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and relatively high native fertility. "Alf" refers to aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe). Because of their productivity and abundance, Alfisols represent one of the more important soil orders for food and fiber production. They are widely used both in agriculture and forestry, and are generally easier to
257:, Antarctica. In the paleosols of the Aztec Siltstone, the Rosemary paleosol, there is evidence for trees from surficial tree-throwing structures and large drab-haloed root tracers. From the fossil wood and spores found in the Aztec Siltstone, there is a strong indication that the trees were
29:
252:
The fossil record of
Alfisols extends back to the Late Devonian. The Alfisol paleosols were woodland soils and early forest soils. The fertile Alfisols were most likely formed by Devonian forests. The oldest of the Alfisol paleosol forest soils are in the paleosols of the Aztec Siltstone in
373:. In the eastern area of the middle section of the Mata Amarilla Formation, there are vertic Alfisols. In these Alfisols, there is a preservation of fossil forests, whose minimum age is 337 years. The fossil forests in this section are made up of
301:
to show this dependency on moisture it shows that the
Wattieza lived in an ecotone of 571 ± 72 mm mean annual precipitation and the Callixylon lived in an ecotone of 611 ± 46 mean annual precipitation. Because the Callixylon grew taller than the
342:, Alfisols, and forests. The large woody root traces can transport water and clay using their large pipes. They are very efficient at moving soil into a subsurface horizon when the plant dies and the roots decay.
272:
State, there have been
Devonian trees found in a large variety of paleosols. These Devonian trees help give clues as to what ecological tolerances for various early trees looked like. The paleosols associated with
644:
Varela, A. N.; Iglesias, A.; Poiré, D.; Zamuner, A.; Richiano, S.; Brea, M. (2016). "Fossil forests in the
Austral Basin (Argentina) marking a Cenomanian heterogeneous forced regressive surface".
163:
Alfisols have undergone only moderate leaching. By definition, they have at least 35% base saturation, meaning calcium, magnesium, and potassium are relatively abundant. This is in contrast to
418:
of New York and
Pennsylvania, U.S.A. are found in Aridisols and Alfisols. The Alfisols in the Texas High Plains have evidence for fossilized pollen and beetles.
379:
trunks. These trunks, in life position, have shallow root systems with well-developed horizontal roots, and have minimal development of vertical roots. A log of
210:– This suborder is saturated with water long enough to cause oxygen depletion. Almost all of this suborder is thought to have been forested at some point.
764:
746:
630:
583:
536:
410:
ichnofacies, which included a large array of termite nests and pellets, is found in
Oligocene Alfisols, Aridisols, and Oxisols. All the
220:– This suborder occurs mainly in high elevations which tend to be cold with temperatures ranging from greater than 0 C to less than 8 C.
171:, Alfisols are commonly found in glaciated areas while Ultisols are restricted to the areas south of the limit of maximum glaciation.
232:
217:
207:
223:
840:
98:
94:
tropical regions, however, have a tendency to acidify when heavily cultivated, especially when nitrogenous fertilizers are used.
783:
338:
have been found. The tapering geometry of large woody root traces is the most likely cause of the intimate relationship between
1117:
390:
While Afisol paleosols are known for their woodland soils and fossils, there have also been other types of fossils found. The
722:
606:
559:
512:
226:– This suborder is located in humid or subhumid climates. All of this word is thought to have been forested at some point.
823:
1101:
1106:
277:
trunks are interpreted to not have grown in soils similar to the type of soils modern seed plants are grown in. The
132:
Alfisols occupy around one-tenth of the Earth's ice-free land surface. They are dominant in many areas, such as the
349:
Alfisol paleosol cut by stream channel sandstone in Middle
Devonian Oneonta Formation near East Windham, New York
1111:
1122:
387:
of these trees in the vertic
Alfisol paleosol is greater than 60 cm and the smallest tree diameter is 26 cm.
1142:
1127:
768:
1137:
167:, which are the more highly leached forest soils having less than 35% base saturation. In eastern
1132:
1095:
816:
415:
354:
323:
175:
285:. For reproduction, they were more dependent on moisture than modern seed plants. Comparing the
1433:
1409:
425:
Multicolored rock strata in shades of red and yellow comprise a set of low, bare, rounded hills
211:
182:. Probably owing to their fertility, they are the oldest forest soils; vegetation on weathered
450:
1263:
653:
362:
235:– This suborder is located in mediterranean climates with very dry summers and wet winters.
8:
832:
455:
229:
Ustalfs – This suborder is located in semiarid climates with wet summers and dry winters.
657:
1383:
1016:
809:
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62:
42:
1428:
1298:
787:
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602:
565:
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248:
Alfisol between flows of middle
Miocene Picture Gorge Basalt in Picture Gorge, Oregon
699:
1303:
669:
661:
421:
358:
339:
318:
314:
306:
it is inferred it was because there was more mean annual moisture available to the
269:
149:
1368:
1353:
1213:
145:
137:
1343:
1288:
370:
141:
732:
616:
569:
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168:
157:
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1318:
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333:
187:
1363:
1313:
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1054:
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901:
674:
366:
262:
133:
87:
801:
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1348:
1293:
1233:
996:
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981:
916:
886:
866:
465:
118:
75:
1333:
1248:
1203:
1079:
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1034:
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411:
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384:
345:
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179:
164:
126:
122:
83:
66:
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bones and tracks from the paleosol sequences of Late
Devonian and
244:
28:
1283:
1243:
1208:
1198:
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1183:
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1074:
1044:
1039:
1029:
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941:
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375:
298:
114:
110:
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102:
91:
70:
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403:
195:
183:
79:
65:. Alfisols form in semi-arid to humid areas, typically under a
1308:
282:
153:
74:
keep fertile than other humid-climate soils, though those in
1338:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
487:"World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, Update 2015"
278:
643:
1323:
767:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
715:
Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
599:
Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
552:
Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
505:
Soils of the past : an introduction to paleopedology
383:
roots was found in the formation as well. The total mean
484:
717:(Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ. pp. 373–374.
601:(Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ. pp. 364–365.
554:(Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ. pp. 363–364.
507:(Third ed.). Hoboken, NJ. pp. 360–361.
398:, was formed in well drained Alfisols as well as
1420:
492:. World Soil Resources Reports 106, FAO, Rome.
365:is the location known for the preservation of
817:
281:of progymnosperm trunk fossils reproduced by
291:, from New York Devonian paleosols, and the
239:
125:. Alfisols with a natric horizon are mainly
824:
810:
745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
629:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
582:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
712:
673:
596:
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190:. Fossil Alfisols remain common from the
186:, by contrast, is not known earlier than
420:
344:
243:
69:forest cover. They have a clay-enriched
831:
101:(WRB), most Alfisols are classified as
99:World Reference Base for Soil Resources
1421:
1118:Canadian system of soil classification
805:
786:. University of Idaho. Archived from
13:
1102:Unified Soil Classification System
14:
1445:
1107:AASHTO Soil Classification System
757:
543:
1405:
1404:
144:, the Baltic region and central
27:
485:IUSS Working Group WRB (2015).
178:of Alfisols begins in the Late
1123:Australian Soil Classification
1114:(French classification system)
706:
637:
590:
496:
478:
1:
471:
156:in Africa, and many parts of
394:of the ground-nesting bees,
201:
136:basin in the United States,
82:are still very deficient in
7:
1143:List of vineyard soil types
713:Retallack, Greg J. (2019).
597:Retallack, Greg J. (2019).
550:Retallack, Greg J. (2019).
503:Retallack, Greg J. (2019).
429:
10:
1450:
1128:Polish Soil Classification
194:and all periods since the
109:, but some are classed as
1402:
1152:Non-systematic soil types
1151:
1088:
1015:
839:
240:Fossil record of Alfisols
48:
38:
26:
21:
1138:List of U.S. state soils
1133:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1112:Référentiel pédologique
1096:FAO soil classification
355:Mata Amarilla Formation
324:Archaeopteris macilenta
426:
350:
249:
212:Redoximorphic features
451:Pedology (soil study)
424:
381:Podocarpxylon gargiae
357:, a formation in the
348:
247:
148:, the drier parts of
117:. Aqualfs are mainly
1264:Calcareous grassland
841:World Reference Base
363:Patagonia, Argentina
329:Callixylon zalesskyi
61:are a soil order in
833:Soil classification
658:2016Gbio...14..293V
456:Soil classification
1017:USDA soil taxonomy
843:for Soil Resources
427:
351:
250:
63:USDA soil taxonomy
43:USDA soil taxonomy
33:An Alfisol profile
1416:
1415:
724:978-1-119-53045-9
666:10.1111/gbi.12169
608:978-1-119-53045-9
561:978-1-119-53045-9
514:978-1-119-53045-9
340:Argillic horizons
56:
55:
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1304:Hydrophobic soil
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319:Sidney, New York
315:Walton Formation
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150:Peninsular India
140:and unglaciated
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1369:Subaqueous soil
1354:Serpentine soil
1214:Parent material
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1299:Fuller's earth
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758:External links
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652:(3): 293–313.
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371:fossil forests
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188:Middle Permian
142:Western Europe
86:and available
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1434:Types of soil
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1410:Types of soil
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1389:Tropical peat
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1274:Dry quicksand
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790:on 2006-09-01
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441:Paleopedology
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416:Mississippian
413:
409:
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360:
359:Austral Basin
356:
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313:In the lower
311:
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280:
276:
275:progymnosperm
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:Archaeopteris
256:
255:Victoria Land
246:
234:
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192:Carboniferous
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176:fossil record
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169:North America
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158:South America
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1319:Martian soil
1024:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
714:
708:
649:
645:
639:
598:
592:
551:
545:
504:
498:
480:
461:Soil science
408:Termitichnus
407:
395:
389:
380:
374:
361:in southern
352:
332:
328:
322:
312:
307:
303:
292:
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267:
251:
214:are present.
173:
162:
131:
96:
58:
57:
1384:Terra rossa
1379:Terra preta
1359:Spodic soil
1279:Duplex soil
1259:Brown earth
1239:Alkali soil
1229:Rhizosphere
1224:Laimosphere
1098:(1974–1998)
1055:Inceptisols
962:Plinthosols
927:Kastanozems
675:11336/11714
446:Pedogenesis
392:ichnofacies
369:-dominated
334:Geminospora
321:fossils of
90:. Those in
1423:Categories
1364:Stagnogley
1314:Lunar soil
1269:Dark earth
1254:Brickearth
1219:Pedosphere
1189:Soil crust
997:Technosols
982:Solonchaks
902:Ferralsols
867:Anthrosols
794:2006-05-14
784:"Alfisols"
775:2008-01-04
765:"Alfisols"
733:1090696789
646:Geobiology
617:1090696789
570:1090696789
523:1090696789
472:References
396:Celliforma
308:Callixylon
293:Callixylon
263:Callixylon
134:Ohio River
119:Stagnosols
88:phosphorus
1349:Quicksand
1294:Fill dirt
1234:Bulk soil
1080:Vertisols
1070:Spodosols
1060:Mollisols
1050:Histosols
1035:Aridisols
1007:Vertisols
1002:Umbrisols
992:Stagnosol
957:Planosols
952:Phaeozems
932:Leptosols
917:Gypsisols
907:Fluvisols
887:Chernozem
882:Cambisols
877:Calcisols
872:Arenosols
741:cite book
684:1472-4669
625:cite book
578:cite book
531:cite book
466:Soil type
400:Aridisols
268:In upper
202:Suborders
123:Planosols
92:monsoonal
76:Australia
16:Soil type
1429:Pedology
1334:Paleosol
1249:Blue goo
1204:Gypcrust
1075:Ultisols
1045:Gelisols
1040:Entisols
1030:Andisols
1025:Alfisols
987:Solonetz
977:Retisols
972:Regosols
947:Nitisols
942:Luvisols
937:Lixisols
922:Histosol
912:Gleysols
897:Durisols
892:Cryosols
862:Andosols
852:Acrisols
700:25976814
692:26663258
436:Paleosol
430:See also
412:tetrapod
385:diameter
367:podocarp
336:lemurata
304:Wattieza
299:ecotones
288:Wattieza
270:New York
180:Devonian
165:Ultisols
138:southern
127:Solonetz
115:Nitisols
111:Retisols
107:Lixisols
103:Luvisols
84:nitrogen
67:hardwood
59:Alfisols
1284:Eluvium
1244:Bay mud
1209:Caliche
1199:Hardpan
1194:Claypan
1184:Subsoil
1179:Topsoil
1065:Oxisols
967:Podzols
857:Alisols
845:(1998–)
654:Bibcode
404:Oxisols
376:in situ
317:, near
233:Xeralfs
218:Cryalfs
208:Aqualfs
184:Oxisols
97:In the
71:subsoil
52:various
49:Climate
39:Used in
22:Alfisol
1394:Yedoma
1329:Muskeg
731:
721:
698:
690:
682:
615:
605:
568:
558:
521:
511:
406:. The
331:, and
296:'s
283:spores
224:Udalfs
196:Eocene
80:Africa
1374:Takir
1309:Loess
696:S2CID
490:(PDF)
154:Sudan
1339:Peat
1174:Loam
1169:Clay
1164:Silt
1159:Sand
747:link
729:OCLC
719:ISBN
688:PMID
680:ISSN
631:link
613:OCLC
603:ISBN
584:link
566:OCLC
556:ISBN
537:link
519:OCLC
509:ISBN
402:and
353:The
279:taxa
265:.
174:The
78:and
1324:Mud
670:hdl
662:doi
121:or
113:or
105:or
1425::
743:}}
739:{{
727:.
694:.
686:.
678:.
668:.
660:.
650:14
648:.
627:}}
623:{{
611:.
580:}}
576:{{
564:.
533:}}
529:{{
517:.
327:,
310:.
198:.
160:.
152:,
129:.
825:e
818:t
811:v
797:.
778:.
749:)
735:.
702:.
672::
664::
656::
633:)
619:.
586:)
572:.
539:)
525:.
261:-
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