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894:'s southern wing was created by Andreas Hess in 1551 according to plans by Christoph Römer. Another relief by an unknown artist was included in the wall of the Albertina's original campus. This depiction, which showed the duke with his sword over his shoulder, was the popular "Albertus", the symbol of the university. The original was moved to
767:, who had adherents in Königsberg, and these theological disputes soon created an uproar in the town. The duke strenuously supported Osiander, and the area of the quarrel soon broadened. There were no longer church lands available with which to conciliate the nobles, the burden of taxation was heavy, and Albert's rule became unpopular.
510:. Not only was he quite religious; he was also interested in mathematics and science and sometimes is claimed to have contradicted the teachings of the Church in favour of scientific theories. His career was forwarded by the Church, however, and institutions of the Catholic clerics supported his early advancement.
575:
The new grand master, aware of his duties to the empire and to the papacy, refused to submit to the crown of Poland. As war over the order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with
Emperor Maximilian I. The ill-feeling,
739:
The early years of Albert's rule in
Prussia were fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the lands and treasures of the church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and for a time to provide for the expenses of the court. He did something for the furtherance of learning by
690:
and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther. This transition did not, however, take place without protest. Summoned before the imperial court of justice, Albert refused to appear and was proscribed, while the order elected a new grand
405:
Albert's rule in
Prussia was fairly prosperous. Although he had some trouble with the peasantry, the confiscation of the lands and treasures of the Catholic Church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court. He was active in imperial
382:. He became grand master of the Teutonic Knights in their attempt to diplomatically win over the Polish-Lithuanian union. His skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order. But Albert was sympathetic to the demands of
613:
to abandon the rules of his order, to marry, and to convert
Prussia into a hereditary duchy for himself. This proposal, which was understandably appealing to Albert, had already been discussed by some of his relatives; but it was necessary to proceed cautiously, and he assured
778:, exercised great influence over him and obtained considerable wealth at public expense. The state of turmoil caused by these religious and political disputes was increased by the possibility of Albert's early death and the need, should that happen, to appoint a
794:
of Poland, Albert's cousin, who sent a commission to Königsberg. Skalić saved his life by flight, but Funck was executed. The question of the regency was settled, and a form of
Lutheranism was adopted and declared binding on all teachers and preachers.
324:
622:
doctrines. Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the
Prussians, while Albert's brother, Margrave
430:. During the final years of his rule, Albert was forced to raise taxes instead of further confiscating now-depleted church lands, causing peasant rebellion. The intrigues of the court favourites
903:
936:
in northern Königsberg. Its main street was named Herzog-Albrecht-Allee in 1906. Its town square, König-Ottokar-Platz, was renamed Herzog-Albrecht-Platz in 1934 to match its church, the
2198:
671:
After some delay
Sigismund assented to the offer, with the provision that Prussia should be treated as a Polish fiefdom; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a
718:
in May 1548. For various reasons, however, poverty and personal inclination among others, he did not take a prominent part in the military operations of this period.
2153:
587:
and other princes, but as no settlement was reached Albert continued his efforts to obtain help in view of a renewal of the war. For this purpose he visited the
48:
363:
of his lands. He proved instrumental in the political spread of
Protestantism in its early stage, ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades (1510–1568).
2178:
1827:
759:
Osiander's appointment was the beginning of the troubles which clouded the closing years of Albert's reign. Osiander's divergence from Luther's doctrine of
714:
in 1526, he acted in unison with the
Protestants, and was among the princes who banded and plotted together to overthrow Charles V after the issue of the
948:
2188:
2035:
899:
1974:
2228:
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was still a mere youth. The duke was forced to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of
Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the
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281:
1667:
740:
establishing schools in every town and by freeing serfs who adopted a scholastic life. In 1544, in spite of some opposition, he founded
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394:
by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm, the Duchy of Prussia, for which he paid homage to his uncle,
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2020:
744:, where he appointed his friend Andreas Osiander to a professorship in 1549. Albert also paid for the printing of the Astronomical "
2158:
1701:
1059:
556:, died in December 1510. Albert was chosen as his successor early in 1511 in the hope that his relationship to his maternal uncle,
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also led to various religious and political disputes. Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power and died at
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1301:
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402:
in 1525. Albert pledged a personal oath to the king and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs.
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created a duplicate for the wall. Another version of the "Albertus" by Lothar Sauer was included at the entrance of the
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1960:
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1983:
837:
Albert was a voluminous letter writer, and corresponded with many of the leading personages of the time.
580:
which began in December 1519 and devastated Prussia. Albert was granted a four-year truce early in 1521.
560:, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of Poland, would facilitate a settlement of the disputes over eastern
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to Sigismund I and was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs on 10 February 1525.
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created a sandstone bust of Albert at the Regierungsgebäude, the administrative building for
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Elisabeth (20 May 1551 – 19 February 1596) died unmarried and without issue.
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8:
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also designed an equestrian statue of Albert located at the new campus of the Albertina.
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with the inscription: "Albert of Brandenburg, Last Grand Master, First Duke in Prussia".
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707:, they did not enforce the ban on the duke, and agitation against him soon died away.
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Albert was the first German noble to support Luther's ideas and in 1544 founded the
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in 1526, and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor
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348:
340:
335:; 17 May 1490 – 20 March 1568) was a German prince who was the 37th
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Lucia Dorothea (8 April 1531 – 1 February 1532) died in infancy.
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Frederick Albert (5 December 1529 – 1 January 1530). died young.
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that he was anxious to reform the order and punish the knights who had adopted
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386:, whose teachings had become popular in his lands. So he rebelled against the
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699:. As the German princes were experiencing the tumult of the Reformation, the
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Virtually deprived of power, the duke lived for two more years, and died at
687:
533:
771:
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influenced by the ravages of members of the Order in Poland, culminated in
490:, the last pagan ruler in Europe, who defeated the Teutonic Knights at the
431:
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355:. Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus
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879:. It was the second Lutheran university in the German states, after the
2093:
1671:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 497.
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1952:
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in May 1548. Albert established schools in every town and founded the
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179:
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818:, who strongly influenced the Duke in the closing years of his reign
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of Poland and Lithuania, vanquisher of the Teutonic Knights at the
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963:(1 August 1504 – 11 April 1547), daughter of King
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After Osiander's death in 1552, Albert favoured a preacher named
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Lucia (3 February 1537 – 1 May 1539) died young.
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in 1544. He promoted culture and arts, patronising the works of
917:. On 19 May 1891 Reusch premiered a famous statue of Albert at
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779:
439:
183:
169:
1702:"An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics - 1"
518:
1802:
Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathes, Stanley, eds. (1934).
1775:(in German). Leer: Verlag Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 371.
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In imperial politics Albert was fairly active. Joining the
652:
513:
Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor
30:"Albert of Prussia" redirects here. For other people, see
974:(11 June 1527 – 6 February 1591), married
537:
As grand master of the Teutonic Order, painting from 1522
366:
Albert was great-grandson of the converted pagan ruler
1833:
K. P. Faber: Briefe Luthers an Herzog Albrecht (1811)
981:
Katharina (b. and d. 24 February 1528) died at birth.
826:
on 20 March 1568 of the plague, along with his wife.
351:, the secularized state that emerged from the former
1806:. Vol. XIII. Cambridge at the University Press.
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to protect it from the elements, while the sculptor
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in 1508 and after his return spent some time in the
1801:
1688:
1795:Welche Mitbürger hat Königsberg öffentlich geehrt?
875:, the Albertina, as a rival to the Roman Catholic
545:Coat of arms as grand master of the Teutonic Order
1019:(29 April 1553 – 18 August 1618),
695:, who received Prussia as a fief at the imperial
2120:
564:, which had been held by the order under Polish
1818:Literature by and about Albert, Duke of Prussia
591:in 1522, where he made the acquaintance of the
2154:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
993:Albert (b. and d. 1 March 1539) died at birth.
2199:People of the Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521)
1968:
1773:Lexikon der Stadt Königsberg Pr. und Umgebung
890:of Albert over the Renaissance-era portal of
2179:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
1205:Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
598:, by whose influence Albert was won over to
464:Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
108:10 April 1525 – 20 March 1568
1066:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
952:Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia by
494:in 1410. He was raised for a career in the
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1961:
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976:John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
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1828:William Urban on the situation in Prussia
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1009:, in 1550. The couple had two children:
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398:. That arrangement was confirmed by the
2189:People from the Principality of Ansbach
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763:involved him in a violent quarrel with
212: 1526; died 1547)
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1797:(in German). Würzburg: Holzner Verlag.
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932:Albert was oft-honored in the quarter
647:: Albert and his brothers receive the
626:, laid the scheme before their uncle,
353:Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights
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1899:Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
1145:Albrecht III, Elector of Brandenburg
1064:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:
583:The dispute was referred to Emperor
498:and spent some time at the court of
446:, succeeded him as Duke of Prussia.
64:Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
2229:German people of Lithuanian descent
2169:Grand masters of the Teutonic Order
1118:Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
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605:The grand master then journeyed to
24:
1728:
1001:(1532–20 March 1568), daughter of
967:, in 1526. They had six children:
904:Königsberg State and Royal Library
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282:Frederick I of Brandenburg-Ansbach
25:
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2219:16th-century Lutheran theologians
1811:
1689:Ward, Prothero & Leathes 1934
752:and the first maps of Prussia by
506:, who appointed him canon of the
27:Duke of Prussia from 1525 to 1568
2194:People from the Duchy of Prussia
2034:
1036:
938:Herzog-Albrecht-Gedächtniskirche
774:, who, with an adventurer named
347:, became the first ruler of the
220:Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2159:German people of Polish descent
1242:Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
864:"Albertus" with sword from the
528:
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209:
53:Albert of Prussia, painting by
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1742:
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705:wars against the Ottoman Turks
374:. He was also a member of the
13:
1:
2149:16th-century dukes of Prussia
1928:state of the Teutonic Knights
1764:
1178:Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut
929:contains a statue of Albert.
624:George of Brandenburg-Ansbach
449:
1855:House of Brandenburg-Ansbach
1804:The Cambridge Modern History
1791:Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard
1027:
570:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)
486:. His great-grandfather was
7:
2224:German Lutheran hymnwriters
915:Regierungsbezirk Königsberg
442:on 20 March 1568. His son,
396:Sigismund I, king of Poland
117:Albert Frederick of Prussia
10:
2245:
2214:People of the Count's Feud
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1345:
1215:
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954:Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
851:Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
828:Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
673:treaty concluded at Kraków
609:, where he was advised by
73:1510 – 1525
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959:Albert married first, to
896:Königsberg Public Library
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830:designed his tomb within
734:— The Just lives on Faith
343:and, after converting to
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2204:University of Königsberg
1892:Duke Frederick of Saxony
1850:Albert, Duke of Prussia
1771:Albinus, Robert (1985).
1611:Albert (duke of Prussia)
1597:
1329:Albert, Duke of Prussia
873:University of Königsberg
686:of the land then met at
550:Duke Frederick of Saxony
420:University of Königsberg
82:Duke Frederick of Saxony
1822:German National Library
1668:Encyclopædia Britannica
1615:Encyclopædia Britannica
1552:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
997:He married secondly to
414:after the issue of the
55:Lucas Cranach the Elder
18:Albert, Duke in Prussia
2106:Elector of Brandenburg
965:Frederick I of Denmark
956:
868:
857:
819:
761:justification by faith
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668:
552:, grand master of the
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538:
406:politics, joining the
332:
32:Albert of Hohenzollern
2174:House of Hohenzollern
2074:Frederick William III
1863:House of Hohenzollern
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881:University of Marburg
863:
848:
801:
792:Sigismund II Augustus
742:Königsberg University
724:
641:
544:
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488:Władysław II Jagiełło
388:Roman Catholic Church
380:House of Hohenzollern
333:Albrecht von Preussen
272:House of Hohenzollern
2079:Frederick William IV
2069:Frederick William II
1860:Cadet branch of the
1519:Elisabeth of Austria
1492:Albert II of Germany
1395:Casimir IV Jagiellon
1060:improve this section
855:Königsberg Cathedral
832:Königsberg Cathedral
814:and adventurer from
812:Renaissance humanist
732:Iustus ex fide vivit
701:German Peasants' War
484:Elisabeth of Austria
472:Casimir IV Jagiellon
462:as the third son of
2184:People from Ansbach
2134:Protestant monarchs
2059:Frederick William I
1984:Monarchs of Prussia
1909:Walter von Cronberg
1706:dictionary.obspm.fr
1691:, p. table 37.
1302:Margaret of Austria
782:, as his only son,
754:Caspar Hennenberger
693:Walter von Cronberg
675:, Albert pledged a
657:Sigismund I the Old
628:Sigismund I the Old
558:Sigismund I the Old
500:Hermann IV of Hesse
454:Albert was born in
428:Caspar Hennenberger
376:Brandenburg-Ansbach
198:Dorothea of Denmark
137:Brandenburg-Ansbach
92:Walter von Cronberg
2045:Kingdom of Prussia
1757:Mühlpfordt, p. 133
1428:Sophia of Halshany
1007:Brunswick-Lüneburg
957:
869:
858:
849:Tomb of Albert by
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765:Philip Melanchthon
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655:from Polish King
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523:Kingdom of Hungary
504:Elector of Cologne
492:Battle of Grunwald
372:Battle of Grunwald
359:, as the official
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2021:Frederick William
1951:
1950:
1942:Succeeded by
1906:Succeeded by
1748:Mühlpfordt, p. 82
1739:Mühlpfordt, p. 90
1725:Mühlpfordt, p. 73
1594:
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1455:Zofia Jagiellonka
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919:Königsberg Castle
892:Königsberg Castle
790:appealed to King
589:Diet of Nuremberg
508:Cologne Cathedral
466:. His mother was
392:Holy Roman Empire
320:Albert of Prussia
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141:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
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2129:Dukes of Prussia
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2006:Albert Frederick
1992:Duchy of Prussia
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944:Spouse and issue
911:Friedrich Reusch
866:Silberbibliothek
784:Albert Frederick
750:Erasmus Reinhold
716:Augsburg Interim
712:League of Torgau
697:Diet of Augsburg
649:Duchy of Prussia
596:Andreas Osiander
474:, Grand Duke of
444:Albert Frederick
424:Erasmus Reinhold
416:Augsburg Interim
408:League of Torgau
400:Treaty of Kraków
349:Duchy of Prussia
341:Teutonic Knights
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644:Prussian Homage
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634:Duke in Prussia
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482:, and his wife
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249:among others...
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2064:Frederick II
2000:
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1917:New creation
1916:
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1875:
1868:
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1853:
1839:to Albrecht
1803:
1794:
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1744:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1666:
1614:
1606:
1328:
1082:
1073:
1058:Please help
1046:
996:
958:
931:
923:Albert Wolff
908:
900:Paul Kimritz
885:
870:
836:
821:
804:Pavao Skalić
802:Portrait of
772:Johann Funck
769:
758:
738:
730:
729:coin, 1534,
709:
681:
670:
642:
604:
582:
574:
548:
529:Grand Master
515:Maximilian I
512:
478:and king of
453:
432:Johann Funck
404:
365:
337:grand master
319:
318:
311:
305:(until 1525)
304:
247:
164:(1568-03-20)
57:, dated 1528
36:
2144:1568 deaths
2139:1490 births
2054:Frederick I
2047:(1701–1918)
2026:Frederick I
1994:(1525–1701)
1871:16 May 1490
1841:(in German)
1835:letters of
1554:(1409–1442)
1521:(1435–1505)
1494:(1397–1439)
1457:(1464–1512)
1430:(1405–1461)
1397:(1427–1492)
1370:(1362–1434)
1331:(1490–1568)
1304:(1416–1486)
1271:(1437–1512)
1244:(1412–1464)
1207:(1460–1536)
1180:(1383–1442)
1147:(1414–1486)
1120:(1371–1440)
972:Anna Sophia
934:Maraunenhof
927:King's Gate
776:Paul Skalić
630:of Poland.
436:Paul Skalić
345:Lutheranism
312:(from 1525)
309:Lutheranism
302:Catholicism
256:Anna Sophia
130:17 May 1490
78:Predecessor
2123:Categories
2094:William II
1939:1525–1568
1903:1510–1525
1765:References
1711:1 February
1005:, Duke of
999:Anna Maria
703:, and the
688:Königsberg
607:Wittenberg
568:since the
566:suzerainty
450:Early life
2084:William I
1824:catalogue
1047:does not
1028:Ancestors
585:Charles V
476:Lithuania
460:Franconia
412:Charles V
325:‹See Tfd›
180:Gvardeysk
113:Successor
88:Successor
1926:Monastic
1793:(1963).
961:Dorothea
909:In 1880
727:Groschen
691:master,
661:Painting
659:, 1525.
620:Lutheran
593:Reformer
390:and the
298:Religion
2108:; also
1924:of the
1820:in the
1368:Jogaila
1068:removed
1053:sources
816:Croatia
788:Estates
684:Estates
667:, 1882.
665:Matejko
562:Prussia
456:Ansbach
368:Jogaila
339:of the
236:
228:
224:
214:
206:
202:
174:Prussia
151:Germany
147:Bavaria
133:Ansbach
2001:Albert
1874:
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1003:Eric I
888:relief
841:Legacy
824:Tapiau
780:regent
496:Church
480:Poland
468:Sophia
440:Tapiau
329:German
288:Mother
278:Father
192:Spouse
184:Russia
170:Tapiau
42:Albert
2104:also
1876:Died:
1869:Born:
1598:Notes
806:, an
651:as a
578:a war
519:Italy
267:House
243:Issue
230:(
226:
208:(
204:
178:(now
145:(now
105:Reign
70:Reign
1777:ISBN
1713:2019
1550:15.
1490:14.
1426:13.
1366:12.
1300:11.
1240:10.
1051:any
1049:cite
725:One
682:The
653:fief
434:and
426:and
159:Died
127:Born
1517:7.
1453:3.
1393:6.
1327:1.
1267:5.
1203:2.
1176:9.
1143:4.
1116:8.
1062:by
853:in
663:by
517:to
458:in
2125::
1730:^
1704:.
1677:^
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1622:^
1613:.
940:.
906:.
886:A
883:.
834:.
810:,
756:.
602:.
572:.
525:.
502:,
331::
232:m.
210:m.
182:,
172:,
149:,
139:,
135:,
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1785:.
1715:.
1617:.
1089:)
1083:(
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1074:(
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1023:.
978:.
322:(
186:)
153:)
34:.
20:)
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