423:, meaning condition . Consequently, agranulocytosis is sometimes described as "no granulocytes", but a total absence is not required for diagnosis. However, "-osis" is commonly used in blood disorders to imply cell proliferation (such as in "leukocytosis"), while "-penia" to imply reduced cell numbers (as in "leukopenia"); for these reasons, granulocytopenia is a more etymologically consistent term, and as such, is sometimes preferred to "agranulocytosis" (which can be misinterpreted as "agranulocyt-osis", meaning proliferation of agranulocytes (i.e. lymphocytes and monocytes). Despite this, "agranulocytosis" remains the most widely used term for the condition.
482:
Inadequate or ineffective formation of granulocytes. This can be due to bone marrow failure associated with aplastic anemia, leukemia, or chemotherapeutic agents. There can also be isolated neutropenias where only differentiated granulocyte precursors are affected as in the case of neoplastic
379:, a routine blood test. The absolute neutrophil count in this test will be below 500, and can reach 0 cells/mm. Other kinds of blood cells are typically present in normal numbers. To formally diagnose agranulocytosis, other pathologies with a similar presentation must be excluded, such as
511:
would be a solution to the problem. However, granulocytes live only ~10 hours in the circulation (for days in spleen or other tissue), which gives a very short-lasting effect. In addition, there are many complications of such a procedure.
339:
Although the reaction is generally idiosyncratic rather than proportional, experts recommend that patients using these drugs be told about the symptoms of agranulocytosis-related infection, such as a sore throat and a fever.
506:
In patients that have no symptoms of infection, management consists of close monitoring with serial blood counts, cessation of the offending agent (e.g., medication), and general advice on the significance of fever.
900:
885:
367:(i.e. deworming) drug used in animals. The reason for adding levamisole to cocaine hydrochloride is unknown, although it is likely due to their similar melting points, solubilities, and appearance.
829:
1000:
434:
are sometimes used interchangeably. Agranulocytosis implies a more severe deficiency than granulocytopenia. Neutropenia indicates a deficiency of
993:
634:
764:
1278:
445:(ANCs) of less than 500 cells per microlitre, whereas agranulocytosis is reserved for cases with ANCs of less than 100 cells per microlitre.
1343:
821:
344:
986:
806:
1290:
610:
181:
of infection-fighting white blood cells. People with this condition are at very high risk of serious infections due to their
497:
can lead to splenic sequestration and accelerated removal of neutrophils. Utilization of neutrophils can occur in infections
1313:
493:
Accelerated destruction of neutrophils. Immune-mediated reactions to neutrophils which can be caused by drugs. An enlarged
384:
336:
in particular is largely restricted to treatment-resistant cases and mandatory blood count monitoring in most countries.
134:
1247:
690:
1273:
356:
1285:
558:
Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E (2007). "Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs".
1308:
1268:
1214:
1065:
273:
359:
reported that, as of
February 2010, 71% of seized cocaine lots coming into the US contained levamisole as a
89:
1318:
1160:
442:
756:
915:
403:. These underdeveloped promyelocytes, if fully matured, would have been the missing granulocytes.
508:
396:
225:
118:
74:
125:
966:
399:
that shows normocellular (normal amounts and types of cells) blood marrow with underdeveloped
571:
754:
376:
114:
605:. Sanoski, Cynthia A.,, Deglin, Judith Hopfer, 1950- (Fourteenth ed.). Philadelphia.
8:
978:
904:
786:
541:
488:
1218:
732:
707:
628:
583:
478:
In a general sense the pathogenesis of neutropenia can be divided into two categories;
50:
909:
1300:
926:
798:
787:"Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use — four States, March 2008–November 2009"
737:
686:
647:
616:
606:
575:
351:
users, in the US and Canada between March 2008 and
November 2009, to the presence of
109:
34:
587:
419:, a particular kind of white blood cell (containing granules in its cytoplasm); and
727:
719:
661:
567:
427:
261:
182:
162:
920:
380:
269:
130:
1146:
755:
U.S. Department of
Justice; National Drug Intelligence Center (February 2010).
723:
666:
649:
521:
448:
The following terms can be used to specify the type of granulocyte referenced:
388:
364:
305:
293:
285:
138:
931:
1337:
1260:
1099:
1060:
620:
360:
329:
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245:
241:
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A large number of drugs have been associated with agranulocytosis, including
17:
894:
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1151:
1135:
1044:
1014:
802:
741:
579:
400:
297:
209:
1223:
1210:
1117:
1055:
961:
648:
Elisa Mari; Franco Ricci; Davide
Imberti; Massimo Gallerani (June 2011).
460:
431:
416:
325:
317:
313:
253:
197:
189:
174:
96:
63:
1256:
1195:
1165:
1088:
1026:
456:
435:
352:
309:
289:
281:
265:
257:
178:
170:
166:
43:
39:
877:
1228:
937:
757:"Colombian Cocaine Producers Increase Use of a Harmful Cutting Agent"
546:
471:
333:
321:
249:
221:
217:
193:
67:
822:"Majority of U.S. Cocaine Supply Cut with Veterinary Deworming Drug"
1170:
1022:
1010:
467:
392:
301:
142:
942:
280:(cimetidine, famotidine, nizatidine, ranitidine), ACE inhibitors (
441:
To be precise, neutropenia is the term normally used to describe
348:
161:, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous lowered
101:
889:
494:
484:
229:
213:
192:(a major class of white blood cells that includes neutrophils,
79:
55:
785:
Centers for
Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (December 2009).
650:"Agranulocytosis: an adverse effect of allopurinol treatment"
59:
452:
Inadequate numbers of neutrophils: neutropenia (most common)
1008:
600:
867:
557:
411:The term "agranulocytosis" derives from the Greek:
177:in the circulating blood. It is a severe lack of
1335:
220:of any organ may be rapidly progressive (e.g.,
212:, or may clinically present with sudden fever,
705:
994:
819:
699:
680:
1001:
987:
633:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
347:traced outbreaks of agranulocytosis among
345:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
731:
665:
438:(the most common granulocyte cell) only.
188:In agranulocytosis, the concentration of
1132:
90:Idiosyncratic reactions to certain drugs
706:Mijovic A, MacCabe JH (November 2020).
572:10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00009
1336:
1291:Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
1192:
1085:
601:Vallerand, April Hazard (2014-06-05).
982:
850:
832:from the original on 25 February 2018
203:
200:) drops below 200 cells/mm of blood.
1314:Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
855:(8 ed.). Elsevier. p. 441.
761:National Drug Threat Assessment 2010
708:"Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis"
685:. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
385:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
135:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
13:
1344:Monocyte and granulocyte disorders
14:
1355:
863:
406:
1207:Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis
820:Hsu, Jeremy (18 December 2009).
809:from the original on 2018-10-09
767:from the original on 2012-05-18
357:Drug Enforcement Administration
844:
778:
748:
674:
641:
594:
551:
534:
375:The diagnosis is made after a
1:
1309:Chronic granulomatous disease
1269:Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
1215:Severe congenital neutropenia
1066:Chronic granulomatous disease
603:Davis's drug guide for nurses
527:
332:. The atypical antipsychotic
274:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
791:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep
683:How Drugs Influence Behavior
501:
370:
7:
654:Italian Journal of Medicine
515:
509:Transfusion of granulocytes
483:proliferation of cytotoxic
426:The terms agranulocytosis,
232:may also progress rapidly.
10:
1360:
1319:Myeloperoxidase deficiency
1161:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
724:10.1007/s00277-020-04215-y
667:10.1016/j.itjm.2011.02.006
443:absolute neutrophil counts
15:
1299:
1255:
1246:
1185:
1125:
1116:
1078:
1041:
1034:
1021:
952:
871:
235:
124:
108:
95:
85:
73:
49:
33:
28:
1286:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
1248:Disorder of phagocytosis
355:in the drug supply. The
183:suppressed immune system
16:Not to be confused with
853:Robbins Basic Pathology
397:bone marrow examination
226:urinary tract infection
208:Agranulocytosis may be
119:bone marrow examination
466:Inadequate numbers of
455:Inadequate numbers of
320:, the antidepressants
252:), antithyroid drugs (
126:Differential diagnosis
851:Kumar, Vinay (2007).
681:Diaz, Jaime (1996).
377:complete blood count
173:) and thus causing
115:Complete blood count
415:, meaning without;
363:. Levamisole is an
169:, most commonly of
1219:Cyclic neutropenia
953:External resources
395:. This requires a
204:Signs and symptoms
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1301:Respiratory burst
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1241:
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718:(11): 2477–2482.
612:978-0-8036-4085-6
216:and sore throat.
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147:
110:Diagnostic method
23:Medical condition
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560:Ann. Intern. Med
555:
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428:granulocytopenia
264:), antibiotics (
262:propylthiouracil
163:white blood cell
153:, also known as
26:
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381:aplastic anemia
373:
286:cytotoxic drugs
270:chloramphenicol
238:
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179:one major class
151:Agranulocytosis
131:Aplastic anemia
29:Agranulocytosis
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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1147:granulocytosis
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872:Classification
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864:External links
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797:(49): 1381–5.
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692:978-0132815604
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522:Granulocytosis
517:
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476:
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408:
407:Classification
405:
389:myelodysplasia
372:
369:
365:antihelminthic
330:antipsychotics
306:phenylbutazone
294:aminophenazone
292:, analgesics (
242:antiepileptics
237:
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146:
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139:myelodysplasia
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1100:Monocytopenia
1098:
1097:
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1061:Histiocytosis
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566:(9): 657–65.
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401:promyelocytes
398:
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368:
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361:cutting agent
358:
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75:Complications
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69:
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61:
57:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:
36:
32:
27:
19:
18:agranulocytes
1206:
1194:
1157:Eosinophilia
1152:Neutrophilia
1134:
1118:Granulocytes
1087:
1043:
1015:granulocytes
1009:Diseases of
960:
936:
925:
914:
899:
884:
852:
846:
834:. Retrieved
825:
811:. Retrieved
794:
790:
780:
769:. Retrieved
760:
750:
715:
711:
701:
682:
676:
660:(2): 120–3.
657:
653:
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559:
553:
540:
536:
505:
477:
447:
440:
425:
420:
412:
410:
374:
342:
338:
298:indomethacin
239:
210:asymptomatic
207:
190:granulocytes
187:
159:granulopenia
158:
154:
150:
149:
97:Risk factors
1224:Eosinopenia
1211:Neutropenia
1056:Monocytosis
1027:macrophages
962:MedlinePlus
836:21 December
712:Ann Hematol
542:Neutropenia
474:(very rare)
461:eosinopenia
457:eosinophils
436:neutrophils
432:neutropenia
417:granulocyte
328:, and some
326:mirtazapine
318:allopurinol
314:mebendazole
278:H2 blockers
254:carbimazole
198:eosinophils
175:neutropenia
171:neutrophils
155:agranulosis
64:sore throat
1257:Chemotaxis
1166:Basophilia
927:DiseasesDB
813:2017-09-08
771:2020-11-22
528:References
463:(uncommon)
353:levamisole
310:metamizole
290:gold salts
282:benazepril
266:penicillin
258:thiamazole
167:leukopenia
44:immunology
40:Hematology
1229:Basopenia
1023:Monocytes
1011:monocytes
943:165508008
938:SNOMED CT
818:Cited in
629:cite book
621:881473728
547:eMedicine
502:Treatment
472:basopenia
468:basophils
393:leukemias
371:Diagnosis
334:clozapine
322:mianserin
250:valproate
244:(such as
222:pneumonia
218:Infection
194:basophils
68:infection
35:Specialty
1338:Category
1171:Bandemia
1136:-cytosis
1045:-cytosis
830:Archived
807:Archived
803:20019655
765:Archived
742:32815018
588:15585536
580:17470834
516:See also
489:NK cells
302:naproxen
143:leukemia
66:, rapid
51:Symptoms
921:D000380
733:7536144
485:T cells
349:cocaine
165:count (
102:Cocaine
1196:-penia
1089:-penia
967:001295
801:
740:
730:
689:
619:
609:
586:
578:
495:spleen
260:, and
236:Causes
230:Sepsis
214:rigors
196:, and
86:Causes
80:Sepsis
56:Rigors
910:288.0
584:S2CID
60:fever
1279:LAD2
1274:LAD1
1259:and
1025:and
1013:and
932:8994
916:MeSH
905:9-CM
838:2009
799:PMID
738:PMID
687:ISBN
635:link
617:OCLC
607:ISBN
576:PMID
430:and
421:osis
391:and
343:The
324:and
272:and
248:and
901:ICD
895:D70
886:ICD
728:PMC
720:doi
662:doi
568:doi
564:146
545:at
487:or
312:),
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157:or
104:use
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