620:
Cylinder from the last known previous example (the Cyrus
Cylinder) and the rather simply and short nature of the titulary that it mixes traditions and ideas due to the limited amount of sources the scribe would have had to work with, but royal titularies were usually created with great care and consideration. It is possible that the mixture was chosen to specifically reflect a more Seleucid version of kingship, Assyrian titles like "mighty king" and "great king" fitting with the warrior king-idea used by the Seleucids in the rest of their empire. Universalizing titles like "king of the Universe" may have simply been appealing in lacking a geographical specification and that the king would not have to confine his realm to include just Babylon or Mesopotamia (which would have resulted from a title like "king of Sumer and Akkad"). Similar to how Cyrus the Great stressed that his lineage was royal despite him not being born to the Babylonian throne, Antiochus titulary contains the information that he is the son and heir of
379:
2079:
19:
43:
4250:
4100:
3851:
601:, is one of the last known documents written in Akkadian, separated from the previous Cyrus Cylinder by around 300 years. This cylinder also contains the last known example of an Akkadian-language royal titulary, applied to Antiochus himself. It is an important source on the self-presentation of Seleucid kings and on the relations between the Seleucid rulers and the inhabitants of Babylon (located near the recently founded Seleucid capital of
196:
526:
4836:
4285:
4186:
4137:
4043:
3931:
3801:
3543:
2298:, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, son of Sennacherib, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, grandson of Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria; who under the protection of Assur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela, the great gods, his lords, made his way from the rising to the setting sun, having no rival.
619:
Out of the titularies of all previous kings, the titulary of
Antiochus most closely resembles that of Nabonidus in its arrangement though they are not identical, that of Antiochus combining Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian titles. It is possible given the large amount of time separating the Antiochus
2339:
The
Antiochus Cylinder is the last known Akkadian-language royal inscription, separated from the last known previous one (the Cyrus Cylinder) by 300 years. At the time it was made, Akkadian was no longer a spoken language and the cylinder's contents were likely inspired by earlier royal inscriptions
281:
being one of the more prestigious
Sumerian cities, often having been seen in the times preceding the Akkadian Empire as having some sort of primacy over the other cities in the region. Use of the title, which was not limited to kings actually in possession of the city itself, implied that the ruler
569:
of
Babylon. Much like the late inscriptions of Nabonidus, the Cyrus Cylinder corresponds more to the traditional Assyrian royal titulary than it does the Babylonian. When the Assyrian kings conquered Babylon, they titled themselves as both kings of Babylon and kings of Assyria. Since they were not
315:". Though the Akkadian kings had used both the titles of "king of Akkad" and "king of Sumer", the combined title was new. Sargon of Akkad had even during his reign explicitly been against linking Sumer and Akkad. There was some native Mesopotamian precedence for double titles of this kind, in the
570:
technically legitimate
Babylonian rulers in that they had not been born to the Babylonian throne, they stressed their legitimacy by deriving their kingship from the fact that they had held royal status before conquering Babylon. Cyrus does much the same in the Cyrus Cylinder, stressing that his
429:
Typically, Assyrian royal inscriptions usually glorify the strength and power of the king whilst
Babylonian royal inscriptions tend to focus on the protective role and the piety of the king. Assyrian titularies usually also often emphasize the royal genaeology of the king, something Babylonian
178:
and order depending on the ruler, dynasty and the length of a monarch's reign. Patterns of arrangement and the choice of titles and epithets usually reflect specific kings, which also meant that later rulers attempting to emulate an earlier great king often aligned themselves with their great
2098:
Royal epithets generally served to highlight the qualities of a specific king, many rulers having at least some unique epithets. Typical of
Babylonian titles is focusing on the benevolent and coercive attributes of any one given king with only few references to violence. Neo-Assyrian rulers,
513:(r. 625–605 BC) uses some of the titles (prominently "mighty king") in his early inscriptions, possibly due to his family originating as high-ranking officials for the Assyrians (a fact he otherwise was careful to mask). The final ruler of the Neo-Babylonian empire,
2196:
Assyrian epithets often emphasize the king as a military leader and relates war to the divine as an issue part of the idea of universal rule. Epithets like "the god Aššur gave me the power to let cities fall into ruins and to enlarge
Assyrian territory" are common.
464:
kings who controlled the city of
Babylon used a "hybrid" titulary of sorts in the south, combining aspects of the Assyrian and Babylonian tradition, similar to how the traditional Babylonian deities were promoted in the south alongside the Assyrian main deity of
2118:) for the gods in some capacity, provider here meaning that the king is fulfilling his duty of providing required nourishments for the deities and keeping their temples in good condition. Considering the boastful nature of Esarhaddon's titles, his epithet
2241:
King of the Universe, the mighty king, the king of Assyria, favorite of Assur, priest of Assur, rightful ruler, beloved of Ishtar, who subjected the Kuti to their farthest border; son of Shalmaneser, priest of Assur, grandson of Adad-nirari, priest of
287:
By the time of Sargon of Akkad, "King of Kish" meant a divinely authorized ruler with the right to rule over all of Sumer, it might have begun to refer to some sort of a universal rule already in the centuries before Sargon's rise to
105:
periods. The titles and the order they were presented in varied from king to king, with similarities between kings usually being because of a king's explicit choice to align himself with a predecessor. Some titles, like the Akkadian
255:, in which quadripartite divisions of the world and the universe were prominent parts of the city's ideology and beliefs. Naram-Sin was also the first king to claim divinity for himself during his lifetime. Though both his father
291:
Through its use by Sargon of Akkad and his successors, the title would be altered in meaning from "King of Kish" to the more boastful "King of the Universe", which is how later rulers would interpret it for more than a thousand
459:
Assyrian royal titularies were often changed depending on where the titles were to be displayed, the titles of the same Assyrian king would have been different in their home country of Assyria and in conquered regions. Those
263:
posthumously. The adoption of the title "God of Akkad" may have been due to Naram-Sin winning a great victory over a large-scale revolt against his rule. Naram-Sin was also the first Mesopotamian ruler to adopt the epithet
605:). The text of the cylinder as a whole combines and reshapes elements from the Babylonian and Assyrian traditions of royal titularies, sometimes breaking with tradition to introduce aspects of the Seleucid royal ideology.
378:
2340:
by Assyrian and Babylonian kings. The Akkadian-language titulature (here translated into English) of the Seleucid king Antiochus I (r. 281–261 BC) is preserved in the Antiochus Cylinder from Babylon and reads as follows:
490:", both assumed by Esarhaddon, illustrate that he was both Assyrian (Ashur and Mullissu, the main pair of Assyrian deities) and a legitimate ruler over Babylon (Marduk and Sarpanit, the main pair of Babylonian deities).
2126:("humble king") likewise so, but these titles refer to humility and inferiority in regards to the gods, for which this was appropriate. The Assyrian king would never have acknowledged inferiority in the earthly sphere.
150:
kings) often used "hybrid" titularies combining aspects of both. Such hybrid titularies are also recorded for the only known examples of Akkadian titularies beyond the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, employed by
435:
Assyrian epithets about royal lineage vary in how far they stretch back, most often simply discussing lineage in terms of "son of ..." or "brother of ...". Some cases display lineage stretching back much further,
517:(r. 556–539 BC), took all three of the Assyrian titles in inscriptions late in his reign, deliberately aligning himself with the Neo-Assyrian kings, possibly to claim a universal empire as in the Assyrian model.
2078:
641:
Descriptive titles similar to epithets, titles which center on the king's person. Titles and epithets which relate to the personality and position of the king account for about 24.9% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.
612:(r. 605–562 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian empire, only two titles in the Antiochus Cylinder actually align with titles consistently used by the Neo-Babylonian kings (those being "king of Babylon" and "provider of
357:
once again became independent polities, the former vassal cities often only implicitly renounced their allegiance to Ur. Since the ruler of Ur was deified and thus technically a god, ruling titles like
474:
The assumption of many traditional southern titles, including the ancient "king of Sumer and Akkad", by the Assyrian kings served to legitimize their rule and assert their control over Babylon and
334:". These titles were unique to their respective rulers however, never appearing again, and repeated "king" at the mention of the second kingship. Ur-Nammu was acknowledged by the priesthood at
2274:, favorite of Anu and Enlil, nominated (for kingship) by the lord of the gods am I! King who has no equal among all the kings his ancestors, son of Kadashman-Harbe, unrivalled king ...
203:'s portrait. Naram-Sin, who reigned between 2254 and 2218 BC, has been described as the first great "innovator" when it comes to Mesopotamian royal titles. Relief today housed at the
2090:
as a basket-bearer. Kings only expressed inferiority and humility before the divine, often using epithets to describe themselves as "providers" for the gods. Currently housed in the
779:
Titles describing the domain under the control of a king. Titles and epithets which relate to the worldly position of the king account for about 35.8% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.
608:
Though the titulature of Antiochus I used in the cylinder has in the past been interpreted as very traditionally Babylonian in its composition, especially compared to that of
4369:
2170:("prince who fears him/her"). Religious epithets can also speak of the king's piety through his actions, typically focusing on construction (often utilizing the word
251:(representing east, north, west and south respectively). It is possible that Naram-Sin might have been inspired to claim the title following his conquest of the city
2103:(meaning "righteous shepherd") to illustrate royal benevolence. Wisdom and competence are also common points of focus, Esarhaddon is for instance referred to as
4340:
4334:
4307:
3891:
3880:
616:
and Ezida". Other titles in the cylinder, including "great king", "mighty king" and "king of the Universe" are more characteristic of the Neo-Assyrian kings.
127:("king of Sumer and Akkad") would remain in use for more than a thousand years through several different empires and others were only used by a single king.
4616:
5209:
211:
Though there had been kings (and thus obviously royal titles) in Mesopotamia since prehistoric times, the first great "innovator" of royal titles was
3721:
Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology Relations of Power in the Inscriptions and Iconography of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859) and Shalmaneser III (858–824)
4362:
683:
Popular title designating the king as powerful enough to draw the respect of their adversaries, frequently used in diplomacy with other nations.
4498:
138:, distinct styles of Akkadian titulature would develop, retaining titles and elements of earlier kings but applying new royal traditions. In
146:
would usually focus on the protective role and the piety of the king. Monarchs who controlled both Assyria and Babylon (such as some of the
3859:
4258:
3976:
5204:
4355:
406:
Over the course of the centuries after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, the main kingdoms that would develop in Mesopotamia were
2153:("designate of Marduk (and) Sarpanit"). Marking the Assyrian king as the choice of the gods would have further legitimized his rule.
5260:
4609:
3997:
2185:
Another common theme for epithets is the king's relation to his people. Esarhaddon again being an example, he refers to himself as
4821:
4168:"The titles 'King of Sumer and Akkad' and 'King of Karduniaš', and the Assyro-Babylonian relationship during the Sargonid Period"
430:
titularies do not, and also drive home the king's moral and physical qualities while downplaying his role in the judicial system.
18:
2378:
338:
and crowned as sovereign of the two lands surrounding Nippur "to right and left". The fourth king of the Third Dynasty of Ur,
3730:
232:
326:–2350) period, double titles were used by some kings with examples like "lord of Sumer and king of the nation" and "king of
4018:
3615:"Mesopotamian Influences on the Old Persian Royal Ideology and the Religion: The Example of Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions"
4951:
4602:
1767:. Titles and epithets which relate to the divine position of the king account for about 38.8% of Neo-Assyrian titularies.
4033:
4007:
3986:
3869:
3707:
3688:
3533:
3512:
3493:
624:(the first Seleucid king, r. 305–281 BC), who is referred to as "the Macedonian", connecting him with the kingship of
4678:
4156:
4116:
3820:
3749:
3559:
4299:
5342:
3967:
3669:
3625:
3605:
4335:
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 1: Historical Records of Assyria From the Earliest Times to Sargon
3882:
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 1: Historical Records of Assyria From the Earliest Times to Sargon
4146:
2221:
Viceroy of the god Assur, son of Ishme-Dagan, viceroy of the god Assur, builder of the temple of Bêl, the elder.
1870:
The title speaks about humility before the gods, the king would not have shown inferiority towards other rulers.
5255:
5239:
4556:
362:("king") were applied to the principal deities of the cities. As a result, formerly subordinate titles such as
204:
5281:
1764:
5383:
5291:
5026:
4071:; Zgoll, Annette (2001). "Assyrian Astroglyphs: Lord Aberdeen's Black Stone and the Prisms of Esarhaddon".
1760:
4026:
Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt: Vorderasien, Hellas, Ägypten und die vielfältigen Ebenen des Kontakts
2326:, knowing one, wise one, who pays attention to the ways of the great gods, untiring governor, provider of
5347:
5229:
5224:
5159:
4835:
1606:
Alternatively "King of the Four Corners of the Universe", usually shortened to "King of the Four Corners"
3902:
3483:
5352:
4961:
4341:
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End
3893:
Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End
31:
1051:
Literally "king of the land of Babylon". Rare variant of the Babylonian royal title recorded for some
5036:
4851:
1394:
228:
4249:
4099:
3960:
3923:
3850:
3793:
187:
of any one given king and in exploring sociocultural factors during the reigns of individual kings.
4991:
4633:
4546:
4402:
1658:
1600:
1566:
108:
4129:
Die mittelassyrischen, universalistischen Königstitel und Epitheta Tukultī-Ninurtas I. (1242–1206)
311:" in an effort to unify the north and south of Mesopotamia under his rule, creating the title of "
5373:
5301:
5128:
4981:
4899:
4894:
4450:
4329:
4053:"Last Emperor or Crown Prince Forever? Aššur-uballiṭ II of Assyria according to Archival Sources"
1403:
312:
123:
5332:
5184:
4943:
4536:
4526:
2189:("he who brought stable prices, successful harvests, (and) an abundance of grain to the land").
1578:
1540:
934:
835:
220:
4267:
3678:
5378:
5001:
3947:
3910:
3780:
2134:
2051:
865:
506:
94:
159:(r. 281–261 BC) of the Seleucid Empire, who also introduced some aspects of their own royal
5219:
5179:
4658:
4412:
3523:
2345:
2295:
2271:
2099:
including Ashurbanipal, Esarhaddon and Shamash-shuma-ukin, frequently employed the epithet
1696:
502:
273:
114:
42:
8:
5306:
5214:
5189:
4996:
4971:
4392:
3940:"Nebuchadnezzar's Madness (Daniel 4:30): Reminiscence of a Historical Event or a Legend?"
2365:
2047:
1544:
1528:
1415:
1164:(r. 2112–2095 BC), thereafter only occurs in the combined form "king of Sumer and Akkad".
980:
949:(r. 2112–2095 BC), thereafter only occurs in the combined form "king of Sumer and Akkad".
831:
625:
494:
461:
387:
300:
147:
119:
86:
4347:
4167:
4019:"The stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity?"
3614:
5296:
5265:
5164:
5011:
4928:
4238:
4088:
3768:
3658:
3650:
3594:
3586:
2361:
1637:
1624:
621:
586:
530:
316:
212:
200:
4284:
4185:
4148:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
4136:
4042:
3930:
3800:
3542:
5286:
5143:
5138:
5123:
5058:
4976:
4933:
4653:
4648:
4582:
4460:
4152:
4112:
4092:
4029:
4003:
3982:
3865:
3816:
3755:
3745:
3726:
3703:
3684:
3662:
3598:
3555:
3529:
3508:
3489:
2353:
2308:
2231:
2114:
Many epithets are religious in nature, usually focusing on the king as a "provider" (
2064:
1784:
1724:
1587:
1553:
1514:
1465:
1449:
1390:
1377:
1369:
1319:
1305:
1242:
1233:
1031:
801:
658:
609:
590:
562:
542:
534:
475:
437:
383:
180:
156:
98:
505:", a title dating back to Akkadian times, were not carried over into the succeeding
5199:
5194:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5073:
5063:
4879:
4736:
4721:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4673:
4230:
4202:
4080:
3839:
3772:
3642:
3578:
1683:
1670:
1641:
1557:
1376:(r. 1233–1197 BC), "King of Kings" became an especially prominent title during the
1344:
1331:
142:, emphasis would typically be placed on the strength and power of the king whilst
5133:
5108:
5103:
5083:
5031:
5021:
5016:
5006:
4986:
4956:
4908:
4904:
4874:
4344:(1927), containing translations of a large number of royal Assyrian inscriptions.
3978:
Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy
3830:
Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King of Kish, King of Sumer and Akkad".
2349:
2315:
1852:
1843:
1824:
1745:
1733:
1720:
1687:
1674:
1649:
1628:
1486:
1473:
1469:
1440:
1419:
1348:
1335:
1264:
1087:
1040:
1002:
964:
908:
853:
815:
594:
579:
566:
558:
538:
419:
224:
216:
152:
102:
90:
27:
1627:(r. 2254–2218 BC). Used in a succession of later empires until its final use by
299:
After the fall of Akkad, further titles would be introduced by the kings of the
58:. The inscription gives Ur-Nammu's titulature as "Ur-Nammu, strong man, king of
5113:
4216:"The Antiochus Cylinder, Babylonian Scholarship and Seleucid Imperial Ideology"
4084:
3843:
3808:
2211:
2149:("favourite of Enlil, Shamash and Marduk") and Esarhaddon refers to himself as
2091:
1723:(r 2334–2284 BC). Used in a succession of later empires until its final use by
1591:
844:
554:
546:
399:
307:(r. 2112–2095 BC), combined the title of "king of Akkad" with the traditional "
244:
55:
4234:
3759:
3700:
Handbook of Syrian Coins: Royal and Civic Issues, Fourth to First Centuries BC
1814:
in that this title refers to being a governor explicitly on behalf of the god
1418:, used for more than 1,500 years in later empires trying to claim its and the
5367:
4913:
4761:
4668:
4440:
1357:
1149:
308:
35:
1754:
4918:
4731:
4663:
4068:
3999:
Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies
2260:
2178:("he who (re)constructed Esagila"), referring to a major temple in Babylon.
2083:
1904:
1482:
1461:
774:
729:
716:
510:
278:
248:
235:", probably in geographical terms expressing his dominion over the regions
74:
47:
4206:
3633:
Hallo, William W. (1980). "Royal Titles from the Mesopotamian Periphery".
1095:
1075:
5337:
5327:
5118:
5050:
4923:
4811:
4625:
4215:
2256:
1815:
1799:
1490:
1126:
Literally "king of the land of Padan and Alman". Title only recorded for
466:
259:
and his grandfather Sargon were recognized as divine, they had only been
256:
171:
23:
4242:
1160:
Literally "king of the land of Sumer". Combined with "king of Akkad" by
945:
Literally "king of the land of Akkad". Combined with "king of Sumer" by
4869:
4864:
4488:
3654:
3590:
2284:
1952:
1900:
1876:
1737:
1436:
1281:
1108:
1065:
1027:
993:
925:
886:
765:
725:
712:
693:
672:
571:
498:
445:
4594:
4109:
Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges
3680:
Among the host of Heaven: the Syro-Palestinian pantheon as bureaucracy
2158:
The king respecting the divine is sometimes expressed with words like
1894:"His", "her" and "their" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.
5174:
4859:
4746:
4683:
3569:
Goetze, Albrecht (1964). "The Kassites and near Eastern Chronology".
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
2060:
2000:
1994:"Him", "her" and "them" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.
1946:"Him", "her" and "them" refers to the deities of ancient Mesopotamia.
1741:
1645:
1432:
1229:
1023:
989:
882:
761:
689:
525:
514:
452:", a king who would have lived more than a thousand years before him.
441:
411:
195:
179:
predecessors through the titles, epithets and order chosen. As such,
135:
4193:
Steinkeller, Piotr (2013). "An archaic "prisoner plaque" from kiš".
4052:
3939:
3719:
3646:
3582:
5311:
4966:
4889:
4884:
4791:
4776:
4771:
4726:
4127:
2252:
1659:
King of the Totality of the Four Corners including all their rulers
1428:
1277:
1252:
1225:
1206:
1193:
1170:
1161:
1140:
1127:
1104:
1061:
1052:
955:
946:
921:
602:
598:
487:
483:
449:
448:(r. 681–669 BC) calls himself a "descendant of the eternal seed of
339:
304:
184:
183:-language royal inscriptions can be important sources on the royal
160:
51:
3767:
Karlsson, Mattias (2017). "Assyrian Royal Titulary in Babylonia".
3725:. Institutionen för lingvistik och filologi, Uppsala Universitet.
3118:
5068:
4796:
4786:
4751:
4741:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3173:
3171:
2357:
2327:
2087:
2034:
1373:
1268:
1197:
1131:
1091:
1014:
912:
895:
873:
869:
752:
613:
575:
407:
391:
370:(both translating to "governor") became sovereign ruling titles.
282:
was a builder of cities, victorious in war and a righteous judge.
260:
240:
175:
131:
82:
78:
1669:
Variant of "King of the Four Corners of the World" recorded for
582:" and that Cyrus was the "heir to an eternal line of kingship".
4816:
4766:
4688:
2319:
1577:
Variant of "King of the Four Corners of the World" used in the
541:
contains the last known example of a royal titulary written in
509:
with two exceptions. The founder of the Neo-Babylonian empire,
479:
354:
335:
231:(e.g. the four inhabited regions of the Earth) with the title "
4509:
3254:
3168:
2174:, "build" or "make"). Shamash-shuma-ukin refers to himself as
342:(r. 2046–2038 BC), was the first ruler to introduce the title
271:
Another title heavily associated with the Akkadian rulers was
5169:
4806:
4801:
4781:
4073:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie
3505:
The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar
1098:" being the Kassite name for the kingdom centered in Babylon.
976:
414:
in the south. The kings of Assyria would title themselves as
97:(roughly 2334 to 539 BC), with some scant usage in the later
2500:
2498:
565:
assumes many native Mesopotamian title following his 539 BC
4756:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3077:
2854:
2852:
2323:
1759:
Titles describing the position of the king relative to the
1381:
422:
of the 14th century BC, who once more introduced the title
395:
327:
277:. The literal translation of this title is "King of Kish",
252:
236:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3200:
3198:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
2723:
4377:
3436:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3292:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3006:
3004:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2495:
1755:
Titles centering on the king's relationship to the divine
3412:
3378:
3376:
3271:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2849:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2626:
2624:
2580:
2578:
2420:
2418:
775:
Titles centering on the king's relationship to the world
636:
628:
and his line and granting Antiochus further legitimacy.
3742:
Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3227:
3210:
3195:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3035:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2553:
2551:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2145:("designate"). Shamash-shuma-ukin refers to himself as
331:
59:
4298:
3400:
3388:
3350:
3323:
3137:
3131:
3016:
3001:
2980:
2809:
2590:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2515:
2513:
2437:
2435:
2433:
440:(r. 667–648 BC) describes himself as a "descendant of
3460:
3448:
3424:
3373:
3183:
3156:
2953:
2876:
2756:
2735:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2621:
2575:
2563:
2234:, who reigned 1233–1197 BC, uses the following titles
2214:, who reigned 1529–1503 BC, uses the following titles
373:
3525:
A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC
3304:
3101:
3058:
2888:
2864:
2830:
2609:
2548:
2395:
2263:, it is unclear which one of them used these titles)
2187:
maḫīru kīnu ešēru ebūru napāš Nisaba ušaššû ina māti
4567:
3861:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
2525:
2510:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2430:
2287:, who reigned 681–669 BC, uses the following titles
2255:king Kurigalzu (there were two kings of this name;
486:" and "favourite of the god Ashur and the goddess
227:. Naram-Sin introduced the idea of kingship in the
3996:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J. A. (2010).
3718:
2318:, true shepherd, chosen by the steadfast heart of
1702:Alternatively "King of All" or "King of the World"
81:(and the style they were presented in) assumed by
1464:(r. 669–631 BC). Saw occasional later use in the
786:
5365:
4256:
3621:(16). Kaitseväe Ühendatud Õppeasutused: 159–179.
3177:
394:, featuring a depiction of the king fighting an
4471:
4195:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
3995:
3265:
2200:
497:titles that speak of the king's prowess, e.g. "
353:When the Third Dynasty of Ur collapsed and its
346:("mighty king"), replacing the earlier epithet
4106:
3481:
3083:
2729:
2166:("to trust in"). Ashurbanipal has the epithet
520:
426:, signifying his role as an absolute monarch.
112:("king of the Four Corners of the World") and
4610:
4423:
4363:
4257:Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (2018).
1290:
155:(r. 559–530 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire and
4260:Xerxes and Babylonia: The Cuneiform Evidence
1330:Variant of "King of the Lands" recorded for
418:until the reign of the Middle-Assyrian king
5205:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
4192:
3482:Cohen, Raymond; Westbrook, Raymond (1999).
2504:
2226:Middle Assyrian titulary: Tukulti-Ninurta I
2133:Epithets often also illustrate the king as
2122:("submissive") may seem strange, his title
2046:One of the most common royal titles of the
1665:šar kiššat kibrāte ša napḫar malkī kalîšunu
1499:
4617:
4603:
4370:
4356:
3889:
3878:
3521:
3442:
3418:
3298:
2858:
2311:, who reigned 605–562 BC, read as follows:
2303:Neo-Babylonian titulary: Nebuchadnezzar II
702:King who has no equals in all of the lands
444:", his great-grandfather. More extremely,
4107:Saikal, Amin; Schnabel, Albrecht (2003).
4067:
3286:
1818:, not as governing the region of Assyria.
1567:King of All the Four Corners of the World
4144:
3900:
3857:
3766:
3739:
3716:
3406:
3394:
3367:
3344:
3248:
3221:
3204:
3150:
3095:
3052:
3010:
2995:
2882:
2843:
2824:
2803:
2750:
2717:
2603:
2584:
2107:("competent one who knows every craft").
2077:
1224:Expressing kingship over the Amnanu, an
821:Alternatively "Viceroy of the god Assur"
707:šarru ša ina kullat mātāti māḫiri lā īšû
597:rebuilt the Ezida Temple in the city of
524:
377:
194:
41:
17:
4624:
4213:
4125:
3612:
3502:
3466:
3454:
3382:
3189:
3029:
2974:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2424:
5366:
4165:
4050:
4016:
3974:
3937:
3807:
3744:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
3697:
3568:
3549:
3528:(2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
3430:
3162:
3112:
2947:
2615:
2569:
2441:
2379:History of institutions in Mesopotamia
545:. The cylinder is today housed at the
4598:
4403:King of the Four Corners of the World
4379:Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature
4351:
4300:"Livius - Cyrus Cylinder Translation"
3829:
3676:
3632:
3317:
3071:
2870:
2557:
2542:
2519:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2206:Old Assyrian titulary: Ashur-nirari I
1601:King of the Four Corners of the World
1460:Introduced in its simplified form by
637:Titles centering on the king's person
631:
233:King of the Four Corners of the World
174:royal titles vary in their contents,
130:In the Akkadian-speaking kingdoms of
4310:from the original on 19 January 2019
4266:. Peeters Publishers. Archived from
2307:The titles preserved in Babylon for
1384:and elsewhere up until modern times.
4111:. United Nations University Press.
2137:, the chosen words typically being
501:", "mighty king" and even the old "
478:. Epithets like "chosen by the god
215:(r. 2254–2218 BC), the grandson of
30:ruler, 2300–2000 BC, housed in the
13:
3981:. American Philosophical Society.
2054:periods, used by nearly all kings.
374:Assyrian and Babylonian titulature
14:
5395:
4323:
4057:State Archives of Assyria Studies
3903:"Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran"
3890:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1927).
3879:Luckenbill, Daniel David (1926).
2294:The great king, the mighty king,
2279:Neo-Assyrian titulary: Esarhaddon
118:("king of the Universe") and the
5343:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
4834:
4283:
4248:
4184:
4135:
4098:
4041:
3929:
3849:
3799:
3702:. . Classical Numismatic Group.
3541:
2251:In one of his inscriptions, the
1380:after which it would be used in
4223:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
3475:
2322:, exalted governor, beloved of
975:Literally "king of the land of
751:A popular title, especially in
303:. The founder of this dynasty,
4900:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
4895:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
4151:. Cambridge University Press.
3896:. University of Chicago Press.
3885:. University of Chicago Press.
3813:The Land of the Elephant Kings
2335:Seleucid titulary: Antiochus I
2082:Detail of a stone monument of
868:kings. Title employed by some
787:Specific locations and peoples
205:Istanbul Archaeological Museum
1:
5282:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
4679:Tigris–Euphrates river system
3938:Oshima, Takayoshi M. (2017).
3550:Foster, Benjamin R. (2005) .
3522:De Mieroop, Marc Van (2004).
2384:
1765:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
320:
3901:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2009).
3815:. Harvard University Press.
3571:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
3178:Waerzeggers & Seire 2018
2389:
2360:and Ezida, foremost heir of
2283:In one of his inscriptions,
2230:In one of his inscriptions,
2210:In one of his inscriptions,
2201:Examples of royal titularies
2135:selected to rule by the gods
1778:English translation of title
1719:Popular title introduced by
1623:Popular title introduced by
1508:English translation of title
1299:English translation of title
1013:Ruling title of monarchs of
795:English translation of title
652:English translation of title
7:
5348:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
5230:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
5225:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
4292:
4145:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
3975:Porter, Barbara N. (1994).
3554:(3rd ed.). CDL Press.
3266:Raaflaub & Talbert 2010
2372:
2247:Kassite titulary: Kurigalzu
2073:
1925:King who is their favourite
1773:
1503:
1294:
790:
742:Alternatively "Mighty king"
647:
521:Achaemenid and Seleucid use
71:Mesopotamian royal titulary
10:
5400:
5353:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
4126:Sazonov, Vladimir (2011).
4085:10.1515/zava.2001.91.2.264
3844:10.1163/156853302760197494
3740:Karlsson, Mattias (2016).
3717:Karlsson, Mattias (2013).
3698:Hoover, Oliver D. (2009).
3132:Cyrus Cylinder Translation
3084:Saikal & Schnabel 2003
2730:Cohen & Westbrook 1999
2147:migir Enlil Šamaš u Marduk
2021:King who provides for them
1833:Governor of the Great Gods
1320:Glorious King of the Lands
1291:Dominance over Mesopotamia
190:
166:
32:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5320:
5274:
5248:
5152:
5049:
4942:
4850:
4843:
4832:
4714:
4641:
4632:
4577:
4519:
4481:
4434:Dominion over Mesopotamia
4433:
4385:
4235:10.1017/S0075426914000068
4214:Stevens, Kahtryn (2014).
4002:. John Wiley & Sons.
3677:Handy, Lowell K. (1994).
3613:Johandi, Andreas (2012).
2344:Great king, mighty king,
2270:Great king, mighty king,
2009:King who provides for her
1993:
1985:King who provides for him
1945:
1913:King who is her favourite
1893:
1885:King who is his favourite
1789:
1781:
1776:
1573:šar kullat kibrāt erbetti
1519:
1511:
1506:
1310:
1302:
1297:
806:
798:
793:
663:
655:
650:
144:Babylonian royal titulary
3858:Liverani, Mario (2013).
1500:Claims to universal rule
1228:tribal group settled in
4455:šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi
4451:King of Sumer and Akkad
4386:Dominion over the world
4330:Daniel David Luckenbill
4166:Soares, Filipe (2017).
4028:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
3503:Da Riva, Rocío (2013).
1838:šakkanakki ilāni rabûti
1410:šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi
1404:King of Sumer and Akkad
1117:King of Padan and Alman
979:". Ruling title of the
593:(r. 281–261 BC) of the
313:king of Sumer and Akkad
140:Assyrian royal titulary
124:šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi
5185:Babylonian mathematics
4051:Radner, Karen (2019).
4017:Radner, Karen (2010).
3955:Cite journal requires
3918:Cite journal requires
3788:Cite journal requires
2370:
2332:
2300:
2276:
2244:
2223:
2151:nibīt Marduk Ṣarpanītu
2105:itpēšu ḫāsis kal šipri
2095:
1579:Middle Assyrian Empire
589:, which describes how
550:
403:
208:
63:
39:
4207:10.3917/assy.107.0131
3968:registration required
3670:registration required
3626:registration required
3606:registration required
3507:. Walter de Gruyter.
3287:Roaf & Zgoll 2001
2342:
2313:
2292:
2268:
2239:
2219:
2141:("favourite") and/or
2081:
1179:King of the Akkadians
1122:šar māt Padan u Alman
872:kings who ruled over
528:
507:Neo-Babylonian Empire
381:
198:
95:Neo-Babylonian Empire
45:
21:
5180:Babylonian astronomy
4659:Mesopotamian Marshes
4413:King of the Universe
2346:king of the Universe
2296:king of the Universe
2272:king of the Universe
2042:zānin Esagil u Ezida
1697:King of the Universe
1673:(r. 883–859 BC) and
1619:šarru kibrat 'arbaim
1414:Ruling title in the
1334:(r. 883–859 BC) and
1232:. Only recorded for
864:Ruling title of the
830:Ruling title of the
715:(r. 681–669 BC) and
503:king of the Universe
398:. Now housed in the
5384:Ancient Mesopotamia
5261:Destruction by ISIL
5215:Sumerian literature
5190:Akkadian literature
4626:Ancient Mesopotamia
4581:Titles rendered in
4393:King of All Peoples
1973:King who fears them
1529:King of All Peoples
1416:Third Dynasty of Ur
854:Governor of Babylon
816:Governor of Assyria
626:Alexander the Great
301:Third Dynasty of Ur
93:to the fall of the
87:Ancient Mesopotamia
22:Head of an ancient
5297:Mesopotamian myths
4520:Specific locations
4407:šar kibrāt erbetti
2096:
1961:King who fears her
1937:King who fears him
1842:Only recorded for
1615:šar kibrāti arba'i
1611:šar kibrāt erbetti
1263:Title used by the
1215:King of the Amnanu
1192:only recorded for
1086:Title used by the
907:Title used by the
711:Only recorded for
632:Examples of titles
622:Seleucus I Nicator
587:Antiochus Cylinder
551:
531:Antiochus Cylinder
438:Shamash-shuma-ukin
404:
317:Early Dynastic III
213:Naram-Sin of Akkad
209:
201:Naram-Sin of Akkad
109:šar kibrāt erbetti
64:
40:
5361:
5360:
5312:Ziggurat (Temple)
5287:Sumerian religion
5045:
5044:
4992:Middle Babylonian
4934:Kish civilization
4830:
4829:
4654:Lower Mesopotamia
4649:Upper Mesopotamia
4592:
4591:
4583:Akkadian language
4482:The king's person
4461:King of the Lands
3832:Vetus Testamentum
3732:978-91-506-2363-5
3635:Anatolian Studies
3488:. Johns Hopkins.
2368:, king of Babylon
2354:king of the Lands
2309:Nebuchadnezzar II
2232:Tukulti-Ninurta I
2071:
2070:
2067:
2065:Nebuchadnezzar II
2003:
1955:
1907:
1879:
1855:
1827:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1711:šarru kiššat māti
1703:
1690:
1652:
1607:
1594:
1588:Tiglath-Pileser I
1560:
1554:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1539:Recorded for two
1497:
1496:
1493:
1450:King of the Lands
1443:
1397:
1391:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1378:Achaemenid Empire
1370:Tukulti-Ninurta I
1351:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1245:
1243:Shamash-shum-ukin
1234:Shamash-shum-ukin
1209:
1173:
1143:
1111:
1068:
1034:
1032:Shamash-shum-ukin
996:
958:
928:
889:
860:šakkanakki Bābili
847:
822:
772:
771:
768:
743:
732:
696:
610:Nebuchadnezzar II
563:Achaemenid Empire
476:lower Mesopotamia
410:in the north and
384:Shamash-shum-ukim
382:Text and seal of
5391:
5210:Sumerian cuisine
5200:Warfare in Sumer
5195:Economy of Sumer
4848:
4847:
4838:
4722:Fertile Crescent
4706:Sinjar Mountains
4701:Hamrin Mountains
4696:Zagros Mountains
4674:Taurus Mountains
4639:
4638:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4220:
4210:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4132:. Ugarit-Verlag.
4122:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4064:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4023:
4013:
3992:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3897:
3886:
3875:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3826:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3763:
3736:
3724:
3713:
3694:
3673:
3666:
3629:
3622:
3619:Kvüõa Toimetised
3609:
3602:
3565:
3552:Before the Muses
3546:
3545:
3539:
3518:
3499:
3485:Amarna Diplomacy
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3371:
3365:
3348:
3342:
3321:
3315:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3252:
3246:
3225:
3219:
3208:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3135:
3129:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3056:
3050:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2978:
2972:
2951:
2945:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2801:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2505:Steinkeller 2013
2502:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2364:, the king, the
2056:
1996:
1948:
1896:
1872:
1848:
1846:(r. 859–824 BC).
1820:
1806:šakkanakki Aššur
1774:
1729:
1727:(r. 281–261 BC).
1701:
1684:Ashurnasirpal II
1679:
1677:(r. 859–824 BC).
1671:Ashurnasirpal II
1642:Ashurnasirpal II
1633:
1631:(r. 559–530 BC).
1605:
1583:
1558:Ashurnasirpal II
1549:
1504:
1478:
1474:Parthian Empires
1424:
1386:
1345:Ashurnasirpal II
1340:
1338:(r. 859–824 BC).
1332:Ashurnasirpal II
1326:šar mātāti šarhu
1295:
1273:
1238:
1236:(r. 667–648 BC).
1202:
1166:
1136:
1100:
1057:
1019:
985:
951:
917:
878:
840:
820:
791:
757:
741:
721:
719:(r. 669–631 BC).
685:
648:
482:and the goddess
325:
322:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5316:
5270:
5244:
5153:Culture/society
5148:
5041:
5037:Muslim conquest
5007:Fall of Babylon
4938:
4839:
4826:
4710:
4628:
4623:
4593:
4588:
4573:
4547:King of Babylon
4537:King of Assyria
4515:
4477:
4429:
4397:šar kiššat nišē
4381:
4376:
4326:
4313:
4311:
4295:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4218:
4183:
4170:
4159:
4134:
4119:
4097:
4040:
4036:
4021:
4010:
3989:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3944:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3872:
3848:
3823:
3809:Kosmin, Paul J.
3798:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3752:
3733:
3710:
3691:
3683:. Eisenbrauns.
3667:
3647:10.2307/3642789
3623:
3603:
3583:10.2307/1359248
3562:
3540:
3536:
3515:
3496:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3443:Luckenbill 1927
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3419:Luckenbill 1926
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3351:
3343:
3324:
3316:
3305:
3299:De Mieroop 2004
3297:
3293:
3285:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3247:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3138:
3130:
3119:
3111:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3059:
3051:
3036:
3028:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2981:
2973:
2954:
2946:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2859:Luckenbill 1926
2857:
2850:
2842:
2831:
2823:
2810:
2802:
2757:
2749:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2591:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2541:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2431:
2423:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2375:
2350:king of Babylon
2316:King of Babylon
2203:
2168:rubû pāliḫšu/ša
2162:("to fear") or
2076:
2055:
1995:
1947:
1895:
1871:
1853:Shalmaneser III
1847:
1844:Shalmaneser III
1825:Shalmaneser III
1819:
1810:Separated from
1757:
1728:
1721:Sargon of Akkad
1713:
1709:
1700:
1688:Shalmaneser III
1678:
1675:Shalmaneser III
1632:
1629:Cyrus the Great
1617:
1613:
1604:
1582:
1548:
1541:Middle Assyrian
1535:šar kiššat nišē
1502:
1477:
1423:
1420:Akkadian Empire
1385:
1349:Shalmaneser III
1339:
1336:Shalmaneser III
1293:
1272:
1265:Kassite dynasty
1237:
1201:
1165:
1135:
1099:
1088:Kassite dynasty
1056:
1041:King of Babylon
1018:
1003:King of Babylon
984:
965:King of Assyria
950:
916:
909:Kassite dynasty
877:
839:
836:Middle Assyrian
819:
789:
777:
756:
740:
720:
684:
639:
634:
595:Seleucid Empire
578:were "kings of
559:Cyrus the Great
539:Seleucid Empire
523:
420:Ashur-uballit I
376:
323:
225:Akkadian Empire
219:and the fourth
217:Sargon of Akkad
193:
169:
153:Cyrus the Great
91:Akkadian period
12:
11:
5:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Kings of Akkad
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5333:Assyriologists
5330:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5240:List of rulers
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5129:Proto-Armenian
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:Middle Persian
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:Neo-Babylonian
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Old Babylonian
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Early Dynastic
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4561:šar māt Šumeri
4554:
4544:
4534:
4531:šar māt Akkadi
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4496:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4325:
4324:External links
4322:
4321:
4320:
4304:www.livius.org
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4254:
4211:
4190:
4163:
4157:
4142:
4123:
4117:
4104:
4079:(2): 264–295.
4065:
4048:
4035:978-3447061711
4034:
4014:
4009:978-1405191463
4008:
3993:
3988:978-0871692085
3987:
3972:
3957:|journal=
3935:
3920:|journal=
3898:
3887:
3876:
3871:978-0415679060
3870:
3855:
3838:(3): 350–366.
3827:
3821:
3805:
3790:|journal=
3764:
3750:
3737:
3731:
3714:
3709:978-0980238747
3708:
3695:
3690:978-0931464843
3689:
3674:
3630:
3610:
3566:
3560:
3547:
3535:978-1405149112
3534:
3519:
3514:978-1614515876
3513:
3500:
3495:978-0801861994
3494:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3445:, p. 211.
3435:
3433:, p. 365.
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3372:
3349:
3322:
3320:, p. 362.
3303:
3301:, p. 119.
3291:
3289:, p. 284.
3270:
3268:, p. 153.
3253:
3251:, p. 135.
3226:
3224:, p. 255.
3209:
3207:, p. 150.
3194:
3182:
3167:
3165:, p. 113.
3155:
3136:
3117:
3100:
3098:, p. 165.
3088:
3076:
3074:, p. 112.
3057:
3055:, p. 153.
3034:
3032:, p. 170.
3015:
3000:
2979:
2952:
2887:
2875:
2873:, p. 194.
2863:
2848:
2829:
2808:
2755:
2734:
2722:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2620:
2608:
2589:
2574:
2572:, p. 136.
2562:
2560:, p. 193.
2547:
2545:, p. 192.
2524:
2522:, p. 360.
2509:
2507:, p. 146.
2494:
2492:, p. 359.
2482:
2480:, p. 191.
2470:
2468:, p. 190.
2458:
2456:, p. 189.
2446:
2429:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2356:, provider of
2212:Ashur-nirari I
2202:
2199:
2092:British Museum
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2058:Example users:
2052:Neo-Babylonian
2044:
2039:
2029:
2028:
2026:šarru zāninšun
2023:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:šarru pāliḫšun
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:šarru migrišun
1927:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:Example users:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1731:Example users:
1717:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1681:Example users:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1635:Example users:
1621:
1608:
1596:
1595:
1592:Ashur-bel-kala
1585:Example users:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1551:Example users:
1543:kings and two
1537:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1480:Example users:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1426:Example users:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1395:Mithridates II
1388:Example users:
1368:Introduced by
1366:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1342:Example users:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1275:Example users:
1261:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:šar māt Akkadi
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1158:
1156:šar māt Šumeri
1153:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1102:Example users:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1059:Example users:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1021:Example users:
1011:
1006:
998:
997:
987:Example users:
973:
968:
960:
959:
943:
941:šar māt Akkadi
938:
930:
929:
919:Example users:
905:
900:
891:
890:
880:Example users:
866:Old Babylonian
862:
857:
849:
848:
845:Shamshi-Adad I
828:
823:
811:
810:
805:
797:
788:
785:
776:
773:
770:
769:
759:Example users:
749:
744:
734:
733:
723:Example users:
709:
704:
698:
697:
687:Example users:
681:
676:
668:
667:
662:
654:
638:
635:
633:
630:
555:Cyrus Cylinder
547:British Museum
522:
519:
400:British Museum
375:
372:
192:
189:
168:
165:
73:refers to the
56:British Museum
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5396:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Syrian Desert
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4557:King of Sumer
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4541:šar māt Aššur
4538:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:King of Akkad
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:šarrum dannum
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4441:King of Kings
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4273:on 2020-12-09
4269:
4262:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4158:9780521766418
4154:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4118:9789280810851
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4069:Roaf, Michael
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3912:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:. Routledge.
3863:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3822:9780674728820
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3751:9781614519683
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:(4): 97–101.
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3561:1-883053-76-5
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3469:, p. 68.
3468:
3463:
3457:, p. 71.
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3421:, p. 65.
3420:
3415:
3409:, p. 16.
3408:
3407:Karlsson 2017
3403:
3397:, p. 15.
3396:
3395:Karlsson 2017
3391:
3385:, p. 74.
3384:
3379:
3377:
3370:, p. 13.
3369:
3368:Karlsson 2017
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3347:, p. 77.
3346:
3345:Karlsson 2016
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:Karlsson 2013
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:Karlsson 2013
3218:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3205:Karlsson 2016
3201:
3199:
3192:, p. 26.
3191:
3186:
3180:, p. 40.
3179:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3153:, p. 43.
3152:
3151:Shayegan 2011
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3115:, p. 79.
3114:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:Olbrycht 2009
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:Karlsson 2016
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3013:, p. 14.
3012:
3011:Karlsson 2017
3007:
3005:
2998:, p. 11.
2997:
2996:Karlsson 2017
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2977:, p. 72.
2976:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2950:, p. 98.
2949:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:Karlsson 2017
2879:
2872:
2867:
2861:, p. 17.
2860:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2844:Liverani 2013
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2827:, p. 10.
2826:
2825:Karlsson 2017
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:Karlsson 2017
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2751:Karlsson 2017
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2718:Karlsson 2017
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2657:, p. 75.
2656:
2651:
2645:, p. 72.
2644:
2639:
2633:, p. 77.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2618:, p. 28.
2617:
2612:
2606:, p. 12.
2605:
2604:Karlsson 2017
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:Karlsson 2017
2581:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2444:, p. 21.
2443:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2427:, p. 73.
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:šarru zāninša
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:Example user:
1991:
1990:šarru zāninšu
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:šarru pāliḫša
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:Example user:
1943:
1942:šarru pāliḫšu
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:šarru migriša
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1891:
1890:šarru migrišu
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:Example user:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:Example user:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:Example user:
1817:
1813:
1812:Išši’ak Aššur
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:King of Kings
1355:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:Example user:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:Example user:
1200:(c. 1470 BC).
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:Example user:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:King of Sumer
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:Example user:
1134:(c. 1470 BC).
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:šar Karduniaš
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:šar māt Bābil
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
988:
982:
978:
974:
972:
971:šar māt Aššur
969:
967:
966:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:Example user:
948:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:
935:King of Akkad
932:
931:
927:
923:
920:
914:
910:
906:
904:
901:
899:
897:
893:
892:
888:
884:
881:
875:
871:
867:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:
851:
850:
846:
843:
842:Example user:
837:
833:
829:
827:
826:Išši’ak Aššur
824:
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
804:
803:
796:
792:
784:
783:
782:
767:
763:
760:
754:
750:
748:
745:
739:
736:
735:
731:
727:
724:
718:
714:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
691:
688:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
661:
660:
653:
649:
646:
645:
644:
629:
627:
623:
617:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
468:
463:
457:
456:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
433:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
397:
396:oryx antelope
393:
389:
385:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
318:
314:
310:
309:king of Sumer
306:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
269:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
202:
197:
188:
186:
182:
177:
173:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
125:
121:
117:
116:
111:
110:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
5379:Royal titles
5235:Royal titles
5234:
5160:Architecture
4997:Neo-Assyrian
4844:(Pre)history
4664:Persian Gulf
4566:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4508:
4502:
4492:
4470:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4422:
4417:šar kiššatim
4416:
4406:
4396:
4378:
4339:
4333:
4312:. Retrieved
4303:
4275:. Retrieved
4268:the original
4259:
4226:
4222:
4198:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4147:
4128:
4108:
4076:
4072:
4060:
4056:
4047:(in English)
4025:
3998:
3977:
3948:cite journal
3911:cite journal
3892:
3881:
3860:
3835:
3831:
3812:
3781:cite journal
3741:
3720:
3699:
3679:
3638:
3634:
3618:
3574:
3570:
3551:
3524:
3504:
3484:
3476:Bibliography
3467:Stevens 2014
3462:
3455:Stevens 2014
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3383:Stevens 2014
3294:
3190:Sazonov 2011
3185:
3158:
3091:
3086:, p. 9.
3079:
3030:Johandi 2012
2975:Da Riva 2013
2885:, p. 5.
2878:
2866:
2806:, p. 7.
2753:, p. 6.
2725:
2720:, p. 2.
2655:Stevens 2014
2650:
2643:Stevens 2014
2638:
2631:Stevens 2014
2611:
2587:, p. 1.
2565:
2485:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2425:Stevens 2014
2343:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2261:Kurigalzu II
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:ēpiš Esagila
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2084:Ashurbanipal
2057:
2048:Neo-Assyrian
2041:
2033:Provider of
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:Ashurbanipal
1897:
1889:
1884:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1849:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1798:Governor of
1797:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1730:
1715:šar-kiššati'
1714:
1710:
1707:šar kiššatim
1706:
1695:
1680:
1664:
1657:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1599:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1550:
1545:Neo-Assyrian
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1483:Ashurbanipal
1479:
1462:Ashurbanipal
1455:
1448:
1425:
1409:
1402:
1387:
1363:
1356:
1341:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1274:
1258:
1251:King of the
1250:
1239:
1219:
1214:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1155:
1148:
1137:
1121:
1116:
1101:
1081:
1073:
1058:
1046:
1039:
1020:
1008:
1001:
986:
981:Neo-Assyrian
970:
963:
952:
940:
933:
918:
902:
894:
879:
859:
852:
841:
825:
814:
807:
799:
794:
781:
780:
778:
758:
746:
737:
730:Ashurbanipal
722:
717:Ashurbanipal
706:
701:
686:
678:
671:
664:
656:
651:
643:
642:
640:
618:
607:
584:
552:
511:Nabopolassar
495:Neo-Assyrian
493:Most of the
492:
471:
470:
462:Neo-Assyrian
458:
454:
453:
432:
431:
428:
423:
415:
405:
388:Neo-Assyrian
367:
363:
359:
352:
347:
343:
330:and king of
298:
294:
293:
289:
284:
283:
274:šar kiššatim
272:
270:
268:("mighty").
265:
229:four corners
210:
199:Relief with
172:Mesopotamian
170:
148:Neo-Assyrian
143:
139:
129:
122:
120:Neo-Sumerian
115:šar kiššatim
113:
107:
75:royal titles
70:
66:
65:
48:Neo-Sumerian
46:Seal of the
24:Mesopotamian
15:
5338:Hittitology
5328:Assyriology
5249:Archaeology
5119:Old Persian
4929:Jemdet Nasr
4499:Mighty King
4445:šar šarrāni
4338:(1926) and
4201:: 131–157.
4141:(in German)
3641:: 189–195.
3431:Foster 2005
3163:Kosmin 2014
3113:Porter 1994
2948:Goetze 1964
2616:Soares 2017
2570:Radner 2019
2442:Soares 2017
2257:Kurigalzu I
2124:šarru šaḫtu
1866:šarru šaḫtu
1861:Humble king
1725:Antiochus I
1491:Phraates II
1364:šar šarrāni
1188:Variant of
747:šarru dannu
738:Strong king
591:Antiochus I
576:grandfather
535:Antiochus I
344:šarru dannu
324: 2900
257:Manishtushu
157:Antiochus I
5368:Categories
5302:Divination
5012:Achaemenid
4977:Isin-Larsa
4870:Trialetian
4865:Mousterian
4852:Prehistory
4551:šar Bābili
4493:šarru rabu
4489:Great King
4465:šar mātāti
4314:19 January
4277:2019-03-31
4063:: 135–142.
3760:1100967165
3318:Levin 2002
3072:Handy 1994
2871:Hallo 1980
2558:Hallo 1980
2543:Hallo 1980
2520:Levin 2002
2490:Levin 2002
2478:Hallo 1980
2466:Hallo 1980
2454:Hallo 1980
2385:References
2366:Macedonian
2285:Esarhaddon
1953:Esarhaddon
1901:Esarhaddon
1877:Esarhaddon
1738:Esarhaddon
1466:Achaemenid
1456:šar mātāti
1437:Esarhaddon
1422:'s legacy.
1282:Karaindash
1220:šar Amnānu
1184:šar Akkadi
1109:Karaindash
1066:Karaindash
1028:Esarhaddon
1009:šar Bābili
994:Esarhaddon
926:Karaindash
887:Esarhaddon
766:Esarhaddon
726:Esarhaddon
713:Esarhaddon
694:Esarhaddon
679:šarru rabû
673:Great king
499:great king
446:Esarhaddon
364:šakkanakki
161:ideologies
99:Achaemenid
5175:Cuneiform
5051:Languages
4860:Acheulean
4747:Babylonia
4684:Euphrates
4634:Geography
4229:: 66–88.
4093:161673588
3663:163327812
3599:163491250
2390:Citations
2330:and Ezida
2101:rē’û kēnu
2061:Sargon II
2037:and Ezida
2001:Sargon II
1783:Title in
1742:Nabonidus
1646:Hammurabi
1638:Naram-Sin
1625:Naram-Sin
1513:Title in
1433:Hammurabi
1304:Title in
1259:šar Kašši
1230:Babylonia
1096:Karduniaš
1076:Karduniaš
1024:Sargon II
990:Sargon II
903:šar Kaššu
883:Sargon II
800:Title in
762:Sargon II
690:Sargon II
657:Title in
515:Nabonidus
442:Sargon II
412:Babylonia
136:Babylonia
89:from the
5321:Academia
5275:Religion
5144:Urartian
5139:Sumerian
5124:Parthian
5059:Akkadian
5032:Sasanian
5022:Parthian
5017:Seleucid
4967:Simurrum
4957:Akkadian
4890:Khiamian
4880:Natufian
4792:Simurrum
4777:Kassites
4772:Hittites
4727:Adiabene
4308:Archived
4293:Websites
4243:43286072
4181:: 20–35.
3811:(2014).
2373:See also
2362:Seleucus
2074:Epithets
1785:Akkadian
1515:Akkadian
1470:Seleucid
1429:Ur-Nammu
1306:Akkadian
1278:Agum III
1253:Kassites
1207:Agum III
1194:Agum III
1171:Ur-Nammu
1162:Ur-Nammu
1141:Agum III
1128:Agum III
1105:Agum III
1074:King of
1062:Agum III
956:Ur-Nammu
947:Ur-Nammu
922:Agum III
870:Assyrian
802:Akkadian
659:Akkadian
603:Seleucia
599:Borsippa
567:conquest
543:Akkadian
488:Mullissu
484:Sarpanit
450:Bel-bani
390:king of
340:Amar-Sin
305:Ur-Nammu
185:ideology
181:Akkadian
176:epithets
103:Seleucid
83:monarchs
79:epithets
67:Akkadian
52:Ur-Nammu
36:New York
5307:Prayers
5292:Deities
5256:Looting
5099:Kassite
5094:Hurrian
5089:Hittite
5079:Elamite
5074:Eblaite
5069:Aramaic
5064:Amorite
4987:Kassite
4962:Gutians
4944:History
4909:Samarra
4905:Hassuna
4875:Zarzian
4797:Subartu
4787:Mitanni
4752:Chaldea
4742:Assyria
4715:Ancient
4175:Rosetta
3773:6128352
3655:3642789
3591:1359248
2358:Esagila
2328:Esagila
2253:Kassite
2088:Assyria
2035:Esagila
1763:of the
1761:deities
1374:Assyria
1269:Babylon
1226:Amorite
1198:Babylon
1132:Babylon
1092:Babylon
1053:Kassite
1015:Babylon
913:Babylon
896:Kassite
874:Babylon
753:Assyria
614:Esagila
561:of the
553:In the
537:of the
416:Išši’ak
408:Assyria
392:Babylon
368:Išši’ak
355:vassals
261:deified
241:Subartu
223:of the
191:Origins
167:History
132:Assyria
54:in the
28:Iranian
5134:Sutean
5109:Median
5104:Luwian
5084:Gutian
4972:Ur III
4885:Nemrik
4822:Cities
4817:Urartu
4767:Hamazi
4762:Gutium
4737:Armani
4689:Tigris
4642:Modern
4241:
4155:
4115:
4091:
4032:
4006:
3985:
3868:
3819:
3771:
3758:
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3729:
3706:
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3653:
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2320:Marduk
2242:Assur.
2164:takālu
2160:palāḫu
2143:nibītu
1734:Sargon
1547:kings.
1055:kings.
983:kings.
838:kings.
572:father
480:Marduk
348:dannum
336:Nippur
292:years.
288:power.
266:dannum
245:Amurru
5220:Music
5170:Akitu
5027:Roman
4919:Ubaid
4914:Halaf
4812:Tukri
4807:Sumer
4802:Suhum
4782:Media
4732:Akkad
4271:(PDF)
4264:(PDF)
4239:JSTOR
4219:(PDF)
4171:(PDF)
4089:S2CID
4022:(PDF)
3769:S2CID
3659:S2CID
3651:JSTOR
3595:S2CID
3587:JSTOR
2172:epēšu
2139:migru
2120:kanšu
2116:zānin
1816:Ashur
1800:Ashur
1791:Notes
1746:Cyrus
1650:Cyrus
1521:Notes
1487:Cyrus
1441:Cyrus
1312:Notes
977:Assur
808:Notes
665:Notes
580:Anšan
467:Ashur
249:Akkad
221:ruler
50:king
5266:Tell
4924:Uruk
4757:Elam
4568:More
4510:More
4472:More
4424:More
4316:2019
4153:ISBN
4113:ISBN
4030:ISBN
4004:ISBN
3983:ISBN
3961:help
3924:help
3866:ISBN
3817:ISBN
3794:help
3756:OCLC
3746:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3704:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3556:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3490:ISBN
2324:Nabu
2259:and
2050:and
1472:and
1382:Iran
898:king
834:and
585:The
574:and
529:The
386:, a
366:and
328:Uruk
279:Kish
253:Ebla
247:and
237:Elam
134:and
101:and
77:and
5165:Art
4332:'s
4231:doi
4227:134
4203:doi
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4081:doi
3840:doi
3643:doi
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2086:of
1372:of
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1196:of
1130:of
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1090:of
911:of
832:Old
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360:šar
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