694:
666:
318:. The relation between the two observances, if any exists, is unknown. A fragmentary inscription found at Ostia that reads: "Agonind" testifies that this festival was dedicated to Sol Indiges. It was indeed the second festival celebrating this deity, after that of August 10.
188:, both of which could be employed only for ceremonies connected with the highest gods that affected the wellbeing of the whole state. But the purpose of this festival was disputed even among the ancients themselves.
708:
679:
597:
on the festivals of Mars framing the military campaigning season, with additional festivals in
October, are summarized by C. Bennett Pascal, "October Horse,"
738:
196:
The etymology of the name was also a subject of much dispute among the ancients. The various etymologies proposed are given at length by
684:
384:. Modern scholars are inclined to think that the sharing of the date was a coincidence, and that the two festivals were unrelated.
731:
286:
338:
200:. None of these, however, is satisfactory. One possibility is that the sacrifice in its earliest form was offered on the
724:
1126:
294:
thought the Romans had a god named
Agonius, who might then have been the god of the Colline part of the city (see
1141:
675:
1131:
1146:
272:("agonal day") and elsewhere the Agonalia, and offers a number of etymologies of varied plausibility.
234:
The Circus
Agonensis, as it is called, is supposed by some to have occupied the place of the present
1136:
107:
60:
242:
on the spot where the victims were sacrificed at the
Agonalia. It may not, however, have been a
273:
1060:
115:
175:
1015:
640:
231:, though one ancient source states that in earliest times, the Regia was on the Quirinal.
8:
381:
347:
306:
This third occurrence of the Agonia or
Agonalia shares the date of December 11 with the
118:. Its institution, like that of other religious rites and ceremonies, was attributed to
1105:
1035:
910:
400:
291:
315:
260:
243:
239:
156:
152:
925:
890:
805:
716:
703:
373:
350:
180:
144:
70:
965:
747:
368:
held on the same day. Varro's source is the books of the Salian priests surnamed
134:
indicate that it was celebrated regularly on
January 9, May 21, and December 11.
123:
151:, during a prolonged "war festival" that marked the beginning of the season for
905:
131:
119:
45:
1120:
1055:
1040:
980:
698:
670:
644:
594:
235:
228:
209:
223:("house of the king"), which in the historical period was at the top of the
1075:
1050:
1005:
950:
940:
850:
785:
486:
438:
354:
333:
314:, which only very late Roman calendars take note of and which depends on a
307:
127:
111:
50:
1100:
1070:
1065:
1010:
985:
930:
820:
795:
408:
1090:
1045:
1030:
1020:
1000:
990:
975:
960:
945:
935:
900:
885:
880:
875:
840:
830:
810:
790:
770:
364:
indicates that this Agonia was of more recondite significance than the
328:
The Agonia to Mars occurs during a period of festivals in March (Latin
1080:
1025:
970:
955:
915:
895:
835:
775:
624:
365:
281:
224:
148:
1085:
870:
855:
825:
815:
800:
697: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
669: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
246:
at all, and
Humphrey omits the site in his work on Roman circuses.
201:
1095:
995:
920:
865:
845:
353:), a second Equirria on March 14, his Agonalia March 17, and the
343:
860:
455:(University of California Press, 1986), p. 543; Robert Turcan,
20:
780:
361:
218:
185:
168:
751:
709:
Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
481:
265:
216:. The sacrifice is explicitly located at the Regia, or the
197:
19:"Agonium" redirects here. For the genus of beetles, see
746:
268:'s poem on the Roman calendar, he calls it once the
1118:
403:, "On the Magical Significance of the Tail," in
372:, who call it the Agonia instead. According to
147:, was celebrated March 17, the same day as the
712:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
332:), the namesake month of Mars. These were the
732:
739:
725:
405:Pietas: Selected Studies in Roman Religion
685:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
453:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing
702:
415:(Indiana University Press, 2003), p. 51.
238:, and to have been built by the emperor
1119:
601:85 (1981), p. 264, with bibliography.
599:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
720:
674:
174:, the usual victim sacrificed to the
16:Religious observance of ancient Rome
593:(Brill, 2009), p. 37; the views of
550:, p. 281, note 5, citing Ambrosch,
459:(Edinburgh University Press, 2000).
321:
13:
114:several times a year, in honor of
14:
1158:
591:Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach
413:An Introduction to Roman Religion
692:
664:
634:
617:
604:
583:
570:
557:
540:
376:, the Liberalia was called the
346:of March (a day sacred also to
336:of the Equirria February 27, a
264:, albeit in mutilated form. In
178:. The presiding priest was the
527:
514:
501:
475:
462:
445:
431:
418:
394:
301:
295:
204:, which was originally called
1:
658:
580:"Boletim de filologia" 1951.
249:
191:
137:A festival called Agonia or
7:
360:A note on the holiday from
258:occurs on January 9 in the
10:
1163:
706:, ed. (1728). "Agonalia".
176:guardian gods of the state
162:
18:
761:
88:
76:
66:
56:
41:
33:
28:
457:The Gods of Ancient Rome
387:
290:, a sacrificial victim.
61:Classical Roman religion
1127:Ancient Roman festivals
407:(Brill, 1980), p. 148;
184:, and the site was the
106:was an obscure archaic
688:. London: John Murray.
578:Indigetes et noveniles
490:1.318 and 324; Varro,
426:Die Religion der Römer
424:Johann Adam Hartung,
1142:December observances
1016:Quinquennial Neronia
641:William Warde Fowler
312:Septimontiale sacrum
153:military campaigning
108:religious observance
1132:January observances
428:, vol. ii p33, 1836
167:The offering was a
643:, concurring with
451:John H. Humphrey,
401:Hendrik Wagenvoort
316:textual conjecture
292:Augustine of Hippo
276:explains the word
116:various divinities
1147:Festivals of Mars
1114:
1113:
704:Chambers, Ephraim
296:"Etymology" above
261:Fasti Praenestini
240:Alexander Severus
132:Ancient calendars
96:
95:
1154:
926:Ludi Apollinares
891:Ieiunium Cereris
806:Capitoline Games
741:
734:
727:
718:
717:
713:
696:
695:
689:
668:
667:
652:
638:
632:
623:As preserved by
621:
615:
612:De lingua latina
608:
602:
587:
581:
574:
568:
561:
555:
544:
538:
531:
525:
518:
512:
505:
499:
494:6.12, called it
492:De lingua latina
479:
473:
466:
460:
449:
443:
435:
429:
422:
416:
398:
378:Agonium Martiale
374:Masurius Sabinus
323:Agonium Martiale
181:rex sacrificulus
140:Agonium Martiale
71:animal sacrifice
42:Observed by
26:
25:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1137:May observances
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
966:Navigium Isidis
757:
748:Roman festivals
745:
693:
665:
661:
656:
655:
649:Roman Festivals
639:
635:
622:
618:
609:
605:
589:Michael Lipka,
588:
584:
575:
571:
565:Roman Festivals
562:
558:
548:Roman Festivals
545:
541:
535:De Civitate Dei
532:
528:
520:See also Ovid,
519:
515:
506:
502:
480:
476:
470:Roman Festivals
467:
463:
450:
446:
436:
432:
423:
419:
399:
395:
390:
326:
304:
252:
194:
165:
92:thrice per year
83:
81:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
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1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1006:Plebeian Games
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
906:Latin Festival
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
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813:
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803:
798:
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783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
759:
758:
744:
743:
736:
729:
721:
715:
714:
690:
678:, ed. (1870).
676:Smith, William
660:
657:
654:
653:
633:
616:
603:
582:
569:
556:
539:
526:
513:
500:
474:
461:
444:
430:
417:
392:
391:
389:
386:
325:
320:
303:
300:
251:
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193:
190:
164:
161:
143:, in honor of
124:semi-legendary
120:Numa Pompilius
110:celebrated in
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
46:Roman Republic
43:
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35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1159:
1148:
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1128:
1125:
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1079:
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1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:Taurian Games
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Secular Games
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:October Horse
979:
977:
974:
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969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
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919:
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909:
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904:
902:
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894:
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889:
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884:
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877:
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872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
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812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
749:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
722:
719:
711:
710:
705:
700:
699:public domain
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
672:
671:public domain
663:
662:
650:
646:
645:Georg Wissowa
642:
637:
630:
626:
620:
613:
607:
600:
596:
595:Georg Wissowa
592:
586:
579:
573:
566:
560:
553:
549:
543:
536:
530:
523:
517:
510:
504:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
478:
471:
465:
458:
454:
448:
441:
440:
434:
427:
421:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
334:chariot races
331:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:archaic Latin
279:
275:
271:
270:dies agonalis
267:
263:
262:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:Piazza Navona
232:
230:
229:arch of Titus
226:
222:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:Quirinal Hill
199:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
91:
87:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
1076:Tubilustrium
1051:Septimontium
951:Meditrinalia
941:Lusus Troiae
851:Epulum Jovis
786:Armilustrium
765:
753:
707:
683:
648:
636:
628:
619:
611:
606:
598:
590:
585:
577:
572:
564:
559:
551:
547:
542:
534:
529:
521:
516:
508:
503:
495:
491:
485:
477:
469:
464:
456:
452:
447:
437:
433:
425:
420:
412:
404:
396:
377:
369:
359:
355:Tubilustrium
337:
329:
327:
322:
311:
308:Septimontium
305:
285:
277:
269:
259:
255:
253:
233:
217:
213:
210:Colline gate
205:
195:
179:
171:
166:
139:
138:
136:
128:king of Rome
112:ancient Rome
103:
99:
97:
51:Roman Empire
1101:Volturnalia
1071:Tricennalia
1066:Tiberinalia
1011:Quinquatria
986:Opiconsivia
931:Ludi Romani
821:Carmentalia
796:Bacchanalia
576:A. Grenier
533:Augustine,
409:John Scheid
302:December 11
227:, near the
157:agriculture
84:December 11
67:Observances
34:Also called
1121:Categories
1106:Vulcanalia
1091:Vicennalia
1061:Terminalia
1046:Sementivae
1031:Saturnalia
1021:Regifugium
1001:Poplifugia
991:Parentalia
976:Neptunalia
961:Mercuralia
946:Matronalia
936:Lupercalia
901:Larentalia
886:Furrinalia
881:Fornacalia
876:Fordicidia
841:Decennalia
831:Compitalia
811:Caprotinia
791:Augustalia
771:Ambarvalia
680:"Agonalia"
659:References
629:Saturnalia
357:March 23.
348:his mother
1081:Veneralia
1026:Robigalia
971:Nemoralia
956:Megalesia
916:Liberalia
896:Junonalia
836:Consualia
776:Amburbium
625:Macrobius
567:, p. 265.
554:, p. 149.
498:, plural.
472:, p. 280.
442:i.319‑332
370:Agonenses
366:Liberalia
284:term for
250:January 9
225:Via Sacra
214:Agonensis
208:, at the
192:Etymology
149:Liberalia
89:Frequency
80:January 9
1086:Vestalia
871:Floralia
856:Equirria
826:Cerealia
816:Caristia
801:Brumalia
766:Agonalia
651:, p. 54.
563:Fowler,
546:Fowler,
537:4.11.16.
496:agonales
468:Fowler,
382:pontiffs
100:Agonalia
29:Agonalia
1096:Vinalia
1036:Rosalia
996:Parilia
921:Lucaria
911:Lemuria
866:Feralia
846:Divalia
701::
673::
631:1.4.15.
610:Varro,
552:Studien
380:by the
344:Kalends
342:on the
330:Martius
256:Agonium
172:(aries)
163:Purpose
126:second
861:Februa
754:(ludi)
752:games
524:1.331.
511:1.325.
507:Ovid,
287:hostia
280:as an
278:agonia
274:Festus
244:circus
206:Agonus
122:, the
104:Agonia
82:May 21
37:Agonia
21:Agonum
781:Argei
614:6.14.
522:Fasti
509:Fasti
487:Fasti
439:Fasti
388:Notes
362:Varro
339:feria
221:regis
219:domus
186:Regia
750:and
482:Ovid
351:Juno
266:Ovid
198:Ovid
155:and
145:Mars
77:Date
57:Type
310:or
298:).
254:An
169:ram
102:or
98:An
1123::
682:.
647:,
627:,
484:,
411:,
212:,
159:.
130:.
740:e
733:t
726:v
48:,
23:.
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