2286:
2112:
2277:
2342:
53:
2374:
2074:
2040:
2132:
1697:
1681:
1726:. Daphna Ben Tor believes that this event was triggered by the invasion of the eastern Delta and the Memphite region by Canaanite rulers, who had their own culture, a variant of the contemporary late Palestinian Middle Bronze Age culture of the southern Levant. For some authors, this marks the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of
349:
2023:
750:
2354:
2162:
2147:. The settling of Canaanite populations may have occurred peacefully in the wake of the disintegration of the 14th Dynasty. A recent Strontium isotope analysis also dismissed the invasion model in favor of a migration one. Contrary to the model of a foreign invasion, the study didn't find more males moving into the region, but instead found a sex bias towards females, with a high proportion (77%) being non-locals.
2057:
2251:
The 17th
Dynasty would also see four different ruling families whose last king did not have a male heir to the throne. Subsequently, other powerful families established kings having short reigns. The 17th Dynasty maintained a short-lived peace with the 15th Dynasty, which ended with the start of the
2172:
The Abydos
Dynasty (c. 1640 to 1620 BC.) may have been a short-lived local dynasty ruling over part of Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in Ancient Egypt and was contemporary with the 15th and 16th dynasties. The Abydos Dynasty stayed rather small with rulership over just Abydos or
1806:
Contested rulers proposed by Ryholt as the first five rulers of the dynasty are commonly identified as being of
Canaanite (Semitic) descent based on their names. His conclusions about their chronological position within the period are contested in Ben Tor's study. Other sources don't refer to the
1794:
The precise borders of the 14th
Dynasty state are not known, due to the general scarcity of its monuments. In his study of the Second Intermediate Period, Kim Ryholt concludes that the territory directly controlled by the 14th Dynasty roughly consisted of the Nile Delta, with borders located near
2247:
The 17th
Dynasty (c.1571-1540 BC) was established by the Thebans quickly after the fall of the 16th. The details of the overthrow of the Hyksos in Thebes are unclear. Sources such as Africanus and Eusebius indicate that the 16th Dynasty comprised shepherd kings (like the 15th Dynasty), but also
2217:
The continuing war against the 15th
Dynasty dominated the short-lived 16th Dynasty. The armies of the 15th Dynasty, winning town after town from their southern enemies, continually encroached on 16th Dynasty territory, eventually threatening and then conquering Thebes itself. Famine, which had
1791:, now modern day Sakha, although they provide different numbers of years ruled. Africanus stated the dynasty reigned for 184 years, while the Armenian version of Eusebius states 484 years. Eusebius states the same as Africanus, but in another copy the same number as the Armenian version.
1733:
Though the 13th
Dynasty may have controlled Upper Egypt, the 14th Dynasty ruled Lower Egypt, and both houses agreed to co-exist allowing trade. Evidently the rulers had trouble with securing power within their territory, being replaced in rapid fashion, but other factors like
1668:, and the Armenian of Eusebius state that the 13th Dynasty had sixty kings that ruled and lived in Dioplus for roughly 453 years. Retaining the seat of the 12th Dynasty, the 13th Dynasty (c. 1773 – 1650 BC) ruled from
1968:
but did not control the entire land, leaving some of northern Upper Egypt under the control of both the Abydos
Dynasty and the early 16th Dynasty. The 16th Dynasty was ruled not by the Hyksos themselves, but the
3282:, p. 80. "Others were later added to them, things which came from the pharaoh Ahmose, like the axe decorated with a griffin and a likeness of the king slaying a Hyksos, with other axes and daggers."
2701:
Ben-Tor, Daphna; Allen, Susan J.; Allen, James P. (August 1999). "Review: Seals and Kings: The
Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800-1550 B. C. by K. S. B. Ryholt".
1945:, Salitis is believed to have conquered the entirety of Egypt, however it is more likely that his rule did not extend beyond Lower Egypt. Salitis may be equated to a poorly known king named
2173:
Thinis. Very little is known about the Abydos dynasty, since it was a very short-lived, though we do have some king names that appear in Turin king list, but it not in any other sources.
1899:
The 14th
Dynasty saw great success during their early years, but like the late 13th Dynasty, the rulers were replaced in rapid succession. The 14th Dynasty was overthrown by the Hyksos.
2324:, completed the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and consolidated his rule over the land, unifying Upper and Lower Egypt. With that, Ahmose ushered in a new period of prosperity, the
1636:
from the time of Ramesses II remains the primary source for understanding the chronology and political history of the Second Intermediate Period, along with studying the typology of
1600:
of a Second Intermediate Period generally includes the 13th through to the 17th dynasties, however there is no universal agreement in Egyptology about how to define the period.
2045:
Mentioned on the Turin king list. According to Ryholt, he was an early Hyksos ruler, possibly the second king of the dynasty; von Beckerath assigns him to the 16th dynasty.
52:
2028:
Mentioned on the Turin king list. According to Ryholt, he was an early Hyksos ruler, possibly the first king of the dynasty; von Beckerath assigns him to the 16th dynasty.
307:
282:
1629:. The settling of these people may have occurred peacefully, although later recounts of Manetho portray the Hyksos "as violent conquerors and oppressors of Egypt".
1567:
2285:
1656:. She had no heirs, causing the dynasty to come to an abrupt end, and with it, the most prosperous era of the Middle Kingdom; it was succeeded by the much weaker
2600:
K.S.B. Ryholt. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20. Copenhagen
2007:
as first king of the dynasty; currently unidentified with any known archaeologically attested person. Ruled for 19 years according to Manetho, as quoted by
2218:
plagued Upper Egypt during the late 13th Dynasty and the 14th Dynasty, also blighted the 16th Dynasty, most evidently during and after the reign of
664:
2929:
2661:
2627:
2229:'s own personal seals being found in the Hyksos territory. Sometime around 1580 BC, the 16th Dynasty collapsed after being conquered by King
1560:
3566:
3092:"Who were the Hyksos? Challenging traditional narratives using strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analysis of human remains from ancient Egypt"
2225:
The end of the 16th Dynasty came after relentless military pressure by the succeeding 15th Dynasty after many attempts, with evidence of
2609:
Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International,
1738:
may have played a part. The eventual collapse of the 13th Dynasty became an opening for two smaller dynasties to take control of Egypt.
778:
17:
1787:–1650 BC). According to Syncellus, all three sources agree that the 14th Dynasty had seventy-six kings and their court was located in
3157:
Stantis, Chris; Kharobi, Arwa; Maaranen, Nina; Macpherson, Colin; Bietak, Manfred; Prell, Silvia; Schutkowski, Holger (2021-06-01).
3219:
3090:
Stantis, Chris; Kharobi, Arwa; Maaranen, Nina; Nowell, Geoff M.; Bietak, Manfred; Prell, Silvia; Schutkowski, Holger (2020-07-15).
2865:
Conflicting with footnote, bibliography lists Schneider, Thomas. 1996. Lexikon der Pharaonen. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
1553:
3316:
3254:
3233:
2210:, the 16th Dynasty is described by the more reliable Africanus (supported by Syncellus) as "shepherd kings", but by Eusebius as
1803:
in the east. Most modern Egyptologists share the view that Avaris – rather than Xois – was the 14th Dynasty's seat of power.
3388:
2585:
Sequences and chronology of Second Intermediate Period royal-name scarabs, based on excavated series from Egypt and the Levant
1730:, reigning toward the end of the dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. The stele is of unknown provenance.
3377:
3074:
3047:
2995:
2886:
2841:
2614:
2439:
2964:
1807:
dynasty as foreign or Hyksos and they were not referred to as "rulers of foreign lands" or "shepherd kings" in kings lists.
2320:
At the end of the Second Intermediate period, the 18th Dynasty came to power in Egypt. The first king of the 18th Dynasty,
1772:
The 13th Dynasty proved unable to hold on to the entire territory of Egypt, and a provincial ruling family, located in the
1750:, the Second Intermediate Period was dynamic time in which rule of Egypt was roughly divided between rival power bases in
3571:
2298:(ruled c. 1549–1524 BC) slaying a probable Hyksos. Detail of a ceremonial axe in the name of Ahmose I, treasure of Queen
2644:
2404:
2399:
1747:
1229:
947:
701:
654:
454:
414:
2546:
2472:
3581:
3576:
3515:
3415:
2957:
2876:
2831:
2206:
The 16th Dynasty (c. 1650-1580 BC) ruled the Theban region in Upper Egypt. Of the two chief versions of Manetho's
1339:
367:
1597:
1541:
1355:
1277:
1251:
794:
771:
1441:
1395:
1368:
1325:
1294:
1290:
1264:
1238:
821:
394:
2242:
1316:
1152:
464:
119:
2265:
2143:
It is debated if the movement of the Hyksos was a military invasion or a mass migration of Asiatics from
1777:
1767:
1657:
1195:
1182:
1096:
1066:
731:
111:
96:
85:
3475:
Hayes, William C. "Egypt: From the Death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II." Chapter 2, Volume II of
2201:
1918:
1908:
1608:
1381:
1208:
1127:
1109:
798:
115:
100:
2560:
2367:
for a hundred years. It is believed that Avaris was the largest city in the world from 1670 to 1557 BC
1640:, beetle-shaped amulets mass-produced in Ancient Egypt and often inscribed with the names of rulers.
2589:
The Second Intermediate Period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects
1040:
1009:
764:
328:
142:
2111:
3482:
James, T.G.H. "Egypt: From the Expulsion of the Hyksos to Amenophis I." Chapter 8, Volume II of
1649:
1585:
1053:
956:
537:
385:
3533:
1934:
1589:
1030:
969:
900:
857:
692:
424:
287:
2945:
995:
982:
926:
913:
887:
841:
3037:
2985:
3367:
1828:
3458:, JĂĽrgen. "Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ă„gypten,"
3064:
3548:
3170:
3103:
3011:
2778:
2347:
Depiction of an Asiatic (Hyksos) official, with the distinctive "mushroom headed" hairstyle
2325:
2264:
would be the king to deal the final blow; he thus became the first king of the New Kingdom
1727:
1665:
1593:
1173:
878:
444:
404:
300:
2276:
8:
3066:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.
3039:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.
2987:
The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C.
2527:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C.
1687:
634:
3508:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C.
3174:
3107:
2081:
Khyan's eldest son, possibly at the origin of the mention of a king Iannas in Manetho's
3442:
3196:
3134:
3091:
2727:
2719:
2144:
1937:), led his people into an occupation of the Nile Delta area and settled his capital at
1419:
711:
674:
546:
3425:
Morgan, Lyvia (2010). "An Aegean Griffin in Egypt: The Hunt Frieze at Tell el-Dab´a".
2341:
3511:
3411:
3373:
3331:
3200:
3188:
3139:
3121:
3070:
3043:
2991:
2953:
2882:
2837:
2731:
2610:
2445:
2435:
1637:
1535:
1506:
830:
596:
586:
566:
556:
499:
358:
3434:
3178:
3129:
3111:
2711:
2260:(c. 1545-1540 BC) continued the war against the Hyksos as a whole, but his brother
1814:
1661:
721:
616:
337:
175:
3405:
3116:
2968:
2961:
2529:, Museum Tusculanum Press, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20. 1997, p.185
2165:
Possible extent of power of the Abydos Dynasty c. 1650 BC - 1600 BC, ruling from
2105:
1954:
1633:
1496:
606:
2875:
Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E. (1973-05-03).
3183:
3158:
2902:
2219:
2156:
1950:
1428:
1140:
519:
489:
130:
3489:
Kitchen, Kenneth A., "Further Notes on New Kingdom Chronology and History,"
2952:, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999,
2449:
3560:
3465:
3455:
3349:
3192:
3125:
2380:
2253:
2211:
2177:
2166:
1970:
1820:
1723:
1719:
1588:
was divided into smaller dynasties for a second time, between the end of the
1472:
811:
802:
644:
194:
124:
105:
2812:
2502:
2489:
3143:
2307:
2073:
1893:
1884:". According to Ryholt, he was the son and direct successor of the pharaoh
1788:
754:
3159:"Multi-isotopic study of diet and mobility in the northeastern Nile Delta"
2373:
2039:
3438:
2591:
edited by Marcel Maree, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 192, 2010, p. 91
2360:
2256:(c. 1549-1545 BC), who started a series of wars against the Hyksos. King
2226:
2131:
1755:
1751:
1653:
1462:
509:
3446:
1690:
is the only pyramid known to have been completed during the 13th Dynasty
3503:
3332:"Cultural Mixing in Egyptian Archaeology:~The 'Hyksos' as a Case Study"
2723:
2299:
2192:. The Abydos Dynasty ceased when the Hyksos expanded into Upper Egypt.
1773:
1696:
2750:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period
2689:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period
2676:
The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period
1680:
2089:
2022:
1852:
348:
154:
2715:
57:
The political situation in the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt (
2321:
2295:
2261:
2189:
2181:
2033:
2008:
1930:
1800:
1796:
1703:
576:
168:
1810:
The contested rulers (with the translation of their nomens) are:
2353:
2161:
2125:
2067:
2004:
1995:
1958:
1953:, the most attested ruler of the Second Intermediate Period. The
1942:
1922:
1889:
1669:
1626:
1621:
1616:
149:
79:
3156:
2364:
2257:
2185:
2097:
2016:
1965:
1946:
1938:
1912:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1735:
1612:
1604:
1113:
207:
158:
90:
1664:, all three sources of the translated king list of Africanus,
2384:
2303:
2230:
2050:
1881:
1838:
3089:
2874:
1957:
indicates that there were six Hyksos kings, with an obscure
1858:
1844:
3498:
The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
3220:"Abydos Dynasty (1640-1620) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
3012:"Hyksos | History, Kings, & Significance | Britannica"
1652:
ended in the late 19th century BC with the death of Queen
1921:(c.1650 to 1550 BC). The first king of the 15th Dynasty,
3317:"17th Dynasty (1571-1540) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
3297:
3255:"17th Dynasty (1571-1540) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
3234:"16th Dynasty (1640-1580) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
2930:"15th Dynasty (1640-1522) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
2662:"14th Dynasty (1797-1640) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
2645:"13th Dynasty (1783-1640) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
2628:"14th Dynasty (1797-1640) | the Ancient Egypt Site"
2056:
1917:
The Hyksos established their own dynasty in Egypt, the
1872:
The most attested, non-contested ruler of the dynasty,
1672:("Seizer-of-the-Two-Lands") for most of its existence.
3261:
3285:
2704:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2547:"LacusCurtius • Manetho's History of Egypt — Book II"
2473:"LacusCurtius • Manetho's History of Egypt — Book II"
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
3062:
3035:
2983:
2767:. Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994). pp. 182–197.
1776:, broke away from the central authority to form the
1584:dates from 1700 to 1550 BC. It marks a period when
2416:
232:• approximately around the late 13th Dynasty
2903:"Salitis | Pharaoh, Hyksos, Dynasty | Britannica"
2700:
1643:
27:Period of Ancient Egyptian history (1700–1550 BC)
3558:
2302:. Inscription "Ahmose, beloved of (the War God)
3063:Ryholt, K. S. B.; BĂĽlow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).
3036:Ryholt, K. S. B.; BĂĽlow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).
2984:Ryholt, K. S. B.; BĂĽlow-Jacobsen, Adam (1997).
2833:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary
2096:Named as an Hyksos king on a doorjamb found at
2429:
2379:Front view of one of the "Hyksos sphinxes" of
2176:The dynasty tentatively includes four rulers:
1961:listed as the final king of the 15th Dynasty.
3393:Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte
3366:Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001).
1561:
772:
2800:. Oxford University Press. pp. 172–206.
2434:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
247:• The end of the 17th Dynasty of Egypt
3163:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
3042:Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 131–132.
2810:
3427:Ă„gypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
3365:
3303:
1722:in the far south possibly in the reign of
1568:
1554:
779:
765:
51:
3369:Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids
3182:
3133:
3115:
2979:
2977:
3389:"Un poignard du temps des Rois Pasteurs"
2829:
2160:
1660:. According to the Byzantine chronicler
1603:It is best known as the period when the
3386:
3267:
2941:
2939:
2836:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 75.
2752:. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 101.
2681:
2668:
2603:
1625:, was founded by a king by the name of
14:
3559:
3424:
3403:
3291:
3279:
3029:
2990:Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 119.
2974:
2762:
2747:
2656:
2654:
1758:, each controlling a portion of land.
1741:
1713:
1536:List of pharaohs by period and dynasty
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3214:
3212:
3210:
2924:
2922:
2743:
2741:
2639:
2637:
2577:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2484:
2482:
1964:The 15th Dynasty of Egypt ruled from
3069:Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 5.
3056:
2950:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen
2936:
2795:
1876:, left his name on two monuments at
1607:people of West Asia established the
3567:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
3336:Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW)
3309:
2798:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
2651:
24:
3294:, p. 308. A color photograph.
3240:
3207:
2919:
2830:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013-04-30).
2738:
2634:
2620:
2594:
2532:
2479:
2405:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
2400:First Intermediate Period of Egypt
2072:
1748:First Intermediate Period of Egypt
1702:Upper part of a statue of pharaoh
25:
3593:
3510:, Museum Tuscalanum Press, 1997.
3329:
2856:T. Schneider 1998 (sic), 126-127
2691:, Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997)
2678:, Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997)
2150:
3522:The Hyksos: A New Investigation
3372:. USA: Oxford University Press.
2372:
2352:
2340:
2315:
2284:
2275:
2130:
2110:
2055:
2038:
2021:
1695:
1679:
748:
347:
305:
280:
3359:
3342:
3323:
3273:
3226:
3150:
3083:
3004:
2895:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2823:
2817:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
2811:Ilin-Tomich, Alexander (2016).
2804:
2789:
2771:
2756:
2694:
2462:Von Beckerath 1964, Ryholt 1997
2236:
2195:
1902:
1761:
3493:, 63 (1968), pp. 313–324.
2881:. Cambridge University Press.
2553:
2495:
2465:
2456:
1644:Collapse of the Middle Kingdom
1542:Periodization of ancient Egypt
34:The Second Intermediate Period
13:
1:
3484:The Cambridge Ancient History
3477:The Cambridge Ancient History
3462:, Heft 23. GlĂĽckstadt, 1965.
2878:The Cambridge Ancient History
2430:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021).
2410:
1781:
1718:The 13th Dynasty switched to
849:
236:
58:
40:
3117:10.1371/journal.pone.0235414
2813:"Second Intermediate Period"
2561:"Second Intermediate Period"
2503:"Second Intermediate Period"
2243:Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt
2233:of the Hyksos 15th Dynasty.
1868:("Sheshi" is a Semitic name)
203:• c. 1555 – c. 1550 BC
190:• c. 1701 – c. 1677 BC
7:
3410:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
2393:
1768:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
10:
3598:
3572:Dynasties of ancient Egypt
3460:Ă„gyptologische Forschungen
3184:10.1007/s12520-021-01344-x
2765:A History of Ancient Egypt
2490:Second Intermediate Period
2432:A history of ancient Egypt
2331:
2240:
2202:Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt
2199:
2154:
2100:. Regnal order uncertain.
1909:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1906:
1765:
1582:Second Intermediate Period
18:Second Intermediate Period
3545:
3538:
3530:
3387:Daressy, Georges (1906).
2488:Ilin-Tomich, Alexander. “
2383:, usurped by Hyksos king
1925:, described as a Hyksos (
1799:in the western Delta and
510:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
259:
255:
245:
230:
226:
218:
214:
201:
188:
184:
174:
164:
148:
143:Ancient Egyptian religion
138:
73:
50:
39:
32:
3582:16th century BC in Egypt
3577:17th century BC in Egypt
3486:. Revised Edition, 1965.
3479:. Revised Edition, 1965.
3350:"Tell-el-Daba - History"
2763:Grimal, Nicolas (1994).
1706:from his pyramid complex
3404:Montet, Pierre (1968).
2359:The 15th Dynasty ruled
455:3rd Intermediate Period
435:2nd Intermediate Period
415:1st Intermediate Period
288:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
3540:Time Periods of Egypt
3472:. Oxford, 1964, 1961.
3304:Baker & Baker 2001
2169:
2077:
1880:. His name means "the
1615:, which, according to
1340:Twenty-seventh Dynasty
3470:Egypt of the Pharaohs
3407:Lives of the pharaohs
2164:
2076:
1855:("'Ammu" could mean "
1650:12th Dynasty of Egypt
1592:and the start of the
1473:Thirty-fourth Dynasty
1429:Thirty-second Dynasty
1356:Twenty-eighth Dynasty
1278:Twenty-fourth Dynasty
1252:Twenty-second Dynasty
395:Early Dynastic Period
3439:10.1553/AEundL20s303
2946:JĂĽrgen von Beckerath
2748:Ryholt, Kim (1997).
1949:, and possibly even
1728:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
1507:Thirty-fifth Dynasty
1442:Thirty-third Dynasty
1398:(2nd Persian Period)
1396:Thirty-first Dynasty
1369:Twenty-ninth Dynasty
1342:(1st Persian Period)
1326:Twenty-sixth Dynasty
1291:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
1265:Twenty-third Dynasty
1239:Twenty-first Dynasty
665:Muhammad Ali dynasty
301:New Kingdom of Egypt
3524:. New Haven, 1966.
3520:Van Seters, John.
3500:Philadelphia, 1997.
3175:2021ArAnS..13..105S
3108:2020PLoSO..1535414S
2248:Theban kings too.
1990:Dates and comments
1980:
1833:where is the uncle?
1742:Transitional period
1714:Migration to Thebes
1688:pyramid of Khendjer
1153:Seventeenth Dynasty
1088:Second Intermediate
831:Pre-dynastic period
500:Ptolemaic dynasties
3491:Chronique d'Égypte
3466:Gardiner, Sir Alan
3016:www.britannica.com
2967:2015-12-22 at the
2907:www.britannica.com
2796:Shaw, Ian (2004).
2525:Kim S. B. Ryholt,
2170:
2078:
1976:
1831:("Ya'ammu" means "
1829:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
1230:Third Intermediate
1196:Nineteenth Dynasty
1183:Eighteenth Dynasty
1097:Fourteenth Dynasty
1067:Thirteenth Dynasty
948:First Intermediate
712:Sultanate of Egypt
702:British occupation
675:Khedivate of Egypt
547:Rashidun caliphate
368:Predynastic Period
3555:
3554:
3546:Succeeded by
3496:Oren, Eliezer D.
3379:978-0-19-512221-3
3076:978-87-7289-421-8
3049:978-87-7289-421-8
2997:978-87-7289-421-8
2888:978-0-521-08230-3
2843:978-1-58983-736-2
2615:978-1-905299-37-9
2441:978-1-119-62087-7
2141:
2140:
2119:Ruled 40+ years.
2117:c. 1590?–1550 BC
2062:Ruled 10+ years.
1978:Fifteenth Dynasty
1817:("Yakbim" means "
1578:
1577:
1525:
1524:
1487:
1486:
1453:
1452:
1420:Hellenistic Egypt
1410:
1409:
1382:Thirtieth Dynasty
1307:
1306:
1220:
1219:
1209:Twentieth Dynasty
1164:
1163:
1128:Sixteenth Dynasty
1110:Fifteenth Dynasty
1078:
1077:
1021:
1020:
938:
937:
869:
868:
789:
788:
740:
739:
693:Late Modern Egypt
683:
682:
655:French occupation
625:
624:
587:Ikhshidid dynasty
557:Umayyad caliphate
528:
527:
482:Greco-Roman Egypt
473:
472:
376:
375:
359:Prehistoric Egypt
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
293:
292:
16:(Redirected from
3589:
3531:Preceded by
3528:
3527:
3450:
3421:
3400:
3383:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3330:Bader, Bettina.
3327:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3204:
3186:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3119:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2981:
2972:
2962:available online
2943:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2583:Daphna Ben Tor:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2507:escholarship.org
2499:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2427:
2376:
2356:
2344:
2288:
2279:
2137:c. 1550–1540 BC
2134:
2114:
2059:
2042:
2025:
1981:
1975:
1841:("Qareh" means "
1839:Qareh Khawoserre
1815:Yakbim Sekhaenre
1786:
1783:
1699:
1683:
1662:George Syncellus
1570:
1563:
1556:
1502:
1501:
1475:(Roman Pharaohs)
1468:
1467:
1425:
1424:
1322:
1321:
1235:
1234:
1179:
1178:
1093:
1092:
1041:Eleventh Dynasty
1036:
1035:
1010:Eleventh Dynasty
953:
952:
884:
883:
851:
827:
826:
791:
790:
781:
774:
767:
755:Egypt portal
753:
752:
751:
722:Kingdom of Egypt
698:
697:
641:
640:
543:
542:
486:
485:
391:
390:
364:
363:
351:
341:
323:
322:
309:
308:
297:
296:
284:
283:
277:
276:
261:
260:
241:
238:
128:c.1650 – 1600 BC
109:c.1677 – 1600 BC
94:c.1725 – 1535 BC
83:c.1803 – 1677 BC
67:
63:
60:
55:
45:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3542:
3536:
3418:
3380:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3155:
3151:
3102:(7): e0235414.
3088:
3084:
3077:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2975:
2971:see p. 120–121.
2969:Wayback Machine
2944:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2828:
2824:
2809:
2805:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2739:
2716:10.2307/1357532
2699:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2442:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2334:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2245:
2239:
2204:
2198:
2159:
2153:
1955:Turin King list
1941:. According to
1933:" according to
1915:
1907:Main articles:
1905:
1853:'Ammu Aahotepre
1784:
1770:
1764:
1746:Similar to the
1744:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1646:
1634:Turin King List
1611:and ruled from
1574:
1545:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1521:379 AD – 641 AD
1515:
1509:
1499:
1497:Byzantine Egypt
1489:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1397:
1344:
1341:
1319:
1309:
1308:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1054:Twelfth Dynasty
1033:
1023:
1022:
957:Seventh Dynasty
950:
940:
939:
881:
871:
870:
824:
814:
785:
749:
747:
742:
741:
695:
685:
684:
638:
627:
626:
607:Ayyubid dynasty
597:Fatimid dynasty
577:Tulunid dynasty
567:Abbasid dynasty
540:
530:
529:
483:
475:
474:
388:
378:
377:
361:
339:
332:
306:
281:
248:
239:
233:
204:
191:
129:
127:
110:
108:
95:
93:
84:
82:
69:
65:
61:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3534:Middle Kingdom
3532:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3452:
3451:
3422:
3416:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3341:
3322:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3272:
3270:, p. 117.
3260:
3239:
3225:
3206:
3149:
3082:
3075:
3055:
3048:
3028:
3003:
2996:
2973:
2935:
2918:
2894:
2887:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2842:
2822:
2803:
2788:
2770:
2755:
2737:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2650:
2633:
2619:
2602:
2593:
2576:
2552:
2531:
2518:
2494:
2478:
2464:
2455:
2440:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2317:
2314:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2220:Neferhotep III
2200:Main article:
2197:
2194:
2157:Abydos Dynasty
2155:Main article:
2152:
2151:Abydos Dynasty
2149:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1904:
1901:
1874:Nehesy Aasehre
1870:
1869:
1866:Sheshi Maaibre
1863:
1850:
1836:
1826:
1819:(the goddess)
1766:Main article:
1763:
1760:
1743:
1740:
1715:
1712:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1645:
1642:
1590:Middle Kingdom
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:30 BC – 313 AD
1481:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1141:Abydos Dynasty
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:Middle Kingdom
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
992:
991:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
972:
970:Eighth Dynasty
966:
965:
962:
959:
951:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
935:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
903:
901:Fourth Dynasty
897:
896:
893:
890:
882:
877:
876:
873:
872:
867:
866:
863:
860:
858:Second Dynasty
854:
853:
847:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
825:
820:
819:
816:
815:
810:All years are
809:
806:
805:
787:
786:
784:
783:
776:
769:
761:
758:
757:
744:
743:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
696:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
680:
677:
671:
670:
667:
661:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
622:
619:
617:Mamluk dynasty
613:
612:
609:
603:
602:
599:
593:
592:
589:
583:
582:
579:
573:
572:
569:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
541:
538:Medieval Egypt
536:
535:
532:
531:
526:
525:
522:
520:Sasanian Egypt
516:
515:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
492:
490:Argead dynasty
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
425:Middle Kingdom
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
373:
370:
362:
357:
356:
353:
352:
344:
343:
334:
333:
326:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
303:
294:
291:
290:
285:
273:
272:
267:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
211:
205:
202:
199:
198:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
152:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
134:
133:
131:Abydos Dynasty
122:
120:17th Dynasties
103:
101:15th Dynasties
88:
75:
71:
70:
66: 1550 BC
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3594:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3550:
3543:1650–1550 BC
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:87-7289-421-0
3513:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:Von Beckerath
3454:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3417:9780600354529
3413:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3306:, p. 86.
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:3-8053-2591-6
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2566:
2565:www.ucl.ac.uk
2562:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2381:Amenemhat III
2375:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2343:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2316:Reunification
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Wepwawetemsaf
2174:
2168:
2167:Abydos, Egypt
2163:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2107:
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2103:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:Mentioned by
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
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1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
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1813:
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1779:
1775:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:Merneferre Ay
1721:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1641:
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1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:ancient Egypt
1583:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
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1313:
1312:
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1279:
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1210:
1207:
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1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
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1159:
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1129:
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1125:
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1111:
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1103:
1100:
1098:
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1094:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1073:
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1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
996:Tenth Dynasty
994:
993:
989:
986:
984:
983:Ninth Dynasty
981:
980:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
949:
944:
943:
933:
930:
928:
927:Sixth Dynasty
925:
924:
920:
917:
915:
914:Fifth Dynasty
912:
911:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
889:
888:Third Dynasty
886:
885:
880:
875:
874:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
842:First Dynasty
840:
839:
836:
834:
832:
829:
828:
823:
818:
817:
813:
808:
807:
804:
803:ancient Egypt
800:
796:
793:
792:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
760:
759:
756:
746:
745:
735:
733:
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723:
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719:
715:
713:
710:
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703:
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694:
689:
688:
678:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
662:
658:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:Ottoman Egypt
643:
642:
636:
631:
630:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
584:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
539:
534:
533:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
497:
493:
491:
488:
487:
479:
478:
468:
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463:
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458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
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432:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
393:
392:
387:
386:Ancient Egypt
382:
381:
371:
369:
366:
365:
360:
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:
342:
336:
335:
330:
325:
324:
304:
302:
299:
298:
295:
289:
286:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
254:
250:
244:
235:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
200:
196:
195:Merneferre Ay
193:
187:
183:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
132:
126:
123:
121:
117:
113:
107:
104:
102:
98:
92:
89:
87:
81:
78:
77:
76:
72:
54:
49:
38:
31:
19:
3539:
3521:
3507:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3430:
3426:
3406:
3396:
3392:
3368:
3360:Bibliography
3344:
3335:
3325:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3268:Daressy 1906
3263:
3228:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3018:. 2023-10-27
3015:
3006:
2986:
2949:
2910:. Retrieved
2906:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2852:
2832:
2825:
2816:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2785:. July 2024.
2782:
2773:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2687:Kim Ryholt,
2683:
2675:
2674:Kim Ryholt,
2670:
2622:
2605:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2568:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2526:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2497:
2467:
2458:
2431:
2319:
2308:Luxor Museum
2266:18th Dynasty
2250:
2246:
2237:17th Dynasty
2224:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2196:16th Dynasty
2175:
2171:
2142:
2118:
2082:
1977:
1963:
1926:
1919:15th Dynasty
1916:
1903:15th Dynasty
1898:
1892:Queen named
1871:
1856:
1842:
1832:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1778:14th Dynasty
1771:
1762:14th Dynasty
1745:
1732:
1717:
1658:13th Dynasty
1647:
1631:
1620:
1609:15th Dynasty
1602:
1581:
1579:
1540:
1534:
1511:
1087:
736:1953–present
635:Early modern
514:30 BC–641 AD
449:1550–1069 BC
439:1650–1550 BC
434:
429:2055–1650 BC
419:2181–2055 BC
409:2686–2181 BC
399:3150–2686 BC
372:6000–3000 BC
270:Succeeded by
269:
264:
86:13th Dynasty
3549:New Kingdom
3504:Ryholt, Kim
3433:: 303–323.
3292:Morgan 2010
3280:Montet 1968
2361:Lower Egypt
2326:New Kingdom
2227:Nebiryraw I
2000:Unattested
1785: 1700
1756:Lower Egypt
1752:Upper Egypt
1654:Sobekneferu
1594:New Kingdom
1463:Roman Egypt
1317:Late Period
1174:New Kingdom
879:Old Kingdom
465:Late Period
459:1069–664 BC
445:New Kingdom
405:Old Kingdom
338:History of
265:Preceded by
240: 1700
62: 1650
44: 1700
3561:Categories
3399:: 115–120.
3169:(6): 105.
3022:2023-11-27
2912:2024-01-12
2783:Britannica
2570:2023-12-31
2512:2023-12-03
2450:1200833162
2411:References
2300:Ahhotep II
2208:Aegyptiaca
2083:Aegyptiaca
1927:ḥḳꜣw-ḫꜣswt
1774:Nile Delta
1622:Aegyptiaca
1533:See also:
1512:speculated
494:332–310 BC
469:664–332 BC
165:Government
150:Demonym(s)
64: – c.
3201:235271929
3193:1866-9565
3126:1932-6203
2732:155317877
2710:: 47–74.
2492:” (2016).
2254:Seqenenre
2252:reign of
2145:Palestine
2090:Sakir-Har
1935:Africanus
1823:is a rock
1216:1189–1077
1203:1292–1189
1190:1549–1292
1160:1580–1549
1147:1650–1600
1135:1660–1600
1122:1674–1535
1104:1705–1690
1074:1803–1649
1061:1991–1803
1048:2061–1991
1017:2134–2061
1003:2130–2040
990:2160–2130
977:2181–2160
934:2345–2181
921:2498–2345
908:2613–2498
895:2686–2613
865:2890–2686
852:3150–2890
799:dynasties
726:1922–1953
716:1914–1922
706:1882–1922
679:1867–1914
669:1805–1953
659:1798–1801
649:1517–1867
621:1250–1517
611:1171–1250
504:310–30 BC
155:Egyptians
139:Religion
3447:23789943
3144:32667937
3096:PLOS ONE
2965:Archived
2779:"Hyksos"
2394:See also
2296:Ahmose I
2294:Pharaoh
2262:Ahmose I
2190:Senebkay
2182:Pantjeny
2034:Aperanat
2009:Josephus
1931:shepherd
1801:Bubastis
1797:Athribis
1704:Khendjer
1666:Eusebius
1246:1069–945
964:spurious
732:Republic
601:969–1171
329:a series
327:Part of
169:Monarchy
46:–1550 BC
3171:Bibcode
3135:7363063
3104:Bibcode
2819:: 1–21.
2724:1357532
2332:Gallery
2126:Khamudi
2106:Apophis
2068:Yanassi
2005:Manetho
1996:Salitis
1971:Thebans
1959:Khamudi
1943:Manetho
1923:Salitis
1888:with a
1859:Asiatic
1670:Itjtawy
1638:scarabs
1627:Salitis
1617:Manetho
1598:concept
1436:332–305
1406:343–332
1389:380–343
1376:398–380
1363:404–398
1350:525–404
1333:672–525
1303:732–653
1285:732–720
1272:837–728
1259:945–720
795:Periods
591:935–969
581:868–905
571:750–935
561:661–750
551:641–661
524:619–629
251:1550 BC
219:History
197:(first)
176:Pharaoh
80:Itjtawy
74:Capital
3514:
3445:
3414:
3376:
3199:
3191:
3142:
3132:
3124:
3073:
3046:
2994:
2956:
2885:
2840:
2730:
2722:
2617:, 2008
2613:
2587:, in:
2448:
2438:
2365:Avaris
2322:Ahmose
2258:Kamose
2212:Theban
2188:, and
2186:Snaaib
2098:Avaris
2017:Semqen
1987:Image
1966:Avaris
1951:Sheshi
1947:Sharek
1939:Avaris
1913:Hyksos
1890:Nubian
1886:Sheshi
1882:Nubian
1878:Avaris
1736:famine
1720:Thebes
1613:Avaris
1605:Hyksos
1596:. The
1449:305–30
1446:XXXIII
1360:XXVIII
1295:Nubian
1114:Hyksos
1008:Early
331:on the
222:
210:(last)
208:Kamose
180:
159:Hyksos
125:Abydos
106:Thebes
91:Avaris
3443:JSTOR
3197:S2CID
2728:S2CID
2720:JSTOR
2385:Apepi
2363:from
2304:Montu
2231:Khyan
2214:.
2051:Khyan
1984:Name
1929:, a "
1480:XXXIV
1433:XXXII
1347:XXVII
1269:XXIII
1187:XVIII
1039:Late
822:Early
637:Egypt
340:Egypt
3512:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3189:ISSN
3140:PMID
3122:ISSN
3071:ISBN
3044:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2446:OCLC
2436:ISBN
2222:.
1911:and
1896:.
1894:Tati
1857:the
1845:bald
1843:the
1789:Xois
1754:and
1686:The
1648:The
1632:The
1580:The
1518:XXXV
1403:XXXI
1373:XXIX
1330:XXVI
1282:XXIV
1256:XXII
1157:XVII
1071:XIII
974:VIII
797:and
157:and
118:and
116:16th
112:13th
99:and
97:14th
3468:.
3435:doi
3179:doi
3130:PMC
3112:doi
2712:doi
2708:315
2306:".
2268:.
1847:one
1821:Aya
1619:'s
1386:XXX
1300:XXV
1243:XXI
1200:XIX
1132:XVI
1101:XIV
1058:XII
961:VII
892:III
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114:,
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