lee (October 1925).
3475:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1975.tb04229.x
2995:"Promiscuity in the cattle egret (
2694:. Academic Press. pp. 64–65.
2564:) and other vagrant birds in Fiji"
2209:Handbook of the Birds of the World
1505:
14:
5223:
3841:
2756:(2). Waterbird Society: 252–262.
2503:Western North American Naturalist
2371:Barrett, Anne (15 January 2008).
2322:"First cattle egrets breed in UK"
2166:The Birds of North America Online
1973:"Another melanistic cattle egret"
1906:
1032:, nests were sometimes raided by
4899:
4887:
4875:
4848:
4217:
3872:
3723:. Hawaii Audubon Society: 33–34.
3520:Global Invasive Species Database
2558:Dutson, G.; Watling, D. (2007).
1085:
1073:
78:
3624:
3603:
3588:
2407:
2278:Del Lama, Silvia (April 2014).
2271:
1964:
1945:
1635:(1). Waterbird Society: 86–90.
1468:. London; A. J. Valpy. p.
1380:BirdLife International (2019).
637:Range expansion in the Americas
465:, which was first described by
358:, which extends to other large
350:The adult cattle egret has few
3610:Puteh, Kijang (January 1969).
2637:. Princeton University Press.
2595:Naturalised Birds of the World
2284:revealed by mitochondrial DNA"
594:are longer on average than in
526:
378:Before the description of the
1:
3143:10.11609/jott.zpj.1731.2864-6
2522:"New Records of Cattle Egret
2049:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
2014:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1363:
343:and others show postbreeding
3925:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3662:Australian Wildlife Research
3048:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2933:10.1016/0300-9629(74)90900-1
2245:Journal of Field Ornithology
1754:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006).
1328:for its perceived role as a
1110:Adult feeding a nestling in
996:regulating their temperature
982: in × 2 in).
335:, catching insect and small
7:
3343:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
3303:American Midland Naturalist
2898:. Oxford University Press.
2726:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
2530:and White-rumped Sandpiper
1488:Webster's Online Dictionary
911:
649:, tropical and subtropical
373:
10:
5228:
3923:Cattle egret photo gallery
3179:Journal of Applied Ecology
3061:10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.401
1971:Herkenrath, Peter (2002).
1849:10.1163/156853904323066757
1815:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1249:
1101:
952:, the breeding season of
916:The cattle egret nests in
752:. Originally adapted to a
582:, and the bill, legs, and
4924:
4844:
4801:
4781:
4737:
4627:
4607:
4535:
4526:
4408:
4388:
4304:
4295:
4272:
4248:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4214:
4192:
4168:
4128:
4088:
4079:
4055:
4031:
4027:
4014:
3976:
3635:. Periplus. p. 208.
3599:. Routledge. p. 288.
3400:Cunningham, R.L. (1965).
2993:McKilligan, N.G. (1990).
2456:(1): 1–23. Archived from
1877:McKilligan, Neil (2005).
1515:Jobling, James A (2010).
1420:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien
1398:: e.T22697109A155477521.
1354:infectious bursal disease
1261:
994:; they become capable of
721:in 1985. Breeding in the
578:on the back, breast, and
222:
213:
181:
176:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
3971:and their extinct allies
3617:The Straits Times Annual
3547:"The Buff-backed Egret (
3492:on medium-sized birds".
3336:Devasahayam, A. (2009).
3245:Bubulcus ibis coromandus
3157:Hosein, Melinda (2012).
2324:. BBC News. 23 July 2008
2303:10.3897/neobiota.21.4966
1294:Relationship with humans
1242:, chasing the chicks of
1060:take eggs or young, and
1058:white-bellied sea eagles
888:
629:Distribution and habitat
384:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3612:"Spirits of the Bangau"
2839:Birds of the Seychelles
1591:Smithsonian Institution
860:. They move north from
824:Migration and movements
790:deliberately introduced
5197:Taxa described in 1855
3868:
3848:Listen to this article
2812:Beruldsen, G. (2003).
2715:Santharam, V. (1988).
2528:Cygnus melancoryhyphus
2482:Arnold, Paula (1962).
2104:10.1006/anbe.1998.1002
1780:"Western Cattle Egret"
1713:Sheldon, F.H. (1987).
1278:
1146:(adults and maggots),
1127:
1115:
1019:extra-pair copulations
940:. Nesting in northern
901:
844:
775:South Sandwich Islands
638:
539:
520:) have been recorded.
331:cattle or other large
16:Former genus of herons
3867:
3044:) from central Texas"
2841:. Helm Field Guides.
2497:Botkin, D.B. (2001).
1986:: 531. Archived from
1269:
1121:
1109:
990:at hatching, but are
956:is April to October.
899:
832:A flock in a tree at
831:
636:
534:
5030:Fauna Europaea (new)
3899:More spoken articles
2972:10.1093/auk/98.1.134
2532:Calidris fuscicollis
2441:Maddock, M. (1990).
1907:Biber, Jean-Pierre.
1577:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
1275:Victoria, Seychelles
884:Ecology and behavior
796:in 1959, and to the
779:South Orkney Islands
750:domesticated animals
388:western cattle egret
285:eastern cattle egret
281:western cattle egret
3130:Zoos' Print Journal
2750:Colonial Waterbirds
2526:, Blacknecked Swan
2236:Crosby, G. (1972).
1671:) in Massachusetts"
1629:Colonial Waterbirds
1054:wedge-tailed eagles
454:Birds of South Asia
45:Conservation status
5202:Cosmopolitan birds
3869:
3367:Ornis Scandinavica
3266:Grubb, T. (1976).
2692:Heron Conservation
2619:Mullarney, Killian
2593:Lever, C. (1987).
2541:Marine Ornithology
1279:
1271:B. i. seychellarum
1128:
1116:
1015:little blue herons
954:B. i. seychellarum
902:
866:Indian pond herons
845:
798:Chagos Archipelago
639:
600:B. i. seychellarum
540:
498:little blue herons
463:B. i. seychellarum
410:Cancroma coromanda
237: non-breeding
5172:
5171:
5118:Open Tree of Life
4918:Taxon identifiers
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4522:
4521:
4410:Threskiornithinae
4297:Threskiornithidae
4227:
4226:
4212:
4211:
4188:
4187:
3865:
3692:Hawaiian Birdlife
3674:10.1071/WR9840133
3642:978-1-4629-0677-2
3136:(10): 2864–2866.
2463:on 31 August 2021
2395:. Rare Bird Alert
2378:Irish Independent
2061:10.1159/000006596
2026:10.1159/000113571
1913:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1669:Ardeola ibis ibis
1581:Anderton, John C.
1532:978-1-4081-2501-4
1358:Newcastle disease
1256:crested caracaras
1096:(note black bill)
897:
711:Iberian Peninsula
303:and successfully
248:
247:
207:
198:
172:
68:
5219:
5165:
5164:
5152:
5151:
5139:
5138:
5126:
5125:
5113:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5090:
5089:
5087:NHMSYS0000530215
5077:
5076:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5050:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5024:
5012:
5011:
4999:
4998:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4972:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4913:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4892:
4891:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4854:
4852:
4812:
4762:
4718:
4701:
4595:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4419:
4376:
4366:
4356:
4346:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4275:
4259:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4149:
4139:
4116:
4106:
4090:Balaenicipitidae
4086:
4085:
4058:
4042:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3889:
3887:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3620:. pp. 70–1.
3607:
3601:
3600:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3559:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3522:. Archived from
3508:
3502:
3501:
3490:Caracara plancus
3485:
3479:
3478:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3438:on 20 March 2014
3437:
3431:. Archived from
3406:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3018:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2798:(25): 1239–1243.
2789:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2627:Zetterström, Dan
2615:
2609:
2608:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2560:"Cattle egrets (
2555:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2417:(29 June 2019).
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2349:
2345:"Recent reports"
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2153:
2124:
2123:
2092:Animal Behaviour
2087:
2081:
2080:
2055:(5–6): 227–242.
2044:
2038:
2037:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:on 15 March 2016
1992:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1933:on 10 April 2008
1932:
1926:. Archived from
1917:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1377:
1288:invasive species
1240:kleptoparasitism
1224:seabird colonies
1089:
1080:Cattle egret egg
1077:
1064:infestation and
1021:has been noted.
1007:brood parasitism
981:
980:
976:
973:
898:
704:in 1958, and in
615:binocular vision
569:
568:
564:
561:
555:
554:
550:
547:
536:B. i. coromandus
502:Egretta caerulea
492:. Rare cases of
442:Coromandel Coast
243: year-round
242:
236:
230:
218:
206:(Boddaert, 1783)
205:
188:
167:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5155:
5147:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5002:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4976:
4968:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4920:
4910:
4898:
4886:
4876:
4874:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4834:
4803:Tigriornithinae
4797:
4777:
4733:
4623:
4603:
4518:
4404:
4384:
4291:
4268:
4240:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4184:
4164:
4124:
4075:
4051:
4023:
4010:
3972:
3957:
3903:
3902:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3880:This audio file
3877:
3870:
3861:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3822:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3755:
3751:
3732:
3728:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3685:
3681:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3629:
3625:
3608:
3604:
3593:
3589:
3574:10.2307/4075029
3557:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3526:on 4 March 2016
3510:
3509:
3505:
3486:
3482:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3421:10.2307/4083130
3404:
3398:
3394:
3379:10.2307/3676738
3359:
3355:
3334:
3330:
3315:10.2307/2424157
3295:
3291:
3272:Wilson Bulletin
3264:
3260:
3241:
3237:
3210:
3206:
3191:10.2307/2402882
3175:
3171:
3166:. pp. 1–4.
3163:
3155:
3151:
3122:
3118:
3102:10.2307/4085265
3081:
3077:
3036:
3032:
3016:10.2307/4087617
2991:
2987:
2952:
2948:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2810:
2803:
2792:Current Science
2787:
2781:
2777:
2762:10.2307/1521007
2742:
2738:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2688:
2684:
2666:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2635:Birds of Europe
2631:Grant, Peter J.
2616:
2612:
2605:
2591:
2582:
2566:
2556:
2552:
2536:
2518:
2514:
2495:
2491:
2484:Birds of Israel
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2369:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2282:(Bubulcus ibis)
2276:
2272:
2257:10.2307/4511880
2240:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2195:
2179:
2178:
2174:10.2173/bna.113
2158:"Cattle Egret (
2154:
2127:
2088:
2084:
2045:
2041:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1883:
1875:
1864:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1811:All About Birds
1805:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1748:
1732:10.2307/4087238
1711:
1707:
1692:10.2307/4081328
1673:
1663:
1656:
1641:10.2307/1521386
1621:
1612:
1605:
1574:
1565:
1558:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1460:
1456:
1439:
1435:
1417:
1413:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1356:, and possibly
1319:Malay Peninsula
1296:
1264:
1252:
1209:blue wildebeest
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1050:Torresian crows
978:
974:
971:
969:
914:
893:
891:
886:
826:
631:
566:
562:
559:
557:
552:
548:
545:
543:
529:
467:Finn Salomonsen
428:is a Latin and
406:Pieter Boddaert
397:Systema Naturae
376:
244:
240:
238:
234:
232:
228:
208:
199:
166:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5212:Birds of Nepal
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5153:
5140:
5127:
5114:
5104:
5091:
5078:
5065:
5052:
5039:
5026:
5013:
5000:
4987:
4974:
4961:
4946:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4908:
4896:
4884:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4807:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4714:
4707:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4584:
4574:
4564:
4554:
4547:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4331:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4306:incertae sedis
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4277:Xenerodiopidae
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4254:
4252:
4250:incertae sedis
4242:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4145:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4102:
4094:
4092:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4037:
4035:
4033:incertae sedis
4025:
4024:
4021:Pelecaniformes
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4006:Pelecaniformes
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3909:
3892:
3878:
3871:
3859:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:External links
3840:
3837:
3836:
3810:
3799:on 23 May 2006
3774:
3749:
3746:(13): 143–147.
3726:
3707:
3700:
3679:
3668:(1): 133–144.
3648:
3641:
3623:
3602:
3587:
3568:(4): 603–604.
3537:
3503:
3480:
3449:
3415:(3): 502–503.
3392:
3353:
3328:
3289:
3278:(1): 145–148.
3258:
3235:
3224:(2): 268–280.
3204:
3169:
3149:
3116:
3095:(4): 689–700.
3075:
3054:(2): 401–415.
3030:
3009:(2): 334–341.
2985:
2966:(1): 134–144.
2946:
2927:(4): 717–720.
2911:
2904:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2822:
2801:
2775:
2736:
2719:Ardeola grayii
2707:
2700:
2682:
2660:"Cattle Egret
2650:
2643:
2623:Svensson, Lars
2610:
2603:
2580:
2550:
2512:
2489:
2474:
2430:
2406:
2384:
2363:
2335:
2313:
2270:
2251:(3): 205–212.
2225:
2218:
2193:
2125:
2098:(3): 687–694.
2082:
2039:
2004:
1963:
1944:
1899:
1892:
1862:
1843:(4): 479–499.
1827:
1807:"Cattle Egret"
1793:
1771:
1764:
1746:
1705:
1686:(3): 364–365.
1654:
1627:) 1956–1990".
1610:
1603:
1597:. p. 58.
1563:
1556:
1538:
1531:
1504:
1475:
1454:
1433:
1411:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1295:
1292:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1193:farm machinery
1103:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1072:
1046:brown pelicans
1034:vervet monkeys
913:
910:
890:
887:
885:
882:
870:Ardeola grayii
825:
822:
723:United Kingdom
671:Atlantic Ocean
630:
627:
528:
525:
440:refers to the
375:
372:
246:
245:
239:
233:
231: breeding
227:
220:
219:
211:
210:
179:
178:
174:
173:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
132:Pelecaniformes
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5224:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5163:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4853:
4851:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4783:Cochleariinae
4780:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:Mesembrinibis
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3881:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3771:(3): 191–192.
3770:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3701:0-8248-0213-6
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:Bubulcus ibis
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:Bubulcus ibis
3453:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:Bubulcus ibis
3357:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3299:Bubulcus ibis
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3247:(Boddaert)".
3246:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3042:Bubulcus ibis
3034:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2997:Bubulcus ibis
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2905:0-19-854981-4
2901:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2875:0-19-553068-3
2871:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2848:0-7136-3973-3
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2823:0-646-42798-9
2819:
2815:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:Bubulcus ibis
2740:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2701:0-12-430130-4
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2665:
2663:
2662:Bubulcus ibis
2654:
2646:
2644:0-691-05054-6
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2604:0-582-46055-7
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2562:Bubulcus ibis
2554:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:Bubulcus ibis
2516:
2509:(3): 261–266.
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:Moss, Stephen
2410:
2394:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2353:British Birds
2346:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2219:84-87334-09-1
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:Bubulcus ibis
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:British Birds
1974:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1954:British Birds
1948:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1911:Bubulcus ibis
1903:
1895:
1893:0-643-09133-5
1889:
1884:(PDF extract)
1882:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1765:0-19-518323-1
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1725:(1): 97–108.
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Bubulcus ibis
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1604:84-87334-67-9
1600:
1596:
1595:Lynx Edicions
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1557:0-9587516-0-9
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1426:(in French).
1425:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:Bubulcus ibis
1376:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:Maasai people
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1284:least concern
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:plains zebras
1196:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:, as well as
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:, especially
1133:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
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1047:
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1039:
1035:
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1027:
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1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
967:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
909:
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881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
843:
839:
835:
830:
821:
817:
815:
814:Whipsnade Zoo
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:Marion Island
768:
767:South Georgia
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Cape Province
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
608:B. coromandus
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
537:
533:
524:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:little egrets
503:
499:
495:
494:hybridization
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
476:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:
393:
392:Carl Linnaeus
389:
386:in 1855, the
385:
381:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
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278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:
253:
226:
221:
217:
212:
209:
204:
203:
202:B. coromandus
196:
192:
187:
186:
180:
175:
170:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
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130:
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120:
117:
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113:
110:
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106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
81:
76:
72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Cattle egret
22:
19:
5174:
4925:
4847:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4790:
4770:
4763:
4753:
4746:
4726:
4719:
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4702:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4616:
4596:
4586:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4544:Ardeagrandis
4542:
4513:Threskiornis
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4397:
4377:
4367:
4359:Rhynchaeites
4357:
4347:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4305:
4284:
4260:
4249:
4177:
4157:
4152:Miopelecanus
4150:
4140:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4068:
4043:
4032:
4000:Aequornithes
3915:
3912:Cattle Egret
3830:
3826:
3813:
3801:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3789:
3783:"Heartwater"
3777:
3768:
3762:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3691:
3688:Berger, A.J.
3682:
3665:
3661:
3658:Ardeola ibis
3657:
3651:
3632:
3626:
3615:
3605:
3596:
3590:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3519:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3433:the original
3412:
3408:
3395:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3331:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3159:
3152:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2895:
2864:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2813:
2795:
2791:
2778:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2710:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2634:
2613:
2594:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2458:the original
2453:
2449:
2424:The Guardian
2422:
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2376:
2366:
2357:
2351:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2316:
2308:ResearchGate
2306:– via
2293:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2248:
2244:
2208:
2182:cite journal
2165:
2159:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2020:(2): 74–85.
2017:
2013:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1988:the original
1983:
1979:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1919:
1910:
1902:
1879:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1810:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1755:
1749:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1585:
1547:
1541:
1517:
1495:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1442:Linnaeus, C.
1436:
1427:
1423:
1422:(1855). "".
1414:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1346:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1300:common names
1297:
1280:
1270:
1253:
1221:
1213:Cape buffalo
1197:
1136:grasshoppers
1129:
1092:Juvenile on
1026:South Africa
1023:
1011:snowy egrets
1004:
958:
953:
915:
905:
903:
878:
869:
846:
838:Minas Gerais
818:
787:
743:
732:
700:in 1957, in
683:
640:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
589:
541:
535:
522:
517:
514:snowy egrets
509:
501:
487:
483:
473:
471:
462:
461:subspecies,
452:
446:
437:
425:
417:
409:
401:
395:
379:
377:
349:
320:wading birds
309:
301:distribution
294:
288:
262:cosmopolitan
256:
255:
252:cattle egret
251:
249:
224:
200:
183:
182:
162:
161:
18:
5056:iNaturalist
4950:Wikispecies
4792:Cochlearius
4694:Pilherodius
4551:Calherodius
4506:Theristicus
4499:Thaumatibis
4390:Plataleinae
4286:Xenerodiops
4203:See below ↓
4142:Eopelecanus
4130:Pelecanidae
4099:Balaeniceps
4060:Torotigidae
3551:L., Arabic
3442:22 February
2733:(1–2): 8–9.
2577:(4): 54–55.
1820:28 February
1244:sooty terns
735:New Zealand
619:crepuscular
527:Description
510:E. garzetta
480:great egret
449:conspecific
434:sacred ibis
148:Subfamily:
5181:Categories
4822:Tigriornis
4815:Taphophoyx
4755:Ixobrychus
4739:Botaurinae
4728:Zonerodius
4687:Nyctanassa
4680:Nycticorax
4673:Gorsachius
4598:Proardeola
4457:Lophotibis
4450:Geronticus
4429:Bostrychia
4318:Gerandibis
4262:Ardeacites
4119:Paludiavis
3959:Genera of
3895:Audio help
3886:2009-04-17
3833:: 193–194.
3553:Abu Qerdan
3549:Ardea ibis
3530:6 February
3469:(3): 388.
2679:: 174–176.
1960:: 390–391.
1920:Appendix 3
1364:References
1350:heartwater
1332:of cattle
1330:biocontrol
1308:abu qerdan
1230:and other
1180:earthworms
1124:the Gambia
984:Incubation
961:ritualised
950:Seychelles
938:South Asia
934:cormorants
802:Seychelles
777:, and the
702:Costa Rica
694:California
625:by water.
623:refraction
459:Seychelles
444:of India.
402:Ardea ibis
337:vertebrate
4829:Tigrisoma
4721:Zeltornis
4659:Butorides
4609:Agamiinae
4588:Oroanassa
4581:Nyctisoma
4561:Eoceornis
4492:Pseudibis
4443:Eudocimus
4422:Apteribis
4379:Xenicibis
4369:Vadaravis
4159:Pelecanus
4109:Goliathia
4045:Cladornis
3980:Kingdom:
2467:2 January
2360:(2): 108.
2296:: 49–63.
1837:Behaviour
1782:. Avibase
1492:Webster's
1430:(1): 141.
1334:parasites
1254:Pairs of
1236:migration
1234:. During
1205:waterbuck
1042:black rat
1038:fish crow
946:Australia
906:rick-rack
874:Sri Lanka
849:sedentary
834:Jacutinga
810:Mauritius
806:Rodrigues
785:in 2008.
763:migratory
754:commensal
469:in 1934.
438:coromanda
352:predators
345:dispersal
341:migratory
329:accompany
305:colonised
264:genus of
223:Range of
169:Bonaparte
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
5192:Bubulcus
5009:45511346
4970:Bubulcus
4956:Bubulcus
4935:Wikidata
4926:Bubulcus
4772:Zebrilus
4765:Pikaihao
4748:Botaurus
4704:Proardea
4652:Bubulcus
4629:Ardeinae
4528:Ardeidae
4485:Plegadis
4478:Phimosus
4471:Nipponia
4436:Cercibis
4399:Platalea
4349:Protibis
4338:Mopsitta
4170:Scopidae
4081:Pelecani
3988:Chordata
3986:Phylum:
3982:Animalia
3969:pelicans
3897: ·
3803:13 April
3690:(1972).
3500:: 28–30.
3350:(5): 78.
3255:(1): 90.
3070:16107676
2672:Forktail
2633:(2001).
2571:Notornis
2547:: 65–66.
2450:Notornis
2399:4 August
2289:NeoBiota
2120:11941872
2112:10196060
2077:21430848
2069:10473901
1997:21 April
1937:16 March
1857:35761953
1583:(2005).
1497:15 March
1444:(1758).
1336:such as
1326:ranchers
1232:seabirds
1217:Dominant
1170:, small
1168:crayfish
1140:crickets
1112:Apenheul
1030:Barbados
918:colonies
912:Breeding
858:monsoons
853:Tasmania
679:buffalos
667:Suriname
647:Portugal
518:E. thula
418:Bubulcus
412:. Their
380:Bubulcus
374:Taxonomy
316:colonies
283:and the
273:Ardeidae
257:Bubulcus
225:Bubulcus
191:Linnaeus
177:Species
163:Bubulcus
152:Ardeinae
142:Ardeidae
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
5157:ZooBank
5048:2480829
4941:Q947895
4906:Biology
4894:Animals
4868:Portals
4711:Syrigma
4666:Egretta
4645:Ardeola
4070:Torotix
4004:Order:
3998:Clade:
3992:Class:
3884: (
3855:minutes
3740:Elepaio
3717:Elepaio
3582:4075029
3562:The Auk
3516:(bird)"
3494:Cotinga
3429:4083130
3409:The Auk
3387:3676738
3323:2424157
3284:4160720
3230:4084294
3218:The Auk
3199:2402882
3111:4085265
3089:The Auk
3025:4087617
3003:The Auk
2980:4085616
2960:The Auk
2941:4154173
2770:1521007
2328:24 July
2265:4511880
2034:7953610
1741:4087238
1719:The Auk
1700:4081328
1679:The Auk
1649:1521386
1250:Threats
1176:lizards
1156:spiders
1148:beetles
1132:insects
1102:Feeding
977:⁄
730:there.
727:Ireland
686:Florida
604:B. ibis
596:B. ibis
565:⁄
551:⁄
512:), and
489:Egretta
484:A. alba
414:generic
394:in his
360:grazing
333:mammals
290:Egretta
260:) is a
185:B. ibis
158:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
5149:159741
5123:729501
5107:NZOR:
5100:110667
5074:174802
5022:1BUBUG
4618:Agamia
4571:Matuku
4328:Milnea
4179:Scopus
3965:herons
3698:
3639:
3580:
3427:
3385:
3321:
3282:
3228:
3197:
3109:
3068:
3023:
2978:
2939:
2902:
2896:Herons
2872:
2845:
2820:
2768:
2698:
2641:
2601:
2263:
2216:
2118:
2110:
2075:
2067:
2032:
1890:
1855:
1762:
1739:
1698:
1647:
1601:
1554:
1529:
1484:"Ibis"
1306:name,
1304:Arabic
1262:Status
1188:cattle
1184:banyan
1172:snakes
1150:, and
1056:, and
1000:fledge
966:clutch
932:, and
930:ibises
926:egrets
922:herons
862:Kerala
842:Brazil
794:Hawaii
773:, the
759:niches
739:Israel
715:France
706:Mexico
690:Canada
675:Brazil
663:Guiana
651:Africa
584:irises
576:plumes
356:cattle
322:. The
312:plumes
270:family
241:
235:
229:
171:, 1855
5144:WoRMS
5131:Plazi
4882:Birds
4638:Ardea
4238:Ardei
4194:Ardei
3823:(PDF)
3797:(PDF)
3786:(PDF)
3578:JSTOR
3558:(PDF)
3436:(PDF)
3425:JSTOR
3405:(PDF)
3383:JSTOR
3319:JSTOR
3280:JSTOR
3226:JSTOR
3195:JSTOR
3164:(PDF)
3107:JSTOR
3021:JSTOR
2976:JSTOR
2788:(PDF)
2766:JSTOR
2667:(PDF)
2567:(PDF)
2537:(PDF)
2461:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2261:JSTOR
2241:(PDF)
2116:S2CID
2073:S2CID
1991:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1924:CITES
1916:(PDF)
1853:S2CID
1786:3 May
1737:JSTOR
1696:JSTOR
1674:(PDF)
1645:JSTOR
1342:flies
1338:ticks
1228:terns
1160:frogs
1152:moths
1144:flies
1066:viral
942:India
889:Voice
746:range
719:Italy
643:Spain
592:tarsi
580:crown
496:with
475:Ardea
430:Greek
422:Latin
416:name
368:flies
364:ticks
296:Ardea
266:heron
5095:NCBI
5069:ITIS
5061:5016
5043:GBIF
5017:EPPO
4996:3DQY
4983:4581
4978:BOLD
3994:Aves
3961:ibis
3805:2008
3696:ISBN
3637:ISBN
3532:2008
3463:Ibis
3444:2013
3066:PMID
2937:PMID
2900:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2469:2015
2401:2017
2330:2008
2214:ISBN
2188:link
2108:PMID
2065:PMID
2030:PMID
1999:2015
1939:2008
1888:ISBN
1822:2008
1788:2020
1760:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1593:and
1552:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1499:2008
1396:2019
1340:and
1211:and
1178:and
1164:fish
1094:Maui
1062:tick
1040:and
1013:and
988:down
804:and
783:Fiji
698:Cuba
665:and
655:Asia
645:and
572:bill
426:Ibis
366:and
324:nest
250:The
195:1758
122:Aves
5082:NBN
5004:EoL
4991:CoL
4965:AFD
3670:doi
3570:doi
3471:doi
3467:117
3461:".
3417:doi
3375:doi
3365:".
3311:doi
3301:".
3187:doi
3138:doi
3097:doi
3056:doi
3011:doi
3007:107
2968:doi
2929:doi
2758:doi
2358:101
2298:doi
2253:doi
2170:doi
2100:doi
2057:doi
2022:doi
1845:doi
1841:141
1727:doi
1723:104
1688:doi
1637:doi
1523:201
1400:doi
1114:zoo
504:),
420:is
408:as
400:as
382:by
277:IOC
5183::
5159::
5146::
5133::
5120::
5097::
5084::
5071::
5058::
5045::
5032::
5019::
5006::
4993::
4980::
4967::
4952::
4937::
3967:,
3963:,
3914:-
3853:21
3829:.
3825:.
3788:.
3767:.
3761:.
3744:46
3742:.
3738:.
3721:20
3719:.
3666:11
3664:.
3614:.
3576:.
3566:42
3564:.
3560:.
3518:.
3498:42
3496:.
3465:.
3423:.
3413:82
3411:.
3407:.
3381:.
3371:24
3369:.
3348:49
3346:.
3340:.
3317:.
3307:89
3305:.
3276:88
3274:.
3270:.
3253:90
3251:.
3222:90
3220:.
3216:.
3193:.
3181:.
3134:22
3132:.
3128:.
3105:.
3093:94
3091:.
3087:.
3064:.
3052:41
3050:.
3046:.
3019:.
3005:.
3001:.
2999:)"
2974:.
2964:98
2962:.
2958:.
2935:.
2925:49
2923:.
2884:^
2804:^
2796:88
2794:.
2790:.
2764:.
2754:11
2752:.
2731:28
2729:.
2723:.
2677:21
2675:.
2669:.
2629:;
2625:;
2621:;
2583:^
2575:54
2573:.
2569:.
2545:23
2543:.
2539:.
2507:61
2505:.
2501:.
2454:37
2452:.
2448:.
2433:^
2421:.
2375:.
2356:.
2350:.
2294:21
2292:.
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