570:
to the 8thโ7th centuries. 274 years have been removed from the history of the
Israelites. The Hittite Empire, which Velikovsky identified with the Neo-Babylonian Empire, has been identified with the Lydian Kingdom, while the Neo-Babylonians are now regarded as vassal kings of Babylon under the Macedonian Seleucids. The Neo-Assyrian Empire is now equated with the Persian Empire in northern Assyria and has been redated accordingly. In truth, very little of Velikovsky's chronology has been left untouched.
208:
286:
124:. In this and later volumes, he made heavy use of the concept of "ghost doubles" or alter-egos: historical figures who were known by different names in two different sources (e.g. Egyptian and Greek) and were considered to be entirely different people living in different centuries, but who he proposed to be actually erroneously dated accounts of the same individuals and events.
521:, credited Velikovsky with "point the way to a solution by challenging Egyptian chronology", but criticised Velikovsky's chronology as "disastrously extreme", producing "a rash of new problems far more severe than those it hoped to solve" and noted that "Velikovsky understood little of archaeology and nothing of stratigraphy".
569:
they have shortened
Velikovsky's timeline of ancient history even more. The 12th Dynasty of ancient Egypt has been moved almost 1500 years closer to the present, ending with Alexander the Great's invasion in 331 BCE. The Exodus has been redated to the 8th century, and the 18th Dynasty has been moved
762:
of his that I am at a difficulty to answer; but I invite Dr. Sachs to spend the hour and a half tomorrow at the meeting , and every one of you too, and point by point each of his statements will be proven wrong.' Unfortunately, Sachs did not show up the next day and
Velikovsky did not even mention
475:
described as "the definitive treatise debunking
Immanuel Velikovsky". Bauer accused Velikovsky of dogmatically asserting his own point of view to be correct, where at best this is only one possible interpretation of the historical material in question, and gives several examples from
27:
412:, conventionally regarded as his successor. Instead, he had the 22nd through 25th dynasties follow upon the earlier part of the 18th, leading down to the Assyrian invasions of the early 7th century BCE. The "great king" who crowned Horemheb was the Assyrian king.
536:
in the 4th century BCE. They have also rejected some of
Velikovsky's more extreme claims e.g. non-existence of Hittite Empire, changing the order of some Egyptian dynasties. Rohl and James's views remain controversial and are not accepted by most historians.
545:
In spite of the hostility of mainstream historians, Velikovsky's revisionism continues to attract adherents. Following his death in 1979 Velikovsky's theories were championed by Lynn E. Rose, Professor
Emeritus of Philosophy at
550:. After Rose's death in 2013 the torch passed to a small group of disciples, among whom the most vocal and active are Charles Ginenthal and Emmet Sweeney. Ginenthal is the founder and principal contributor to an online journal
509:
David Rohl, one of those involved in the 1978 Glasgow conference, has developed his own revised chronology. While he agrees that the Exodus should be dated to the collapse of the Middle
Kingdom, and that Tutimaios is the
82:
and the
Israelites are five centuries out of step. He followed this with a number of other works where he attempted to complete his reconstruction of ancient history, collectively known as the
487:, which identifies Hatshepsut with the Queen of Sheba, e.g. accusing Velikovsky of mistakes that he would have avoided if he had a basic knowledge of the languages of the ancient near east.
746:(1), section "Bonanza from Brown" in "Of Lessons, Legacies, and Litmus Tests: A Velikovsky Potpourri (Part One)", pp. 88-90. "Velikovsky confronted a panel of four professors :
514:, there are few points of contact between the Velikovsky and Rohl chronologies, largely because of the different methodologies used to resolve the later periods.
767:
Sachs, for whom only partial, penciled notes exist—but later that year
Velikovsky would reply to Kim J. Masters, a Princeton sophomore, within a week in
506:, was that this particular revision of chronology was untenable, although they considered that the work had highlighted problems with the orthodox chronology.
396:; these were never published in print in English, but online versions are available at the Velikovsky archive. In the former work, Velikovsky separated the
439:. It was claimed, starting with early reviewers, that Velikovsky's usage of material for proof is often very selective. In 1965 the leading cuneiformist
754:(linguistics). In the event, Velikovsky debated the first three handily. He was stunned by Sachs whose address was both a rhetorical and substantive
790:
524:
One important disagreement is that Rohl and James consider that the chronology of the ancient Near East becomes fixed by the conquests of the
1193:
832:
388:
At the time of his death he considered that completing his reconstruction of ancient history would require a further two volumes:
1203:
750:(physics), Bruno J Giletti (geology), Charles Smiley (astronomy) and Abraham J. Sachs (history of mathematics) , moderated by
1173:
1109:
345:. The Hittite kings are held to be ghost doubles of the Neo-Babylonian kings, and Rameses II's battle with the Hittites at
1178:
1128:
721:
274:. According to Velikovsky, the "Peleset" are the Persians and the other Sea Peoples are their Greek mercenaries. The
517:
James, another
Glasgow delegate who went on to publish a work challenging the concept of a widespread dark age at the
1183:
1090:
1066:
701:
57:
78:
in 1952, which put forward a major revision of the history of the Ancient Near East, claiming that the histories of
874:
Bimson, "Finding the Limits of Chronological Revision" in "Proceedings of the SIS Conference: Ages Still in Chaos"
258:
here becomes identified with the dynasties which ruled a newly independent Egypt in the early 4th century BCE, and
215:
A second volume was due for publication shortly after this but was postponed. Instead it was followed in 1960 by
1163:
298:
275:
529:
498:
specifically to debate the revised chronology. The ultimate conclusion of this work, by scholars including
401:
397:
188:
184:
255:
132:
763:
Sachs . Curiously, Velikovsky's file for the Brown trip contains typed rebuttals to all the panelists
798:
89:
Velikovsky's work has been harshly criticised, including by some fellow chronological revisionists.
337:
was an invention of modern historians, and the supposedly Hittite archaeological remains in modern
297:
Velikovsky identified each of the major 19th dynasty pharaohs with a corresponding pharaoh of the
1198:
1076:
861:"Ages in Chaos?'-Proceedings of the Residential Weekend Conference, Glasgow, 7th-9th April 1978"
775:. Velikovsky's rebuttal to Masters was scathing, running the gamut from haggling over details to
499:
494:
series, the United Kingdom-based Society for Interdisciplinary Studies organised a conference in
121:
246:
In the last two years of his life Velikovsky published a further two volumes of the series. In
1168:
1208:
547:
511:
416:
342:
144:
75:
840:
736:
354:
117:
8:
1188:
676:
660:
533:
518:
102:
71:
558:. Emmet Sweeney has published his chronological revisions in a series of works entitled
101:
in 1945, where he claimed that the history of the ancient Near East down to the time of
250:
he dealt with the final period of his reconstruction, the Persian invasions of Egypt.
1124:
1105:
1086:
1062:
697:
565:
These scholars believe that Velikovsky did not go far enough. Under the influence of
490:
In 1978, following the much-postponed publication of further volumes in Velikovsky's
350:
52:
451:
444:
346:
192:
136:
1056:
929:
Sun, Moon, and Sothis: A Study of Calendars and Calendar Reforms in Ancient Egypt
725:
573:
Little if any of these authors' work has been endorsed by mainstream historians.
566:
423:
ten times between 1953 and 1977, and Paradigma reprinted it as recently as 2009.
751:
1052:
483:
In 1984 Egyptologist David Lorton produced a detailed critique of chapter 3 of
462:
458:
374:
180:
160:
128:
1157:
1145:
794:
471:
440:
382:
228:
79:
758:. Velikovsky's rebuttal began: 'Dr. Sachs threw so many accusations in that
718:
333:. In order to make these identifications work, Velikovsky claimed that the
207:
405:
370:
358:
172:
164:
1080:
747:
448:
378:
366:
271:
267:
263:
259:
236:
532:, and considered that chronology only becomes fixed by the conquests of
503:
436:
362:
156:
116:
took place not, as orthodoxy has it, at some point during the Egyptian
113:
683:
April 20. Solomon, the Queen of Sheba, and the Egypt of Exodus. p. 23.
759:
554:. He has also authored a series of revisionist works under the title
528:
in the 7th century BCE. Velikovsky carried his revisionism into the
326:
318:
314:
220:
692:
Stiebing, Jr., William H. 1984. Cosmic Catastrophism, Chap. III, in
409:
334:
322:
302:
240:
140:
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306:
251:
224:
176:
168:
285:
26:
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338:
330:
310:
152:
148:
112:
His starting point for the first volume of the series was that
270:, including the "Peleset", conventionally identified with the
279:
232:
454:
sources. Velikovsky was never able to refute Sachs' attack.
637:
196:
667:
April 20. Retelling the Near East's Ancient History. p. 6.
435:
has been rejected by nearly all mainstream historians and
147:(much earlier than any of the mainstream candidates), the
415:
The books have remained popular. The British publisher
835:
Hatshepsut, the Queen of Sheba, and Immanuel Velikovsky
467:
Beyond Velikovsky: The History of a Public Controversy
404:, specifically arguing that over a century separated
278:
then became a line of priest-kings who ruled in the
219:, where he claimed that the story of the Pharaoh
202:
1155:
991:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 163โ167.
99:Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History
97:Velikovsky had put forward his ideas briefly in
789:Michael D. Lemonick/Gainesville (24 May 2005).
135:, and that this was an Egyptian account of the
109:was his first full-length work on the subject.
1006:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 15โ16.
976:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 13โ15.
1031:
1016:
1004:Empire of Thebes, Or, Ages in Chaos Revisited
863:Society for Interdisciplinary Studies Review
426:
1075:
890:
1118:
1036:. New York: Forest Hill. pp. 155โ193.
1032:Ginenthal, Charles; Rose, Lynn E. (2012).
1021:. New York: Forest Hill. pp. 614โ624.
1017:Ginenthal, Charles; Rose, Lynn E. (2008).
961:. New York: Forest Hill. pp. 383โ439.
946:. New York: Forest Hill. pp. 202โ246.
648:
25:
956:
941:
931:. Deerfield Beech, Florida: Kronos Press.
719:http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/vsachs.html
886:
884:
284:
206:
1001:
986:
971:
908:
896:
266:. Rameses III fought invasions by the
1156:
349:is identical to Necho's fight against
223:was the origin of the Greek legend of
1079:; Thorpe, I. J.; et al. (1991).
1051:
881:
876:Chronology & Catastrophism Review
819:
717:1992, Vol.3 No.1, pp.103-5, and also
694:Ancient Astronauts, Cosmic Collisions
502:, John Bimson, Geoffrey Gammonn, and
1099:
926:
914:
902:
782:
771:(Nov. 15, 1965) over a criticism of
989:The Ramessides, Medes, and Persians
974:The Ramessides, Medes, and Persians
665:New York Herald Tribune Book Review
431:The revised chronology proposed by
131:came from the beginning of Egypt's
13:
651:, p. iv (publisher's summary)
447:, discredited Velikovsky's use of
282:simultaneously with the Persians.
14:
1220:
1194:Cultural depictions of Hatshepsut
1139:
341:were actually Chaldean, i.e. Neo-
1123:. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
1061:. University of Illinois Press.
865:Vol. VI, issue 1/2/3 84pp (1982)
195:, from roughly the time of King
179:. He claimed that the Egyptian
1044:
1025:
1010:
995:
980:
965:
959:Pillars of the Past, Volume III
950:
944:Pillars of the Past, Volume III
935:
920:
868:
855:
825:
813:
730:
707:
638:The Immanuel Velikovsky Archive
1204:Cultural depictions of Solomon
1119:Velikovsky, Immanuel (1977) .
1034:Pillars of the Past, Volume II
1019:Pillars of the Past, Volume II
686:
670:
654:
642:
631:
619:
607:
595:
583:
203:Later works on ancient history
1:
1149:- The Velikovsky Encyclopedia
576:
1174:Books by Immanuel Velikovsky
1002:Sweeney, Emmet John (2006).
987:Sweeney, Emmet John (2008).
972:Sweeney, Emmet John (2008).
530:Late Period of ancient Egypt
7:
1179:Doubleday (publisher) books
957:Ginenthal, Charles (2010).
942:Ginenthal, Charles (2010).
381:, and Nebuchadrezzar II is
16:Book by Immanuel Velikovsky
10:
1225:
681:New York Times Book Review
133:Second Intermediate Period
127:First he claimed that the
92:
1085:. London: Jonathan Cape.
540:
427:Controversy and criticism
187:describe events from the
120:, but at the fall of the
51:
41:
33:
24:
1184:Alternative chronologies
171:'s kingdom, and Pharaoh
70:is a book by the author
891:James & Thorpe 1991
791:"Science on the Fringe"
175:with the Biblical King
155:, the Egyptian Pharaoh
1164:1952 non-fiction books
927:Rose, Lynn E. (1999).
769:The Daily Princetonian
627:Ramses II and His Time
417:Sidgwick & Jackson
394:The Dark Age of Greece
295:Ramses II and His Time
290:
212:
139:. He then identified
1082:Centuries of Darkness
519:end of the Bronze Age
512:Pharaoh of the Exodus
390:The Assyrian Conquest
288:
262:is a ghost double of
210:
145:Pharaoh of the Exodus
74:, first published by
1100:Rohl, David (1995).
843:on 26 September 2012
773:Oedipus and Akhnaton
724:5 April 2018 at the
677:Kaempffert, Waldemar
603:Oedipus and Akhnaton
305:was an alter-ego of
217:Oedipus and Akhnaton
1104:. London: Century.
556:Pillars of the Past
534:Alexander the Great
103:Alexander the Great
72:Immanuel Velikovsky
37:Immanuel Velikovsky
21:
1130:-0-283-35257-4
822:, pp. 158โ160
737:Ellenberger, Leroy
713:see transcript in
696:Prometheus Books.
615:Peoples of the Sea
291:
248:Peoples of the Sea
213:
159:with the Biblical
151:with the biblical
19:
1111:978-0-7126-5913-0
1058:Beyond Velikovsky
661:Albright, William
560:Ages in Alignment
351:Nebuchadrezzar II
189:Kingdom of Israel
63:
62:
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839:. Archived from
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797:. Archived from
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652:
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635:
629:
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552:The Velikovskian
445:Brown University
443:, in a forum at
137:Plagues of Egypt
105:is garbled, but
43:Publication date
29:
22:
18:
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1053:Bauer, Henry H.
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833:"Lorton, David
831:
830:
826:
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814:
804:
802:
787:
783:
735:
731:
726:Wayback Machine
712:
708:
691:
687:
675:
671:
659:
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649:Velikovsky 1977
647:
643:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
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600:
596:
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584:
579:
567:Gunnar Heinsohn
543:
429:
205:
95:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:Queen of Sheba
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1140:External links
1138:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1102:A Test of Time
1097:
1091:
1073:
1067:
1048:
1046:
1043:
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1024:
1009:
994:
979:
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934:
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801:on 25 May 2005
781:
748:Leon N. Cooper
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630:
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581:
580:
578:
575:
542:
539:
463:Henry H. Bauer
459:fringe science
428:
425:
402:19th dynasties
375:Labashi-Marduk
335:Hittite Empire
204:
201:
183:from the late
181:Amarna letters
161:Queen of Sheba
129:Ipuwer Papyrus
122:Middle Kingdom
94:
91:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
45:
42:
39:
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20:Ages in Chaos
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1169:Pseudohistory
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1147:Ages in Chaos
1144:
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1121:Ages in Chaos
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1092:0-224-02647-X
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1068:0-252-06845-9
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917:, p. 402
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893:, p. xxi
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795:Time magazine
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756:tour de force
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702:0-87975-260-2
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478:Ages in Chaos
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446:
442:
441:Abraham Sachs
438:
437:Egyptologists
434:
433:Ages in Chaos
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421:Ages in Chaos
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383:Hattusili III
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107:Ages in Chaos
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84:Ages in Chaos
81:
80:Ancient Egypt
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73:
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67:Ages in Chaos
59:
58:9780385033893
56:
54:
50:
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40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1209:Thutmose III
1146:
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1081:
1077:James, Peter
1057:
1045:Bibliography
1033:
1027:
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973:
967:
958:
952:
943:
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928:
922:
910:
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875:
870:
862:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
834:
827:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
784:
776:
772:
768:
764:
755:
752:Henry Kuฤera
743:
740:
732:
714:
709:
704:. pp. 57-80.
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555:
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470:
466:
456:
449:Mesopotamian
432:
430:
420:
414:
393:
389:
387:
359:Nabopolassar
299:26th dynasty
294:
292:
276:21st dynasty
256:20th dynasty
247:
245:
216:
214:
185:18th Dynasty
173:Thutmose III
165:land of Punt
126:
111:
106:
98:
96:
88:
83:
66:
65:
64:
777:ad hominems
625:Velikovsky
613:Velikovsky
601:Velikovsky
589:Velikovsky
500:Peter James
379:Urhi-Teshup
367:Neriglissar
272:Philistines
268:Sea Peoples
264:Rameses III
260:Nectanebo I
237:Tutankhamun
227:, and that
118:New Kingdom
1189:The Exodus
1158:Categories
820:Bauer 1999
577:References
504:David Rohl
419:reprinted
363:Mursili II
355:Carchemish
343:Babylonian
157:Hatshepsut
153:Amalekites
114:the Exodus
915:Rohl 1995
903:Rohl 1995
760:Philippic
526:Assyrians
452:cuneiform
371:Muwatalli
327:Merneptah
319:Ramses II
315:Psamtik I
301:. Thus,
289:Ramses II
221:Akhenaten
141:Tutimaios
76:Doubleday
1055:(1999).
722:Archived
469:, which
457:In 1984
410:Horemheb
323:Necho II
303:Ramses I
241:Eteocles
211:Akhnaton
86:series.
847:10 June
548:Buffalo
496:Glasgow
461:expert
307:Necho I
252:Manetho
225:Oedipus
177:Shishak
169:Solomon
143:as the
93:Summary
1127:
1108:
1089:
1065:
805:2 June
765:except
739:1992.
700:
679:1952.
663:1952.
541:Legacy
465:wrote
347:Kadesh
339:Turkey
331:Apries
325:, and
311:Seti I
235:, and
163:, the
149:Hyksos
34:Author
280:oases
233:Laius
193:Judah
167:with
1125:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1063:ISBN
878:2003
849:2012
807:2008
741:Aeon
715:Aeon
698:ISBN
472:Time
408:and
400:and
398:18th
392:and
239:was
231:was
197:Ahab
191:and
53:ISBN
47:1952
377:is
369:is
361:is
353:at
329:of
321:of
313:of
293:In
254:'s
1160::
883:^
793:.
779:."
562:.
480:.
406:Ay
385:.
373:,
365:,
357:,
317:,
309:,
243:.
199:.
1133:.
1114:.
1095:.
1071:.
851:.
837:"
809:.
744:3
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