978:
969:
1027:
694:
42:
1119:
Alexander's taking of his mother's advice to not get involved in battle, his dishonorable and unsoldierly methods of dealing with the
Germanic threat, and the relative failure of his military campaign against the Persians were all deemed highly unacceptable by the soldiers. Indeed, Maximinus was able to overthrow Alexander by "harping on his own military excellence in contrast to that feeble coward". Yet by arrogating the power to dethrone their emperor, the legions paved the way for a half-century of widespread chaos and instability.
1065:, the divisive and unpopular Emperor whose own assassination paved the way for Alexander's reign. A German servant entered the tent and initiated the call for Alexander's assassination, at which point many of the troops joined in the attack. Alexander's attendants fought against the other troops but could not hold off the combined might of those seeking the Emperor's assassination. Within minutes, Alexander was dead. His mother, Julia Mamaea, was in the same tent with Alexander and soon fell victim to the same group of assassins.
1123:
283:
4323:
1217:
935:. The northernmost army gained some success, fighting in mountainous territory favorable to the Roman infantry, but the southern army was surrounded and destroyed by Ardashir's skilful horse-archers, and Alexander himself retreated after an indecisive campaign, his army wracked by indiscipline and disease. Further losses were incurred by the retreating northern army in the inclement cold of
1004:
Because of this, he hoped the mere threat of his armies would be sufficient to persuade the hostile tribes to surrender. Severus enforced a strict military discipline in his men that sparked a rebellion among his legions. Due to incurring heavy losses against the
Persians, and on the advice of his mother, Alexander attempted to buy the Germanic tribes off, so as to gain time.
1255:, a late Roman work containing biographies of emperors and others, and considered by scholars to be a work of dubious historical reliability, Alexander was also at some point married to Sulpicia Memmia, a member of one of the most ancient Patrician families in Rome and a daughter to a man of consular rank; her grandfather's name was
846:, whereas civilians had strict restrictions over who could become heirs or receive a legacy. He also confirmed that soldiers could free their slaves in their wills, protected the rights of soldiers to their property when they were on campaign, and reasserted that a soldier's property acquired in or because of military service (his
807:
adding more silver, raising the silver purity and weight again to 50.5% and 1.50 grams. Additionally, during his reign taxes were lightened; literature, art and science were encouraged; and, for the convenience of the people, loan offices were instituted for lending money at a moderate rate of interest.
725:. Thus, to preserve her own position, she had Elagabalus adopt the young Alexander and then arranged for Elagabalus' assassination, securing the throne for Alexander. The Roman army hailed Alexander as emperor on 13 March 222, and the Senate ratified this the following day, conferring on him the titles of
999:
A new and menacing enemy started to emerge directly after
Alexander's success in the Persian war. In 234, the barbarians crossed the Rhine and Danube in hordes that caused alarm as far as Rome. The soldiers serving under Alexander, already demoralized after their costly war against the Persians, were
806:
from 46.5% to 43% – the actual silver weight dropped from 1.41 grams to 1.30 grams; however, in 229 he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity and weight to 45% and 1.46 grams. The following year he decreased the amount of base metal in the denarius while
1038:
Alexander was forced to face his German enemies in the early months of 235. By the time he and his mother arrived, the situation had settled, and so his mother convinced him that to avoid violence, trying to bribe the German army to surrender was the more sensible course of action. According to
1017:
was the next best option. He was a soldier from Thrace who had a golden reputation and was working hard to increase his military status. He was also a man with superior personal strength, who rose to his present position from a peasant background. With the
Thracian's hailing came the end of the
1118:
Alexander's death at the hands of his troops can also be seen as the heralding of a new role for Roman emperors. Though they were not yet expected to personally fight in battle during
Alexander's time, emperors were increasingly expected to display general competence in military affairs. Thus,
1057:
documents two theories that elaborate on
Severus's assassination. The first claims that the disaffection of Mamaea was the main motive behind the homicide. However, Lampridius makes it clear that he is more supportive of an alternative theory, that Alexander was murdered in Sicilia (located in
1003:
As word of the invasion spread, the emperor took the front line and went to battle against the
Germanic invaders. The Romans prepared heavily for the war, building a fleet to carry the entire army across. However, at this point in Alexander's career, he still knew little about being a general.
903:. In 231 AD, Ardashir invaded the Roman provinces of the east, overrunning Mesopotamia and penetrating possibly as far as Syria and Cappadocia, forcing from the young Alexander a vigorous response. Of the war that followed there are various accounts. According to the most detailed authority,
1111:. He was the last of the Syrian emperors and the first emperor to be overthrown by military discontent on a wide scale. After his death his economic policies were completely discarded, and the Roman currency was devalued; this signaled the beginning of the chaotic period known as the
882:...the decline in the prestige of the Severan dynasty, the feeble nature of Alexander himself, who appeared to be no soldier and to be completely dominated by his mother's advice, and lack of real military success at a time during which the empire was coming under increasing pressure.
750:. As a young, immature, and inexperienced adolescent, Alexander knew little about government, warcraft, or the role of ruling over an empire. In time, however, the army came to admire what Jasper Burns refers to as "his simple virtues and moderate behavior, so different from ".
939:
as it retired into winter quarters, due to a failure through incompetence to establish adequate supply lines. Still, Mesopotamia was retaken, and
Ardashir was not thereafter able to extend his conquests, though his son, Shapur, would obtain some success later in the century.
3509:
Library of World
History: Containing a Record of the Human Race from the Earliest Historical Period to the Present Time; Embracing a General Survey of the Progress of Mankind in National and Social Life, Civil Government, Religion, Literature, Science and Art, Volume
1266:
claimed that
Alexander was married three times. A man named Varius Macrinus may have been Alexander's father-in-law, but it is uncertain if he was the same man as Seius Sallustius, the father of Memmia or the father of an entirely unknown third wife.
1164:. Pietro Bartoli indicates that the vase contained the ashes of Severus Alexander. However, this together with the interpretations of the scenes depicted are the source of countless theories and disputed 'facts'. The vase passed through the hands of
977:
968:
1087:. It is still visible in Piazza dei Tribuni, in the Quadraro area in Rome, where it resembles a large earth mound. The large sarcophagus found inside the tomb in the 16th century, and which contained the emperor's remains, is in the
676:, but Icks disputes this, saying the latter could not have married the emperor's mother before 212 and that Alexianus must have been fathered by his mother's first husband, who is of unknown name but of certain existence. The priest
874:, where he was "quietly put out of the way" sometime after the excitement had abated. The soldiers then fought a three-day battle against the populace of Rome, and this battle ended after several parts of the city were set on fire.
4254:
877:
Dio was among those who gave a highly critical account of military discipline during the time, saying that the soldiers would rather just surrender to the enemy. Different reasons are given for this issue; Campbell points to
886:
Herodian, on the other hand, was convinced that "the emperor's miserliness (partly the result of his mother's greed) and slowness to bestow donatives" were instrumental in the fall of military discipline under Alexander.
4539:
1039:
historians, it was this tactic combined with insubordination from his own men that destroyed his reputation and popularity. Alexander was thus assassinated together with his mother in early March in a mutiny of the
826:
is considered untrustworthy by historians, containing significant amounts of information that is false and even invented, extending to when it was written and the number of authors it was written by. He allowed a
794:
with elaborate buildings, and created the Nymphaeum of Alexander (known as the Trophies of Marius), which still stands in the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele. This was the great fountain he built at the end of the
9655:
4581:
2768:
A handful of emperors since Antoninus Pius reigned for longer than 13 years, but for some or most of their reign they were co-emperors with others and therefore they were sole emperor for less time.
3848:
1242:, Mamaea became increasingly jealous and resentful of Alexander's wife due to Mamaea's excessive desire of all regal female titles. Alexander divorced and exiled Orbiana in 227, after her father,
4591:
4553:
774:, and historical sources claimed that with the help of his family, he created a select board of 16 senators, although this claim is sometimes disputed. Some scholars have rejected
1011:
looking down upon Alexander. They considered him dishonorable and feared he was unfit to be Emperor. Under these circumstances the army swiftly looked to replace Alexander.
3557:
4569:
4549:
4241:
758:
Under the influence of his mother, Alexander did much to improve the morals and condition of the people, and to enhance the dignity of the state. He employed noted
4619:
3669:: "He lost his life in Gaul, in a tumult of the soldiery, in the thirteenth year and eighth day of his reign. He testified great affection for his mother Mammaea."
1867:
1322:
1629:
4338:
9496:
866:, Ulpian, in Alexander's presence. Alexander could not openly punish the ringleader of the riot, and instead removed him to a nominal post of honor in
782:
in administering the affairs of the 14 districts of Rome. Excessive luxury and extravagance at the imperial court were diminished, and he restored the
3722:, which almost certainly took place on 23 March. A travel from Mainz to Rome could take almost a whole month, so his exact date of death is not known.
1069:
147:
3680:
2816:), written over a century later, states that "he lived sixteen years", while Alexander died in his "twenty-sixth year" (Elagabalus lived 18 years).
1177:
2609:
1286:
and Christians alike. He continued all privileges towards Jews during his reign, and the Augustan History relates that Alexander placed images of
2654:
1061:
This theory has it that, in an open tent after his lunch, Alexander was consulting with his insubordinate troops, who compared him to his cousin
1026:
4432:
3666:
1176:
in 1845 smashed it into many fragments, the vase has been reconstructed three times. In 1786 the Portland vase had been borrowed from the
786:
in 227 or 229; consequently, they are sometimes also known as the Baths of Alexander after him. He extended the imperial residence at the
4343:
3631:: "He ruled for thirteen years and nine days... He did everything in accordance with his mother's advice, and she was killed with him."
842:
In legal matters, Alexander did much to aid the rights of his soldiers. He confirmed that soldiers could name anyone as heirs in their
2549:
2522:
1234:, whom he married in 225 when she was 16 years old. Their marriage was arranged by Alexander's mother, Mamaea. According to historian
9511:
9506:
1315:
1068:
Alexander's body was buried together with the body of his mother, Julia Mamaea, in a mausoleum in Rome. The actual mausoleum, called
515:
4653:
3628:
9486:
9481:
5178:
4623:
3077:
547:
in 222, at the age of 13. Alexander himself was eventually assassinated, and his death marked the beginning of the events of the
4146:
3718:
The reign-length given by ancient writers gives a date of 21–23 March. However, these are reckoning to the formal accession of
9595:
9491:
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1169:
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3931:
3690:
2880:
2586:
554:
Alexander was the heir to his cousin, the 18-year-old Emperor Elagabalus. The latter had been murdered along with his mother
6005:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
3005:
Herrschaftsstrukturen und Herrschaftspraxis. Konzepte, Prinzipien und Strategien der Administration im römischen Kaiserreich
3003:
de Blois, Lukas (2006). "Administrative Strategies of the Emperor Severus Alexander and his Advisers". In Kolb, Anne (ed.).
746:
Throughout his life, Alexander relied heavily on guidance from his grandmother, Maesa, before her death in 224, and mother,
9615:
9501:
9476:
5185:
2802:, who lived during his reign, writes that Elagabalus and Alexander were "about fourteen and ten, respectively" in May 218 (
2692:
2491:
Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.
1308:
9590:
9466:
7246:
7034:
5808:
4176:
1018:
Severan Dynasty, and, with the growing animosity of Severus' army towards him, the path for his assassination was paved.
9630:
9455:
8216:
7932:
6800:
6060:
6034:
4311:
4193:
4073:
4034:
2813:
4349:
Although a few phrases appear to be copied from this encyclopedia, all of them are attributed here to primary sources.
4383:
4292:
3824:
3463:
2559:
2532:
665:. "Bassianus" was also borne by several family members, while "Alexianus" was probably later converted to Alexander.
17:
9645:
9635:
9521:
1091:
Museum in Rome. According to some sources inside the same sarcophagus in 1582 a precious glass urn was found, the
9620:
9605:
9600:
8708:
5774:
5757:
5584:
5572:
4595:
4507:
1204:, Alexander's "chief amusement consisted in having young dogs play with little pigs." Herodian portrays him as a
705:
Severus Alexander became emperor when he was around 14 years old, making him the second youngest sole emperor in
677:
673:
223:
2977:
8758:
8485:
8341:
5745:
5537:
5499:
5459:
5426:
4577:
2935:
2640:
4427:
1192:. He appears to have added some drapery to cover nudity, but his replicas were useful in the reconstructions.
951:
emperor. Alexander managed to suppress the uprising, and Taurinus drowned while attempting to flee across the
947:
showed an extraordinary lack of discipline. In 232, there was a mutiny in the Syrian legion, which proclaimed
778:'s view that Alexander expanded senatorial powers. He also created a municipal council of 14 who assisted the
551:, which included nearly fifty years of civil war, foreign invasion, and the collapse of the monetary economy.
9054:
8844:
8776:
8641:
8508:
8418:
8231:
6349:
5960:
5786:
5613:
5579:
5543:
5432:
1924:
508:
8626:
8563:
7846:
5601:
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2137:
4105:
9585:
8987:
8096:
8008:
7493:
7270:
7261:
5682:
5361:
4827:
2787:
2682:
1165:
1112:
614:
548:
485:
446:
858:
Alexander's reign was also characterized by a significant breakdown of military discipline. In 228, the
9665:
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8149:
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7713:
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6227:
5992:
5948:
5926:
5877:
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4376:
L’attività normativa di Severo Alessandro 1: Politica di governo, riforme amministrative e giudiziarie.
2777:
2738:
3919:
The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Volume 2, Latin Literature, Part 5, The Later Principat
2905:"Gordian III and Philip II on coin obverses with two face-to-face busts depicting Sarapis/Theos Megas"
597:, Alexander attempted to bring peace by engaging in diplomacy and bribery. This alienated many in the
585:. Alexander's peacetime reign was prosperous. However, Rome was militarily confronted with the rising
9640:
9337:
7108:
5899:
5867:
5692:
4872:
4631:
3789:
3323:
474:
9650:
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7182:
6953:
6815:
5909:
5862:
5409:
5056:
4511:
4198:
4120:
1088:
1000:
further discontented with their emperor when their homes were destroyed by the barbarian invaders.
501:
453:
1172:, and has subsequently been known as the Portland Vase. After an attack by a disturbed man in the
693:
9660:
9022:
8937:
8914:
7231:
7093:
7030:
6819:
6619:
6435:
5717:
5697:
5471:
5351:
4639:
2202:
907:, the Roman armies suffered a number of humiliating setbacks and defeats, while according to the
3182:
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9516:
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7876:
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6734:
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6560:
6364:
6027:
5987:
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5872:
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1282:
claims that Alexander prayed every morning in his private chapel. He was extremely tolerant of
1259:. She is mentioned as his wife only in this later text, thus the marriage has been questioned.
698:
256:
3923:
3917:
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3491:
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5640:
5628:
5399:
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4236:
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while at a meeting with his generals. These assassinations secured the throne for Maximinus.
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5712:
5687:
5652:
5567:
5481:
5331:
5162:
3889:
Davenport, Caillan (2011). "Iterated Consulships and the Government of Severus Alexander".
3151:
3018:
Davenport, Caillan (2011). "Iterated Consulships and the Government of Severus Alexander".
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41:
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through the mountains of Armenia, and a third advanced from the south in the direction of
8:
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8967:
8904:
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Münzen und Denkmäler von und für Severus Alexander. Konstruktion eines Herrscherbildes.
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2209:
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843:
747:
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260:
242:
152:
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601:, leading to a conspiracy that resulted in the assassination of Alexander, his mother
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3792:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014
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3326:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014
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165:
127:
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47:
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3815:
The Portland Vase : the extraordinary odyssey of a mysterious Roman treasure
3719:
2960:
2576:
1879:
1205:
1185:
1108:
1014:
896:
606:
586:
540:
294:
209:
83:
7029:
593:. He managed to check the threat of the Sassanids. But when campaigning against
9419:
9217:
9178:
8896:
8852:
8721:
7805:
7731:
7561:
7433:
7393:
7141:
6993:
6958:
6948:
6882:
6837:
6719:
6714:
6294:
6273:
6239:
5512:
5476:
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5314:
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5041:
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2628:
2503:
2411:
2387:
2195:
2179:
1173:
1096:
928:
836:
791:
652:
638:
581:. He was also the second youngest sole Roman emperor of a united empire, after
578:
558:
by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had their remains cast into the
555:
370:
339:
109:
1145:
Perhaps his most tangible legacy was the emergence in the 16th century of the
1122:
9564:
9098:
8997:
8829:
8799:
8475:
8330:
8187:
8056:
7896:
7871:
7821:
7428:
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7408:
7215:
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6752:
6500:
6443:
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4334:
4329:
4050:
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2477:
1156:. This was allegedly found at the mausoleum of the emperor and his family at
1149:
1127:
1092:
936:
831:
to be built in Rome, and he gave as a gift to this synagogue a scroll of the
787:
783:
779:
733:
536:
55:
4265:
The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
4203:
4135:
3834:
2578:
The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
9183:
9017:
9007:
8982:
8834:
8784:
8743:
8469:
8381:
8269:
8182:
8162:
8081:
8046:
8041:
7927:
7866:
7576:
7398:
7388:
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6832:
6709:
6518:
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6319:
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6171:
5727:
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5454:
5449:
5439:
5262:
5124:
4765:
4602:
4560:
4518:
912:
796:
767:
766:, to oversee the administration of justice. His advisers were men like the
706:
264:
3653:: "Alexander ruled 13 years, 8 months and 9 days. He was killed at Mainz."
2909:
Ex Nummis Lux: Studies in Ancient Numismatics in Honour of Dimitar Dragano
9287:
9232:
9083:
9032:
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8824:
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8076:
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8031:
8021:
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7541:
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6902:
6897:
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6531:
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6325:
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5591:
5466:
5416:
5341:
4915:
4862:
4805:
4611:
4097:
1917:
1907:
1146:
924:
923:; at the head of the main body he himself advanced to recapture northern
810:
In religious matters, Alexander preserved an open mind. According to the
771:
714:
710:
669:
648:
610:
582:
567:
563:
559:
401:
282:
188:
4412:
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Alexander's 13-year reign was the longest reign of a sole emperor since
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9311:
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9238:
9059:
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5079:
5072:
5019:
4999:
4944:
4909:
4902:
4847:
4812:
4675:
4527:
4475:
4347:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 567.
3964:
The Public Image of Julia Mamaea. An Epigraphic and Numismatic Inquiry,
3156:
2395:
1181:
1134:
1062:
900:
722:
598:
544:
415:
252:
228:
73:
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1294:
in his oratory, along with other Roman deities and classical figures.
717:
believed that he had more potential to rule and gain support from the
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4932:
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4725:
4720:
3640:
2163:
1220:
Denarius of Sallustia Orbiana. Inscription: SALL. BARBIA ORBIANA AVG.
1168:
Ambassador to the Royal Court in Naples, and in 1784 was sold to the
1008:
952:
943:
Although the Sassanids were checked for the time, the conduct of the
895:
On the whole, Alexander's reign was prosperous until the rise of the
828:
630:
354:
324:
105:
9656:
Roman emperors to suffer posthumous denigration or damnatio memoriae
2904:
9414:
9409:
9398:
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9193:
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7373:
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4800:
4775:
4770:
4735:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4112:
3534:
3522:
3512:. New York Public Library: Western Press Association. p. 1442.
3357:
2799:
1235:
1216:
1189:
1153:
1084:
948:
904:
819:
803:
775:
662:
634:
590:
384:
4328:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
850:) could be claimed by no one else, not even the soldier's father.
625:
The future emperor Severus Alexander was born on 1 October 208 in
9391:
9330:
9173:
8857:
8668:
8662:
8650:
8531:
8526:
8463:
8442:
8287:
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6314:
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4750:
3682:
Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography
1287:
1080:
932:
916:
204:
135:
113:
6055:
3685:. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 67–69.
3456:
Emperor Alexander Severus: Rome's Age of Insurrection AD 222–235
955:. The emperor returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph in 233.
570:
and had arranged for Elagabalus's acclamation as emperor by the
9298:
9168:
8805:
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987:
763:
759:
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2967:: iii Ius Ṃ Imp(erator) peratọṛ apụṣ uod Ạṣ x̣ Max̣ịṭ supp̣io.
2928:
Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars
2656:
The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2611:
The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
9384:
9163:
9153:
9131:
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7698:
7686:
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871:
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832:
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than her other grandson, the increasingly unpopular emperor
9136:
9126:
8516:
8391:
7592:
6922:
6742:
6724:
6609:
6391:
6386:
6220:
6012:
4715:
4705:
3551:"Severus Alexander (222–235 AD): The Calm before the Storm"
2838:
1283:
919:
his base, he organized in 233 a three-fold invasion of the
626:
195:
Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus
101:
3592:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3248:
3246:
7341:
4361:
Kommentar zur Vita Alexandri Severi der Historia Augusta.
3819:(1st ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 28.
3772:
3770:
3768:
3498:
3386:
3384:
3382:
605:, and his advisors. After their deaths, the accession of
8562:
3545:
3543:
3608:. Princeton University: The University Press. pp.
3348:, New York: The Macmillan Company, chap. XVIII., p. 258
3285:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
802:
Upon his accession he reduced the silver purity of the
4242:
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
3765:
3753:
3725:
3601:
3472:
3379:
3304:
3078:"Tulane University 'Roman Currency of the Principate'"
2984:
1270:
Alexander is not known to have fathered any children.
3540:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2581:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58.
1115:, which brought the empire to the brink of collapse.
1238:, however, as soon as Orbiana received the title of
1152:(or "Barberini Vase"), dated to around the reign of
4066:
Christianity and the Roman Empire: Background Texts
2728:
2726:
2724:
3812:
2819:
822:priests; however, this claim is unreliable as the
562:. Alexander and his cousin were both grandsons of
3414:, (The Modern Library, 1932), chap. VIII., p. 182
3267:Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation
9562:
3709:, which calculates travel times in ancient Rome.
2850:
2721:
2709:
1246:, was executed after being accused of treason.
1297:
1079:, is the third largest in Rome after those of
539:from 222 until 235. The last emperor from the
6028:
4647:
3258:
1316:
637:are known, from literary sources: Bassianus (
509:
4540:L. Roscius Aelianus Paculus Salvius Julianus
4285:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
4009:
3994:
3979:
3602:Valentine Nind Hopkins, Sir Richard (1907).
1160:. The discovery of the vase is described by
4304:The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235
2604:
911:as well as Alexander's own dispatch to the
531:(1 October 208 – March 235), also known as
6035:
6021:
4654:
4640:
3891:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
3020:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1323:
1309:
1007:It was this decision that resulted in the
991:of Alexander minted in 222 and 228 marked:
589:and growing incursions from the tribes of
516:
502:
40:
3888:
3265:Ledlie, James Crawford (1903). "Ulpian".
3017:
2600:
2598:
2551:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors
2524:Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors
9445:
4333:
4301:
4282:
3915:
3776:
3759:
3731:
3478:
3412:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
3390:
3310:
3298:
3252:
3237:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3002:
2990:
2922:
2920:
2918:
1215:
1121:
1107:Alexander's death marked the end of the
1025:
753:
692:
287:Bust of Julia Mamaea, Alexander's mother
4217:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
4191:
3922:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
3678:
3494:. Capitoline Museums. 14 December 2021.
2832:
2547:
2520:
609:followed. Alexander's death marked the
65:13 March 222 – March 235
14:
9563:
8592:
7957:
7059:
6085:
3453:
3264:
3177:
3175:
2902:
2872:Septimius Severus: the African emperor
2868:
2688:Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander
2633:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor
2595:
2508:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor
2502:
853:
713:, who was 13. Alexander's grandmother
9444:
8561:
7926:
7028:
6054:
6016:
4635:
4624:Sex. Catius Clementinus Priscillianus
4582:M. Laelius Fulvius Maximus Aemilianus
4268:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
4257:, Stuttgart, 1896, columns 2526–2542.
4063:
4024:
3811:Brooks, Robin (Robin Jeremy) (2004).
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1345:
1343:
1341:
1137:after the death of Maximinus in 238.
9097:
3563:from the original on 9 October 2022.
2693:Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I
915:, he gained great victories. Making
3575:"Severus Alexander | Roman emperor"
3172:
680:may have been his younger brother.
24:
4353:
4234:
4210:
4194:"Alexander Severus (A.D. 222–235)"
4090:
3396:
3007:. Akademie Verlag. pp. 45–52.
2978:"Cassius Dio – Epitome of Book 80"
2930:. London: Routledge, pp. 214–217.
2844:
2715:
993:IMP. C. M. AUR. SEV. ALEXAND. AVG.
25:
9677:
4592:Q. Aiacius Modestus Crescentianus
4405:
4185:
814:, he wished to erect a temple to
697:Bust of young Severus Alexander,
672:thought Alexianus was the son of
529:Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander
183:Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander
4321:
4261:
4029:. Macmillan Publishing Company.
2869:Birley, Anthony Richard (1999).
2856:
1224:Alexander's only known wife was
1195:
1140:
1021:
976:
967:
566:, who was the sister of empress
543:, he succeeded his slain cousin
281:
4554:Ser. Calpurnius Domitius Dexter
4085:
4057:
4043:
4018:
4003:
3988:
3973:
3956:
3940:
3909:
3882:
3866:
3841:
3804:
3782:
3737:
3712:
3699:
3672:
3656:
3634:
3616:
3567:
3528:
3516:
3484:
3447:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3363:
3351:
3338:
3316:
3144:
3128:
3112:
3096:
3070:
3054:
3038:
3011:
2996:
2970:
2953:
2940:
2896:
2862:
2568:
2541:
2514:
2510:. London: Routledge. p. i.
2496:
2432:
2401:
2185:
2169:
1893:
1273:
958:
678:Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus
674:Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus
224:Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus
4428:Severus Alexander on NumisWiki
4220:. Cambridge University Press.
3999:. CUP Archive. pp. 57–58.
3458:. Pen and Sword. p. 184.
2793:
2771:
2762:
2753:
1095:, currently on display at the
890:
688:
633:. Of his birth name, only two
13:
1:
9596:3rd-century murdered monarchs
9055:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
4512:M. Flavius Vitellius Seleucus
4172:
4157:
4131:
4116:
4101:
4012:The Life of Alexander Severus
3997:The Life of Alexander Severus
3982:The Life of Alexander Severus
3605:The Life of Alexander Severus
3346:A History Of Rome To 565 A.D.
2698:
1925:Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus
1479:Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper
927:, while another army invaded
647:) according to the historian
620:
27:Roman emperor from 222 to 235
6042:
4508:G. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus
4192:Benario, Herbert W. (2023),
4068:. Bloomsbury T&T Clark.
4064:Novak, Ralph Martin (2001).
4010:Nind Hopkins, R. V. (1985).
3995:Nind Hopkins, R. V. (1985).
3980:Nind Hopkins, R. V. (1985).
3679:Burgess, Richard W. (2014).
2703:
2138:Gaius Septimius Severus Aper
1015:Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus
7:
9616:Crisis of the Third Century
8988:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
4596:M. Pomponius Maecius Probus
3707:https://orbis.stanford.edu/
3152:"Historia Augusta – Livius"
2950:, Harvard University Press.
2790:: "DIVI·ALEXANDRI·KAL·OCT".
2683:Severan dynasty family tree
2676:
1298:Severan dynasty family tree
1113:Crisis of the Third Century
1030:Bust of Severus Alexander,
709:'s history, second only to
615:Crisis of the Third Century
549:Crisis of the Third Century
447:Severan dynasty family tree
10:
9682:
9591:3rd-century Roman emperors
7887:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
7271:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
7035:Second Intermediate Period
5927:Constantine XI Palaiologos
5878:Andronikos III Palaiologos
5765:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
4578:M. Nummius Senecio Albinus
4433:Coins of Severus Alexander
4389:Städtler, Domenic (2021).
4014:. CUP Archive. p. 59.
3984:. CUP Archive. p. 56.
2875:. Routledge. p. 222.
2778:Furius Dionysius Filocalus
2739:World History Encyclopedia
683:
657:
643:
9631:3rd-century Roman consuls
9549:
9451:
9440:
9338:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
9082:
9028:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
8923:
8895:
8880:
8843:
8815:
8775:
8757:
8707:
8640:
8625:
8583:
8579:
8557:
8507:
8484:
8417:
8340:
8278:
8230:
8215:
8148:
8095:
8007:
7992:
7948:
7944:
7933:Third Intermediate Period
7922:
7845:
7804:
7712:
7644:
7492:
7260:
7245:
7181:
7155:
7107:
7092:
7050:
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7024:
6979:
6939:
6814:
6799:
6733:
6675:
6618:
6559:
6544:
6434:
6363:
6348:
6249:
6133:
6118:
6076:
6072:
6061:First Intermediate Period
6050:
6003:
5935:
5900:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
5868:Andronikos II Palaiologos
5693:Constantine IX Monomachos
5381:
5278:
5161:
4988:
4826:
4674:
4616:
4600:
4588:
4574:
4558:
4546:
4532:
4516:
4504:
4499:
4489:
4480:
4472:
4467:
4440:
4414:"Alexander Severus"
4148:Life of Severus Alexander
3970:61, 2002, pp. 409 note 38
3951:Life of Severus Alexander
3916:Browning, Robert (1983).
3877:Life of Severus Alexander
3748:Life of Severus Alexander
3556:. The Saylor Foundation.
3374:Life of Severus Alexander
3344:Arthur E.R. Boak (1921).
3139:Life of Severus Alexander
3123:Life of Severus Alexander
3107:Life of Severus Alexander
3065:Life of Severus Alexander
3049:Life of Severus Alexander
2653:; Smith, William (1889).
2608:; Smith, William (1889).
2548:Burrell, Barbara (2004).
2521:Burrell, Barbara (2004).
2447:
2445:
2443:
2423:
2408:
2392:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2230:
2213:
2199:
2160:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2026:
2024:
2012:
2010:
1988:
1986:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1884:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
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1803:
1797:
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1757:
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1723:
1721:
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1693:
1669:
1667:
1626:
1603:
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1599:
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1589:
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1583:
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1563:
1557:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1529:
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1521:
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1446:
1444:
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1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1211:
1102:
818:but was dissuaded by the
248:
238:
215:
203:
194:
187:
182:
177:
173:
161:
142:
120:
93:
89:
79:
69:
61:
54:
39:
34:
9050:Cleopatra VII Philopator
7307:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
6065: (<3150–2040 BC)
5863:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4570:Gaius Aufidius Marcellus
4199:De Imperatoribus Romanis
4053:. Catholic Encyclopedia.
2903:Boteva, Dilyana (2017).
2476:Dark green indicates an
1499:Lucius Septimius Severus
1089:Palazzo dei Conservatori
276:Roman imperial dynasties
9646:People from Roman Syria
9636:Murdered Roman emperors
9023:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
8938:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
7232:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
5718:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
5352:Tiberius II Constantine
4344:Encyclopædia Britannica
4302:Campbell, J.B. (1984).
4283:Southern, Pat. (2001).
4027:Jews In The Roman World
4025:Grant, Michael (1973).
3962:Kosmetatou, Elizabeth,
3579:Encyclopedia Britannica
3454:McHugh, John S (2017).
2203:Sextus Varius Marcellus
9621:Deified Roman emperors
9606:Ancient Roman adoptees
9601:Ancient child monarchs
9065:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
9044:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
9038:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
8993:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
8963:Arsinoe III Philopator
7877:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
7347:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
7287:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
6878:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
5873:Michael IX Palaiologos
4620:Lucius Virius Agricola
4359:Heller, André (2022).
4262:Icks, Martijn (2011).
4107:Roman History, Book 80
2575:Icks, Martijn (2011).
2554:. BRILL. p. 247.
2527:. BRILL. p. 216.
2480:of the Severan dynasty
1868:Publius Septimius Geta
1630:Publius Septimius Geta
1610:Publius Septimius Aper
1262:The ancient historian
1221:
1130:
1035:
884:
702:
699:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
9013:Ptolemy X Alexander I
8978:Ptolemy VI Philometor
8958:Ptolemy IV Philopator
8953:Berenice II Euergetes
8948:Ptolemy III Euergetes
8910:Philip III Arrhidaeus
7419:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
7414:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
6768:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
5967:Thessalonian emperors
5961:Trapezuntine emperors
5922:John VIII Palaiologos
5917:Manuel II Palaiologos
5888:John VI Kantakouzenos
5804:Andronikos I Komnenos
5641:Constantine Lekapenos
4669:and empresses regnant
4420:Catholic Encyclopedia
4178:Compendium of History
4137:Epitome de Caesaribus
4122:Roman History, Book 6
3442:Epitome de Caesaribus
2946:Wells, Colin (1997).
2926:Jasper Burns (2006).
2809:Epitome de Caesaribus
2635:. London: Routledge.
1219:
1125:
1029:
880:
754:Domestic achievements
696:
9446:Dynastic genealogies
9070:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
8366:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
8280:High Priests of Amun
7782:Merankhre Mentuhotep
7484:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
7479:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
7332:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
7039: (2040–1550 BC)
6758:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
5905:John VII Palaiologos
5853:Theodore II Laskaris
5713:Constantine X Doukas
5653:Nikephoros II Phokas
4393:Hamburg: Dr. Kovač,
4374:Nasti, Fara (2006).
2380:Julia Cornelia Paula
1617:Gaius Septimius Aper
1180:and copied in black
1178:3rd Duke of Portland
1166:Sir William Hamilton
1162:Pietro Santi Bartoli
222:Uncertain, possibly
8968:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
8905:Alexander the Great
7937: (1550–664 BC)
7459:Mershepsesre Ini II
7454:Merkawre Sobekhotep
6848:Neferkare IV Khendu
5836:Theodore I Laskaris
5821:Alexios III Angelos
5799:Alexios II Komnenos
5723:Romanos IV Diogenes
5678:Romanos III Argyros
5624:Romanos I Lekapenos
4550:Ti. Manilius Fuscus
4051:"Alexander Severus"
3849:"The Portland Vase"
3790:"Severus Alexander"
3492:"Alexander Severus"
3324:"Severus Alexander"
3188:Jewish Encyclopedia
3183:"Alexander Severus"
2734:"Alexander Severus"
1331:Severan family tree
1170:Duchess of Portland
1048:Moguntiacum (Mainz)
1032:Musée Saint-Raymond
854:Military discipline
572:Third Gallic Legion
486:Crisis of the Third
124:March 235 (aged 26)
97:Bassianus Alexianus
9586:3rd-century people
9305:Trebonianus Gallus
7892:Senakhtenre Ahmose
7510:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
7464:Sewahenre Senebmiu
7439:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
6868:Neferkare V Tereru
6838:Neferkare III Neby
6506:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
5955:Britannic emperors
5949:Palmyrene emperors
5883:John V Palaiologos
5826:Alexios IV Angelos
5775:Constantine Doukas
5770:Alexios I Komnenos
5758:Constantine Doukas
5741:Michael VII Doukas
5703:Michael VI Bringas
5269:Romulus Augustulus
4892:Trebonianus Gallus
4885:Herennius Etruscus
4667:Byzantine emperors
4500:Political offices
4442:Severus Alexander
3646:Chronograph of 354
3084:on 1 November 2008
2783:Chronograph of 354
2659:. London: Murray.
2629:Birley, Anthony R.
2504:Birley, Anthony R.
2210:Julia Avita Mamaea
1874:Septimia Octavilla
1222:
1131:
1036:
848:castrense peculium
703:
603:Julia Avita Mamaea
243:Julia Avita Mamaea
9666:Damnatio memoriae
9571:Severus Alexander
9558:
9557:
9545:
9544:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9352:Claudius Gothicus
9246:Severus Alexander
9213:Septimius Severus
9078:
9077:
8876:
8875:
8621:
8620:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8544:
8260:Osorkon the Elder
8211:
8210:
7988:
7987:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7882:Nubkheperre Intef
7762:Sekhemre Shedwast
7384:Sehetepkare Intef
7312:Semenkare Nebnuni
7241:
7240:
7088:
7087:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7011:
6795:
6794:
6773:Netjerkare Siptah
6695:Neferirkare Kakai
6540:
6539:
6344:
6343:
6114:
6113:
6010:
6009:
5848:John III Vatatzes
5794:Manuel I Komnenos
5533:Michael I Rangabe
5377:
5376:
5219:Petronius Maximus
4818:Severus Alexander
4786:Septimius Severus
4630:
4629:
4617:Succeeded by
4575:Succeeded by
4533:Succeeded by
4490:Succeeded by
4399:978-3-339-12660-3
4369:978-3-7749-4233-2
4339:Alexander Severus
4275:978-1-84885-362-1
4227:978-0-521-84026-2
4212:Cooley, Alison E.
3933:978-0-521-27371-8
3692:978-3-515-10732-7
3160:. 10 October 2020
2882:978-0-415-16591-4
2859:, pp. 57–58.
2847:, col. 2526–2527.
2674:
2673:
2614:. pp. 45–47.
2588:978-1-84885-362-1
2451:
2450:
2427:Severus Alexander
2420:Sallustia Orbiana
1888:Septimius Severus
1226:Sallustia Orbiana
1200:According to the
651:, and Alexianus (
533:Alexander Severus
526:
525:
493:
492:
430:Severus Alexander
310:Septimius Severus
271:
270:
199:
198:
166:Sallustia Orbiana
128:Germania Superior
35:Severus Alexander
18:Alexander Severus
16:(Redirected from
9673:
9641:People from Homs
9552:List of pharaohs
9442:
9441:
9207:Pescennius Niger
9095:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9003:Ptolemy IX Soter
8973:Cleopatra I Syra
8893:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8590:
8589:
8581:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8559:
8558:
8310:Djedkhonsuefankh
8228:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7975:
7970:
7955:
7954:
7946:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7924:
7923:
7517:Qareh Khawoserre
7503:Yakbim Sekhaenre
7444:Mersekhemre Ined
7258:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7057:
7056:
7048:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7026:
7025:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6083:
6082:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6052:
6051:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6014:
6013:
5858:John IV Laskaris
5831:Alexios V Doukas
5816:Isaac II Angelos
5782:John II Komnenos
5708:Isaac I Komnenos
5668:Constantine VIII
5658:John I Tzimiskes
5385:Byzantine Empire
5159:
5158:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4589:Preceded by
4547:Preceded by
4505:Preceded by
4473:Preceded by
4463:
4456:
4438:
4437:
4424:
4416:
4378:Napoli: Satura,
4348:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4317:
4298:
4279:
4258:
4231:
4207:
4202:, archived from
4174:
4159:
4143:Historia Augusta
4133:
4118:
4103:
4080:
4079:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3947:Historia Augusta
3944:
3938:
3937:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3873:Historia Augusta
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3818:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3744:Historia Augusta
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3676:
3670:
3660:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3624:Historia Augusta
3620:
3614:
3613:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3423:Herodian, 6:5:10
3421:
3415:
3405:
3394:
3388:
3377:
3370:Historia Augusta
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3283:
3282:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3148:
3142:
3135:Historia Augusta
3132:
3126:
3119:Historia Augusta
3116:
3110:
3103:Historia Augusta
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3080:. Archived from
3074:
3068:
3061:Historia Augusta
3058:
3052:
3045:Historia Augusta
3042:
3036:
3035:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2948:The Roman Empire
2944:
2938:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2668:
2646:
2616:
2615:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2473:(4) = 4th spouse
2470:(3) = 3rd spouse
2467:(2) = 2nd spouse
2464:(1) = 1st spouse
2436:
2434:
2405:
2403:
2189:
2187:
2173:
2171:
2157:Fulvia Plautilla
1897:
1895:
1648:Julius Bassianus
1339:
1338:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1280:Historia Augusta
1252:Historia Augusta
1244:Seius Sallustius
1202:Historia Augusta
1078:
1055:Historia Augusta
980:
971:
921:Sassanian Empire
909:Historia Augusta
860:Praetorian Guard
824:Historia Augusta
812:Historia Augusta
740:Pontifex maximus
719:Praetorian Guard
660:
659:
646:
645:
518:
511:
504:
475:Year of the Five
467:
466:
404:
374:
358:
342:
327:
285:
273:
272:
175:
174:
156:
48:Musei Capitolini
44:
32:
31:
21:
9681:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9651:Severan dynasty
9626:Emesene dynasty
9561:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9541:
9447:
9424:
9324:Macrianus Minor
9253:Maximinus Thrax
9189:Marcus Aurelius
9088:
9087:
9086:
9074:
8933:Ptolemy I Soter
8919:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8872:
8839:
8811:
8771:
8753:
8733:Psammetichus IV
8703:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8617:
8595:
8586:
8575:
8572:(664 BC–313 AD)
8571:
8570:
8541:
8503:
8480:
8476:Menkheperre Ini
8413:
8336:
8274:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8207:
8144:
8091:
8072:Neferneferuaten
7998:
7997:
7996:
7984:
7983:
7973:
7968:
7967:Pharaohs
7960:
7951:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7906:
7841:
7800:
7727:Sobekhotep VIII
7708:
7640:
7488:
7449:Sewadjkare Hori
7251:
7250:
7249:
7237:
7177:
7151:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7084:
7062:
7053:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7008:
6975:
6935:
6843:Djedkare Shemai
6805:
6804:
6803:
6791:
6729:
6671:
6614:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6536:
6430:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6340:
6245:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6110:
6088:
6079:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6046:
6041:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5943:Gallic emperors
5931:
5619:Constantine VII
5400:Constantine III
5387:
5384:
5373:
5282:
5274:
5213:Valentinian III
5201:Constantius III
5195:Priscus Attalus
5179:Constantine III
5165:
5157:
5047:Valerius Valens
4992:
4984:
4830:
4822:
4781:Didius Julianus
4761:Marcus Aurelius
4678:
4670:
4660:
4626:
4622:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4580:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4538:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4495:
4493:Maximinus Thrax
4486:
4478:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4447:Severan dynasty
4443:
4411:
4408:
4356:
4354:Further reading
4337:, ed. (1911). "
4322:
4320:
4314:
4295:
4276:
4235:Groebe, Paul, "
4228:
4188:
4183:
4169:Joannes Zonaras
4128:Aurelius Victor
4093:
4091:Ancient sources
4088:
4083:
4076:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4023:
4019:
4008:
4004:
3993:
3989:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3914:
3910:
3887:
3883:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3827:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3720:Maximinus Thrax
3717:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3657:
3639:
3635:
3621:
3617:
3600:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3432:Herodian, 6:6:3
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3406:
3397:
3389:
3380:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3286:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3016:
3012:
3001:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:Feriale Duranum
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2925:
2916:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2820:
2798:
2794:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2679:
2649:
2643:
2627:
2619:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2461:
2452:
2431:
2429:
2400:
2398:
2184:
2182:
2168:
2166:
1892:
1890:
1880:Paccia Marciana
1362:Septimius Macer
1332:
1329:
1300:
1276:
1214:
1198:
1186:Josiah Wedgwood
1158:Monte Del Grano
1143:
1109:Severan dynasty
1105:
1072:
1070:Monte del Grano
1024:
997:
996:
995:
994:
992:
983:
982:
981:
973:
972:
961:
893:
862:murdered their
856:
756:
691:
686:
661:) according to
623:
607:Maximinus Thrax
595:Germanic tribes
587:Sassanid Empire
541:Severan dynasty
522:
487:
484:
476:
473:
456:
454:All biographies
436:
433:
422:
419:
408:
405:
399:
393:
390:
378:
375:
368:
362:
359:
352:
346:
343:
337:
331:
328:
322:
316:
313:
295:Severan dynasty
288:
234:
169:Sulpicia Memmia
168:
157:
150:
148:Monte del Grano
125:
100:
98:
84:Maximinus Thrax
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9679:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9661:Roman pharaohs
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9556:
9555:
9550:
9547:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9430:
9429:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9420:Maximinus Daza
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9327:
9320:
9315:
9308:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9179:Antoninus Pius
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9103:
9101:
9092:
9089:(30 BC–313 AD)
9080:
9079:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8929:
8927:
8921:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8901:
8899:
8890:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8853:Artaxerxes III
8849:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8729:
8724:
8722:Petubastis III
8719:
8713:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8659:
8654:
8646:
8644:
8635:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8587:
8584:
8577:
8576:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8513:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8488:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8478:
8473:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8346:
8344:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8236:
8234:
8225:
8217:3 Intermediate
8213:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8013:
8011:
8002:
7999:(1550–1070 BC)
7990:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7952:
7949:
7942:
7941:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7810:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7732:Neferhotep III
7729:
7724:
7718:
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7650:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7610:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7562:Sewadjkare III
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7531:Maaibre Sheshi
7527:
7524:'Ammu Ahotepre
7520:
7513:
7506:
7498:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Merhotepre Ini
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:Sobekhotep III
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7264:
7255:
7252:(1802–1550 BC)
7247:2 Intermediate
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7187:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7142:Mentuhotep III
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7102:
7099:(2040–1802 BC)
7094:Middle Kingdom
7090:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7044:
7043:
7031:Middle Kingdom
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6994:Neferkare VIII
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6959:Nebkaure Khety
6956:
6951:
6949:Meryibre Khety
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6883:Neferkamin Anu
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6809:
6806:(2181–2040 BC)
6801:1 Intermediate
6797:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6739:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6720:Djedkare Isesi
6717:
6715:Menkauhor Kaiu
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6554:
6551:(2686–2181 BC)
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6369:
6367:
6358:
6355:(3150–2686 BC)
6350:Early Dynastic
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6236:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6070:
6069:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5902:
5897:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5779:
5767:
5762:
5738:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5698:Theodora (III)
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5594:
5589:
5577:
5565:
5560:
5548:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5513:Constantine VI
5510:
5505:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5477:Theodosius III
5474:
5469:
5464:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5422:Constantine IV
5419:
5414:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5280:Eastern Empire
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:Western Empire
5156:
5155:
5148:
5136:Magnus Maximus
5132:
5130:Valentinian II
5127:
5122:
5117:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5062:Constantius II
5059:
5057:Constantine II
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4925:
4920:
4912:
4907:
4889:
4877:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4756:Antoninus Pius
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4679:27 BC – AD 235
4672:
4671:
4659:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4615:
4599:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4576:
4573:
4557:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4536:Marius Maximus
4534:
4531:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4468:Regnal titles
4465:
4464:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4407:
4406:External links
4404:
4403:
4402:
4387:
4372:
4363:Bonn: Habelt,
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4335:Chisholm, Hugh
4318:
4313:978-0198148340
4312:
4299:
4293:
4280:
4274:
4259:
4232:
4226:
4208:
4206:on 15 May 2008
4187:
4186:Modern sources
4184:
4182:
4181:
4166:
4151:
4140:
4125:
4110:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4075:978-1563383472
4074:
4056:
4042:
4036:978-0684133409
4035:
4017:
4002:
3987:
3972:
3955:
3939:
3932:
3908:
3881:
3865:
3853:British Museum
3840:
3825:
3803:
3781:
3764:
3752:
3736:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3691:
3671:
3655:
3633:
3615:
3591:
3566:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3497:
3483:
3471:
3464:
3446:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3395:
3378:
3362:
3350:
3337:
3315:
3303:
3301:, p. 197.
3284:
3257:
3255:, p. 196.
3242:
3240:, p. 234.
3230:
3228:, p. 239.
3218:
3216:, p. 224.
3206:
3204:, p. 221.
3194:
3171:
3143:
3127:
3111:
3095:
3069:
3053:
3037:
3010:
2995:
2983:
2969:
2952:
2939:
2914:
2895:
2881:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2818:
2792:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2720:
2718:, p. 496.
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2651:Gibbon, Edward
2647:
2641:
2618:
2617:
2606:Gibbon, Edward
2594:
2587:
2567:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2513:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2412:Annia Faustina
2409:
2407:
2393:
2391:
2388:Aquilia Severa
2385:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2196:Julia Soaemias
2193:
2191:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1638:Septimia Polla
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1275:
1272:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1174:British Museum
1142:
1139:
1133:Alexander was
1104:
1101:
1097:British Museum
1023:
1020:
985:
984:
975:
974:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
960:
957:
892:
889:
855:
852:
837:Severus Scroll
792:Esquiline Hill
770:and historian
755:
752:
690:
687:
685:
682:
668:The historian
622:
619:
579:Antoninus Pius
556:Julia Soaemias
524:
523:
521:
520:
513:
506:
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
479:
463:
462:
458:
457:
450:
449:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
427:
424:
423:
420:
413:
410:
409:
406:
398:
395:
394:
391:
383:
380:
379:
376:
367:
364:
363:
360:
351:
348:
347:
344:
336:
333:
332:
329:
321:
318:
317:
314:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
290:
289:
286:
278:
277:
269:
268:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
233:
232:
226:
219:
217:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
197:
196:
192:
191:
185:
184:
180:
179:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
146:
144:
140:
139:
122:
118:
117:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9678:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9553:
9548:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9453:
9450:
9443:
9439:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9400:
9396:
9394:
9393:
9389:
9387:
9386:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9374:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9356:
9354:
9353:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9333:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9289:
9285:
9283:
9282:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9271:
9269:
9268:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9257:
9255:
9254:
9250:
9248:
9247:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9085:
9081:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
8999:
8998:Cleopatra III
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8922:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8898:
8894:
8891:
8883:
8879:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8801:
8800:Nepherites II
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8639:
8636:
8628:
8624:
8614:
8611:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8591:
8588:
8582:
8578:
8569:
8565:
8560:
8556:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8331:Psusennes III
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8222:(1069–664 BC)
8218:
8214:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8188:Ramesses VIII
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8057:Amenhotep III
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7980:
7977:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7934:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7897:Seqenenre Tao
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7872:Sobekemsaf II
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7822:Wepwawetemsaf
7819:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7429:Merneferre Ay
7427:
7425:
7424:Wahibre Ibiau
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7409:Sobekhotep IV
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7256:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7216:Amenemhat III
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7148:
7147:Mentuhotep IV
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7137:Mentuhotep II
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7095:
7091:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7055:
7049:
7045:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7023:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Wahkare Khety
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:Neferkare VII
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6802:
6798:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6501:Seth-Peribsen
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6444:Hotepsekhemwy
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:Double Falcon
6232:
6230:
6229:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6125:(pre-3150 BC)
6121:
6120:Protodynastic
6117:
6107:
6104:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6075:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6057:Protodynastic
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6002:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5580:Theodora (II)
5578:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:Constantine V
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Anastasius II
5470:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:Theodosius II
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Valentinian I
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5025:Constantine I
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Constantius I
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4483:Roman emperor
4477:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:1 October 208
4454:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:88-7607-021-4
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4330:public domain
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:. Clarenden.
4305:
4300:
4296:
4294:9780415239431
4290:
4287:. Routledge.
4286:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:Historia Nova
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3826:0-06-051099-4
3822:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3791:
3785:
3779:, p. 69.
3778:
3777:Campbell 1984
3773:
3771:
3769:
3762:, p. 55.
3761:
3760:Campbell 1984
3756:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3734:, p. 63.
3733:
3732:Southern 2001
3728:
3721:
3715:
3708:
3702:
3694:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3629:Alexander, 60
3626:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3596:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3481:, p. 54.
3480:
3479:Campbell 1984
3475:
3467:
3465:9781510708754
3461:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3409:
3408:Edward Gibbon
3404:
3402:
3400:
3393:, p. 62.
3392:
3391:Southern 2001
3387:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3359:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3313:, p. 61.
3312:
3311:Southern 2001
3307:
3300:
3299:Campbell 1984
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3253:Campbell 1984
3249:
3247:
3239:
3238:Campbell 1984
3234:
3227:
3226:Campbell 1984
3222:
3215:
3214:Campbell 1984
3210:
3203:
3202:Campbell 1984
3198:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3006:
2999:
2993:, p. 60.
2992:
2991:Southern 2001
2987:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:Bibliography:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2561:90-04-12578-7
2557:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2534:90-04-12578-7
2530:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2442:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2270:
2268:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2181:
2165:
2158:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2076:
2074:
2064:
2056:
2054:
2021:
2019:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1889:
1881:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1734:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1631:
1608:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1471:
1468:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1422:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:According to
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1196:Personal life
1193:
1191:
1188:for his firm
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:Portland Vase
1148:
1141:Portland Vase
1138:
1136:
1129:
1128:Portland Vase
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:Portland Vase
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1028:
1022:Assassination
1019:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1001:
990:
989:
979:
970:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
835:known as the
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
805:
800:
798:
793:
789:
788:Horti Lamiani
785:
784:Baths of Nero
781:
780:urban prefect
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
749:
744:
742:
741:
736:
735:
734:Pater patriae
730:
729:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
654:
650:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Arca Caesarea
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Roman emperor
534:
530:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
497:
496:
489:
483:
480:
478:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
455:
452:
451:
448:
445:
444:
440:
439:
432:
431:
426:
425:
418:
417:
412:
411:
403:
397:
396:
388:
387:
382:
381:
373:
372:
366:
365:
357:
356:
350:
349:
341:
335:
334:
326:
320:
319:
312:
311:
306:
305:
301:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
284:
280:
279:
275:
274:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
230:
227:
225:
221:
220:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
193:
190:
186:
181:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:Moguntiacum,
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Arca Caesarea
99:1 October 208
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:Roman emperor
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9310:
9303:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9237:
9205:
9198:
9184:Lucius Verus
9141:
9042:
9018:Berenice III
9008:Cleopatra IV
8983:Cleopatra II
8915:Alexander IV
8835:Nectanebo II
8804:
8785:Nepherites I
8744:Artaxerxes I
8731:
8661:
8649:
8632:(664–332 BC)
8612:
8568:Roman Period
8470:Shoshenq VII
8468:
8441:
8401:
8382:Shoshenq III
8364:
8329:
8292:
8270:Psusennes II
8183:Ramesses VII
8163:Ramesses III
8047:Amenhotep II
8042:Thutmose III
7978:
7867:Sobekemsaf I
7859:
7834:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7793:
7786:
7691:
7674:
7669:'Aper-'Anati
7667:
7660:
7653:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7577:Sekheperenre
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7399:Neferhotep I
7389:Seth Meribre
7366:
7352:Djedkheperew
7269:
7230:
7221:Amenemhat IV
7211:Senusret III
7201:Amenemhat II
7117:Mentuhotep I
7079:
6968:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6833:Neferkare II
6784:
6777:
6710:Nyuserre Ini
6664:
6647:
6602:
6595:
6583:
6524:
6519:Neferkasokar
6517:
6510:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6458:
6423:
6416:
6324:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6272:
6267:Finger Snail
6265:
6258:
6238:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6105:
5910:Andronikos V
5908:
5891:
5839:
5807:
5785:
5773:
5756:
5750:
5744:
5732:
5726:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5600:
5583:
5571:
5554:
5542:
5536:
5523:Nikephoros I
5498:
5497:
5491:
5458:
5455:Justinian II
5450:Tiberius III
5440:Justinian II
5431:
5425:
5408:
5360:
5332:Anastasius I
5323:
5267:
5263:Julius Nepos
5255:
5248:
5236:
5224:
5217:
5205:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5177:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5125:Theodosius I
5112:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5042:Maximinus II
5029:
4931:
4914:
4901:
4895:
4883:
4871:
4817:
4804:
4766:Lucius Verus
4609:
4603:Roman consul
4601:
4567:
4561:Roman consul
4559:
4525:
4519:Roman consul
4517:
4481:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4418:
4390:
4375:
4360:
4342:
4303:
4284:
4264:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4237:Aurelius 221
4216:
4204:the original
4197:
4177:
4161:
4147:
4136:
4121:
4106:
4086:Bibliography
4065:
4059:
4045:
4026:
4020:
4011:
4005:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3918:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3814:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3784:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3681:
3674:
3658:
3644:
3636:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3582:. Retrieved
3578:
3569:
3530:
3518:
3508:
3486:
3474:
3455:
3449:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3411:
3373:
3365:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3318:
3306:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3186:
3162:. Retrieved
3155:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3004:
2998:
2986:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2927:
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2871:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2833:Benario 2023
2807:
2795:
2781:
2773:
2764:
2759:Dio, 60:20:2
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2737:
2711:
2655:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2577:
2570:
2550:
2543:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2426:
1490:Fulvius Pius
1279:
1277:
1274:Christianity
1269:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1206:mother's boy
1201:
1199:
1144:
1132:
1117:
1106:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1013:
1006:
1002:
998:
986:
959:Germanic War
942:
913:Roman Senate
894:
885:
881:
876:
857:
847:
841:
823:
811:
809:
801:
797:Aqua Claudia
757:
748:Julia Mamaea
745:
738:
732:
726:
704:
701:, Copenhagen
667:
624:
576:
553:
532:
528:
527:
481:
470:
429:
428:
414:
389:' usurpation
385:
369:
353:
308:
293:
29:
9288:Gordian III
9233:Diadumenian
9033:Cleopatra V
8887:(332–30 BC)
8882:Hellenistic
8825:Nectanebo I
8717:Cambyses II
8699:Psamtik III
8657:Tefnakht II
8459:Takelot III
8454:Osorkon III
8449:Shoshenq VI
8403:Pedubast II
8387:Shoshenq IV
8360:Shoshenq II
8325:Pinedjem II
8315:Menkheperre
8250:Psusennes I
8203:Ramesses XI
8193:Ramesses IX
8178:Ramesses VI
8168:Ramesses IV
8115:Ramesses II
8077:Tutankhamun
8052:Thutmose IV
8032:Thutmose II
8022:Amenhotep I
7994:New Kingdom
7929:New Kingdom
7788:Senusret IV
7772:Dedumose II
7747:Nebiriau II
7742:Nebiryraw I
7737:Mentuhotepi
7542:Khakherewre
7469:Merkheperre
7379:Imyremeshaw
7362:Sedjefakare
7317:Sehetepibre
7292:Ameny Qemau
7226:Sobekneferu
7206:Senusret II
7191:Amenemhat I
7173:Iyibkhentre
6903:Neferirkare
6898:Neferkauhor
6705:Shepseskare
6546:Old Kingdom
6532:Khasekhemwy
6512:Neferkara I
6481:Weneg-Nebty
6326:Scorpion II
5969:(1224–1242)
5963:(1204–1461)
5752:Konstantios
5629:Christopher
5602:Constantine
5592:Michael III
5573:Constantine
5556:Constantine
5538:Theophylact
5467:Philippicus
5417:Constans II
5342:Justinian I
5238:Severus III
5186:Constans II
4940:Claudius II
4916:Silbannacus
4863:Gordian III
4838:Maximinus I
4806:Diadumenian
4612:Cassius Dio
4255:volume II.2
4098:Cassius Dio
3897:: 281–288.
2216:Unknown (2)
1918:Julia Maesa
1908:Julia Domna
1184:pottery by
1147:cameo glass
1099:in London.
1073: [
1041:Legio XXII
1009:legionaries
925:Mesopotamia
891:Persian War
772:Cassius Dio
711:Gordian III
689:Early reign
670:Cassius Dio
649:Cassius Dio
611:epoch event
583:Gordian III
568:Julia Domna
564:Julia Maesa
560:Tiber river
482:Followed by
471:Preceded by
402:Diadumenian
189:Regnal name
151: [
70:Predecessor
9581:235 deaths
9576:208 births
9565:Categories
9405:Diocletian
9359:Quintillus
9312:Aemilianus
9267:Gordian II
9239:Elagabalus
9060:Arsinoe IV
8943:Arsinoe II
8868:Darius III
8795:Psammuthes
8684:Psamtik II
8499:Bakenranef
8437:Pedubast I
8432:Takelot II
8427:Harsiese A
8409:Osorkon IV
8397:Shoshenq V
8377:Osorkon II
8350:Shoshenq I
8320:Smendes II
8300:Pinedjem I
8245:Amenemnisu
8198:Ramesses X
8173:Ramesses V
8125:Amenmesses
8105:Ramesses I
8067:Smenkhkare
8037:Hatshepsut
8027:Thutmose I
7777:Montuemsaf
7767:Dedumose I
7567:Nebdjefare
7557:Merdjefare
7327:Nedjemibre
7322:Sewadjkare
7196:Senusret I
7168:Qakare Ini
6989:Meryhathor
6893:Neferkaure
6888:Qakare Iby
6873:Neferkahor
6858:Neferkamin
6666:Thamphthis
6660:Shepseskaf
6574:Sekhemkhet
6425:Horus Bird
6302:Scorpion I
5746:Andronikos
5734:Nikephoros
5683:Michael IV
5648:Romanos II
5568:Theophilos
5563:Michael II
5544:Staurakios
5528:Staurakios
5500:Nikephoros
5493:Artabasdos
5405:Heraclonas
5362:Theodosius
5320:Basiliscus
5080:Nepotianus
5073:Magnentius
5067:Constans I
5020:Severus II
5000:Diocletian
4945:Quintillus
4910:Aemilianus
4903:Volusianus
4848:Gordian II
4813:Elagabalus
4676:Principate
4528:Elagabalus
4476:Elagabalus
3858:10 January
3157:Livius.org
2936:1134131852
2911:: 327–337.
2888:18 January
2745:28 January
2699:References
2642:0415165911
2396:Elagabalus
1624:Fulvia Pia
1182:Jasperware
1063:Elagabalus
1058:Britain).
1043:Primigenia
1034:, Toulouse
945:Roman army
901:Ardashir I
799:aqueduct.
762:, such as
723:Elagabalus
621:Early life
599:Roman army
545:Elagabalus
461:Succession
416:Elagabalus
302:Chronology
253:Syncretism
231:(adoptive)
229:Elagabalus
74:Elagabalus
9537:Ptolemaic
9345:Gallienus
9260:Gordian I
9223:Caracalla
9149:Vespasian
9143:Vitellius
8925:Ptolemaic
8767:Amyrtaeus
8749:Darius II
8694:Ahmose II
8674:Psamtik I
8613:uncertain
8601:Pharaohs
8537:Tanutamun
8372:Takelot I
8355:Osorkon I
8305:Masaharta
8255:Amenemope
8158:Setnakhte
8120:Merneptah
8062:Akhenaten
7979:uncertain
7861:Nebmaatre
7682:Sakir-Har
7635:Yaqub-Har
7547:Nebefawre
7297:Hotepibre
7163:Segerseni
7132:Intef III
7080:uncertain
7068:Pharaohs
6700:Neferefre
6526:Hudjefa I
6407:Semerkhet
6144:Hedju Hor
6106:uncertain
6094:Pharaohs
5988:Classical
5973:Empresses
5957:(286–296)
5951:(267–273)
5945:(260–274)
5688:Michael V
5614:Alexander
5427:Heraclius
5395:Heraclius
5347:Justin II
5257:Glycerius
5244:Anthemius
5114:Procopius
5052:Martinian
5031:Maxentius
4960:Florianus
4933:Saloninus
4928:Gallienus
4897:Hostilian
4873:Philip II
4843:Gordian I
4791:Caracalla
4726:Vespasian
4721:Vitellius
4462:March 235
3705:See also
3667:Book VIII
3663:Eutropius
3641:Filocalus
3360:, 6:5–6:6
3273:(1): 19.
2704:Citations
2665:993285639
2390:(2 and 4)
2164:Caracalla
1862:Septimius
953:Euphrates
897:Sassanids
870:and then
829:synagogue
658:Αλεξιανός
644:Βασσιανός
635:cognomina
631:Phoenicia
355:Caracalla
325:Caracalla
265:Christian
106:Phoenicia
80:Successor
9497:21 to 23
9415:Galerius
9410:Maximian
9399:Numerian
9366:Aurelian
9318:Valerian
9281:Balbinus
9274:Pupienus
9228:Macrinus
9200:Pertinax
9194:Commodus
9159:Domitian
9122:Claudius
9117:Caligula
9112:Tiberius
9107:Augustus
8727:Darius I
8679:Necho II
8522:Shebitku
8494:Tefnakht
8087:Horemheb
8017:Ahmose I
7829:Pantjeny
7815:Senebkay
7795:Pepi III
7757:Bebiankh
7614:Shenshek
7572:Nebsenre
7404:Sihathor
7374:Khendjer
7337:Renseneb
7282:Nerikare
7127:Intef II
7004:Merykare
6909:Wadjkare
6853:Merenhor
6748:Userkare
6655:Menkaure
6649:Bikheris
6638:Djedefre
6604:Qahedjet
6488:Wadjenes
6474:Horus Sa
6467:Nubnefer
6454:Nynetjer
6418:Sneferka
6158:Ni-Neith
6044:Pharaohs
5983:Usurpers
5978:Augustae
5936:See also
5841:Nicholas
5663:Basil II
5460:Tiberius
5445:Leontius
5433:Tiberius
5410:Tiberius
5388:610–1453
5383:Eastern/
5337:Justin I
5290:Arcadius
5250:Olybrius
5232:Majorian
5173:Honorius
5152:Eugenius
5087:Vetranio
5037:Licinius
5010:Galerius
5005:Maximian
4990:Dominate
4980:Numerian
4950:Aurelian
4923:Valerian
4868:Philip I
4858:Balbinus
4853:Pupienus
4801:Macrinus
4776:Pertinax
4771:Commodus
4736:Domitian
4701:Claudius
4696:Caligula
4691:Tiberius
4686:Augustus
4487:222–235
4214:(2012).
4113:Herodian
3903:41291183
3835:54960357
3558:Archived
3535:Herodian
3523:Herodian
3376:, 55:1–3
3358:Herodian
3164:28 April
3141:, 43:6–7
3088:18 March
3032:41291183
2800:Herodian
2677:See also
2631:(1999).
2506:(1999).
2437:222–235)
2406:218–222)
2190:209–211)
2174:197–217)
1898:193–211)
1236:Herodian
1190:Wedgwood
1154:Augustus
1085:Augustus
949:Taurinus
905:Herodian
804:denarius
776:Herodian
728:Augustus
663:Herodian
613:for the
591:Germania
477:Emperors
386:Macrinus
249:Religion
108:(modern
9611:Aurelii
9392:Carinus
9373:Tacitus
9331:Quietus
9174:Hadrian
8858:Khabash
8689:Wahibre
8669:Necho I
8663:Nekauba
8651:Ammeris
8594:Dynasty
8532:Taharqa
8527:Shabaka
8464:Rudamun
8443:Iuput I
8288:Herihor
8240:Smendes
8140:Twosret
8130:Seti II
7974:female)
7959:Dynasty
7855:Rahotep
7752:Semenre
7722:Djehuti
7704:Khamudi
7693:Yanassi
7676:Salitis
7628:Yakareb
7621:Khamure
7552:Sehebre
7474:Merkare
7122:Intef I
7061:Dynasty
6970:Imhotep
6930:Iytjenu
6916:Khuiqer
6828:Menkare
6779:Neferka
6763:Pepi II
6685:Userkaf
6579:Sanakht
6402:Anedjib
6382:Hor-Aha
6315:Iry-Hor
6309:Shendjw
6281:Pen-Abu
6165:Hat-Hor
6087:Dynasty
5993:Eastern
5893:Matthew
5787:Alexios
5635:Stephen
5597:Basil I
5482:Leo III
5357:Maurice
5300:Marcian
5283:395–610
5207:Joannes
5166:395–480
5120:Gratian
4993:284–610
4975:Carinus
4955:Tacitus
4831:235–285
4751:Hadrian
4423:. 1913.
4332::
4175:1120),
4154:Zosimus
3968:Latomus
3651:Part 16
3026:: 282.
2806:). The
2478:emperor
2435:
2404:
2188:
2172:
1896:
1288:Abraham
1264:Zosimus
1257:Catulus
1240:Augusta
1231:Augusta
1135:deified
1081:Hadrian
937:Armenia
933:Babylon
917:Antioch
864:prefect
790:on the
768:senator
760:jurists
684:Emperor
488:Century
441:Dynasty
435:222–235
421:218–222
392:217–218
361:211–217
345:209–211
330:198–211
315:193–211
267:beliefs
210:Severan
205:Dynasty
162:Spouses
136:Germany
114:Lebanon
9532:Argead
9379:Probus
9299:Decius
9294:Philip
9169:Trajan
8897:Argead
8806:Muthis
8759:XXVIII
8739:Xerxes
8607:female
8585:Period
8294:Piankh
8265:Siamun
8135:Siptah
8110:Seti I
7950:Period
7902:Kamose
7836:Snaaib
7806:Abydos
7662:Semqen
7655:Sharek
7607:Sheneh
7587:'Apepi
7582:Bebnum
7537:Nehesy
7357:Sebkay
7277:Sonbef
7074:female
7052:Period
6863:Nikare
6753:Pepi I
6690:Sahure
6643:Khafre
6628:Snefru
6597:Sedjes
6569:Djoser
6495:Senedj
6373:Narmer
6332:Narmer
6214:Wazner
6179:Hsekiu
6151:Ny-Hor
6100:female
6078:Period
5755:&
5731:&
5638:&
5609:Leo VI
5585:Thekla
5541:&
5508:Leo IV
5430:&
5369:Phocas
5325:Marcus
5310:Leo II
5226:Avitus
5143:Victor
5108:Valens
5098:Jovian
5093:Julian
4965:Probus
4900:&
4880:Decius
4828:Crisis
4746:Trajan
4458:
4397:
4382:
4367:
4326:
4310:
4291:
4272:
4224:
4160:500),
4134:400),
4130:att. (
4119:240),
4104:230),
4072:
4033:
3953:, 20:3
3930:
3901:
3879:, 41:5
3833:
3823:
3750:, 59:6
3689:
3584:4 June
3462:
3444:, 24:2
3279:751768
3277:
3125:, 21:2
3109:, 21:6
3067:, 15:1
3051:, 33:1
3030:
2934:
2879:
2845:Groebe
2814:23, 24
2788:Part 3
2716:Cooley
2663:
2639:
2585:
2558:
2531:
2485:Notes:
1212:Family
1103:Legacy
988:Aureus
899:under
764:Ulpian
535:, was
261:Orphic
239:Mother
216:Father
143:Burial
46:Bust,
9385:Carus
9164:Nerva
9154:Titus
9132:Galba
9099:XXXIV
9084:Roman
8863:Arses
8790:Hakor
8709:XXVII
8419:XXIII
8009:XVIII
7969:(male
7699:Apepi
7687:Khyan
7600:Wazad
7368:Wegaf
7302:Iufni
7156:Nubia
6964:Setut
6786:Nefer
6633:Khufu
6591:Khaba
6585:Nebka
6449:Nebra
6377:Menes
6336:Menes
6288:Stork
6251:Upper
6207:Neheb
6200:Thesh
6186:Khayu
6135:Lower
5551:Leo V
5518:Irene
5305:Leo I
4970:Carus
4741:Nerva
4731:Titus
4711:Galba
4663:Roman
4610:with
4568:with
4526:with
4460:Died:
4453:Born:
3924:41–50
3899:JSTOR
3796:2 May
3561:(PDF)
3554:(PDF)
3537:, 6:8
3525:, 6:7
3330:2 May
3275:JSTOR
3028:JSTOR
2965:20–25
2804:5.3.3
1292:Jesus
1077:]
929:Media
872:Crete
868:Egypt
833:Torah
820:pagan
816:Jesus
715:Maesa
653:Greek
639:Greek
400:with
338:with
323:with
257:pagan
178:Names
155:]
132:Mainz
110:Akkar
62:Reign
9218:Geta
9137:Otho
9127:Nero
8845:XXXI
8830:Teos
8777:XXIX
8642:XXVI
8627:Late
8604:male
8564:Late
8517:Piye
8486:XXIV
8392:Pami
8342:XXII
7931:and
7847:XVII
7593:Nuya
7262:XIII
7071:male
7033:and
6923:Khui
6820:VIII
6743:Teti
6725:Unas
6610:Huni
6412:Qa'a
6392:Djet
6387:Djer
6295:Bull
6274:Fish
6240:Wash
6221:Mekh
6097:male
5907:(w.
5890:(w.
5838:(w.
5809:John
5806:(w.
5784:(w.
5772:(w.
5743:(w.
5725:(w.
5626:(w.
5599:(w.
5582:(w.
5570:(w.
5553:(w.
5535:(w.
5496:(w.
5457:(w.
5424:(w.
5407:(w.
5359:(w.
5322:(w.
5315:Zeno
5182:(w.
5139:(w.
4930:(w.
4894:(w.
4882:(w.
4870:(w.
4803:(w.
4796:Geta
4716:Otho
4706:Nero
4665:and
4395:ISBN
4380:ISBN
4365:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4289:ISBN
4270:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4070:ISBN
4031:ISBN
3928:ISBN
3860:2020
3831:OCLC
3821:ISBN
3798:2014
3687:ISBN
3586:2021
3460:ISBN
3332:2014
3166:2021
3090:2011
2932:ISBN
2890:2010
2877:ISBN
2857:Icks
2747:2021
2661:OCLC
2637:ISBN
2583:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2180:Geta
1290:and
1284:Jews
1278:The
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