961:
950:
249:
1020:
502:
524:
43:
942:
1028:
1206:
1048:
143:
861:
934:
794:
976:, together with the power of the Domnitor to rule by decree, passed by a vote of 682,621 to 1,307. This was an imperfect solution, still catering to the wealthy, and would be added onto with a constitution revision in 1866 after his abdication. He consequently governed the country under the provisions of
610:
Alexandru's reform policies alienated a large coalition of conservatives and radical liberals, for the most part landowners and business owners. On 22 February 1866, he was forced to abdicate and leave the country. Today, he is often considered one of the founders of the modern
Romanian state and a
1035:
Cuza failed in his effort to create an alliance of prosperous peasants and a strong liberal prince, ruling as a benevolent authoritarian in the style of
Napoleon III. Having to rely on a decreasing group of hand-picked bureaucrats, Cuza began facing a mounting opposition after his land reform bill,
984:
adopted on 15 July 1864. With his new plenary powers, Cuza then promulgated the
Agrarian Law of 1863. Peasants received title to the land they worked, while landlords retained ownership of one third. Where there was not enough land available to create workable farms under this formula, state lands
1007:(1864), a Law on Education, establishing tuition-free, compulsory public education for primary schools (1864; the system, nonetheless, suffered from drastic shortages in allocated funds; illiteracy was eradicated about 100 years later, during the communist regime). He founded the
1000:; at the same time, however, land distributed was still below necessities, and the problem became stringent over the following decades – as peasants reduced to destitution sold off their land or found that it was insufficient for the needs of their growing families.
1044:" of Conservatives and Liberals. At four o'clock on the morning of 11 February 1866, a group of military conspirators broke into the palace, and compelled the prince to sign his abdication. On the following day they conducted him safely across the border.
729:
for recognition of a Prince of
Moldavia. Cuza was a prominent speaker in the debates and strongly advocated the union of Moldavia and Wallachia. In default of a foreign prince, he was nominated as a candidate in both principalities by the pro-unionist
1122:
Cuza spent the remainder of his life in exile, chiefly in Paris, Vienna and
Wiesbaden, accompanied by his wife and his two sons. He died in Heidelberg on 15 May 1873. His remains were buried in his residence in Ruginoasa, but were moved to the
926:. A liberal bill granting peasants title to the land they worked was defeated. Then the Conservatives responded with a bill that ended all peasant dues and responsibilities, but gave landlords title to all the land. Cuza vetoed it, then held a
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
525:
1073:, was proclaimed Domnitor as Carol I of Romania on 20 April 1866. The election of a foreign prince with ties to an important princely house, legitimizing Romanian independence (which Carol came to do after the
922:, freeing their movements and redistributing some land (1864), was less successful. In attempting to create a solid support base among the peasants, Cuza soon found himself in conflict with the group of
992:'s cabinet to force a transition in which some corvées were to be maintained, Cuza's reform marked the disappearance of the boyar class as a privileged group, and led to a channeling of energies into
914:, refused to negotiate; after several years, the Romanian government withdrew its offer and no compensation was ever paid. State revenues thereby increased without adding any domestic tax burden. The
1011:(1860) and the University of Bucharest (1864), and helped develop a modern, European-style Romanian Army, under a working relationship with France. He is the founder of the Romanian Naval Forces.
902:
in
Bucharest, Cuza exiled its proistamenos the Metropolitan Ioannikios of Palmyra and arrested its hegumen Seraphim, later Metropolitan of Irenopolis in Isauria. He offered compensation to the
1794:
1036:
with liberal landowners voicing concerns over his ability to represent their interests. Along with financial distress, there was an awkward scandal that revolved around his mistress,
1708:
960:
841:
The union was formally declared three years later, on 5 February 1862, (24 January Julian), the new country bearing the name of
Romania, with Bucharest as its capital city.
876:, an intellectual leader of the 1848 revolution, Cuza initiated a series of reforms that contributed to the modernization of Romanian society and of state structures.
1119:
in August 1870, the conflict was eventually resolved by the compromise between Brătianu and Carol, with the arrival of a prolonged and influential
Liberal cabinet.
1842:
1221:
2053:
1581:
1504:
2143:
564:. Following his double election, he initiated a series of reforms that contributed to the modernization of Romanian society and of state structures.
937:
The
Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1862 AD, after Alexandru Ioan Cuza merged the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia into one unitary state.
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2088:
1818:
1548:
1374:
596:
592:
1065:, looking on as the Foreign Powers charged with overseeing him quarrel: "Oh, my! It looks as if they are no longer taking care of me at all!"
880:
852:
for Cuza's lifetime, in recognition of the complexity of the task. Thus, he was regarded as the political embodiment of a unified
Romania.
2138:
2078:
907:
1226:
1177:
2083:
797:
The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1859 AD, after the double election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of Moldavia and Wallachia.
2133:
903:
2118:
553:
549:
207:
1497:
923:
179:
2123:
1085:
911:
895:
and Jerusalem, presenting a substantial drain on state revenues. Cuza got his parliament's backing to expropriate these lands.
501:
2113:
2103:
1949:
747:
557:
1586:
186:
160:
31:
759:
17:
1357:
2108:
1528:
1490:
94:
827:
107:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Romanian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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2093:
1513:
226:
193:
1074:
1159:
949:
750:. He received the firman from the Sultan on 2 December 1861 during a visit to Istanbul. He was a recipient of the
1713:
175:
2128:
1533:
1338:
1305:
636:
164:
2073:
844:
Cuza invested his diplomatic actions in gaining further concessions from the Powers: the sultan's assent to a
248:
2068:
2063:
1783:
1778:
1281:
1144:
879:
His first measure addressed a need for increasing the land resources and revenues available to the state, by
561:
1464:
333:
2058:
1699:
1694:
1538:
1437:
973:
703:
692:
298:
868:
commented "with sympathy and respect" (Carol C. Koka) Cuza's double election in Moldavia and Wallachia
1019:
849:
688:
668:
1457:
1040:, and popular discontent culminated in a coup d'état. Cuza was forced to abdicate by the so-called "
353:
1882:
490:
116:
102:
838:, until 23 December 1861. Even then, the union was only accepted for the duration of Cuza's rule.
1430:
1089:
1062:
981:
884:
778:
706:
568:
545:
450:
318:
200:
153:
1116:
1891:
1672:
1124:
1003:
Cuza's reforms also included the adoption of the Criminal Code and the Civil Code based on the
915:
822:(18 October 1858); partly as a consequence, Cuza's authority was not recognized by his nominal
735:
731:
423:
55:
1178:"Viața mai puțin cunoscută a lui Alexandru Ioan Cuza. Ce a făcut înainte de a ajunge domnitor"
873:
1983:
1851:
1803:
845:
763:
696:
123:
1211:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1008:
2048:
2043:
1953:
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408:
1935:
1916:
8:
1967:
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1733:
1105:
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to alter the Paris Convention (the virtual constitution), in the manner of Napoleon III.
888:
699:. He was shipped to Vienna as a prisoner, where he made his escape with British support.
680:
1037:
774:
1656:
1636:
1622:
1606:
1420:
1070:
695:
and governed during the summer. Young Cuza played a prominent enough part to establish
571:, he supported a political and diplomatic activity for the recognition of the union of
291:
1596:
1362:, by Gerald J. Bobango and Paul E. Michelson, at the Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions.
989:
985:(from the confiscated monasteries) would be used to give the landowners compensation.
954:
883:
in 1863. Probably more than a quarter of Romania's farmland was controlled by untaxed
1823:
1704:
1334:
1241:
997:
819:
755:
751:
644:
518:
445:
98:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1052:
1862:
1813:
1906:
1830:
632:
1640:
1601:
1004:
831:
815:
739:
254:
1081:
738:). Cuza was finally elected as Prince of Moldavia on 17 January 1859 (5 January
2007:
1995:
1866:
891:
monasteries", which supported Greek and other foreign monks in shrines such as
835:
580:
2037:
1910:
1755:
1265:
1217:
1212:
1093:
941:
773:
had no children, she raised as her own children his two sons by his mistress
412:
1760:
1482:
968:, one of the two capitals of the United Principalities between 1859 and 1862
1896:
1057:
1051:
A French perspective on the situation after Cuza's toppling, caricature by
1027:
811:
714:
1972:
1962:
1856:
1097:
892:
726:
722:
640:
1808:
1230:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 678.
993:
927:
770:
676:
604:
438:
404:
105:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
899:
743:
684:
628:
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576:
1047:
919:
746:, also Prince of Wallachia, on 5 February 1859 (24 January Julian),
710:
709:, he became Moldavia's minister of war in 1858; he also represented
663:; after a brief period of military service, he was also educated in
620:
384:
142:
1552:
1410:
1160:"24 Ianuarie 1859 | Reformele lui Cuza și de ce au funcționat"
823:
807:
584:
572:
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263:
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27:
First ruler of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
1517:
1101:
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656:
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648:
427:
80:
1077:), had been one of the liberal aims in the revolution of 1848.
660:
810:
union of the two principalities. The Powers backtracked, with
664:
652:
624:
583:
and achieved constitutional and administrative unity between
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origins. Alexander received an urbane European education in
464:
1270:. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. pp. 69–70.
1267:
The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands
721:. Cuza was acting freely under the guarantees of the
635:) and his wife Sultana (or Soltana), a member of the
1306:"Μητροπολίτης Ειρηνουπόλεως Σεραφείμ (+ 05-09-1906)"
1145:"Alexandru Ioan Cuza În Conștiința Românilor |"
1088:
in the overthrow of Cuza, he remained a hero to the
76:
1331:
Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania
742:) and, after "street pressure" changed the vote in
167:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1104:monarch; anti-Carol riots in Bucharest during the
818:ministry withheld approval of such a union at the
2035:
1242:"Pagina Suspendata – Site Gazduit de Claus Web"
980:("Statute expanding the Paris Convention"), an
667:from 1837 to 1840. He became an officer in the
1023:Cuza in the 1860s; portrait by August Strixner
978:Statutul dezvoltător al Convenției de la Paris
734:(profiting of an ambiguity in the text of the
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
2054:Politicians from the Principality of Moldavia
1512:
1498:
538:; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was the first
1333:. East European Monographs. pp. 36–37.
898:During the secularization of the Antiochian
1061:(May 5, 1866). A character symbolising the
693:in Wallachia the revolutionaries took power
283:Himself as Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia
1505:
1491:
781:(1864–1889), and Dimitrie Cuza (1865–1888
603:, a single national assembly and a single
247:
2144:Founders of Romanian schools and colleges
2026:indicates incumbent/current officeholder.
1282:"Επίσκοπος Παλμύρας Ιωαννίκιος Μασσαμίρι"
1259:
1257:
1255:
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
1843:Presidium of the Great National Assembly
1216:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1046:
1026:
1018:
959:
948:
940:
932:
859:
792:
2089:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
1100:, had an additional reason to oppose a
748:effectively uniting both principalities
631:Ioan Cuza (who was also a landowner in
14:
2036:
1328:
1263:
1252:
556:on 24 January 1859, which resulted in
1795:Provisional Presidium of the Republic
1486:
1188:
1014:
945:Alexandru Ioan Cuza official portrait
801:
517:
113:{{Translated|ro|Alexandru Ioan Cuza}}
1157:
1115:) and the coup attempt known as the
918:, liberating peasants from the last
165:adding citations to reliable sources
136:
36:
32:Alexandru Ioan Cuza (disambiguation)
1415:5 February 1862 – 22 February 1866
953:The Al.I. Cuza family residence in
760:Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
623:, Cuza belonged to the traditional
560:. He was a prominent figure of the
24:
2139:Romanian people of Italian descent
2079:Romanian people of the Crimean War
1469:24 January 1859 – 5 February 1862
1442:24 January 1859 – 5 February 1862
25:
2155:
2084:People of the Revolutions of 1848
1351:
1158:Pora, Andreea (24 January 2022).
558:the unification of the two states
2134:Romanian people of Greek descent
2022:indicate interim officeholders.
1549:United Principalities of Romania
1359:Cuza, Alexandru Ioan (1820–1870)
1204:
1084:and other future leaders of the
1071:Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
964:The residence of Prince Cuza in
814:remaining supportive, while the
519:[alekˈsandruiˈo̯aŋˈkuza]
500:
141:
41:
2119:Romanian independence activists
548:through his double election as
152:needs additional citations for
1322:
1298:
1274:
1234:
1170:
1151:
1137:
1075:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
881:nationalizing monastic estates
775:Elena Maria Catargiu-Obrenović
702:Returning during the reign of
627:class in Moldavia, the son of
597:Romanian United Principalities
363:Himself as Domnitor of Romania
328:Himself as Domnitor of Romania
111:You may also add the template
13:
1:
2124:Romanian critics of religions
1784:Socialist Republic of Romania
1130:
1080:Despite the participation of
614:
2114:19th-century Romanian people
2104:Members of the Ad hoc Divans
1127:in Iași after World War II.
691:was quickly suppressed, but
595:officially adopted the name
562:Moldavian Revolution of 1848
7:
912:Patriarch of Constantinople
424:Three Holy Hierarchs Church
10:
2160:
1779:Romanian People's Republic
974:universal manhood suffrage
872:Assisted by his councilor
855:
611:national hero of Romania.
75:Machine translation, like
29:
2109:Eastern Orthodox monarchs
2017:
1948:
1925:
1881:
1841:
1793:
1777:
1742:
1726:
1681:
1665:
1649:
1635:
1615:
1580:
1564:
1547:
1529:Heads of state of Romania
1524:
1471:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1435:
1427:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1368:
846:single unified parliament
769:Although he and his wife
599:with a single capital at
496:
486:
478:
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56:the corresponding article
2099:Leaders ousted by a coup
2094:Romanian revolutionaries
1038:Maria Catargiu-Obrenović
988:Despite the attempts by
788:
671:and rose to the rank of
1927:President of SR Romania
1431:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
1264:Stoica, Vasile (1919).
1227:Encyclopædia Britannica
1063:Danubian Principalities
779:Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza
707:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
697:his liberal credentials
593:Romanian Principalities
569:Romanian Principalities
546:Romanian Principalities
319:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
122:For more guidance, see
1892:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1125:Trei Ierarhi Cathedral
1069:His successor, Prince
1066:
1032:
1024:
972:His plan to establish
969:
957:
946:
938:
869:
812:Napoleon III of France
798:
687:fell into revolt. The
552:on 5 January 1859 and
354:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
2129:Romanian nationalists
1852:Constantin Ion Parhon
1804:Constantin Ion Parhon
1764:between 1940 and 1944
1534:Presidents of Romania
1329:Ioanid, Radu (1990).
1164:Europa Liberă România
1050:
1030:
1022:
963:
952:
944:
936:
904:Greek Orthodox Church
863:
806:Thus Cuza achieved a
796:
764:Order of the Redeemer
534:, also Anglicised as
176:"Alexandru Ioan Cuza"
124:Knowledge:Translation
95:copyright attribution
2069:Princes of Wallachia
2064:Monarchs of Moldavia
1954:President of Romania
1709:Constantin Sărăţeanu
1582:Princely Lieutenancy
1370:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1222:Cuza, Alexander John
1117:Republic of Ploiești
1112:History of Bucharest
864:Hungarian newspaper
679:in 1844. During the
161:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1968:Emil Constantinescu
1903:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
1873:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
1572:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1465:Prince of Wallachia
1411:Domnitor of Romania
1106:Franco-Prussian War
1042:monstrous coalition
874:Mihail Kogălniceanu
681:Revolutions of 1848
554:Prince of Wallachia
536:Alexander John Cuza
511:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
334:Prince of Wallachia
264:Domnitor of Romania
242:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
18:Alexander John Cuza
2074:People from Bârlad
1637:Kingdom of Romania
1607:Nicolae Haralambie
1438:Prince of Moldavia
1067:
1033:
1025:
1015:Downfall and exile
1009:University of Iași
970:
958:
947:
939:
870:
802:Diplomatic efforts
799:
725:in the eve of the
591:in 1862, when the
550:Prince of Moldavia
299:Prince of Moldavia
103:interlanguage link
2059:Romanian monarchs
2031:
2030:
1950:Post–1989 Romania
1944:
1943:
1936:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1917:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1773:
1772:
1705:Gheorghe Buzdugan
1631:
1630:
1539:Romanian monarchs
1481:
1480:
1472:Succeeded by
1445:Succeeded by
1418:Succeeded by
1246:actualitateasm.ro
998:industrialization
820:Congress of Paris
756:Order of Osmanieh
752:Order of Medjidie
732:Partida Națională
508:
507:
491:Eastern Orthodoxy
343:24 January 1859 –
273:5 February 1862 –
237:
236:
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135:
134:
68:
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16:(Redirected from
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1984:Nicolae Văcăroiu
1863:Mihail Sadoveanu
1827:
1814:Mihail Sadoveanu
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1790:
1717:
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1455:Preceded by
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885:Eastern Orthodox
689:Moldavian unrest
579:by the suzerain
567:As ruler of the
544:(prince) of the
532:Alexandru Ioan I
529:
528:
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482:Sultana Cozadini
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1695:Prince Nicholas
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1641:King of Romania
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1602:Nicolae Golescu
1597:Lascăr Catargiu
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990:Lascăr Catargiu
866:Vasárnapi Ujság
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736:Treaty of Paris
723:European Powers
683:, Moldavia and
637:Cozadini family
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2014:
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2008:Klaus Iohannis
2004:
2002:Traian Băsescu
1999:
1996:Crin Antonescu
1992:
1990:Traian Băsescu
1987:
1980:
1978:Traian Băsescu
1975:
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1965:
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1956:(1989–present)
1946:
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1897:Chivu Stoica
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159:Please help
154:verification
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99:edit summary
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2049:1873 deaths
2044:1820 births
1973:Ion Iliescu
1963:Ion Iliescu
1929:(1974–1989)
1885:(1961–1974)
1857:Petru Groza
1845:(1948–1961)
1822: [
1797:(1947–1948)
1712: [
1673:Ferdinand I
1643:(1881–1947)
1585: [
1558:(1862–1881)
1390:15 May 1873
1182:adevarul.ro
982:organic law
916:land reform
893:Mount Athos
727:Crimean War
398:15 May 1873
350:Predecessor
315:Predecessor
280:Predecessor
58:in Romanian
2038:Categories
1809:Ion Niculi
1761:Conducător
1556:of Romania
1340:0880331895
1315:2022-02-04
1291:2022-02-04
1131:References
1094:republican
1031:1865 stamp
994:capitalism
928:plebiscite
641:Phanariote
615:Early life
605:government
515:pronounced
405:Heidelberg
378:1820-03-20
187:newspapers
1787:(1965–89)
1781:(1947–65)
1750:Michael I
1743:1940–1947
1727:1930–1940
1689:Michael I
1682:1927–1930
1666:1914–1927
1650:1881–1914
1616:1866–1881
1565:1862–1866
955:Ruginoasa
900:Metochion
889:Dedicated
828:Abdülaziz
744:Bucharest
685:Wallachia
629:Ispravnic
601:Bucharest
589:Wallachia
577:Wallachia
497:Signature
474:Ioan Cuza
451:Sașa Cuza
360:Successor
325:Successor
288:Successor
217:June 2015
117:talk page
1734:Carol II
1554:Domnitor
1102:Prussian
824:suzerain
816:Austrian
808:de facto
645:Genovese
619:Born in
585:Moldavia
573:Moldavia
541:domnitor
487:Religion
389:Moldavia
93:provide
2020:Italics
1657:Carol I
1623:Carol I
1518:Romania
1421:Carol I
1215::
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920:corvées
856:Reforms
850:cabinet
834:of the
783:suicide
713:in the
673:colonel
657:Bologna
413:Germany
292:Carol I
201:scholar
115:to the
97:in the
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1909:&
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832:Sultan
830:, the
762:, and
740:Julian
711:Galați
704:Prince
661:Athens
659:, and
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479:Mother
471:Father
435:Spouse
419:Burial
385:Bârlad
257:, 1859
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1754:with
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1589:]
1388:Died:
1381:Born:
789:Reign
665:Paris
653:Pavia
649:Jassy
625:boyar
530:, or
460:House
446:Issue
409:Baden
340:Reign
305:Reign
270:Reign
208:JSTOR
194:books
77:DeepL
2024:Bold
1335:ISBN
1110:see
1092:and
996:and
966:Iași
848:and
719:Iași
643:and
587:and
575:and
465:Cuza
428:Iași
395:Died
372:Born
180:news
91:must
89:You
1758:as
1516:of
1224:".
1055:in
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163:by
79:or
2040::
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1824:ro
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