285:
20:
118:
1891:
157:
1915:
221:
1927:
1903:
329:
Genetically
Modified Organisms (GMO's) are plants or living things that have been altered at a genomic level by scientists to improve the organisms characteristics. These characteristics include providing new vaccines for humans, increasing nutrients supplies, and creating unique plastics. They may
88:
encompasses the chemical reactions that occur within plants. In principle, knowledge at a molecular level informs technologies for providing food. Particular focus is on the biochemical differences between plants and other organisms as well as the differences within the plant kingdom, such as
337:
to produce fertilizer and pesticides. Due to an increased market interest in biotechnology in the 1970s, there was more technology and infrastructure developed, a decreased cost, and an advance in research. Since the early 1980s, genetically-modified crops have been incorporated. Increased
694:
Leghari, Shah Jahan; Wahocho, Niaz Ahmed; Laghari, Ghulam
Mustafa; HafeezLaghari, Abdul; MustafaBhabhan, Ghulam; HussainTalpur, Khalid; Bhutto, Tofique Ahmed; Wahocho, Safdar Ali; Lashari, Ayaz Ahmed (September 2016). "Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: a review".
141:. Pesticides are chemicals that play an important role in increasing crop yield and mitigating crop losses. These work to keep insects and other animals away from crops to allow them to grow undisturbed, effectively regulating pests and diseases.
176:
and improving the quality of the crop. Soils are analyzed with attention to the inorganic matter (minerals), which comprise most of the mass of dry soil, and organic matter, which consists of living organisms, their degradation products,
330:
also be able to grow in climates that are typically not suitable for the original organism to grow in. Examples of GMO's include virus resistant tobacco and squash, delayed ripening tomatoes, and herbicide resistant soybeans.
341:
That being said, concerns with GMO's include potential antibiotic resistance from eating a GMO. There are also concerns about the long term effects on the human body since many GMO's were recently developed.
338:
biotechnological work calls for the union of biology and chemistry to produce improved crops, a main reason behind this being the increasing amount of food needed to feed a growing population.
200:. The use of these materials dramatically increased the rate at which crops are produced, which is able to support the growing human population. Common fertilizers include
459:
986:
788:
Upton, Brianna M.; Kasko, Andrea M. (2016). "Strategies for the
Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective".
1087:
1092:
77:
This aspect of agricultural chemistry deals with the role of molecular chemistry in agriculture as well as the negative consequences.
1070:
646:
Rouwenhorst, K.H.R.; Elishav, O.; Mosevitzky Lis, B.; Grader, G.S.; MounaĂŻm-Rousselle, C.; Roldan, A.; Valera-Medina, A. (2021).
561:
815:
Dicosimo, Robert; McAuliffe, Joseph; Poulose, Ayrookaran J.; Bohlmann, Gregory (2013). "Industrial Use of
Immobilized Enzymes".
1114:
69:
aspects are directed towards increasing yields and improving quality, which comes with multiple advantages and disadvantages.
772:
739:
670:
630:
426:
53:. Agricultural chemistry embraces the structures and chemical reactions relevant in the production, protection, and use of
1126:
1065:
979:
465:
148:). They may be toxic to non-target species, including birds, fish, pollinators, as well as the farmworkers themselves.
647:
908:
Meadows-Smith, Marcus; Meadows-Smith, Holly (3 July 2017). "Perspectives: Chemistry seeks its new level in agtech".
587:
1931:
306:
of corn-derived glucose. Emerging technologies are numerous, including enzymes for clarifying or debittering of
1810:
972:
1253:
1007:
345:
Much controversy surrounds GMO's. In the United States, all foods containing GMO's must be labeled as such.
145:
722:
Murzin, Dmitry Yu.; Mäki-Arvela, Päivi; Simakova, Irina L. (2012). "Triglycerides and Oils for
Biofuels".
1530:
1017:
1907:
1456:
1427:
1407:
1360:
1045:
1800:
1716:
1355:
296:
284:
288:
Structure of fructose (left), which is produced on a multi-billion-ton scale from glucose (right).
1738:
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1422:
1243:
1226:
1169:
764:
395:
229:
1644:
1535:
1400:
1174:
1040:
1958:
1805:
1702:
1687:
1617:
1540:
1372:
1322:
1231:
1156:
1055:
418:
1953:
1795:
1750:
1525:
1345:
1275:
1032:
1012:
209:
19:
125:
Chemical materials developed to assist in the production of food, feed, and fiber include
8:
1818:
1772:
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1317:
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358:
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85:
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1479:
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510:
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303:
42:
731:
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1836:
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1350:
1327:
1280:
1221:
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917:
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872:
824:
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727:
658:
618:
541:
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492:
414:
244:
Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only
205:
169:
1777:
1733:
1728:
1622:
1598:
1432:
1395:
1248:
1238:
1121:
62:
801:
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1307:
1292:
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1022:
921:
318:
314:
273:
237:
193:
161:
144:
Disadvantages of pesticides include contamination of the ground and water (see
876:
496:
295:
is used to produce a number of food products. More than five biilion tons of
1947:
1866:
1755:
1711:
1436:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1136:
953:
936:
546:
529:
334:
313:
A variety of potentially useful chemicals are obtained by engineered plants.
225:
197:
94:
1743:
1593:
1508:
1484:
1474:
1466:
1367:
1302:
1201:
1050:
894:
836:
514:
375:
292:
253:
189:
46:
455:
192:, their use has largely been displaced by chemicals produced from mining (
1141:
307:
182:
130:
117:
90:
50:
964:
861:"Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review"
1767:
828:
591:
580:
354:
178:
102:
98:
66:
645:
409:
Dreikorn, Barry A.; Owen, W. John (2000). "Fungicides, Agricultural".
188:
Fertilizers are a major consideration. While organic fertilizers are
156:
1829:
1131:
996:
481:"Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards"
257:
138:
134:
126:
58:
38:
224:
Pathways for producing biofuels from fat. The processes start with
1851:
590:. Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium (LUMCON). Archived from
370:
693:
562:"NOAA: Gulf of Mexico 'Dead Zone' Predictions Feature Uncertainty"
479:
Aktar, Wasim; Sengupta, Dwaipayan; Chowdhury, Ashim (March 2009).
220:
168:
Agricultural chemistry often aims at preserving or increasing the
1871:
265:
249:
814:
655:
Techno-Economic
Challenges of Green Ammonia as an Energy Vector
269:
245:
564:. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). June 21, 2012. Archived from
30:, had a profound impact on crop yields, starting in the 1940s.
27:
23:
1846:
444:
201:
72:
54:
907:
554:
1856:
721:
261:
442:
al-Saleh, I. A. (1994). "Pesticides: a review article".
26:, an early synthetic herbicide inspired by the study of
528:
Bomgardner, Melody; Erickson, Britt (13 January 2020).
530:"Food brands and retailers will scrutinize pesticides"
478:
215:
236:. Alternatively, C16 and C18 diesel fuels arise by
527:
1945:
859:Bawa, A. S.; Anilakumar, K. R. (December 2013).
164:is caused by run-off of agricultural chemicals.
16:Agricultural sub-discipline of applied chemistry
757:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
724:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
615:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
411:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
333:GMO's came with an increased interest in using
172:with the goals of maintaining or improving the
858:
980:
765:10.1002/0471238961.0621051211120119.a01.pub2
408:
755:Paisley, Mark A. (2003). "Biomass Energy".
299:are produced annually by the action of the
276:is a promising precursor to new materials.
987:
973:
787:
396:"Scope, Journal of Agricultural Chemistry"
272:and other ag wastes by microbial action.
994:
952:
884:
545:
504:
934:
441:
283:
219:
155:
121:A field after application of a herbicide
116:
73:Agricultural and environmental chemistry
18:
754:
419:10.1002/0471238961.0621140704180509.a01
381:
1946:
865:Journal of Food Science and Technology
968:
937:"House clears GMO food labeling bill"
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
613:Arai, Yuji (2016). "Soil Chemistry".
256:obtained by fermentation of sugars.
80:
1902:
612:
1926:
264:, both animal- and plant-derived.
13:
843:
663:10.1016/B978-0-12-820560-0.00013-8
248:crops, but feedstocks for fuels ("
216:Biofuels and bio-derived materials
212:, and calcium ammonium phosphate.
14:
1970:
697:Advances in Environmental Biology
639:
151:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1890:
1889:
935:Erickson, Britt (18 July 2016).
279:
928:
901:
808:
781:
748:
732:10.1002/0471238961.trigmurz.a01
715:
687:
606:
521:
472:
435:
402:
388:
1:
1254:Interface and colloid science
1008:Glossary of chemical formulae
146:persistent organic pollutants
112:
485:Interdisciplinary Toxicology
361:guides much of agriculture.
7:
1531:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1018:List of inorganic compounds
802:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00345
623:10.1002/0471238961.koe00021
364:
228:of backbone double bonds.
10:
1975:
1457:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1428:Enantioselective synthesis
1408:Physical organic chemistry
1361:Organolanthanide chemistry
941:C&EN Global Enterprise
922:10.1021/cen-09527-scitech2
910:C&EN Global Enterprise
534:C&EN Global Enterprise
1885:
1788:
1549:
1465:
1386:
1336:
1212:
1155:
1046:Electroanalytical methods
1031:
1003:
877:10.1007/s13197-012-0899-1
497:10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7
353:Particularly relevant is
1801:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1717:Supramolecular chemistry
1356:Organometallic chemistry
954:10.1021/cen-09429-notw11
817:Chemical Society Reviews
547:10.1021/cen-09802-cover8
348:
297:high fructose corn syrup
232:can then be produced by
230:Fatty acid methyl esters
1739:Combinatorial chemistry
1650:Food physical chemistry
1613:Environmental chemistry
1497:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1423:Retrosynthetic analysis
1244:Chemical thermodynamics
1227:Spectroelectrochemistry
1170:Computational chemistry
324:
160:The "dead zone" in the
1811:of element discoveries
1657:Agricultural chemistry
1645:Carbohydrate chemistry
1536:Bioinorganic chemistry
1401:Alkane stereochemistry
1346:Coordination chemistry
1175:Mathematical chemistry
1041:Instrumental chemistry
289:
268:can be recovered from
241:
165:
122:
35:Agricultural chemistry
31:
1806:Timeline of chemistry
1703:Post-mortem chemistry
1688:Clandestine chemistry
1618:Atmospheric chemistry
1541:Biophysical chemistry
1373:Solid-state chemistry
1323:Equilibrium chemistry
1232:Photoelectrochemistry
287:
240:of the saturated fat.
223:
159:
120:
22:
1796:History of chemistry
1751:Chemical engineering
1526:Bioorganic chemistry
1276:Structural chemistry
1013:List of biomolecules
657:. pp. 303–319.
382:Notes and references
317:is a green route to
210:diammonium phosphate
49:, as they relate to
1819:The central science
1773:Ceramic engineering
1698:Forensic toxicology
1671:Chemistry education
1569:Radiation chemistry
1551:Interdisciplinarity
1504:Medicinal chemistry
1442:Fullerene chemistry
1318:Microwave chemistry
1187:Molecular mechanics
1182:Molecular modelling
359:protein (nutrition)
252:") and materials.
234:transesterification
198:Haber-Bosch process
1862:Chemical substance
1724:Chemical synthesis
1693:Forensic chemistry
1574:Actinide chemistry
1516:Clinical chemistry
1197:Molecular geometry
1192:Molecular dynamics
1147:Elemental analysis
1100:Separation process
829:10.1039/c3cs35506c
588:"What is hypoxia?"
301:immobilized enzyme
290:
242:
174:agricultural yield
166:
123:
86:Plant biochemistry
81:Plant Biochemistry
32:
1941:
1940:
1877:Quantum mechanics
1842:Chemical compound
1825:Chemical reaction
1763:Materials science
1681:General chemistry
1676:Amateur chemistry
1604:Photogeochemistry
1589:Stellar chemistry
1559:Nuclear chemistry
1480:Molecular biology
1447:Polymer chemistry
1418:Organic synthesis
1413:Organic reactions
1378:Ceramic chemistry
1368:Cluster chemistry
1298:Chemical kinetics
1286:Molecular physics
1165:Quantum chemistry
1078:Mass spectrometry
774:978-0-471-48494-3
741:978-0-471-48494-3
726:. pp. 1–14.
672:978-0-12-820560-0
632:978-0-471-48494-3
617:. pp. 1–37.
428:978-0-471-48494-3
304:glucose isomerase
206:ammonium sulphate
170:fertility of soil
43:organic chemistry
1966:
1929:
1928:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1837:Chemical element
1492:Chemical biology
1351:Magnetochemistry
1328:Mechanochemistry
1281:Chemical physics
1222:Electrochemistry
1127:Characterization
989:
982:
975:
966:
965:
959:
958:
956:
932:
926:
925:
905:
899:
898:
888:
871:(6): 1035–1046.
856:
841:
840:
812:
806:
805:
796:(4): 2275–2306.
790:Chemical Reviews
785:
779:
778:
752:
746:
745:
719:
713:
712:
691:
685:
684:
652:
643:
637:
636:
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
594:on June 12, 2013
584:
578:
577:
575:
573:
558:
552:
551:
549:
525:
519:
518:
508:
476:
470:
469:
464:
439:
433:
432:
406:
400:
399:
392:
260:is derived from
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1881:
1784:
1778:Polymer science
1734:Click chemistry
1729:Green chemistry
1623:Ocean chemistry
1599:Biogeochemistry
1545:
1461:
1433:Total synthesis
1396:Stereochemistry
1382:
1332:
1249:Surface science
1239:Thermochemistry
1208:
1151:
1122:Crystallography
1027:
999:
993:
963:
962:
933:
929:
906:
902:
857:
844:
813:
809:
786:
782:
775:
753:
749:
742:
720:
716:
692:
688:
673:
650:
648:"Future Trends"
644:
640:
633:
611:
607:
597:
595:
586:
585:
581:
571:
569:
560:
559:
555:
526:
522:
477:
473:
462:
440:
436:
429:
407:
403:
394:
393:
389:
384:
367:
351:
327:
282:
218:
154:
115:
83:
75:
63:applied science
17:
12:
11:
5:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1662:Soil chemistry
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:Food chemistry
1637:
1635:Carbochemistry
1632:
1630:Clay chemistry
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1585:Astrochemistry
1581:Cosmochemistry
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Radiochemistry
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Neurochemistry
1518:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:Petrochemistry
1449:
1444:
1439:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1313:Spin chemistry
1310:
1308:Photochemistry
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:Femtochemistry
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1105:Chromatography
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1023:Periodic table
1020:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
961:
960:
927:
900:
842:
807:
780:
773:
747:
740:
714:
703:(9): 209–219.
686:
671:
638:
631:
605:
579:
553:
520:
471:
450:(3): 151–161.
434:
427:
401:
386:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
373:
366:
363:
350:
347:
326:
323:
319:biodegradation
315:Bioremediation
281:
278:
274:Lignocellulose
238:hydrogenolysis
217:
214:
194:phosphate rock
162:Gulf of Mexico
153:
152:Soil Chemistry
150:
114:
111:
95:monocotyledons
82:
79:
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Chemical bond
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:Stoichiometry
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:Nanochemistry
1710:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
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1509:Pharmacology
1485:Cell biology
1475:Biochemistry
1303:Spectroscopy
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1051:Spectroscopy
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131:insecticides
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1954:Agriculture
1932:WikiProject
1157:Theoretical
1142:Calorimetry
491:(1): 1–12.
179:humic acids
103:angiosperms
99:gymnosperms
51:agriculture
1948:Categories
1768:Metallurgy
1467:Biological
1033:Analytical
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
