288:
689:
743:
709:
515:
759:
421:
258:
728:
409:
335:
236:
36:
434:
531:. Some modern aircraft are constructed with composite materials for major control surfaces, wings, or the entire fuselage such as the Boeing 787. On the 787, it makes possible higher pressurization levels and larger windows for passenger comfort as well as lower weight to reduce operating costs. The Boeing 787 weighs 1,500 lb (680 kg) less than if it were an all-aluminum assembly.
133:
472:
or by bonding with special adhesives. The fixture is then disassembled and removed from the completed fuselage shell, which is then fitted out with wiring, controls, and interior equipment such as seats and luggage bins. Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large
362:
cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin as the skin, instead of plywood. A simple form of this used in some amateur-built aircraft uses rigid expanded foam plastic as the core, with a fiberglass covering, eliminating the necessity of fabricating molds, but requiring more effort in finishing
315:
to form the whole of the fuselage, including its aerodynamic shape. In this type of construction multiple flat strip stringers are wound about the formers in opposite spiral directions, forming a basket-like appearance. This proved to be light, strong, and rigid and had the advantage of being made
379:, since stiffening elements are incorporated into the structure to carry concentrated loads that would otherwise buckle the thin skin. The use of molded fiberglass using negative ("female") molds (which give a nearly finished product) is prevalent in the series production of many modern
272:
tube trusses. A box truss fuselage structure can also be built out of wood—often covered with plywood. Simple box structures may be rounded by the addition of supported lightweight stringers, allowing the fabric covering to form a more aerodynamic shape, or one more pleasing to the eye.
505:
The proportioning of loads between the components is a design choice dictated largely by the dimensions, strength, and elasticity of the components available for construction and whether or not a design is intended to be "self jigging", not requiring a complete fixture for alignment.
493:
Both monocoque and semi-monocoque are referred to as "stressed skin" structures as all or a portion of the external load (i.e. from wings and empennage, and from discrete masses such as the engine) is taken by the surface covering. In addition, all the load from internal
477:
to form the complete fuselage. As the accuracy of the final product is determined largely by the costly fixture, this form is suitable for series production, where many identical aircraft are to be produced. Early examples of this type include the
Douglas Aircraft
320:
with less material than would be required for other structural types. The geodesic structure is also redundant and so can survive localized damage without catastrophic failure. A fabric covering over the structure completed the aerodynamic shell (see the
526:
Early aircraft were constructed of wood frames covered in fabric. As monoplanes became popular, metal frames improved the strength, which eventually led to all-metal-structure aircraft, with metal covering for all its exterior surfaces - this was first
325:
for an example of a large warplane which uses this process). The logical evolution of this is the creation of fuselages using molded plywood, in which several sheets are laid with the grain in differing directions to give the monocoque type below.
688:
554:. They are usually composed of three layers or plies, of glass or plastic : the inner two are 8 mm (0.3 in.) thick each and are structural, while the outer ply, about 3 mm thick, is a barrier against
616:, consists of multiple panes: an outer one built to support four times the maximum cabin pressure, an inner one for redundancy and a scratch pane near the passenger. Acrylic is susceptible to
570:
inside the cabin and de-ice from −50 °C (−58 °F). This was previously done with thin wires similar to a rear car window but is now accomplished with a transparent, nanometers-thick
742:
647:
Conversely, there have been a small number of aircraft designs which have no separate wing, but use the fuselage to generate lift. Examples include
904:
1481:
1127:
877:
287:
1521:
708:
346:
In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this (see the
1476:
1421:
1286:
1541:
734:
669:
can be considered a mixture of the above. It carries the useful load in a fuselage producing lift. A modern example is
100:
856:
897:
590:
criteria also needs larger panes. A cockpit windshield is composed of 4–6 panels, 35 kg (77 lb) each on an
119:
72:
17:
727:
803:
1311:
830:
383:. The use of molded composites for fuselage structures is being extended to large passenger aircraft such as the
261:
Some older types of aircraft design utilized open truss structure constructed of wood, steel, or aluminum tubing.
79:
1511:
1109:
426:
Semi-monocoque construction, partial or one-half, uses a substructure to which the airplane's skin is attached.
57:
758:
551:
1804:
644:
have no separate fuselage; instead what would be the fuselage is a thickened portion of the wing structure.
1855:
1794:
1635:
890:
826:
86:
414:
Monocoque construction uses stressed skin to support almost all loads much like an aluminum beverage can.
1516:
1471:
1162:
1702:
1546:
1496:
603:
68:
53:
1486:
1039:
969:
359:
220:
1814:
1789:
1551:
1531:
1456:
1346:
1316:
1291:
1157:
1122:
216:
46:
1829:
1630:
1526:
1351:
1167:
699:
442:
339:
1809:
1727:
1717:
1222:
934:
559:
555:
368:
1774:
1577:
1371:
1182:
1137:
621:
495:
487:
8:
1753:
1660:
1376:
1084:
913:
519:
204:
1461:
1441:
1436:
1410:
1321:
1262:
1034:
764:
322:
296:
514:
93:
1769:
1506:
1451:
1431:
1361:
1356:
1341:
1029:
666:
355:
316:
almost entirely of wood. A similar construction using aluminum alloy was used in the
299:, visible as a result of damage sustained to the fuselage skin on the aircraft's tail
292:
282:
212:
1824:
1707:
1381:
1276:
999:
974:
917:
609:
575:
151:
882:
1834:
1799:
1650:
1571:
1536:
1501:
1296:
944:
317:
200:
181:
1202:
1069:
624:, removal and polishing typically undergo every 2–3 years for uncoated windows.
420:
257:
1819:
1679:
1396:
954:
949:
788:
674:
659:
637:
461:
1600:
464:. These formers are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements called
1849:
1748:
1687:
1491:
1426:
1064:
1044:
959:
613:
364:
347:
304:
408:
1784:
1712:
1675:
1655:
1645:
1620:
1585:
1366:
1336:
1306:
1272:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1207:
1142:
1009:
979:
939:
652:
583:
578:
sitting between plies, electrically conductive and thus transmitting heat.
483:
479:
372:
312:
265:
This type of structure is still in use in many lightweight aircraft using
1732:
1615:
1331:
1187:
778:
749:
695:
670:
633:
591:
563:
547:
543:
528:
239:
620: : a network of fine cracks appears but can be polished to restore
1722:
1610:
1605:
1561:
1556:
1391:
1326:
1301:
1257:
1232:
1217:
1152:
1014:
1004:
715:
641:
595:
468:. These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by
438:
384:
334:
137:
460:
in the shape of the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a
235:
1779:
1697:
1625:
1590:
1446:
1227:
1212:
1192:
1147:
1132:
1089:
1074:
1059:
994:
964:
793:
453:
446:
380:
376:
208:
35:
1692:
1665:
1640:
1406:
1386:
1247:
1177:
1094:
1019:
925:
798:
783:
719:
567:
474:
465:
354:, where the layers of plywood are formed over a "plug" or within a
188:
594:. In its lifetime, an average aircraft goes through three or four
1466:
1117:
1099:
1024:
617:
571:
539:
351:
308:
266:
192:
490:. Most metal light aircraft are constructed using this process.
473:
sections constructed in this fashion which are then joined with
227:, which is required for aircraft stability and maneuverability.
1172:
1079:
1054:
984:
656:
579:
457:
433:
211:
attached to the fuselage, which in turn is used as a floating
172:
166:
1595:
1197:
1049:
673:. One of the earliest aircraft using this design approach is
587:
469:
269:
252:
196:
169:
160:
648:
224:
132:
857:"What Passenger Cabin Windows Will Future Airliners Have?"
599:
367:). An example of a larger molded plywood aircraft is the
518:
Inside view of the wooden, fabric-covered fuselage of a
199:. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an
677:, which fuselage was airfoil shaped to produce lift.
612:
windows, made from much lighter than glass stretched
163:
157:
694:
Interior rear-end of the main passenger level on an
452:
This is the preferred method of constructing an all-
912:
154:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
550:up to 350 kn (650 km/h) and are made of
1847:
898:
649:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
827:"Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge"
854:
748:The fuselage can be short, and seemingly un
215:. The fuselage also serves to position the
905:
891:
850:
848:
598:, and the market is shared evenly between
390:(using pressure-molding on female molds).
303:Geodesic structural elements were used by
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
513:
432:
333:
286:
276:
256:
234:
131:
845:
14:
1848:
821:
819:
358:. A later form of this structure uses
230:
886:
529:pioneered in the second half of 1915
375:. No plywood-skin fuselage is truly
242:welded tube truss fuselage structure
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
816:
627:
401:Monocoque and semi-monocoque design
24:
329:
246:
207:the single engine is mounted on a
25:
1867:
871:
393:
804:Aviation accidents and incidents
757:
741:
726:
707:
687:
419:
407:
150:
34:
831:Federal Aviation Administration
191:'s main body section. It holds
45:needs additional citations for
1815:In-flight entertainment system
1512:Horizontal situation indicator
486:civil aircraft and the Boeing
342:of semi-monocoque construction
13:
1:
809:
552:chemically strengthened glass
456:fuselage. First, a series of
223:in specific relationships to
1795:Environmental control system
855:Alex Derber (Nov 28, 2016).
702:as well as a doorway opening
509:
7:
772:
752:, as in this Christen Eagle
10:
1872:
1472:Course deviation indicator
1163:Electro-hydraulic actuator
680:
642:Northrop B-2 Spirit bomber
638:Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing
534:
311:between the wars and into
280:
250:
203:as well, although in some
1762:
1741:
1703:Conventional landing gear
1674:
1570:
1405:
1271:
1108:
924:
566:coating. It must prevent
350:) was built using molded
1487:Flight management system
636:" aircraft, such as the
502:) by the external skin.
437:Sectioned fuselage of a
371:fighter/light bomber of
187:"spindle-shaped") is an
27:Main body of an aircraft
1790:Emergency oxygen system
1552:Turn and slip indicator
1347:Leading-edge droop flap
1317:Drag-reducing aerospike
1292:Adaptive compliant wing
1287:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1830:Passenger service unit
1631:Self-sealing fuel tank
1527:Multi-function display
735:CubCrafters Carbon Cub
660:XF5U-1 Flying Flapjack
523:
449:
343:
300:
262:
243:
221:stabilization surfaces
141:
1810:Ice protection system
1728:Tricycle landing gear
1718:Landing gear extender
935:Aft pressure bulkhead
878:NASA page on fuselage
556:foreign object damage
517:
445:and skin all made of
436:
369:de Havilland Mosquito
337:
290:
277:Geodesic construction
260:
238:
135:
1775:Auxiliary power unit
1183:Flight control modes
622:optical transparency
488:B-17 Flying Fortress
54:improve this article
1856:Aircraft components
1754:Escape crew capsule
1661:War emergency power
1532:Pitot–static system
1377:Variable-sweep wing
1085:Vertical stabilizer
698:, showing the rear
602:and higher margins
542:windshields on the
340:Van's Aircraft RV-7
231:Types of structures
205:amphibious aircraft
1462:Attitude indicator
1442:Airspeed indicator
1437:Aircraft periscope
767:fuselage schematic
524:
450:
344:
323:Vickers Wellington
301:
297:Vickers Wellington
263:
244:
142:
1843:
1842:
1770:Aircraft lavatory
1507:Heading indicator
1452:Annunciator panel
1432:Air data computer
1342:Leading-edge cuff
833:. August 24, 2016
667:blended wing body
441:showing formers,
293:geodetic airframe
283:Geodetic airframe
195:, passengers, or
130:
129:
122:
104:
18:Aircraft fuselage
16:(Redirected from
1863:
1825:Navigation light
1805:Hydraulic system
1780:Bleed air system
1708:Drogue parachute
1382:Vortex generator
1000:Interplane strut
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
865:
864:
863:. Aviation Week.
852:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
761:
745:
730:
711:
691:
655:designs and the
651:'s experimental
628:Wing integration
576:indium tin oxide
423:
411:
225:lifting surfaces
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:Ram air turbine
1800:Flight recorder
1758:
1737:
1670:
1651:Thrust reversal
1575:
1566:
1537:Radar altimeter
1502:Head-up display
1412:
1401:
1297:Anti-shock body
1279:
1267:
1128:Artificial feel
1110:Flight controls
1104:
970:Fabric covering
920:
916:components and
911:
874:
869:
868:
853:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
817:
812:
775:
768:
762:
753:
746:
737:
731:
722:
712:
703:
692:
683:
630:
582:glass improves
562:, with often a
546:must withstand
537:
512:
498:is carried (as
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
424:
416:
415:
412:
403:
402:
396:
332:
330:Monocoque shell
318:Vickers Warwick
285:
279:
255:
249:
247:Truss structure
233:
153:
149:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Landing lights
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1742:Escape systems
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1680:arresting gear
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Splitter plate
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Cruciform tail
952:
950:Crack arrestor
947:
942:
937:
931:
929:
922:
921:
910:
909:
902:
895:
887:
881:
880:
873:
872:External links
870:
867:
866:
844:
814:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
789:Bulging factor
786:
781:
774:
771:
770:
769:
763:
756:
754:
747:
740:
738:
733:Fuselage of a
732:
725:
723:
713:
706:
704:
693:
686:
682:
679:
675:Burnelli CBY-3
629:
626:
536:
533:
511:
508:
496:pressurization
425:
418:
417:
413:
406:
405:
404:
400:
399:
398:
397:
395:
394:Semi-monocoque
392:
331:
328:
281:Main article:
278:
275:
251:Main article:
248:
245:
232:
229:
140:shown in brown
136:Fuselage of a
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1868:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:Other systems
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Ejection seat
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Arrestor hook
1691:
1689:
1688:Aircraft tire
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Glass cockpit
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Air data boom
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Rudder pedals
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Trailing edge
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Stressed skin
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
888:
885:
879:
876:
875:
862:
858:
851:
849:
832:
828:
822:
820:
815:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
766:
760:
755:
751:
744:
739:
736:
729:
724:
721:
717:
710:
705:
701:
697:
690:
685:
684:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:acrylic glass
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
532:
530:
521:
520:Fisher FP-202
516:
507:
503:
501:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
462:rigid fixture
459:
455:
448:
444:
440:
435:
422:
410:
391:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Rutan VariEze
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Lockheed Vega
341:
336:
327:
324:
319:
314:
310:
306:
305:Barnes Wallis
298:
294:
289:
284:
274:
271:
268:
259:
254:
241:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
177:
147:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1785:Deicing boot
1713:Landing gear
1656:Townend ring
1646:Thrust lever
1621:NACA cowling
1586:Autothrottle
1578:fuel systems
1576:devices and
1367:Stall strips
1337:Krueger flap
1307:Channel wing
1253:Wing warping
1243:Stick shaker
1238:Stick pusher
1158:Dual control
1143:Centre stick
1010:Leading edge
989:
980:Flying wires
940:Cabane strut
860:
835:. Retrieved
664:
653:lifting body
646:
631:
608:
584:aerodynamics
548:bird strikes
538:
525:
504:
500:skin tension
499:
492:
451:
387:
373:World War II
345:
313:World War II
307:for British
302:
264:
184:
145:
143:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1733:Tundra tire
1616:Intake ramp
1547:Transponder
1332:Gurney flap
1273:Aerodynamic
1188:Fly-by-wire
1070:Triple tail
779:Aeronautics
750:aerodynamic
696:Airbus A340
671:Boeing X-48
634:Flying wing
604:aftermarket
596:windshields
592:Airbus A320
564:hydrophobic
544:Airbus A320
240:Piper PA-18
180:; from the
1723:Oleo strut
1611:Inlet cone
1606:Gascolator
1572:Propulsion
1562:Yaw string
1557:Variometer
1413:instrument
1392:Wing fence
1327:Gouge flap
1302:Blown flap
1258:Yaw damper
1233:Stabilator
1218:Side-stick
1153:Dive brake
1040:Stabilizer
1015:Lift strut
1005:Jury strut
861:Inside MRO
837:16 January
810:References
716:Boeing 747
439:Boeing 747
388:Dreamliner
385:Boeing 787
381:sailplanes
360:fiberglass
138:Boeing 737
80:newspapers
69:"Fuselage"
1698:Autobrake
1626:NACA duct
1601:Fuel tank
1591:Drop tank
1574:controls,
1457:Astrodome
1447:Altimeter
1312:Dog-tooth
1277:high-lift
1228:Spoileron
1213:Servo tab
1193:Gust lock
1148:Deceleron
1133:Autopilot
1090:Wing root
1075:Twin tail
1060:Tailplane
995:Hardpoint
965:Empennage
928:structure
794:Empennage
718:interior
510:Materials
475:fasteners
466:stringers
447:aluminium
443:stringers
377:monocoque
363:(see the
110:June 2015
1850:Category
1666:Wet wing
1641:Throttle
1387:Vortilon
1248:Trim tab
1178:Flaperon
1168:Elevator
1123:Airbrake
1095:Wing tip
1020:Longeron
990:Fuselage
926:Airframe
914:Aircraft
799:Nose art
784:Airframe
773:See also
720:airframe
700:bulkhead
640:and the
560:abrasion
470:riveting
454:aluminum
189:aircraft
146:fuselage
1676:Landing
1467:Compass
1415:systems
1407:Avionic
1397:Winglet
1280:devices
1223:Spoiler
1118:Aileron
1100:Wingbox
1025:Nacelle
975:Fairing
918:systems
681:Gallery
618:crazing
572:coating
568:fogging
540:Cockpit
535:Windows
458:formers
352:plywood
309:Vickers
217:control
94:scholar
1411:flight
1372:Strake
1203:Rudder
1173:Elevon
1138:Canard
1080:V-tail
1055:T-tail
985:Former
945:Canopy
765:Glider
714:Rough
657:Vought
580:Curved
267:welded
201:engine
185:fuselé
182:French
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1596:FADEC
1482:EICAS
1357:Slats
1198:HOTAS
1050:Strut
610:Cabin
588:sight
295:of a
270:steel
253:Truss
209:pylon
197:cargo
101:JSTOR
87:books
1678:and
1542:TCAS
1522:ISIS
1477:EFIS
1422:ACAS
1409:and
1362:Slot
1322:Flap
1275:and
1263:Yoke
1035:Spar
960:Dope
839:2023
586:but
558:and
484:DC-3
482:and
480:DC-2
356:mold
338:The
291:The
219:and
213:hull
193:crew
144:The
73:news
1517:INS
1497:GPS
1352:LEX
1030:Rib
600:OEM
574:of
161:juː
56:by
1852::
859:.
847:^
829:.
818:^
665:A
662:.
606:.
170:ɑː
167:əl
906:e
899:t
892:v
841:.
632:"
522:.
176:/
173:ʒ
164:z
158:f
155:ˈ
152:/
148:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
