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African
American... Influential in its development were the collective unaccompanied work-songs of the plantation culture, which followed a responsorial 'leader-and-chorus' form that can be traced not only to pre-Civil War origins but to African sources. Responsorial work-songs diminished when the plantations were broken up, but persisted in the southern penitentiary farms until the 1950s. After the Reconstruction era, black workers either engaged in seasonal collective labour in the South or tended smallholdings leased to them under the system of debt-serfdom known as sharecropping. Work-songs therefore increasingly took the form of solo calls or 'hollers', comparatively free in form but close to blues in feeling. The vocal style of the blues probably derived from the holler... Blues instrumental style shows tenuous links with African music. Drumming was forbidden on slave plantations, but the playing of string instruments was often permitted and even encouraged, so the musicians among slaves from the savanna regions, with their strong traditions of string playing, predominated. The
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From obscure and largely undocumented rural
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has inspired a new round of speculation about the roots of the blues in Africa. Touré famously argued that the beloved
American genre was "nothing but African", a bold assertion. The question has received extensive scholarly attention in
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can be traced to the musical traditions of Africa, as retained by
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57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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551:Komara, Edward; Washburn, Robert (2005).
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406:by Ali Farka Toure have a noticeable
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559:. Psychology Press. pp. 10–13.
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519:Meyerson-Knox, Saul (2007).
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1087:Blues musicians by genre
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702:Article on African Blues
680:. London: Studio Vista.
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1734:Sudanese popular music
379:American popular music
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777:Musical improvisation
676:Oliver, Paul (1970).
596:. Oxford Music Online
658:Africa and the Blues
425:Africa and the Blues
262:Music of West Africa
88:improve this article
16:For other uses, see
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833:American folk music
288:Typical instruments
1795:Blues music genres
593:Grove Music Online
359:ethnomusicologists
181:possibly contains
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1692:Santé engagé
1635:Moroccan pop
1550:Kadongo Kamu
1530:Isicathamiya
1473:Coupé-décalé
1332:Zimdancehall
1202:desert blues
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966:Hill country
878:Hill country
856:Desert blues
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797:Walking bass
757:Blues ballad
745:Musical form
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598:. Retrieved
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584:Oliver, Paul
556:
531:. Retrieved
527:the original
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500:Justin Adams
485:Rokia Traore
480:Robert Plant
460:Corey Harris
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144:October 2015
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86:Please help
81:verification
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40:Please help
37:
1381:Ambasse bey
1298:Zenji flava
1293:Bongo Flava
1142:Blues songs
1034:Boogie rock
1029:Biker metal
905:New Zealand
888:New Orleans
762:Blues scale
455:Ramon Goose
429:Paul Oliver
385:with their
347:West Africa
1759:Ziglibithy
1605:Marrabenta
1590:Mahraganat
1453:Chimurenga
1310:Zimbabwean
1276:Senegalese
1184:Genres of
1024:Blues rock
930:West Coast
828:Work songs
823:Spirituals
506:References
490:Baaba Maal
383:work songs
363:origins of
206:March 2011
190:improve it
114:newspapers
43:improve it
1749:Wassoulou
1665:Palm-wine
1555:Kidandali
1463:Coladeira
1431:Cape jazz
1416:Bend-skin
1406:Bantowbol
1366:Afro-soul
1349:Afro-rock
1344:Afrobeats
1288:Tanzanian
1261:Mauritian
939:Subgenres
883:Louisiana
752:Blue note
600:3 October
533:3 October
495:Nuru Kane
475:Taj Mahal
470:Ry Cooder
427:, and in
194:verifying
49:talk page
1789:Category
1650:Ndombolo
1640:Motswako
1620:Mbaqanga
1503:Highlife
1478:Edo Funk
1446:Moroccan
1441:Algerian
1401:Bajourou
1376:Amapiano
1339:Afrobeat
1305:Togolese
1271:Nigerien
1266:Nigerian
1256:Moroccan
1251:Malawian
1224:Ghanaian
1214:Algerian
1130:Category
998:Jug band
978:Electric
910:Piedmont
842:Regional
782:Shuffles
655:(2008).
553:"Africa"
423:'s book
304:Calabash
265:various
1774:Zouglou
1769:Zoblazo
1744:Tabanka
1729:Soukous
1724:Singeli
1675:RaĂŻ'n'B
1660:Odi Pop
1595:Makossa
1585:Madiaba
1560:Kizomba
1525:Hiplife
1426:Bikutsi
1411:Batuque
1359:Zamrock
1229:Ivorian
1219:Gambian
1003:Skiffle
956:Country
900:Memphis
868:Chicago
813:Origins
806:Origins
588:"Blues"
375:slavery
327:R&B
312:Balafon
188:Please
128:scholar
1739:Taarab
1714:Shaabi
1702:Seggae
1687:Salegy
1682:Sakara
1615:Mbalax
1610:Maloya
1600:Marabi
1580:Logobi
1570:Kwaito
1565:Kuduro
1488:Funaná
1436:Chaabi
1396:Azonto
1391:Assiko
1327:Seggae
1239:Boomba
1234:Kenyan
1051:Gospel
993:Holler
920:Turkey
863:Canada
851:Africa
844:styles
684:
665:
614:griots
563:
412:Malian
308:Djembe
296:guitar
283:styles
278:Africa
269:styles
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
1754:Zaley
1709:Semba
1655:Njuup
1630:Morna
1625:Mbube
1575:Kwela
1535:Jaiva
1520:Hipco
1493:Gnawa
1421:Benga
1386:Apala
1244:Genge
1075:Lists
988:Hokum
973:Dirty
961:Delta
915:Texas
893:Swamp
873:Delta
738:Blues
630:xalam
624:banza
619:banjo
611:, or
609:jelli
367:blues
331:swing
292:Ngoni
281:blues
267:blues
135:JSTOR
121:books
1697:Sega
1545:JĂąjĂş
1498:Gqom
1483:Fuji
1458:Colá
1371:Alté
1061:Soul
1056:Jump
1039:Punk
682:ISBN
663:ISBN
602:2015
561:ISBN
535:2015
365:the
300:Kora
107:news
1670:RaĂŻ
1540:Jit
627:or
431:'s
192:by
90:by
1791::
604:.
590:.
586:.
575:^
543:^
435:.
329:,
325:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
52:.
1177:e
1170:t
1163:v
730:e
723:t
716:v
690:.
671:.
633:.
569:.
537:.
314:,
237:)
231:(
219:)
213:(
208:)
204:(
186:.
157:)
151:(
146:)
142:(
132:·
125:·
118:·
111:·
84:.
59:)
55:(
20:.
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