475:). Three days later from their respective capitals Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia issued a joint decree announcing an agreement to "strengthen the Arab structure politically, militarily and economically." Egypt wanted the remaining four members of the Arab League (Lebanon, Jordan, Libya and Yemen) but Lebanon with commercial interests in the West and the Arab world vacillated and Jordan was disqualified by the terms of British participation in her defense. By the end of March Egyptian diplomatic sources conceded that Syria, under diplomatic pressure from Turkey and Iraq, was refusing to move forward on the plans for joint defense and might decide to withdraw if the agreement continued to prohibit signatories from entering into any defense treaty with any non-Arab nation. Egypt was able to save face, when, on March 26, 1955, Prime Minister Hasan announced in Cairo that Yemen would join the Egypt-Syria-Saudi Pact and participate in the unscheduled premier's conference in Cairo to conclude the pact.
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fascinated by them and on taking the throne bought two DC-3s and another in 1951. All the planes, however, were at the personal disposal of the Imam. The
Swedish crew were terrified of his inconsistent orders. The museum which was once his palace (now no longer open to the public) supposedly contains his "bizarre collection of hundreds of identical bottles of eau de cologne, Old Spice and Christian Dior, an electronic bed, a child's KLM handbag, projectors, films, guns, ammunition and swords ... passports, personalized Swiss watches and blood-stained clothes."
452:
Free Yemen movement, a collection of intellectuals and republican-leaning nationalists who were expatriates from the north. Rhetoric turned to border skirmishes and on March 26, 1955, Ahmad charged
Britain with having killed a number of Yemenis in a "brutal attack" in southern Yemen. He became further alarmed by the British plan to federate 18 petty sheikdoms and sultanates within the protectorate, which would consolidate territory under British protection which Yemen still claimed.
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523:; that he sell his property; and, that if he were a skilled artisan, that he teach his profession to local Yemeni Arab citizens. The Imam's decision was met with surprise, both in terms of its religious and political implications. Jews who complained to the Imam that they were unable to sell their property were reportedly given advice on how they might dispense of their property and make good their journey.
466:
In 1955, Yemen began talks with a view towards entering a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia. The warming of relations coincided with a Saudi need for foreign workers to service its expanding oil industry, and that year the Saudi government decreed that
Yemenis could enter without work
314:
From Ahmad's youth he was notable for his strikingly ferocious appearance. He was short and stocky and had prominently bulging eyes, which some claimed he induced. Although he wrote poetry from his youth, he was known for his explosive temper. Stories circulated that when he was a student of law, he
439:
As king Ahmad was more open to foreign contact than his father, but he never allowed free intercourse with other nations. His rule was autocratic and conservative; he never brooked suggestions. It was said that every detail, no matter how small or trivial, had to be approved by the Imam, even for a
377:
From his father, Ahmad learned a deep distrust for the new and a profound aversion to any change in medieval methods of governance. While governor he surrounded himself with reformers, however. He always tried to keep the factions close to him but his volatile temper often betrayed him. In 1944 at
443:
To the outside world, the Imam was virtually unknown, noted only for seemingly odd conduct. In 1950 a wire service report noted when he and his son
Muhammad al-Badr married two sisters, nurses at the only hospital in Sana'a. Although his father had banned aircraft after a fatal accident, Ahmad was
430:
stronghold in Ta'izz, the conspirators were rounded up in four weeks. Most were beheaded. The new Imam Ahmad, all-Nasir li-Din Allah ("the
Protector of God's Religion") would rule from Ta'izz, while Sana'a was given over to looters. Unaffiliated liberals were also swept up in the net. About thirty
405:
In
February 1948 Yahya, three of his sons and his chief adviser were assassinated in a coup, in which the religious leader Abdullah bin Ahmed al-Wazir was proclaimed Imam. Yahya's son (and Ahmad's brother) Ibrahim bin Yahya was appointed head of the "constitutional government." Ibrahim had been in
451:
His one abiding policy goal as Imam (aside from his reactionary position on government) was to drive the
British from Aden and recover the protectorate for "Greater Yemen," as his father saw it. Ahmad also believed Britain was behind the plot that killed his father. Aden was also a center for the
224:
Ahmad's ruthless, arbitrary and inconsistent rule made him the subject of a coup attempt, frequent assassination attempts and eventually led to the downfall of the kingdom shortly after his death. His enemies ranged from ambitious family members to forward-looking pan-Arabists and
Republicans and
447:
His mood swings and unpredictable behavior had several sources. Chief among them was his addiction to a mix of drugs, chiefly morphine, which he took for his chronic rheumatism. He lived in fear of sudden death and divine retribution. He was subject to beliefs in the supernatural, consulted
470:
Egypt and Syria signed a pact to create a new Arab military alliance on March 3, 1955. Egypt's interest was in putting together a pan-Arab league to counter the pro-Western tilt of the recent Iraq-Turkey pact (which, with the addition of
Pakistan and Great Britain would become known as the
425:
but beloved by the northern tribes, rallied those forces to his brother Ahmad's cause, entered Sana'a and ended the short-lived revolutionary government. Ahmad rewarded him with the offices of prime minister and governor of Sana'a. With the support of the northern tribes as well as Ahmad's
46:
225:
from them he was given the name "Ahmad the devil." He remained surprisingly popular among his subjects, particularly the northern tribesmen from whom he had the name "Big Turban". For his remarkable ability to narrowly escape numerous assassination attempts, he was known as
517:, in which he committed a small expeditionary force, in 1948. In May 1949, Imam Ahmad announced that any Jew who wanted to leave Yemen would be permitted to do so, on three conditions: that he reimburse any debts, first and foremost, the poll-tax known as the
401:
for a sermon praising the three caliphs before Ali. Although his soldiers were Zaidi and the population of Ta'izz Shaff'i, a
British observer found "there is almost universal loyalty to the Yemen, if not to the person of the Imam ..."
440:
government truck to be moved in Ta'izz or mules to receive fodder. A governor of Aden reported, "Everything hangs on the King's nod. Yet his situation is pathetic, for he knows he has no friends."
246:, all of which provided economic and military aid to the kingdom. These alliances were largely driven by his desire to expel the British from southern Yemen and recover the territory of the
431:
were beheaded, while the rest were left in dungeons. Most were released in two years, often after writing obsequious flattery of the imam, but others were left in prison for much longer.
334:
the preceding month. The reason laid in opposition to the governing Ottomans (who his father was allied to), who had allegedly fired at Mecca, killing "learned men", and firing on the
1030:, and after a border war in 1934, Yahya was forced to concede Asir to Al Saud by the Treaty of Taif. A more fundamental cause of friction was the clash between the severely orthodox
338:. He was supported by Hashid and Bakeel, Hamdan, Bani Harith, and Bani Matar tribesmen. His revolt began in the country of the Bani Matar. By 23 December, Ahmad was besieging
362:
In the 1920s and 1930s, Ahmad assisted his father in putting together his kingdom through strategy, diplomacy, tribal warfare and intrigue. Ahmad was appointed governor of
530:," which took place from June 1949 until September 1950. During this time some 50,000 Yemeni Jews moved to Israel, including those who immigrated in December 1948.
393:
His arbitrary and erratic behavior, however, did not diminish his popularity in Ta'izz. While governor he razed the tomb of Ibn Alwan without any protest from
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his court in Ta'izz, he was heard to exclaim, "I pray God I do not die before I colour my sword here with the blood of these modernists." The outburst caused
148:
144:
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and other future "liberals" (in the Yemen sense of Yemeni independents and moderate reformers) to quit his court and flee to Aden. There they founded the
219:
H.M. al-Nasir-li-Dinullah Ahmad bin al-Mutawakkil 'Alallah Yahya, Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and King of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of the Yemen
650:
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1357:
1098:
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In December 1916, during World War I, Ahmad launched a military revolt against his father, after having sought aid from the British-allied
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clerics. He was not a doctrinaire Zaidi, however. In 1952 he imprisoned in the notorious Hajjah dungeons Zaidis who attacked a cleric in
482:
by a group of officers and two of Ahmad's brothers was crushed, with Imam Ahmad personally confronting some of the coup participants.
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astrologers and often would succumb to "mystical crises" during which he would fast and cut himself off from the world for weeks.
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The tensions with British Aden caused Ahmad to overcome his antipathy for Saudi Arabia, which he also received from his father.)
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243:
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17:
1154:"Egyptian Pact Bid Said to be Failing: Cairo Diplomatic Observers Cite Syria's Reluctance to Join Defense Group"
1634:
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practiced by tribes in northern Yemen, from 1904, when he succeeded his father. Yahya had assumed the title of
214:
128:
1181:"Yemen Will Join Cairo's New Pact: Planned Alliance With Syria and Saudi Arabia Counters Turkish-Iraqi Accord"
930:
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was proclaimed Imam and King and took the title of al-Mansur, but a week later rebels shelled his residence,
1127:"Arabs Split Sharply on Plans for Defense: Egypt's Efforts to Form Alliance Fail to Arouse Much Enthusiasm"
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1401:
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71:
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open revolt against his father for a year having fled and joined a group called "Free Yemenites" in the
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1654:
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489:(UAR), Imam Ahmad agreed to participate in a confederation between his kingdom and the UAR, called the
254:". In the end, he turned against Egypt and the Soviet Union, both of which after his death supported a
840:"Yemen Ruler, Three Sons Die in Plot: Religious Leader Heads New Government as Nation's Unrest Ends".
615:
1493:
514:
1242:
Political vs. religious motivations behind Imam Ahmad's decision to permit Jewish emigration in 1949
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479:
1485:
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331:
771:
1443:
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785:
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493:. However, the confederation dissolved in 1961, prompting the Imam to write a poem criticizing
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Like his father, Ahmad was profoundly conservative, but nevertheless forged alliances with the
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1619:
1614:
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486:
387:
379:
800:"File 3300/1916 Pt 2 'Aden News Letters:- (Jan. 1917-Dec. 1917)' [252r] (503/620)"
786:"File 3300/1916 Pt 2 'Aden News Letters:- (Jan. 1917-Dec. 1917)' [301r] (601/620)"
772:"File 3300/1916 Pt 2 'Aden News Letters:- (Jan. 1917-Dec. 1917)' [112r] (223/620)"
758:"File 3300/1916 Pt 2 'Aden News Letters:- (Jan. 1917-Dec. 1917)' [280r] (559/620)"
8:
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1421:
551:
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555:
510:
490:
1536:
1099:"Three of Arab States Join In Military-Economic Plan; New Arab Set-up Slated in Cairo"
575:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XVII, Near East, 1961–1962"
410:
in 1946. The plan to simultaneously murder Ahmad in Ta'izz failed, and he advanced on
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247:
135:
1255:
The Magic Carpet Immigration: Description of the Great Immigration of Yemenite Jewry
1244:(Lecture notes delivered at the United Nations building in New-York, on 4 June 2018)
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1327:
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confronted fellow students at knife-point to swear to support him one day as Imam.
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HM the Imam riding round the arena after the end of the Victory Day celebration in
140:
81:
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108:
53:
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On September 19, 1962, Ahmad died in his sleep. Ahmad bin Yahya's oldest son,
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1317:
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506:
355:
251:
104:
865:"Prince Al-Hasan Hamid al-Din:Power Player in the Violent Politics of Yemen"
472:
455:
371:
235:
1335:
1476:
547:
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His announcement prompted a mass exodus of Jews, dubbed "The Immigration
318:
Coincidentally, he shared the same birthday as his father, the previous
427:
394:
304:
191:
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of Yemen on the breakup of the Ottoman rule over the country in 1918.
213:; June 18, 1891 – September 19, 1962) was the penultimate king of the
1035:
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494:
300:
188:
124:
546:, in the Bir al-Azab district of Sana'a. A coup led by a group of
261:
500:
485:
In 1958, after Egypt and Syria announced their union to form the
292:
160:
155:
411:
1038:
sect of Shi'a practiced by the tribesmen who supported Yahya.
1527:
1034:
of the tribes that formed the basis of Al Saud power and the
519:
339:
335:
239:
217:, who reigned from 1948 to 1962. His full name and title was
194:
45:
651:"Imam Ahmad of Yemen Is Dead; Son, Who Seeks Reforms, Rules"
363:
319:
308:
296:
266:
227:
422:
398:
342:. By 28 March 1917, Ahmad had surrendered to his father.
1267:
Turki bin Khalid bin Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (2015).
1210:(2nd ed.). Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. p. 22.
417:
Abdullah was established in Sana'a. Yahya's third son,
1026:(The Saudis had become Imam Yahya's rival for the
604:. New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 97, 108.
1606:
998:
648:
599:
533:
1236:
1234:
732:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
501:The king's relationship with the Jews of Yemen
1351:
994:
992:
554:(YAR) was proclaimed under the leadership of
345:
1178:
928:
579:Department of State, Office of the Historian
421:, then governor of the southern province of
35:
1365:
1231:
982:
980:
915:
913:
1358:
1344:
989:
44:
1042:
1645:20th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1205:
977:
910:
707:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21.
702:
454:
414:where loyal tribes supplied his forces.
366:from 1918 to 1948. In 1927 he was named
349:
260:
27:King and Imam of Yemen from 1948 to 1962
1269:"Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013"
844:. Associated Press. February 20, 1948.
649:Associated Press (September 20, 1962).
14:
1607:
727:
459:Imam Ahmad with King Saud and retinues
283:Ahmad bin Yahya was the oldest son of
278:
1339:
1228:: Jerusalem 1994, pp. 57–62 (Hebrew).
681:. Yale University Press. p. 62.
679:Yemen: Dancing on the Heads of Snakes
676:
354:Palace of Imam Ahmed Hamid al-Din in
1151:
1124:
1096:
752:
750:
63:17 February 1948 – 19 September 1962
1660:People of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
1274:. King's College London. p. 40
1043:von Weisl, Wolfgang (May 1, 1927).
210:
36:
24:
1535:
1484:
1429:
1391:
1152:Doty, Robert C. (March 24, 1955).
1125:Doty, Robert C. (March 13, 1955).
999:Associated Press (April 3, 1955).
593:
550:officers deposed al-Badr, and the
25:
1671:
1257:, Bnei-Brak 2003, p. 130 (Hebrew)
1097:Doty, Robert C. (March 6, 1955).
747:
1286:
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1247:
1214:
1199:
1179:United Press (March 27, 1955).
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258:against his son and successor.
33:Imam Ahmad bin Yahya Hamididdin
1591:–installed heads of state, in
1208:Historical Dictionary of Yemen
929:United Press (June 15, 1950).
764:
721:
705:Historical Dictionary of Yemen
696:
670:
642:
616:"Yemen: After Ahmad the Devil"
608:
600:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2000).
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325:
215:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
13:
1:
1630:Heads of state of North Yemen
1001:"Action Attributed to Health"
561:
534:Death and immediate aftermath
37:الامام أحمد بن يحيى حميدالدين
1396:Flag of the Kingdom of Yemen
1206:Burrowes, Robert D. (2010).
931:"King and Son Marry Sisters"
703:Burrowes, Robert D. (2010).
273:
7:
1311:Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
285:Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
171:Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
72:Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
10:
1676:
1640:20th-century Yemeni people
1077:. March 4, 1955. p. 3
581:. U.S. Department of State
346:Early career and 1948 coup
203:Ahmad bin Yahya Hamidaddin
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1324:
1315:
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1294:A history of modern Yemen
1071:"Egypt-Syria Pact Signed"
730:A History of Modern Yemen
602:Yemen: The Unknown Arabia
513:during the height of the
505:Imam Ahmad permitted his
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1115:(Subscription required.)
1087:(Subscription required.)
1060:(Subscription required.)
1017:(Subscription required.)
947:(Subscription required.)
854:(Subscription required.)
677:Clark, Victoria (2010).
667:(Subscription required.)
639:(Subscription required.)
1367:Heads of state of Yemen
1296:, Cambridge, pp. 28-88
332:Idrisid Emirate of Asir
211:أحمد بن يحيى حميد الدين
1541:
1490:
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460:
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54:King and Imam of Yemen
1635:Jewish Yemeni history
1539:
1488:
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1395:
1292:Paul Dresch. (2000).
1045:"New Light on Arabia"
744:(Hereafter "Dresch.")
728:Dresch, Paul (2000).
657:. pp. 1 & 13
515:Arab–Israeli conflict
458:
380:Ahmad Muhammad Nu'man
353:
264:
1625:Zaydi imams of Yemen
693:(Hereafter "Clark.")
487:United Arab Republic
388:Free Yemeni Movement
1489:Flag of South Yemen
1434:Flag of North Yemen
622:. October 5, 1962.
552:Yemen Arab Republic
384:Muhammad al-Zubayri
279:Youth and character
1542:
1491:
1436:
1398:
956:Dresch, pp. 66-67.
889:Dresch, pp. 56-67.
830:Dresch, pp. 68-69.
556:Abdullah al-Sallal
528:'On Eagles' Wings'
491:United Arab States
461:
419:Hasan Hamid al-Din
360:
271:
149:Al-Abbas bin Ahmad
145:Abdullah bin Ahmad
1655:Hamidaddin family
1650:Monarchs of Yemen
1599:
1598:
1528:Republic of Yemen
1471:
1470:
1334:
1333:
1325:Succeeded by
1226:Ben-Zvi Institute
898:Clark, pp. 55-56.
714:978-0-8108-5528-1
688:978-0-300-11701-1
408:Aden Protectorate
295:. Yahya had been
293:al-Qasimi dynasty
248:Aden Protectorate
200:
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180:Fatima Al-Washali
118:19 September 1962
16:(Redirected from
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1412:Muhammad al-Badr
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1328:Muhammad al-Badr
1322:1948–1962
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871:. July 25, 2003
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18:Ahmad ash-Shams
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1131:New York Times
1117:
1103:New York Times
1089:
1075:New York Times
1062:
1049:The Living Age
1019:
1005:New York Times
988:
976:
974:Dresch, p. 62.
967:
958:
949:
935:New York Times
921:
919:Dresch, p. 67.
909:
900:
891:
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856:
832:
823:
821:Dresch, p. 53.
814:
812:Dresch, p. 78.
805:
791:
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738:
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695:
687:
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655:New York Times
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544:Dar al-Bashair
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122:(aged 71)
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109:Ottoman Empire
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986:Dresch, p. 70
983:
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965:Clark, p. 56.
962:
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936:
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809:
802:. 5 May 2017.
801:
795:
788:. 5 May 2017.
787:
781:
774:. 5 May 2017.
773:
767:
760:. 5 May 2017.
759:
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252:Greater Yemen
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105:Yemen Vilayet
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42:
31:
19:
1601:
1568:
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1293:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:(PhD Thesis)
1262:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1187:. p. 10
1184:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1160:. p. 12
1157:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1133:. p. E5
1130:
1120:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1092:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1022:
1009:. Retrieved
1007:. p. 39
1004:
970:
961:
952:
939:. Retrieved
937:. p. 12
934:
924:
903:
894:
885:
873:. Retrieved
869:The Guardian
868:
859:
841:
835:
826:
817:
808:
794:
780:
766:
739:0-521-79482X
729:
723:
704:
698:
678:
672:
659:. Retrieved
654:
644:
631:. Retrieved
619:
610:
601:
595:
583:. Retrieved
578:
569:
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525:
518:
504:
484:
477:
473:Baghdad Pact
469:
465:
462:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:Rule as Imam
416:
404:
392:
376:
372:crown prince
367:
361:
329:
317:
313:
289:Hamid al-Din
282:
250:as part of "
236:Soviet Union
233:
226:
223:
218:
202:
201:
120:(1962-09-19)
102:18 June 1891
1620:1962 deaths
1615:1891 births
1480:(1967–1990)
1477:South Yemen
1425:(1962–1990)
1387:(1918–1962)
1376:(1918–1990)
1374:North Yemen
1105:. p. 1
585:January 16,
548:nationalist
478:In 1955, a
326:World War I
68:Predecessor
1609:Categories
1454:al-Ghashmi
1278:29 January
562:References
368:wali ahad,
305:Shia Islam
98:1891-06-18
1593:rebellion
1570:al-Mashat
1563:al-Sammad
1556:al-Houthi
1514:Ali Nasir
1504:Ali Nasir
1459:al-Arashi
1449:al-Hamadi
1444:al-Eryani
1439:al-Sallal
1032:Wahhabism
850:561007035
628:0040-781X
511:Palestine
495:Nasserism
467:permits.
287:, of the
274:Biography
78:Successor
1576:al-Alimi
1422:Republic
846:ProQuest
633:April 2,
303:sect of
228:al-Djinn
185:Religion
1531:(1990–)
1384:Kingdom
1191:May 10,
1164:May 10,
1137:May 10,
1109:May 10,
1081:May 10,
1054:May 11,
875:May 10,
428:Shafi'i
395:Shafi'i
358:, Taiz.
299:of the
161:Rassids
1589:Houthi
1509:Ismail
1499:Salmin
1494:Shaabi
1011:May 9,
941:May 9,
848:
736:
711:
685:
661:May 8,
626:
412:Hajjah
364:Ta'izz
207:Arabic
177:Mother
167:Father
125:Ta'izz
1545:Saleh
1519:Attas
1464:Saleh
1407:Ahmad
1402:Yahya
1036:Zaidi
520:jizya
340:Sanaa
336:Kaaba
301:Zaidi
242:and
195:Islam
189:Zaidi
156:House
136:Issue
129:Yemen
60:Reign
1550:Hadi
1280:2021
1193:2015
1166:2015
1139:2015
1111:2015
1083:2015
1056:2015
1013:2015
943:2015
877:2015
734:ISBN
709:ISBN
683:ISBN
663:2015
635:2015
624:ISSN
620:Time
587:2023
480:coup
320:Imam
309:King
297:imam
267:Taiz
192:Shia
115:Died
92:Born
1040:See
423:Ibb
399:Ibb
1611::
1233:^
1224:,
1183:.
1156:.
1129:.
1101:.
1073:.
1047:.
1003:.
991:^
979:^
933:.
912:^
867:.
749:^
653:.
618:.
577:.
558:.
497:.
390:.
382:,
374:.
322:.
238:,
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209::
127:,
107:,
1586:§
1359:e
1352:t
1345:v
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1113:.
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1058:.
1015:.
945:.
879:.
852:.
742:.
717:.
691:.
665:.
637:.
589:.
269:.
205:(
100:)
96:(
20:)
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