334:
492:
on 7–9 December 730, al-Jarrah's army of 25,000 was all but annihilated by the
Khazars under Barjik, with al-Jarrah himself falling in the field. Command passed to al-Jarrah's brother al-Hajjaj, who was unable to prevent the sacking of Ardabil, or to check Khazar raids that reached as far as south as
404:
Despite these successes, the Arabs could not achieve a decisive result. The main Khazar army remained intact and a constant threat, since like all nomad forces it was not dependent on cities for supplies. Coupled with the fact that his rear was still insecure, al-Jarrah was forced to abandon any
409:
south of the
Caucasus. From there he asked for reinforcements from Yazid, but although the Caliph promised to send more troops, he failed to do so. The sources are obscure on al-Jarrah's activity in 723, but he seems to have led another campaign north (which may indeed be the true date of the
488:, the capital of Adharbayjan, where 30,000 Muslim troops and their families were gathered. News of this development forced al-Jarrah to hastily withdraw from Bardha'a and march south in a rapid march to Ardabil's rescue. Outside the city walls, after a
483:
from invasion by the Khazar general
Tharmach. It is unclear whether the Khazars moved through the Darial Pass or the Caspian Gates, but they succeeded in outmanoeuvring al-Jarrah, bypassing the Arab forces and laying siege to
367:
troops to
Armenia, placing him in command of the Umayyad offensive against the Khazars. Al-Jarrah was swiftly successful in driving the Khazars back across the Caucasus, and fought his way north along the western coast of the
388:
of wagons, but the Arabs broke it apart and stormed the city on 21 August 722 (or 723). Most of
Balanjar's inhabitants were killed or enslaved, but a few managed to flee north. The Arabs also took the town of
440:
in the process. This expedition secured the
Muslims' own flank against a possible Khazar attack through the Darial, while conversely it gave the Muslim army a second invasion route into Khazar territory.
508:
Al-Jarrah's death caused widespread lamentation in the Muslim world, particularly among the soldiers, as he had achieved a legendary status already during his lifetime: the "paradigmatic general" (
988:
308:
249:
998:
295:. Al-Jarrah remained in Khurasan until March/April 719, when he was dismissed after 17 months in office due to complaints of his mistreatment of the native converts to Islam (
410:
Balanjar campaign). In response, the
Khazars raided south of the Caucasus, but in February 724, al-Jarrah inflicted a crushing defeat on them in a battle between the rivers
460:
by al-Jarrah. For all his energy, Maslamah's campaigning failed to produce the desired results: by the time of his dismissal, the Arabs had lost control of northeastern
467:
In 730, al-Jarrah returned to the offensive through Tiflis and the Darial Pass. Arab sources report that he reached as far as the Khazar capital, al-Bayda, on the
359:
and inflicted a crushing defeat on the army of the local governor Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani at Marj al-Hijara in
February/March 722. In response, Caliph
1080:
17:
1095:
919:
The
History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXIV: The Empire in Transition: The Caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar, and Yazīd, A.D. 715–724/A.H. 96–105
390:
406:
1085:
501:
was put in command and soon succeeded in driving back the invasion, while under the leadership of Marwan ibn
Muhammad (the future
1100:
1090:
516:, his head seemed to be suspended from the lamps—and his military prowess was celebrated with the sobriquets "hero of Islam" (
951:
927:
831:
810:
464:
and been thrust once more into the defensive, with al-Jarrah again having to defend Adharbayjan against a Khazar invasion.
943:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXII: The Marwānid Restoration: The Caliphate of ʿAbd al-Malik, A.D. 693–701/A.H. 74–81
886:
855:
272:
1110:
456:
In 729, after a mixed performance against the Khazars, Maslamah was replaced yet again as governor of Armenia and
231:
245:
512:), he had an impressive physical presence—according to tradition, he was so tall that when he entered the
1070:
1052:
498:
256:
in 696. The latter and al-Jarrah hailed from the Banu al-Hakam ibn Sa'd al-Ashira tribe, a branch of the
348:
1030:
1020:
322:
796:
513:
472:
381:
802:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
445:
1105:
429:
215:
161:
436:
under Muslim suzerainty, and al-Jarrah became the first Muslim commander to march through the
966:
946:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
922:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
865:
280:
311:. The most notable event of his tenure was the beginning of the covert missionary activity (
203:
134:
291:(r. 717–720) appointed al-Jarrah as Yazid's successor in the governorship of Khurasan and
8:
1075:
283:
in 715. Yazid in turn named al-Jarrah as his deputy for Iraq, before he himself left for
276:
480:
182:
tribe. During the course of the early 8th century, he was at various times governor of
947:
937:
923:
904:
900:
851:
827:
806:
489:
261:
101:
896:
869:
941:
917:
845:
821:
800:
394:
321:
in Khurasan. After his return to Iraq, in 720, he seems to have fought alongside
152:
448:(r. 724–743) replaced al-Jarrah with his own brother Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.
881:
877:
841:
509:
241:
50:
333:
1064:
908:
873:
461:
418:
that lasted for several days. Al-Jarrah followed up his success by capturing
411:
364:
202:. A legendary warrior already during his lifetime, he is best known for his
415:
355:
front. In the winter of this year, 30,000 Khazars launched an invasion of
301:), who, despite their conversion, were still obliged to pay the poll-tax (
1042:
1010:
476:
457:
437:
369:
257:
199:
826:(Second ed.). Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
762:
502:
313:
237:
1038:
1006:
974:
377:
360:
356:
352:
318:
284:
211:
195:
191:
175:
428:
but received a charter of rights in return. This campaign brought
485:
398:
373:
288:
207:
119:
62:
978:
690:
424:
419:
385:
297:
292:
227:
187:
179:
714:
666:
325:
in the suppression of the rebellion of Yazid ibn al-Muhallab.
642:
556:
494:
468:
433:
303:
268:
183:
475:
consider this improbable. Soon after, he was forced back to
279:, and remained in the post until al-Hajjaj's replacement by
267:
In 706 or a few years later he was appointed as governor of
253:
172:
738:
702:
678:
505:) the war was concluded in a nominal Arab victory in 737.
654:
405:
attempt at capturing Samandar as well, and to retreat to
805:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
774:
726:
611:
577:
575:
573:
571:
632:
630:
628:
626:
599:
587:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
847:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
750:
568:
244:(military district of Jordan) and probably followed
166:
88:"Hero of Islam", "Cavalier of the Syrians", Abu Uqba
623:
533:
451:
1062:
260:. In 701, he fought against the rebellion of
422:, whose inhabitants were obliged to pay the
168:Abū ʿUqba al-Jarrāḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥakamī
795:
768:
744:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
648:
131:Campaign against Ibn al-Ash'ath's rebellion
887:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
850:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
376:and advancing onto the Khazar capital of
149:Abu Uqba al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
363:(r. 720–724) sent al-Jarrah with 25,000
332:
214:front, culminating in his death in the
14:
1081:Umayyad people of the Arab–Khazar wars
1063:
936:
915:
864:
617:
605:
593:
581:
562:
840:
819:
780:
756:
732:
636:
550:
895:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 482.
989:Abd al-Rahman ibn Nu'aym al-Ghamidi
309:Abd al-Rahman ibn Nu'aym al-Ghamidi
156:
27:Arab nobleman and general of Hakami
24:
328:
307:). He was replaced by his deputy,
157:أبو عقبة الجراح بن عبد الله الحكمي
25:
1122:
1096:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
520:) and "Cavalier of the Syrians" (
250:Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Hakami
18:Al-Djarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
901:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2012
471:, but modern historians such as
452:Recall to the Caucasus and death
444:In 725, however, the new Caliph
347:In 721/2, the main phase of the
36:Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
1086:Medieval Arabs killed in battle
221:
916:Powers, David S., ed. (1989).
384:by ringing the citadel with a
232:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
13:
1:
1101:Umayyad governors of Khurasan
1091:Umayyad governors of Arminiya
870:"al- D̲j̲arrāḥ b. ʿAbd Allāh"
527:
338:
999:Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani
771:, pp. 150–154, 170–174.
246:Sufyan ibn al-Abrad al-Kalbi
7:
337:Map of the Caucasus region
167:
10:
1127:
820:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
789:
497:. The experienced general
225:
1049:
1035:
1031:Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
1027:
1021:Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
1017:
1003:
995:
985:
971:
963:
797:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
323:Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik
142:
125:
115:
107:
97:
92:
84:
76:
68:
56:
46:
41:
34:
1053:Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi
514:Great Mosque of Damascus
499:Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi
473:Khalid Yahya Blankinship
382:tried to defend the city
240:, al-Jarrah was born in
1111:8th-century Arab people
565:, p. 96, note 381.
446:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
317:) by the agents of the
393:, and even approached
349:Second Arab–Khazar War
344:
216:Battle of Marj Ardabil
967:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
432:and the lands of the
336:
287:, and in 717, Caliph
281:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
226:Further information:
108:Years of service
823:The Jews of Khazaria
699:, pp. 125, 149.
783:, pp. 128–129.
735:, pp. 127–128.
723:, pp. 149–150.
675:, pp. 122–123.
651:, pp. 121–122.
620:, pp. 145–146.
277:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
178:and general of the
72:Al-Hajjaj (brother)
1071:7th-century births
938:Rowson, Everett K.
345:
1059:
1058:
1050:Succeeded by
1018:Succeeded by
986:Succeeded by
953:978-0-88706-975-8
929:978-0-7914-0072-2
833:978-0-7425-4982-1
812:978-0-7914-1827-7
608:, pp. 87–88.
596:, pp. 81–87.
522:Fāris Ahl al-Shām
165:
146:
145:
102:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
1118:
1028:Preceded by
996:Preceded by
964:Preceded by
961:
960:
957:
933:
912:
861:
837:
816:
784:
778:
772:
769:Blankinship 1994
766:
760:
754:
748:
745:Blankinship 1994
742:
736:
730:
724:
721:Blankinship 1994
718:
712:
709:Blankinship 1994
706:
700:
697:Blankinship 1994
694:
688:
685:Blankinship 1994
682:
676:
673:Blankinship 1994
670:
664:
661:Blankinship 1994
658:
652:
649:Blankinship 1994
646:
640:
634:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
566:
560:
554:
548:
490:three-day battle
430:Caucasian Iberia
343:
340:
273:governor of Iraq
170:
160:
158:
135:Arab–Khazar wars
111:before 696 – 730
93:Military service
42:Personal details
32:
31:
21:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1001:
991:
982:
969:
954:
930:
858:
842:Crone, Patricia
834:
813:
792:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
624:
616:
612:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
569:
561:
557:
549:
534:
530:
454:
341:
331:
329:In the Caucasus
234:
224:
61:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1124:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1047:729–730
1034:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1015:722–725
1002:
997:
993:
992:
987:
984:
983:717–719
970:
965:
959:
958:
952:
940:, ed. (1989).
934:
928:
913:
862:
856:
838:
832:
817:
811:
791:
788:
786:
785:
773:
761:
759:, p. 128.
749:
747:, p. 150.
737:
725:
713:
711:, p. 149.
701:
689:
687:, p. 123.
677:
665:
663:, p. 122.
653:
641:
639:, p. 127.
622:
610:
598:
586:
584:, p. 482.
567:
555:
553:, p. 132.
531:
529:
526:
518:Baṭal al-Islām
510:Patricia Crone
453:
450:
380:. The Khazars
330:
327:
262:Ibn al-Ash'ath
242:Jund al-Urdunn
223:
220:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
60:9 December 730
58:
54:
53:
51:Jund al-Urdunn
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Arab generals
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1000:
994:
990:
981:
980:
976:
968:
962:
955:
949:
945:
944:
939:
935:
931:
925:
921:
920:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Dunlop, D. M.
863:
859:
857:0-521-52940-9
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
835:
829:
825:
824:
818:
814:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
793:
782:
777:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
734:
729:
722:
717:
710:
705:
698:
693:
686:
681:
674:
669:
662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
633:
631:
629:
627:
619:
614:
607:
602:
595:
590:
583:
578:
576:
574:
572:
564:
559:
552:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
532:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
462:Transcaucasia
459:
449:
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
408:
402:
400:
397:(near modern
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:, recovering
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:began on the
350:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:According to
233:
229:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
163:
154:
150:
141:
136:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
1037:Governor of
1036:
1005:Governor of
1004:
973:Governor of
972:
942:
918:
892:
885:
846:
822:
801:
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
644:
613:
601:
589:
558:
521:
517:
507:
466:
455:
443:
423:
403:
346:
312:
302:
296:
266:
235:
222:Early career
206:against the
148:
147:
126:Battles/wars
29:
1043:Adharbayjan
1011:Adharbayjan
882:Schacht, J.
878:Pellat, Ch.
618:Powers 1989
606:Powers 1989
594:Powers 1989
582:Dunlop 1965
563:Rowson 1989
458:Adharbayjan
438:Darial Pass
370:Caspian Sea
200:Adharbayjan
85:Nickname(s)
1076:730 deaths
1065:Categories
891:Volume II:
781:Brook 2006
757:Brook 2006
733:Brook 2006
637:Brook 2006
551:Crone 1980
528:References
479:to defend
342: 740
271:under the
98:Allegiance
909:495469475
874:Lewis, B.
503:Marwan II
238:Baladhuri
204:campaigns
171:) was an
162:romanized
69:Relations
975:Khurasan
884:(eds.).
868:(1965).
844:(1980).
799:(1994).
477:Bardha'a
395:Samandar
391:Wabandar
378:Balanjar
361:Yazid II
353:Caucasus
319:Abbasids
285:Khurasan
258:Madh'hij
218:in 730.
212:Caucasus
192:Khurasan
176:nobleman
80:Abdallah
1039:Armenia
1007:Armenia
790:Sources
486:Ardabil
407:Warthan
399:Kizlyar
374:Derbent
357:Armenia
289:Umar II
210:on the
208:Khazars
196:Armenia
164::
120:General
63:Ardabil
979:Sistan
950:
926:
907:
880:&
854:
830:
809:
425:kharaj
420:Tiflis
416:Araxes
386:laager
365:Syrian
314:da'wah
298:mawali
293:Sistan
228:Sogdia
188:Sistan
180:Hakami
153:Arabic
77:Parent
872:. In
495:Mosul
481:Arran
469:Volga
434:Alans
412:Cyrus
304:jizya
269:Basra
184:Basra
1041:and
1009:and
977:and
948:ISBN
924:ISBN
905:OCLC
852:ISBN
828:ISBN
807:ISBN
414:and
254:Iraq
248:and
230:and
198:and
190:and
173:Arab
116:Rank
57:Died
47:Born
897:doi
893:C–G
524:).
401:).
252:to
1067::
903:.
889:.
876:;
625:^
570:^
535:^
339:c.
275:,
264:.
194:,
186:,
159:,
155::
956:.
932:.
911:.
899::
860:.
836:.
815:.
151:(
20:)
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