303:
the spray nozzle located inside the actuator to create a mist of droplets containing fragrance. These droplets are 30 to 50 micrometres in diameter. A recently developed alternative, the "bag-on-valve" aerosol, places the air freshener inside a bag in the can. The can is filled with pressurised air which squeezes the bag and pushes out the product when the actuator is pressed. An atomizer operates in a similar fashion except that the actuator is a pump which when pressed a few times creates the pressure to aspirate the fragrance from the container through a tube into the actuator and spray nozzle. Because the container is not constantly under pressure it may be made of glass or plastic as well as metal. The mist created contains droplets 50 to 150 micrometres in diameter.
92:
201:
38:
260:
186:
680:, both carcinogens. A plug-in air freshener contained more than 20 different volatile organic compounds, with more than one-third classified as toxic or hazardous under federal laws. Even air fresheners called "organic," "green," or with "essential oils" emitted hazardous chemicals, including carcinogens.
302:
sprays. The aerosol spray uses a propellant and fragrance packaged under pressure in a sealed metal container with a valve which is opened by pressing down a button which contains a spray nozzle – the actuator. When the container's valve is opened by pressing the actuator, fragrance is forced through
55:
There are many different types of air fresheners that deliver their active ingredients in different ways, including sprays, candles, gels, passive and active evaporating diffusers, atomizers, automatically timed metered aerosol dispensers, electric fan air fresheners, and plug-ins. Air fresheners are
371:
substance used to physically propel the product out of an aerosol spray. The substance chosen needs to be a gas that turns to liquid when pressurized with a relatively low amount of pressure, safe for domestic use. The propellant is a liquid when under pressure in the can, but maintains the pressure
743:
and Anne C. Steinemann of the
University of Washington published results from two national epidemiological studies of health effects from exposure to air fresheners. They found that nearly 20 percent of the general population and 34 percent of asthmatics report headaches, breathing difficulties, or
655:
published a study of top-selling air fresheners and laundry products. She found that all products tested gave off chemicals regulated as toxic or hazardous under federal laws, including carcinogens with no safe exposure level, but none of these chemicals were listed on any of the product labels or
722:
In the United States, since 2020 air fresheners (as well as cleaning solutions and products used to clean cars) have been required to list any of their ingredients which are on
California's list of 2,300 harmful chemicals, based on a California law passed in 2017. A California study in 2006 found
282:
technology to aerosolize fragrance or heat to vaporize it, fragrance impregnated gels which release fragrance as the gel evaporates sometimes with the help of an electric fan, wick and reed diffusers which release fragrance by evaporation from fragrance-soaked wicks or wooden reeds; and fragrance
83:
have been used to mask odors since antiquity. A variety of methods and compounds have been used over the past two millennia for their abilities to create pleasant aromas or eliminate unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. These were often linked with spiritual or religious practices (e.g. the use of
51:
are products designed to reduce unwanted odors in indoor spaces, or to introduce pleasant fragrances, or both. They typically emit fragrance to mask odors but may use other methods of action such as absorbing, bonding to, or chemically altering compounds in the air that produce smells, killing
533:
There have been various concerns about air fresheners having adverse health effects, due to factors including harmful ingredients, secondary substances formed by the chemical interactions of ingredients with other substances, allergy-provoking ingredients, misuse, and accidental injury.
88:), or with concepts of health and hygiene. Consumer products for air freshening began to emerge in the late 1800s which coincided with the arrival of the first synthetically produced fragrances. However, air freshening consumer products first gained wider popularity in the 1940s.
108:. As early as 1953, scientists were questioning whether chlorophyll, at the time popular as a body deodorizer or for use on wounds, really acted as a space deodorizer. From 1947 to 1951, the company sold 7 million dollars' worth of these and other types of air fresheners.
376:
propellants work similarly but maintain pressure by filling the empty space without liquefying. The propellant in a true aerosol is mixed with the air freshener, so it must also not react with the product. Sometimes, multiple propellants are combined.
172:
Air fresheners introduce fragrance into the air of interior spaces either as droplets which transition to vapor, or as the molecules of fragrance ingredients directly evaporating from a source. Fragrance diffuses into the air to mask other
103:
launched in the United States, initially producing liquid air fresheners in a variety of fragrances, which worked by evaporation with the help of a wick. The products claimed to kill odors, not just mask them, by using
1840:
B.C. Wolverton, Ph.D., Rebecca C. McDonald, "Foliage Plants for
Removing Formaldehyde from Contaminated Air Inside Energy-Efficient Homes and Future Space Stations", NASA TM-84674, December 1982.
792:, are effective at removing odors. Other solutions are adapted to different types of odor. Some house plants may also aid in the removal of toxic substances from the air in building interiors.
1608:
Farrow, Alexandra; Taylor, Hazel; Northstone, Kate; Golding, Jean (1 October 2003). "Symptoms of
Mothers and Infants Related to Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Products".
133:
In the 1950s, many companies began to add chemicals that counteract odors to their fragrance formulas. These chemicals, intended to neutralize or destroy odors, included unsaturated
1327:
446:
or other substances to squeeze the air freshener from the bag, these are not strictly ingredients because they are not mixed with the air freshener, and remain in the can.
1565:
Farrow, A.; Taylor, H.; Northstone, K.; Golding, J. (Oct 2003). "Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products".
731:. It is not clear if manufacturers will need to list such chemicals which are not ingredients, but form during deployment and are thus able to affect human health.
566:
and affect reproductive development. The NRDC called for more rigorous supervision of the manufacturers and their products, which are widely assumed to be safe:
1738:
582:
to babies and young children, in 12 of the 14 products—including those marked 'all natural.' None of the products had these chemicals listed on their labels.
56:
used in domestic and commercial settings and in both small and large spaces. Some air fresheners are produced for specific spaces and odors, such as
1850:
Wolverton, B.C.; McDonald, Rebecca C.; Watkins Jr, E.A. (1984). "Foliage Plants for
Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes".
625:
617:, present in some types of air fresheners. The pesticide substances were mainly used in mothballs but also in room sprays and toilet rim blocks.
1236:
522:
1713:
Opinion on the report "Emission of chemicals by air fresheners Tests on 74 consumer products sold in Europe" (BEUC report
January 2005)
156:. Many other air freshener delivery methods have become popular since, including under the seat wafer air fresheners, scented candles,
1699:
1089:
1719:, European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Scientific Committee On Health And Environmental Risks
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562:(NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate
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1682:
595:
591:
1425:
1399:
599:
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The study assessed scented sprays, gels, and plug-in air fresheners. Independent lab testing confirmed the presence of
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Delivery of the above air freshener mechanisms falls into two broad categories: continuous action and instant action.
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in the can (and thereby its spraying ability) by turning partially back to a gas to fill any empty space. Less common
606:
559:
111:
The first fan-operated air freshener product was invented in 1946 and released by the company Surco under the brand
144:
In the 1980s, the air freshener market shifted back away from aerosols due to concerns over the destruction of the
723:
that the prominent products of the reaction of terpenes found in air fresheners with ozone included formaldehyde,
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1696:
January 2005, BEUC report: Emission of chemicals by air fresheners. Tests on 74 consumer products sold in Europe
821:
17:
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and devices which use a candle flame or some other heat source to heat and vaporize a fragrance formulation,
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through frequent use of air fresheners and other aerosols in the home was found to correlate with increased
52:
organisms that produce smells, or disrupting the sense of smell to reduce perception of unpleasant smells.
343:
Air fresheners use both synthesized and organically occurring fragrances. Common fragrances used include
1900:
769:
740:
657:
629:
423:
1683:""Fragranced Consumer Products: Chemicals Emitted, Ingredients Unlisted" at Journalist's Resource.org"
760:. In rare cases aerosol burns are reported to have been caused by air freshener canisters exploding.
547:
383:
were once popular propellants but are no longer widely used because of their damaging effects on the
72:
symptoms or are toxic. Air freshening also involves the use of organic and everyday household items.
502:
These are substances that help other ingredients mix together, either by dissolving or emulsifying.
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652:
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prevent the decomposition of the product or the growth of microorganisms in it. These can include:
427:
208:
Mechanisms for the control of indoor airborne odors can be grouped into various different classes:
1004:
Alstead, Stanley; Corwin, Alsoph H.; Holzer, R. S.; Bryce, D. Maxwell; Savage, R. Maxwell (1953).
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826:
61:
1209:
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systems which convert liquid fragrances into a vapor in a cold process without the use of heat.
1090:"Air-Scent International purchases Sani-Air Associated Products | Pest Management Professional"
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Removing the source of an unpleasant odor will decrease the chance that people will smell it.
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149:
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Caress, S.M.; Steinemann, A.C. (2009). "National prevalence of fragrance sensitivity".
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impregnated materials like floor wax, paper, plastics, wood which release fragrance by
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1502:
Common Air
Fresheners Contain Chemicals That May Affect Human Reproductive Development
122:
were introduced in 1948, based on what had been a military technology for dispensing
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Steinemann, A.C. (2009). "Fragranced consumer products and undisclosed ingredients".
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1739:"What the heck is "fragrance?" Thanks to California, companies now have to tell us"
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Air freshener aerosols with certain propellants are susceptible to misuse as an
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HFOs have recently become more widely used due to their low vapor pressure, low
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Pest
Management Professional | Pest Control's Most-Trusted Resource Since 1933
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and resulting bans. Current propellants used in air freshener sprays include:
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A report issued in 2005 by the Bureau Européen des Unions de
Consommateurs (
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246:: odors caused by microorganisms can be removed by inactivating them using
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that would remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time.
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Indoor Air
Chemistry: Cleaning Agents, Ozone and Toxic Air Contaminants
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and can aid in eliminating unpleasant odors. Simple cleaners such as
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other health problems when exposed to air fresheners or deodorizers.
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664:, the active ingredient in paint thinner and nail-polish remover;
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Masking: a pleasant odor may be used to overwhelm unwanted odors.
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42:
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hydrocarbon aerosol propellant (HAP) blends: mixtures including
259:
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can oxidize and eliminate organic sources of odors from the air.
185:
30:"Deodorizer" redirects here. For the personal care product, see
563:
537:
271:
69:
1524:"Scientists May Have Solved Mystery Of Carcinogenic Mothballs"
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1513:
Air Fresheners Unregulated, Potentially Dangerous, Group Says
1116:"Pestco Professional Services - 74 Years Of Superior Service"
551:
344:
237:
174:
134:
1644:
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Key Findings
763:
1849:
1237:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
684:
380:
1046:
Frohman, I. Phillips (May 1955). "The Chlorophyll Story".
254:
1799:
190:
1802:"Air-freshener burns: a new paradigm in burns etiology?"
1003:
497:
1235:Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (2021-04-22).
1193:"Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), BadAir Sponge®"
1800:Sarwar U, Nicolaou M, Khan MS, Tiernan E (2011).
1892:
1772:
1479:"The surprising dangers of cooking and cleaning"
230:may be used to capture odor-producing compounds.
1545:Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia
747:
626:Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
64:. Some air fresheners contain ingredients that
847:"Incense: Ritual, Health Effects and Prudence"
756:. Air fresheners have also been used to cause
687:) found that many air freshener products emit
323:listed above, air fresheners can also contain
1302:"1,1-Difluoroethane (Hydrofluorocarbon 152A)"
967:"An Assessment Of Chlorophyll As A Deodorant"
434:Note that while bag-on-valve systems may use
180:
964:
538:Harmful ingredients and secondary substances
1234:
270:Continuous action products include scented
1654:
1871:
1817:
1328:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
1252:
919:
901:
764:Alternatives to fragranced air fresheners
734:
1755:
505:Solvents used in air fresheners include
258:
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184:
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36:
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1041:
1039:
528:
255:Delivery: continuous vs. instant action
126:. The product delivered a fine mist of
14:
1893:
1541:"Mothballs, air fresheners and cancer"
883:
590:, Alliance for Healthy Homes, and the
586:On September 19, 2007, along with the
362:
1730:
1533:
1241:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
1198:. Mateson Chemical Corporation. 2007.
784:, as well as natural adsorbents like
594:, the NRDC filed a petition with the
578:chemicals that may pose a particular
498:Solvents, emulsifiers and surfactants
1036:
944:"WHERE IT ALL BEGAN FOR AIR WICK..."
851:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
844:
609:revealed the carcinogenic nature of
596:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1736:
1506:
1185:
651:In 2008, Anne C. Steinemann of the
592:National Center for Healthy Housing
167:
24:
1476:
739:In 2009, Stanley M. Caress of the
600:Consumer Product Safety Commission
294:Instant action systems are mainly
95:Air Wick print advertisement, 1957
25:
1922:
890:Environmental Health Perspectives
772:is also important to maintaining
607:University of Colorado at Boulder
560:Natural Resources Defense Council
278:, wall plug-ins which either use
177:or to introduce a specific odor.
118:In the United States, commercial
1610:Archives of Environmental Health
628:(ALSPAC) found that exposure to
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1048:The American Journal of Nursing
640:in infants, and with increased
137:, pre-polymers, and long-chain
1254:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
1148:. GIE Media, Inc. 5 March 2015
1134:
1108:
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997:
965:Brocklehurst, John C. (1953).
958:
936:
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838:
822:Automatic deodorizer dispenser
672:and respiratory toxicant; and
306:
13:
1:
1142:"In Memoriam: Milton Zlotnik"
832:
351:. Preparations often include
338:
164:, and heat release products.
1210:"How the Bag-On-Valve Works"
1006:"Chlorophyll As A Deodorant"
748:Misuse and accidental injury
152:(CFCs) which were used as a
7:
1010:The British Medical Journal
971:The British Medical Journal
795:
658:material safety data sheets
542:Many air fresheners employ
430:(GWP), and nonflammability.
422:propellants (HFOs) such as
413:propellants (HFCs) such as
10:
1927:
1737:Nix, Joanna (2017-12-01).
1669:10.1016/j.eiar.2008.05.002
1622:10.3200/AEOH.58.10.633-641
1579:10.3200/AEOH.58.10.633-641
886:"Scents & Sensitivity"
884:Fisher, Brandy E. (1998).
741:University of West Georgia
630:volatile organic compounds
548:volatile organic compounds
424:2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
367:A propellant is usually a
204:An automatic air freshener
181:Mechanisms of odor control
75:
29:
27:Product used to mask odors
1657:Environ Impact Assess Rev
315:, adsorbents, oxidizers,
653:University of Washington
602:to report the findings.
428:global warming potential
62:urinal deodorizer blocks
1456:www.whatsinproducts.com
1430:www.whatsinproducts.com
1404:www.whatsinproducts.com
1378:www.whatsinproducts.com
1353:www.whatsinproducts.com
1306:www.whatsinproducts.com
827:Deodorizing toilet seat
735:Allergens and irrtants
584:
488:formaldehyde releasers
264:
205:
197:
96:
45:
1426:"Benzisothiazolinone"
1400:"Methylisothiazoline"
845:Nair, Urmila (2013).
660:. Chemicals included
622:University of Bristol
568:
558:in their formulas. A
262:
203:
188:
94:
40:
1911:Indoor air pollution
529:Toxicity and hazards
41:Air fresheners from
1567:Arch Environ Health
1277:"HP DME Propellant"
729:ultrafine particles
611:paradichlorobenzene
483:benzisothiazolinone
479:methylisothiazoline
363:Aerosol propellants
325:aerosol propellants
311:In addition to the
150:chlorofluorocarbons
1864:10.1007/bf02858837
1122:. 22 February 2022
786:activated charcoal
774:indoor air quality
648:in their mothers.
576:hormone-disrupting
415:1,1-difluoroethane
265:
224:activated charcoal
218:: adsorbents like
206:
198:
97:
46:
1901:Cleaning products
1477:Keegan, Matthew.
1216:. 26 October 2015
1096:. 31 October 2019
1016:(4814): 832–833.
896:(12): A594–A599.
420:hydrofluoroolefin
411:hydrofluorocarbon
16:(Redirected from
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605:Research at the
556:phthalate esters
475:isothiazolinones
168:Basic principles
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276:incense burners
263:A reed diffuser
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128:aroma compounds
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66:provoke allergy
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1054:(5): 555–557.
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120:aerosol sprays
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470:propylparaben
467:
466:methylparaben
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450:Preservatives
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1462:12 November
1436:12 November
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1358:12 November
1312:12 November
1286:12 November
1220:12 November
1177:12 November
1152:12 November
1126:12 November
1100:12 November
946:22 Nov 2021
817:Air ionizer
782:baking soda
770:Ventilation
678:1,4-dioxane
615:naphthalene
613:(PCDB) and
588:Sierra Club
580:health risk
544:carcinogens
523:trideceth-4
511:mineral oil
385:ozone layer
349:citronellal
317:surfactants
307:Ingredients
285:off gassing
146:ozone layer
106:chlorophyll
1895:Categories
1748:2018-02-22
1488:2020-09-30
857:(1): 5–9.
833:References
695:including
691:and toxic
642:depression
572:phthalates
550:and known
369:liquid gas
339:Fragrances
313:fragrances
228:silica gel
216:Adsorption
154:propellant
81:Fragrances
1335:Honeywell
1263:2325-1026
1168:"History"
1022:0007-1447
983:0007-1447
863:1356-1863
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689:allergens
646:headaches
401:isobutane
234:Oxidation
194:fragrance
162:potpourri
139:aldehydes
115:in 1948.
113:Air-Scent
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32:Deodorant
1906:Perfumes
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754:inhalant
705:terpenes
638:diarrhea
634:earaches
598:and the
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517:such as
490:such as
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355:such as
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912:3434115
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790:zeolite
717:toluene
709:styrene
697:benzene
662:acetone
507:ethanol
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296:aerosol
272:candles
220:zeolite
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1878:S2CID
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867:JSTOR
574:, or
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