495:, bestowed by Mpu Bharada, a famous hermit. The reasons behind the partition of a kingdom that Airlangga himself painstakingly united during his younger years remain a puzzle for historians. Some suggested that it was meant to avoid civil war since both of Airlangga's sons were equally rightful to the throne. A local legend, mixed with fantastic fiction, mentioned the partition of the kingdom. It was said that Mpu Bharada was the one who conducted the partition; with his extraordinary skill, he flew and poured water from a jar that the water traces magically transformed into a river marking the boundary of the two new kingdoms. Accidentally he stuck on a kamal (
457:
301:
thus she took the baby
Airlangga to Bali. Historical sources seem to be silenced on Mahendradatta's suspected earlier marriage, that it might be a scandal or not even taken place. This suspicion was because although Airlangga was the eldest son of Mahendradatta, curiously he was not chosen as the crown prince of Bali, his younger brother Marakata and later Anak Wungçu rose to the Balinese throne instead. Moreover, Mahendradatta sent Airlangga back to Java during his teenage years. Mahendradatta was known to be promoting the cult of
29:
345:
King
Wurawari of Lwaram was probably an ally of Srivijaya in Java and also the vassal of Mataram. With Srivijaya's assistance, Wurawari managed to sack and burn Watugaluh Palace during Mataram's most unexpected time; the Airlangga's royal wedding. Airlangga, accompanied by his guard Narottama, escaped westward into the jungle and retreated as a hermit in Vanagiri (today
448:(dated 1037 CE), Airlangga also took a keen interest in agriculture development. He embarked on a grand irrigation project by constructing the Wringin Sapta dam (located in today's Jombang Regency). By building a dam on the Brantas River, he provided irrigation to surrounding paddy fields and maintained a hydraulic system in the area.
361:
hermitage, Airlangga rallied support from officials and regents that are loyal to the former Ishana dynasty and began to unite the areas that had formerly been ruled by the
Mataram kingdom, which had disintegrated after Dharmawangsa's death. He consolidated his authority, established a new kingdom,
374:
In 1035 Airlangga constructed a
Buddhist monastery named Srivijayasrama dedicated to his queen consort Dharmaprasadottungadewi. The monastery bearing the name of Srivijaya suggests that his queen consort was probably a Srivijayan princess, a close relative, probably the daughter, of the Srivijayan
344:
retaliation against
Mataram for the attacks upon the empire. After the failed Dharmawangsa's naval campaign against Palembang back in 990, Sri Culamanivarmadeva the Maharaja of Srivijaya saw Javanese Mataram as a dangerous threat, thus arranged a stratagem to destroy Mataram by inciting a revolt.
300:
However, there is speculation suggesting that
Airlangga was not the biological son of King Udayana, Mahendradatta probably conceived Airlangga from her previous union to an unknown man, and after her separation (either because of death or divorce) Mahendradatta was betrothed to the Balinese king,
521:
After the death of
Airlangga, a civil war broke out between Janggala and Kediri (aka Panjalu) that continued until 1052. In that year King Mapanji Alanjung Ahyes of Panjalu succeed in conquering Janggala. However, in 1059 another king named Samarotsaha ascended the throne of Janggala, he was the
332:
inscription (dated from 1041 CE), describes a terrible calamity that befell the East
Javanese kingdom of Ishana dynasty in the early years of the 11th century. In 1006, a rebellion incited by a vassal king Wurawari from Lwaram destroyed the capital of Watugaluh. The reigning king, Dharmawangsa,
312:
Airlangga was born and grew up in Bali, groomed by his mother, queen
Mahendradatta, to be a proper future ruler. In his teenage years, his mother sent him back to her parents' home in Java to be educated further in Watugaluh court, Mataram, East Java, under the patronage of his uncle, King
333:
successor to Sri
Makutawangsawardhana, was murdered along with his entire family and many of his subjects. Only the young Airlangga, who was aged about 16 at the time, managed to escape unharmed. According to tradition the calamity, dubbed as
443:
In 1037 the capital was moved from Watan Mas to Kahuripan, the king also reported to bestow titles for his loyal followers, such as Narottama promoted as Rakryan Kanuruhan (prime minister) and Niti as Rakryan Kuningan. According to
317:. Airlangga was betrothed to his cousin, one of Dharmawangsa's daughters, thus arranged marriage was in place. At that time, Mataram had become a powerful kingdom, allied or probably subjugated Bali, and had established a colony in
293:(who later became king of Bali after the death of their father) and Anak Wungçu (who ascended to Balinese throne after the death of Marakata). Later, in various inscriptions created by Airlangga, he claimed to be the descendant of
370:
in the west. In 1025, Airlangga increased the power and influence of Kahuripan as the Srivijaya Empire began to decline. Airlangga was known for his religious tolerance and was a patron of both the Hindu and Buddhist religions.
289:. Bali in the 11th century probably was an ally or vassal of Java, the marriage of Airlangga's parents was probably meant as a political means to seal Bali as part of Mataram's realm. Airlangga has two younger brothers,
480:. Because the crown princess Sangramawijaya had renounced the throne, two of her younger half-brothers were next in line of succession. Both are equally rightful as the heirs and both contesting the throne.
411:
Although there are few surviving archaeological remains dating from his time, Airlangga is known to have been a keen patron of the arts, notably literature. In 1035, the court poet Mpu Kanwa composed the
379:
raids. The king seems to be sympathetic to the poor fate of the Srivijayan princess, having lost her family and her kingdom, and probably genuinely fell in love and devoted to her, thus promoting her as
325:
Empire's domination. In 990 he launched a naval invasion against Srivijaya and unsuccessfully tried to capture Palembang. Srivijaya resiliently succeeds in repelling Javanese Mataram invaders.
472:. Sangramawijaya is the daughter of the queen consort Dharmaprasadottunggadewi. The story of a crown princess who renounced the throne to become a hermit is linked with the popular legend of
225:
after Mataram was sacked by King Wurawari of Lwaram. He gradually gained support, won back the kingdom once ruled by his uncle, and went on to become one of Java's most notable kings.
392:
of Kahuripan. The decline of Srivijaya due to the Chola invasion gave Airlangga opportunity to consolidate his kingdom without foreign interference. Later, he extended his kingdom to
445:
375:
king Sangramavijayattungavarman. She had taken refuge in East Java after her father was taken prisoner and her kingdom was raided through series of Indian
464:
Towards the end of his life, Airlangga was faced with the problem of succession. His heiress, the crown princess Sangramawijaya, decided to become a
473:
499:) tree, feeling upset he cursed the kamal tree to be forever short, thus becoming the name of the village where this event took place;
434:
362:
and made peace with Srivijaya. The new kingdom was called the Kingdom of Kahuripan, the location of his capital, and stretched from
743:
567:
506:
Airlangga died in 1049, and his ashes were probably scattered in Belahan tirtha (sacred bathing pool), on the eastern slopes of
733:
510:, wherein one of the waterspout statues he was portrayed as Vishnu riding Garuda, flanked by statues of two goddesses;
229:
means "jumping water", thus his name means "he who crossed the water", described his life story; born in the court of
661:
651:
612:
753:
491:. Airlangga himself abdicated the throne in 1045 and returned to the hermit life by assuming a new name as
488:
433:, but was also an allegory for Airlangga's own life. The tale of Airlangga's life was illustrated in the
388:). Airlangga went further, naming his daughter from queen Dharmaprasadottungadewi as heiress, the future
476:
who resides in the Selomangleng Cave beneath Mount Klothok, 5 kilometers to the west of the city of
456:
728:
692:
337:(destruction) of Mataram, took place during Airlangga's wedding ceremony in Dharmawangsa palace.
748:
630:
718:
483:
In 1045, Airlangga divided Kahuripan into two kingdoms which were inherited by his two sons;
723:
89:
440:
on the flanks of Mount Penanggungan, where he was portrayed in stone as Vishnu on Garuda.
8:
738:
537:
Nigel Bullough and Peter Carey (2016) "The Kolkata (Calcutta) Stone", IIAS Newsletter,
507:
685:
657:
608:
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290:
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258:
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104:
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in Bali, and curiously later associated with the Balinese legend of the evil witch
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222:
77:
42:
550:
329:
270:
254:
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149:
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477:
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266:
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to stay in Java and later ruled the kingdom in East Java. He belongs to both
169:
321:. Dharmawangsa aspired to ascend Mataram as a regional power by challenging
417:
393:
314:
274:
700:
422:
234:
128:
196:
Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramottunggadewa
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Rakai Halu Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawi-kramatonggadeva
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In 1019, after several years in self-imposed exile in a Mount
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Today historians strongly suggest that the invasion was a
408:, for the first time became important centres of trade.
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Resi Aji Paduka Mpungku Sang Pinaka Catraning Bhuwana
253:
Airlangga was born from a dynastic marriage between
460:
The fountain of Belahan temple, Mount Penanggungan.
468:Buddhist hermit rather than succeed Airlangga as
33:The deified statue of King Airlangga depicted as
710:
649:
221:The Kingdom was built from the territory of the
626:
624:
518:portrayed the two queen consorts of Airlangga.
353:Struggle and establishment of Kahuripan Kingdom
621:
593:
591:
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27:
656:(in Indonesian). Yudhistira. p. 22.
645:
643:
586:
455:
400:. The north coast of Java, particularly
604:The Indianized states of Southeast Asia
451:
711:
640:
597:
285:of Bali, was a king of the Balinese
13:
631:Mojopahihat kings : Airlangga
425:epic. This text told the story of
117:King Mapanji Garasakan of Janggala
41:, found in Belahan, collection of
14:
765:
233:and during his youth crossed the
570:. Lonely Planet. Archived from
309:, which translates to "widow".
744:11th-century Indonesian people
607:. University of Hawaii Press.
560:
544:
531:
111:Crown Princess Sanggramavijaya
1:
503:("the short tamarind tree").
421:, which was adapted from the
248:
87:1049 (aged 46–47)
7:
114:King Samaravijaya of Kadiri
10:
770:
653:Sejarah: Untuk kelas 2 SMA
734:Indonesian Hindu monarchs
697:
690:
682:
650:M. Habib Mustopo (2007).
553:and Geok Yian Goh (2016)
522:son-in-law of Airlangga.
281:, while his father, King
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165:
155:
143:
134:
127:
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71:
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26:
21:
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269:, was a princess of the
446:the Kelagen inscription
297:of the Ishana dynasty.
99:Dharmaprasadottungadevi
754:Sons of queens regnant
555:Ancient Southeast Asia
461:
459:
273:, the sister of King
206: – died 1049 in
452:Abdication and death
429:, an incarnation of
265:. His mother, queen
90:Kingdom of Kahuripan
557:. Routledge, p. 417
508:Mount Penanggungan
462:
223:Kingdom of Mataram
214:of the Kingdom of
180:Vishnuist Hinduism
707:
706:
698:Succeeded by
693:Balinese Monarchs
686:Marakata Pangkaja
568:"History of Bali"
349:, Central Java).
287:Warmadewa Dynasty
283:Udayana Warmadewa
185:
184:
160:Udayana Warmadewa
139:
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55:King of Kahuripan
16:King of Kahuripan
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683:Preceded by
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210:), was the only
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31:
19:
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729:History of Java
709:
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366:in the east to
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319:West Kalimantan
251:
194:), regnal name
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78:Kingdom of Bali
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43:Trowulan Museum
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12:
11:
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574:on 11 May 2019
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551:John N. Miksic
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330:Calcutta Stone
271:Ishana dynasty
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198:(born 1002 in
190:(also spelled
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749:Sons of kings
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663:9789796767076
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614:9780824803681
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599:Cœdès, George
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474:Dewi Kilisuci
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470:queen regnant
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390:queen regnant
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386:queen consort
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323:the Srivijaya
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267:Mahendradatta
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170:Mahendradatta
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40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
719:1000s births
691:
667:. Retrieved
652:
635:EastJava.com
634:
603:
576:. Retrieved
572:the original
562:
554:
546:
538:
533:
520:
505:
501:kamal pandak
500:
492:
482:
463:
442:
418:Arjunawiwaha
413:
410:
394:Central Java
381:
373:
356:
339:
334:
327:
315:Dharmawangsa
311:
299:
275:Dharmawangsa
257:of Java and
252:
226:
220:
195:
191:
187:
186:
724:1049 deaths
701:Anak Wungsu
423:Mahabharata
235:Bali Strait
129:Regnal name
713:Categories
382:prameswari
342:Srivijayan
295:Mpu Sindok
249:Early life
245:lineages.
739:Kahuripan
259:Warmadewa
243:Warmadewa
227:Airlangga
216:Kahuripan
204:Indonesia
188:Airlangga
47:East Java
37:mounting
22:Airlangga
669:25 March
601:(1968).
578:26 March
497:tamarind
485:Janggala
466:Bhikkuni
402:Surabaya
364:Pasuruan
359:Vanagiri
347:Wonogiri
291:Marakata
192:Erlangga
176:Religion
63:? – 1042
541:, p. 5.
516:Lakshmi
435:Belahan
415:Kakawin
335:Pralaya
279:Mataram
75:c. 1002
660:
611:
489:Kediri
478:Kediri
438:Temple
427:Arjuna
368:Madiun
307:Rangda
255:Ishana
239:Ishana
166:Mother
156:Father
150:Ishana
96:Spouse
39:Garuda
35:Vishnu
526:Notes
431:Indra
406:Tuban
384:(the
377:Chola
303:Durga
145:House
105:Issue
60:Reign
671:2013
658:ISBN
609:ISBN
580:2013
514:and
512:Shri
487:and
404:and
398:Bali
396:and
328:The
263:Bali
241:and
231:Bali
212:king
208:Java
200:Bali
84:Died
72:Born
277:of
261:of
715::
642:^
633:.
623:^
588:^
539:74
218:.
202:,
45:,
673:.
637:.
617:.
582:.
49:.
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