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A detailed physical examination helps recognize symptoms indicative of an immune disorder. Blood Tests: these tests are instrumental in diagnosing immunodeficiency as they measure: Infection-fighting proteins (immunoglobulins): Essential for robust immune defense, these protein levels are measured to evaluate immune function. Blood cell counts: Deviations in specific blood cells can point to an immune system anomaly. Immune system cells: These assessments are used to measure the levels of various immune cells. Genetic testing involves collecting samples from patients for molecular analysis when there is a suspicion of inborn errors in immunity. Most
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDs) are inherited as single-gene defects. The key genes associated with immunodeficiency diseases include CD40L, CD40, RAG1, RAG2, IL2RG, and ADA. Here is a summary of some methods utilized to identify genetic anomalies: Sanger Sequencing of Single Genes: Sanger sequencing is widely recognized as the benchmark method for accurately identifying individual nucleotide changes, as well as small-scale insertions or deletions in DNA. It is particularly valuable for confirming known familial genetic variations, for validating findings from next-generation sequencing technologies, and in specific scenarios that require sequencing of single genes. An example is its use to confirm mutations in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, which are linked to X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) • Targeted Gene Sequencing Panels (tNGS): This technology is ideal for examining genes in specific pathways or for follow-up experiments (targeted resequencing) from whole genome sequencing (WGS). It is rapid and more cost-effective than WGS, and because it allows for deeper sequencing. • Whole Exome Sequencing (WES): is a commonly used method which captures the majority of coding regions of the genome for sequencing, as these regions contain the majority of disease-causing mutations Useful for identifying mutations in specific genes • Trio or Whole-Family Analyses: In some cases, analyzing the DNA of the patient, parents, and siblings (trio analysis) or the entire family (whole-family analysis) can reveal inheritance patterns and identify causative mutations
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Medical
History and Physical Examination: A physician will inquire about past illnesses and family history of immune disorders to identify inherited conditions.
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Prognosis depends greatly on the nature and severity of the condition. Some deficiencies cause early mortality (before age one), others with or even without treatment are lifelong conditions that cause little mortality or morbidity. Newer stem cell transplant technologies may lead to gene based
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is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the early 1950s
Immunoglobulin(Ig) was used by doctors to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency through intramuscular injection. Ig replacement therapy are infusions that can be either subcutaneous or intravenously administered, resulting in
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There are a large number of immunodeficiency syndromes that present clinical and laboratory characteristics of autoimmunity. The decreased ability of the immune system to clear infections in these patients may be responsible for causing autoimmunity through perpetual immune system activation. One
1073:(APECED) also autoimmunity and infections coexist: organ-specific autoimmune manifestations (e.g., hypoparathyroidism and adrenocortical failure) and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Finally, IgA deficiency is also sometimes associated with the development of autoimmune and atopic phenomena.
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The distinction between primary versus secondary immunodeficiencies is based on, respectively, whether the cause originates in the immune system itself or is, in turn, due to insufficiency of a supporting component of it or an external decreasing factor of it.
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Lee, Ainsley Ryan Yan Bin; Wong, Shi Yin; Chai, Louis Yi Ann; Lee, Soo Chin; Lee, Matilda Xinwei; Muthiah, Mark
Dhinesh; Tay, Sen Hee; Teo, Chong Boon; Tan, Benjamin Kye Jyn; Chan, Yiong Huak; Sundar, Raghav; Soon, Yu Yang (2 March 2022).
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The cause of immunodeficiency varies depending on the nature of the disorder. The cause can be either genetic or acquired by malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions. Only for some genetic causes, the exact genes are known.
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are thought to be responsible. In addition to chronic and/or recurrent infections many autoimmune diseases including arthritis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, scleroderma and type 1 diabetes are also seen in
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treatments of debilitating and fatal genetic immune deficiencies. Prognosis of acquired immune deficiencies depends on avoiding or treating the causative agent or condition (like AIDS).
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is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include
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800:. The characteristics of lacking and/or impaired antibody functions can be related to illnesses such as X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and Common Variable Immune Deficiency
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The treatment of primary immunodeficiencies depends on the nature of the defect, and may involve antibody infusions, long-term antibiotics and (in some cases)
785:. There are over 95 recognised primary immunodeficiency syndromes; they are generally grouped by the part of the immune system that is malfunctioning, such as
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Various hormonal and metabolic disorders can also result in immune deficiency including anemia, hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia.
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generally refers to both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system, while the term
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Zbinden, Delphine; Manuel, Oriol (February 2014). "Influenza vaccination in immunocompromised patients: efficacy and safety".
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from childhood onward. Primary
Immunodeficiency is also known as congenital immunodeficiencies. Many of these disorders are
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Gleeson, Michael; Nieman, David C; Pedersen, Bente K (January 2004). "Exercise, nutrition and immune function".
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Brigden ML (February 2001). "Detection, education and management of the asplenic or hyposplenic patient".
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289:(lack of all or most antibody production) which results in frequent severe infections and is often fatal.
1271:"Immunocompromised patients: Review of the most common infections happened in 446 hospitalized patients"
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Meidani, Mohsen; Naeini, Alireza Emami; Rostami, Mojtaba; Sherkat, Roya; Tayeri, Katayoun (March 2014).
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ones. They are also more susceptible to infectious diseases owing to the reduced protection afforded by
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Heavy schedules of training and competition in athletes increases their risk of immune deficiencies.
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are commonly seen in these patients. Presence of multiple uncleared viral infections due to lack of
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1952:"Solo VS extended family analysis in consanguineous populations" (Document). BMC Medical Genomics.
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Available treatment falls into two modalities: treating infections and boosting the immune system.
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Many specific diseases directly or indirectly cause immunosuppression. This includes many types of
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325:). Granulocyte deficiencies also include decreased function of individual granulocytes, such as in
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1313:"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Secondary immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired immunodeficiencies, can result from various
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In reality, immunodeficiency often affects multiple components, with notable examples including
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higher Ig levels for about three to four weeks, although this varies with each patient.
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1975:"Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in non-HIV immunocompromised patients"
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Rosen FS, Cooper MD, Wedgwood RJ (August 1995). "The primary immunodeficiencies".
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Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001).
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generally refers solely to the adverse effect of increased risk for infection.
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1754:"Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: lessons from systemic lupus erythematosus"
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Basic
Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System, 3rd Ed. 2011.
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911:), and certain chronic infections. Immunodeficiency is also the hallmark of
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1837:"Overview of Immunodeficiency Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version"
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Low blood levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in
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If not otherwise specified in boxes, then reference for entries is:
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240:. An immunocompromised individual may particularly be vulnerable to
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Smoking, alcoholism and drug abuse also depress immune response.
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measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in
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Stern A, Green H, Paul M, Vidal L, Leibovici L (October 2014).
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1684:"Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition"
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A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be
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autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
252:, in which the immune system scans the body's cells and kills
923:, and also impairs other immune system responses indirectly.
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1852:"Current genetic diagnostics in inborn errors of immunity"
1049:(CGD) as well. CGD is caused by a decreased production of
1012:(CVID) where multiple autoimmune diseases are seen, e.g.,
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899:, particularly those of the bone marrow and blood cells (
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1200:"Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection"
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Comparison of immunodeficiencies by affected component
225:. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their
1057:. Hypomorphic RAG mutations are seen in patients with
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1663:. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. May 2020
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2023:
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von
Hardenberg, Sandra; Klefenz; Steinemann (2024).
1802:"Primary immunodeficiency - Diagnosis and treatment"
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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209:by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an
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1140:, immune response to harmless non-self proteins
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1682:Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ (2016).
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1204:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
919:(HIV). HIV directly infects a small number of
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1414:Schwartz RA (2019-10-22). Jyonouchi H (ed.).
1359:
1197:
1472:Jones J, Bannister BA, Gillespie SH (2006).
1443:Jones J, Bannister BA, Gillespie SH (2006).
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248:that could affect anyone. It also decreases
1979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1752:Grammatikos AP, Tsokos GC (February 2012).
1490:
1407:
1191:
1051:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
1022:Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
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295:, often causes secondary disorders such as
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2828:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency
2676:Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
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2142:The European Society of Immunodeficiencies
194:. Immunocompromisation may also be due to
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995:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1399:. University of Toronto. Archived from
1275:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
769:feature a heightened susceptibility to
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377:Main pathogens of resultant infections
135:Immunocompromisation, immune deficiency
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3325:Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency
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3119:
2992:Terminal complement pathway deficiency
1474:Infection: Microbiology and Management
1445:Infection: Microbiology and Management
1198:Chinen J, Shearer WT (February 2010).
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1735:"Inherited immunodeficiency diseases"
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1582:
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832:disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
3348:Neutrophil immunodeficiency syndrome
977:adding citations to reliable sources
948:
658:Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
335:, where there is no function of the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
16:Lack of or compromised immune system
2997:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
1545:The New England Journal of Medicine
1161:, commonly administered drugs like
1121:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
1034:enlargement of the liver and spleen
358:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
297:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
13:
1579:
1155:, age-associated immune deficiency
1134:, immune response to self-proteins
1020:, and autoimmune thyroid disease.
913:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
14:
3423:
2019:
945:Immunodeficiency and autoimmunity
305:, including decreased numbers of
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3377:
3241:Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis
2760:Common variable immunodeficiency
1903:"Pediatric Immunology Volume 12"
1063:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
1010:common variable immunodeficiency
953:
826:, particular medications (e.g.,
354:severe combined immunodeficiency
23:
2932:Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia
1966:
1945:
1901:von Hardenberg, Sandra (2024).
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1828:
1824:. Immune Deficiency Foundation.
1814:
1794:
1745:
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1649:
1606:
1536:
1281:(Suppl 1): S71–S73pmc=4078380.
1165:that suppress the immune system
964:needs additional citations for
34:needs additional citations for
3002:Complement receptor deficiency
2872:Adenosine deaminase deficiency
2496:Immunoglobulin class switching
1991:10.1002/14651858.CD005590.pub3
1590:"Immune Deficiency Foundation"
1388:
1353:
1303:
1262:
1250:. Mayo Clinic. 30 January 2020
1240:
1:
3343:Chronic granulomatous disease
3303:Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
3249:Severe congenital neutropenia
3100:Chronic granulomatous disease
2900:
1441:, Chapter 22, Table 22.1 in:
1184:
1099:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
1059:midline granulomatous disease
1047:chronic granulomatous disease
568:chronic granulomatous disease
344:is where the function of the
327:chronic granulomatous disease
2137:Immune Deficiency Foundation
1770:10.1016/j.molmed.2011.10.005
1758:Trends in Molecular Medicine
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1085:
1076:
917:human immunodeficiency virus
882:. For medications, the term
804:Secondary immunodeficiencies
7:
2671:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
1627:10.1080/0264041031000140590
1557:10.1056/NEJM199508173330707
1114:
1043:X-linked agammaglobulinemia
562:Bone marrow transplantation
10:
3428:
3353:Myeloperoxidase deficiency
3195:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
2325:Polyclonal B cell response
1959:10.1186/s12920-020-00743-8
1615:Journal of Sports Sciences
1248:"Primary immunodeficiency"
1216:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.040
1014:inflammatory bowel disease
807:
758:
170:, is a state in which the
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1920:10.3389/fped.2024.1279112
1869:10.3389/fped.2024.1279112
1506:American Family Physician
1169:Human genetic enhancement
1065:and NK/T cell lymphomas.
935:
798:stem cell transplantation
418:Chronic lymphoid leukemia
383:Humoral immune deficiency
275:Humoral immune deficiency
250:cancer immunosurveillance
151:
139:
131:
126:
3320:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
3282:Disorder of phagocytosis
2887:Bare lymphocyte syndrome
2739:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
1701:10.1016/j.it.2016.04.003
1657:"Nutrition and Immunity"
1067:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
761:Primary immunodeficiency
755:Primary immunodeficiency
735:Streptococcus pneumoniae
665:Streptococcus pneumoniae
433:Streptococcus pneumoniae
263:
244:, in addition to normal
242:opportunistic infections
231:primary immunodeficiency
2987:Complement 3 deficiency
2972:Complement 4 deficiency
2968:Complement 2 deficiency
1907:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1856:Frontiers in Pediatrics
1329:10.1136/bmj-2021-068632
1210:(2 Suppl 2): S195–203.
836:immunosuppressive drugs
718:Congenital deficiencies
550:Neutrophil granulocytes
515:Intracellular pathogens
356:(which is primary) and
319:neutrophil granulocytes
2439:Tolerance in pregnancy
2181:adaptive immune system
1095:Pneumocystis pneumonia
1030:lymph node enlargement
915:(AIDS), caused by the
679:Neisseria meningitidis
672:Haemophilus influenzae
593:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
461:Cryptosporidium parvum
447:Pneumocystis jirovecii
360:(which is secondary).
303:Granulocyte deficiency
283:respiratory infections
205:In clinical settings,
2962:Hereditary angioedema
2818:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2663:Hypogammaglobulinemia
2474:Somatic hypermutation
2308:Polyclonal antibodies
2303:Monoclonal antibodies
818:agents, for example,
808:Further information:
707:Complement deficiency
566:Dysfunction, such as
440:Hemophilus influenzae
342:Complement deficiency
279:hypogammaglobulinemia
269:By affected component
188:environmental factors
2982:Properdin deficiency
2803:Di George's syndrome
2686:Dysgammaglobulinemia
2491:Junctional diversity
2259:Antigen presentation
1688:Trends in Immunology
1661:The Nutrition Source
973:improve this article
848:environmental toxins
746:Primary or secondary
535:, and intracellular
520:Herpes simplex virus
454:Giardia intestinalis
174:'s ability to fight
168:immunocompromisation
43:improve this article
2486:V(D)J recombination
2469:Affinity maturation
2221:Antigenic variation
1512:(3): 499–506, 508.
1476:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1447:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1053:(NADPH) oxidase by
779:autosomal recessive
497:Cancer chemotherapy
371:Affected components
365:
223:autoimmune diseases
217:surgery as an anti-
176:infectious diseases
3253:Cyclic neutropenia
2834:Hyper IgM syndrome
2744:Hyper-IgE syndrome
2709:Hyper IgM syndrome
2625:disorders causing
2109:External resources
1835:FERNANDEZ, JAMES.
1822:"Laboratory tests"
1741:. Garland Science.
1416:"T-cell Disorders"
1397:"Immunodeficiency"
1374:10.2217/imt.13.171
1132:Autoimmune disease
649:Sickle-cell anemia
578:Enterobacteriaceae
363:
287:agammaglobulinemia
58:"Immunodeficiency"
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1594:primaryimmune.org
1483:978-1-4051-2665-6
1454:978-1-4051-2665-6
1005:
1004:
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885:immunosuppression
840:organ transplants
816:immunosuppressive
810:Immunosuppression
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712:Complement system
537:fungal infections
471:T cell deficiency
387:B cell deficiency
346:complement system
293:T cell deficiency
238:immunocompromised
207:immunosuppression
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121:Medical condition
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3066:
3065:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3013:
2882:ZAP70 deficiency
2813:Nezelof syndrome
2659:
2658:
2640:
2639:
2627:immunodeficiency
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2479:Clonal selection
2451:Immune privilege
2446:Immunodeficiency
2401:Cross-reactivity
2391:Hypersensitivity
2196:
2195:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2123:Immunodeficiency
2025:
2024:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1985:(10): CD005590.
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1403:on 10 July 2013.
1392:
1386:
1385:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1195:
1153:Immunosenescence
1018:thrombocytopenia
1000:
993:
989:
986:
980:
957:
949:
909:multiple myeloma
890:immunodeficiency
660:, particularly:
413:Multiple myeloma
366:
362:
311:granulocytopenia
215:organ transplant
196:genetic diseases
166:, also known as
164:Immunodeficiency
127:Immunodeficiency
124:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3376:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3329:
3268:
3227:
3211:
3167:
3138:
3120:
3104:
3076:
3051:
3041:
3011:
3006:
2943:
2936:
2924:Lymphocytopenia
2922:
2913:
2891:
2867:
2854:
2843:
2799:hypoparathyroid
2781:
2769:
2748:
2680:
2650:
2629:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2555:
2509:
2455:
2434:Clonal deletion
2362:
2356:
2286:
2187:
2175:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2104:
2103:
2036:
2022:
2017:
2016:
1971:
1967:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1899:
1895:
1848:
1844:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1750:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1502:
1491:
1484:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1436:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1358:
1354:
1308:
1304:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1127:Immune disorder
1117:
1108:
1088:
1079:
1001:
990:
984:
981:
970:
958:
947:
938:
872:dichlorobenzene
844:glucocorticoids
812:
806:
763:
757:
748:
487:transplantation
408:Primary humoral
315:agranulocytosis
313:or, if absent,
271:
266:
198:/flaws such as
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3299:
3297:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3237:
3235:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3188:
3181:granulocytosis
3177:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3070:
3063:
3053:
3052:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:MBL deficiency
2974:
2965:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2877:Omenn syndrome
2874:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2789:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2706:
2704:IgM deficiency
2701:
2699:IgG deficiency
2696:
2694:IgA deficiency
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2461:Immunogenetics
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2406:Co-stimulation
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2347:Immune complex
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Dendritic cell
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:Conformational
2242:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2053:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:Classification
2021:
2020:External links
2018:
2015:
2014:
1965:
1944:
1893:
1842:
1827:
1813:
1793:
1744:
1725:
1694:(6): 386–398.
1674:
1648:
1621:(1): 115–125.
1605:
1578:
1535:
1523:
1489:
1482:
1460:
1453:
1425:
1406:
1387:
1368:(2): 131–139.
1352:
1302:
1261:
1239:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1093:Prevention of
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1003:
1002:
961:
959:
952:
946:
943:
937:
934:
921:T helper cells
864:petrochemicals
805:
802:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
747:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
731:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
703:
702:
701:
700:
692:
684:
683:
682:
675:
668:
653:
652:
651:
646:
641:
634:
629:
623:
622:
621:
620:
612:
604:
596:
589:
581:
572:
571:
570:
564:
559:
552:
547:
541:
540:
512:
511:
510:
507:Glucocorticoid
504:
499:
494:
489:
478:
473:
467:
466:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
403:
390:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
350:
349:
339:
330:
300:
290:
270:
267:
265:
262:
211:adverse effect
186:infection and
159:
158:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
120:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3424:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3295:degranulation
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3135:
3134:Monocytopenia
3132:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Histiocytosis
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:euparathyroid
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Clonal anergy
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:Microantibody
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1739:Immunobiology
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:(7): 431–40.
1550:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1395:Greenberg S.
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Immunotherapy
1356:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Immune system
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:, autoimmune
1015:
1011:
999:
996:
988:
985:November 2016
978:
974:
968:
967:
962:This section
960:
956:
951:
950:
942:
933:
930:
927:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
801:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:rare diseases
762:
752:
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
722:
717:
716:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
693:
690:
689:
685:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
669:
667:
666:
662:
661:
659:
656:
655:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
594:
590:
588:
587:
582:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:
569:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
534:
533:
528:
527:
526:Mycobacterium
522:
521:
516:
513:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
477:
474:
472:
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99:November 2007
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3228:
3191:Eosinophilia
3186:Neutrophilia
3168:
3152:Granulocytes
3121:
3077:
3049:granulocytes
3043:Diseases of
2953:C1-inhibitor
2951:
2868:
2861:
2824:
2823:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2765:ICF syndrome
2626:
2445:
2396:Inflammation
2381:Alloimmunity
2376:Autoimmunity
2361:Immunity vs.
2313:Autoantibody
2211:Superantigen
2116:
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2070:
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1982:
1978:
1968:
1947:
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1796:
1764:(2): 101–8.
1761:
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1738:
1728:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
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1614:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
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1509:
1505:
1473:
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1444:
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1409:
1401:the original
1390:
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1355:
1320:
1316:
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1274:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1242:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1109:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1006:
991:
982:
971:Please help
966:verification
963:
939:
931:
928:
925:
894:
889:
883:
856:heavy metals
828:chemotherapy
820:malnutrition
813:
795:
791:granulocytes
765:A number of
764:
749:
733:
725:
694:
686:
677:
670:
663:
614:
606:
600:Enterococcus
598:
591:
586:Streptococci
584:
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557:Chemotherapy
530:
524:
518:
517:, including
459:
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397:plasma cells
385:
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348:is deficient
307:granulocytes
302:
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167:
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162:
105:
96:
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79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3258:Eosinopenia
3245:Neutropenia
3090:Monocytosis
3061:macrophages
2825:peripheral:
2519:Lymphocytes
2178:Lymphocytic
1807:Mayo Clinic
1323:: e068632.
1055:neutrophils
1008:example is
880:ethylphenol
787:lymphocytes
639:Splenectomy
616:Aspergillus
545:Neutropenia
374:Main causes
323:neutropenia
309:(called as
132:Other names
3291:Chemotaxis
3200:Basophilia
2958:Angioedema
2944:deficiency
2942:Complement
2919:Leukopenia
2869:autosomal:
2623:complement
2560:Substances
2424:Peripheral
2412:Inaction:
2291:Antibodies
2272:Macrophage
2185:complement
2118:Patient UK
2083:DiseasesDB
1667:8 November
1599:2017-04-17
1185:References
1179:Immunology
1163:prednisone
1028:, rashes,
860:pesticides
854:and other
775:hereditary
771:infections
688:Plasmodium
485:and other
401:antibodies
254:neoplastic
246:infections
190:, such as
153:Medication
146:Immunology
69:newspapers
3263:Basopenia
3057:Monocytes
3045:monocytes
2862:x-linked:
2577:Cytolysin
2567:Cytokines
2414:Tolerance
2363:tolerance
2282:Immunogen
2099:234532001
2094:SNOMED CT
1144:Histamine
1106:Prognosis
1086:Treatment
1077:Diagnosis
727:Neisseria
285:, and/or
219:rejection
192:nutrition
141:Specialty
3406:Category
3396:Medicine
3205:Bandemia
3170:-cytosis
3079:-cytosis
2909:HIV/AIDS
2901:Acquired
2852:combined
2644:Antibody
2619:Lymphoid
2527:Cellular
2371:Immunity
2369:Action:
2352:Paratope
2340:Idiotype
2330:Allotype
2298:Antibody
2252:Mimotope
2216:Allergen
2199:Antigens
2192:Lymphoid
2009:25269391
1939:38659694
1930:11039790
1888:38659694
1879:11039790
1788:22177735
1720:27237815
1643:84378380
1635:14971437
1573:39699189
1518:11272299
1468:Page 435
1439:Page 432
1420:Medscape
1382:24491087
1347:35236664
1297:25002900
1234:20042227
1159:Steroids
1115:See also
1038:perforin
905:lymphoma
901:leukemia
783:X-linked
777:and are
627:Asplenia
532:Listeria
502:Lymphoma
333:Asplenia
321:(termed
258:vaccines
3384:Biology
3370:Portals
2648:humoral
2635:Primary
2572:Opsonin
2551:NK cell
2539:Humoral
2419:Central
2386:Allergy
2335:Isotype
2235:Epitope
2206:Antigen
2077:D007153
2000:6457644
1779:3278563
1711:4889773
1565:7616993
1338:8889026
1288:4078380
1225:6151868
1138:Allergy
868:styrene
852:mercury
730:species
699:species
696:Babesia
691:species
619:species
611:species
608:Candida
603:species
509:therapy
476:T cells
393:B cells
299:(AIDS).
83:scholar
3230:-penia
3123:-penia
2865:X-SCID
2849:Severe
2544:B cell
2532:T cell
2277:B cell
2240:Linear
2228:Hapten
2007:
1997:
1937:
1927:
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1254:13 May
1232:
1222:
1123:(AIDS)
1097:using
1032:, and
936:Causes
897:cancer
878:, and
876:xylene
846:) and
838:after
644:Trauma
632:Spleen
483:Marrow
337:spleen
180:cancer
157:Imuran
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2855:(B+T)
2753:Other
2088:21506
2066:279.3
2051:D84.9
1639:S2CID
1569:S2CID
866:like
850:like
824:aging
583:Oral
264:Types
229:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
3313:LAD2
3308:LAD1
3293:and
3059:and
3047:and
2621:and
2183:and
2072:MeSH
2061:9-CM
2005:PMID
1935:PMID
1884:PMID
1784:PMID
1716:PMID
1669:2020
1631:PMID
1561:PMID
1514:PMID
1478:ISBN
1470:in:
1449:ISBN
1378:PMID
1343:PMID
1293:PMID
1256:2020
1230:PMID
862:and
492:AIDS
423:AIDS
200:SCID
178:and
62:news
2505:HLA
2501:MHC
2057:ICD
2042:ICD
1995:PMC
1987:doi
1954:doi
1925:PMC
1915:doi
1874:PMC
1864:doi
1774:PMC
1766:doi
1706:PMC
1696:doi
1623:doi
1553:doi
1549:333
1370:doi
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1321:376
1317:BMJ
1283:PMC
1220:PMC
1212:doi
1208:125
975:by
789:or
781:or
399:or
184:HIV
45:by
3408::
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2086::
2075::
2064::
2049::
2046:10
2003:.
1993:.
1983:10
1981:.
1977:.
1933:.
1923:.
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1911:12
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1690:.
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1619:22
1617:.
1592:.
1581:^
1567:.
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3172::
3160:↑
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