1547:, but nevertheless, the beginning of the 1990s was just roughly the same. For some of them becoming independent was the major challenge, while others needed to face with poverty and deep dictatorship also Economically, parallel with the political changes, and the democratic transition, – as a rule of law states – the previous command economies were transformed via the legislation into market economies, and set up or renewed the major macroeconomic factors: budgetary rules, national audit, national currency, central bank. Generally, they shortly encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and sooner or later between 2004 and 2013 some of them joined the European Union, and Slovenia introduced the euro.
1113:
1043:
855:
831:
1606:
867:
2411:
22:
1883:
2164:
1081:
843:
1169:
6291:
2055:
883:
1562:(EU) involved the division of powers, with tax, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries –
1144:
990:
1128:
1460:
1177:
1062:
2397:
3296:
The Regio
Insubrica spreads over three Italian provinces (Verbano-Cusio Ossola, Varese, Como) and the Swiss canton of Ticino. The national border cuts across a culturally and geographically homogenous territory. The region is peripheral for both countries, but it is an essential pole of communication
957:
Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern
European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. In the highest regions of the Alps, which border southern Europe, even ice cap climate
218:
are blowing, this provokes an "upwelling" phenomenon on the French coast. They push the surface waters out to sea and bring deeper, cooler waters up to the seaside. Consequently, the temperature of the waters of the French coasts are therefore very cool even in summer, and not representative of the
3366:
In the coastal areas, the olive groves are tightly interwoven with low maquis, garrigue and steppe, which have been widely grazed and, consequently, burned. On the other hand, low mountains and inland hills have chestnut and mixed deciduous coppiced woods. The actual boundaries between these two
3569:
The first
Gotthard Tunnel, a 9-mile (14 km) engineering marvel of its time, was dug between 1872 and 1882; 199 men died in the process. Running between the Swiss villages of Göschenen and Airolo, it was the first modern railway link between northern and southern Europe, and it is still used
1767:
English is used as a second language in parts of southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in southern Europe, only in
Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus.
3262:
The canton of the Ticino marks the geographic descent from high Alps to plain and is, therefore, a land of climatic as well as linguistic transition, where heat and abundant moisture favor almonds, figs, and all the fruits common to southern Europe, except the
219:
rest of the
Mediterranean. This same kind of phenomenon takes place between the two slopes of the Balkan mountain range. These mountains have, moreover, been a serious handicap to population displacement, focusing southern Europe mainly on the
1013:. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of southern Europe, mainly Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Albania, Greece, Cyprus and all the mediterranean islands, but also in southeast France, the
3367:
different vegetation landscapes can be found at different altitudes according to local climatic conditions; higher (about 1000m asl) in the eastern and southern areas, and lower and close to the sea in the central and northern basin.
1964:, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The following countries are included in their classification "southern Europe":
1412:
that established direct links with Africa, the
Americas, and Asia. During this period, Iberian forces engaged in a worldwide struggle with Islamic societies; the battlefronts in this Ibero-Islamic World War stretched from the
3603:
The Rhine-Alpine
Corridor is a north-south corridor extending from the North Sea ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp to the Mediterranean port of Genoa in northern Italy. The corridor is a primary artery for transporting goods in
202:). The Alps prevent the Sirocco from spreading to the rest of Europe. And, conversely, the Alps and the Pyrenees protect the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas from the rains and icy winds from the south of France such as the
4444:
1321:
in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the
Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the
1408:, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Catholic reconquest of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the
3196:
3418:
4063:
961:
Some parts of southern Europe have humid subtropical climates with warm and wet summers, unlike typical
Mediterranean climates. This climate is mainly found in Italy and Croatia around the
1425:. Eventually this ecumenical conflict ended when new players—England, Holland and France—replaced Spain and Portugal as the main agents of European imperialism in the mid-17th century.
1440:
of Great
Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and
4373:
3695:
830:
4144:
1831:. Christianity spread throughout southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to
4404:
4385:
4414:
1042:
3661:
4174:
4016:
179:. The location of these peninsulas in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their mountainous reliefs, provide them with very different types of climates (mainly
2331:
divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are:
4494:
4296:
3757:
4409:
4397:
4186:
946:, as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains,
4429:
4454:
4124:
3188:
4434:
902:, influenced by the large subtropical semi-permanent centre of high atmospheric pressure found, not in the Mediterranean itself, but in the Atlantic Ocean, the
4419:
4669:
4368:
1112:
4449:
4139:
4380:
4151:
3916:
2226:. The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories.
1294:. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe,
3872:
1764:
are widely spoken in Greece and Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries.
3911:
4291:
3703:
4511:
4439:
4392:
1317:
were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their
3500:
1713:
1080:
4781:
4748:
4691:
4337:
854:
4696:
4233:
4179:
1006:
6055:
5914:
4424:
4363:
3944:
2105:
6241:
4311:
1540:
866:
3651:
4223:
4109:
3791:
3124:) divided Europe into its major divisions. Southern Europe falls into three units — the Pyrenean, Alpine, and Balkan peninsulas.
887:
6048:
5934:
4504:
3415:
3746:
2108:, giving definitions of terms for official use. In the definition of "southern Europe", the following countries are included:
6043:
5977:
4332:
2998:
2971:
1010:
6038:
6002:
5941:
3961:
784:
3165:
842:
6031:
6026:
5972:
3437:
By the Sword and the Cross: The Historical Evolution of the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World, 1492-1825
3313:
754:
720:
643:
155:
Southern Europe is focused on the three peninsulas located in the extreme south of the European continent. These are the
5900:
4774:
4228:
4099:
3949:
2211:
5982:
4021:
3627:
3596:
3562:
3289:
3255:
3113:
1127:
3680:
1649:, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include
5997:
5987:
5929:
5907:
5890:
5885:
5804:
4578:
4516:
4250:
3827:
3052:
1287:
1775:
is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Serbia, Croatia and Italy (particularly by the
6007:
5836:
5702:
5616:
5566:
4347:
4206:
1800:
3521:
167:. These three peninsulas are separated from the rest of Europe by towering mountain ranges, respectively by the
5951:
4240:
2930:
1851:. Christians in the eastern half of southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Serbia and North Macedonia — are generally
1633:, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe
1531:
amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the
6261:
6246:
4767:
4625:
4196:
4169:
3136:
1318:
3218:
1061:
6294:
5946:
5576:
5303:
5008:
4213:
4119:
2538:
1721:
1645:(spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, southern Switzerland, Malta, San Marino, and Vatican City) and
1488:
3309:
1863:. Muslims are a significant minority in several countries of southern Europe- e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain.
5433:
4568:
4342:
3890:
3877:
3784:
3140:
1581:, a major and direct transport axis between Northern and southern Europe, was completed in 2016 with the
1528:
4563:
4001:
6328:
5611:
5596:
4894:
4879:
4472:
4301:
4028:
3906:
3884:
3384:
2424:
2328:
2093:
1492:
764:
724:
708:
2882:
5992:
5924:
5895:
5880:
5621:
5546:
4679:
4484:
4257:
3991:
3966:
2554:
1867:
was practiced widely throughout the European continent within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century.
1543:
was neutral. The common attribute of the eastern countries is that all of them have experiences with
739:
396:
275:
6323:
5581:
5498:
5081:
4794:
4011:
3981:
3976:
3881:
2843:
2826:
2805:
2780:
2756:
2735:
2698:
2694:
2669:
2653:
2619:
2518:
2492:
2168:
1274:. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the
1143:
382:
4759:
3189:"Fig. 3.a: Sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea (water masses and physical processes)"
663:
6228:
5919:
5826:
5503:
5213:
5208:
4674:
4114:
4083:
2931:"Seismic history of the Maltese Islands and considerations on seismic risk: Earthquakes in Malta"
1298:
moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established
1290:
in 476 AD, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the
551:
491:
1071:
6205:
6012:
5606:
5409:
4656:
4615:
4605:
4191:
3777:
3451:
3029:
2644:. The island group lies approx. 200 km south of the boundary between the African Plate and the
2338:
2243:
2015:
1551:
1453:
1375:
629:
73:
2988:
6298:
6162:
6082:
5725:
5626:
5235:
4686:
3406:
1776:
1737:
1437:
899:
836:
Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating southern Europe
541:
521:
511:
448:
406:
386:
344:
306:, and flora, which is shared across the region. Southern Europe can be subdivided into three
183:
6172:
5148:
4866:
4703:
4068:
3954:
3361:
1832:
1582:
1496:
1275:
1102:
364:
1605:
1309:, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the
8:
5821:
5486:
5423:
5399:
5230:
5091:
5037:
4978:
4949:
4889:
4884:
4499:
4489:
4316:
4201:
3932:
3852:
3837:
3656:
3153:
Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe
2784:
2760:
2702:
2649:
2583:
2514:
2459:
2449:
2310:
1745:
1650:
1619:
1586:
1523:. The major non-communist southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (
1441:
1263:
1251:
1243:
600:
454:
259:
220:
3477:
1728:
is spoken in Kosovo, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Italy (in
21:
6109:
5730:
5693:
5571:
5017:
4939:
4899:
4874:
4641:
4610:
4600:
4078:
4042:
3832:
2562:
1960:
1888:
1757:
1709:
1678:
1433:
1387:
1331:
1299:
3337:
1882:
1847:
in the western half of southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally
1843:, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe.
6190:
5809:
5636:
5601:
5462:
5457:
5438:
5247:
5074:
4834:
4729:
4722:
4637:
4538:
4526:
4275:
4104:
4006:
3986:
3971:
3812:
3804:
3623:
3592:
3558:
3285:
3251:
3247:
3109:
2994:
2967:
2904:
1772:
1674:
1630:
1594:
1414:
1359:
1339:
1327:
1224:
1052:
412:
330:
314:
289:
271:
160:
156:
64:. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions:
61:
49:
38:
3996:
2163:
302:
continent. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture,
6271:
6266:
6256:
6185:
5862:
5816:
5759:
5688:
5551:
5445:
5394:
5372:
5225:
5172:
5111:
4664:
4590:
4573:
4551:
4306:
3554:
3333:
2464:
2402:
2046:(the part west of the Bosporus) are described as located in "Southeastern Europe".
1941:
1926:
1852:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1733:
1701:
1682:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1589:, which saw them progressively changing from an obstacle to a corridor between the
1555:
1508:
1409:
1347:
1295:
1279:
1204:
1025:
788:
688:
614:
374:
320:
285:
279:
176:
34:
3041:
1811:
that is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, Kosovo, Greece, North Macedonia and Bosnia, and
1511:. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the
1479:
in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the
6157:
5658:
5646:
5631:
5586:
5536:
5476:
5379:
5367:
5360:
5269:
5086:
5069:
5044:
4738:
4645:
4632:
4620:
4595:
4585:
4521:
3617:
3586:
3548:
3422:
3355:
3279:
3241:
3099:
3014:
2961:
2748:
2686:
2603:
2454:
2444:
2362:
2278:
2187:
2069:
2031:
1899:
1860:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1690:
1654:
1520:
1504:
1449:
1429:
1314:
919:
679:
583:
578:
402:
340:
133:
113:
2229:
In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as southern Europe:
1168:
6302:
6251:
6150:
6114:
6094:
6077:
6017:
5781:
5673:
5651:
5641:
5493:
5471:
5355:
5350:
5335:
5330:
5257:
5203:
5155:
5126:
5032:
5022:
4161:
3842:
3720:
2847:
2830:
2813:
2788:
2764:
2706:
2673:
2645:
2615:
2595:
2587:
2496:
2469:
2434:
2429:
2202:
2178:
2078:
1950:
1917:
1908:
1848:
1840:
1795:, but written in the Latin script with heavy Latin and Italian influences. The
1780:
1761:
1725:
1559:
1484:
1463:
1445:
1422:
1397:
1367:
1247:
1239:. The civilisation spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC.
1236:
1172:
Roman Empire. In yellow the south-west of Europe, and in violet the south-east.
812:
698:
573:
354:
211:
203:
97:
242:
attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its
6317:
6276:
6145:
6137:
6104:
5841:
5791:
5683:
5678:
5668:
5518:
5481:
5389:
5384:
5286:
5191:
4743:
4546:
4245:
4073:
3747:"European Tourism 2014 – Trends & Prospects - Quarterly Report (Q2/2014)"
3411:
3016:
Europe, Southern: Italy, Cyprus, Greece, European Turkey: Selected References
2641:
2611:
2416:
1792:
1686:
1578:
1196:
1096:
501:
464:
417:
4556:
3065:
307:
6180:
6119:
6099:
6089:
5799:
5771:
5526:
5264:
5198:
5167:
5116:
4988:
4917:
4854:
4844:
3867:
3862:
3121:
3086:
2522:
2439:
2054:
1973:
1828:
1658:
1609:
Population pyramid of southern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)
1516:
1512:
1500:
1480:
1418:
1271:
1259:
1134:
962:
432:
255:
149:
3676:
3379:
2986:
2900:
1358:
catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and
1032:
are very common. At higher elevations, or latitudes, they are replaced by
6236:
6195:
6126:
5831:
5720:
5663:
5591:
5541:
5428:
5404:
5293:
5131:
5049:
5027:
5003:
4849:
4839:
4129:
3857:
3847:
2809:
2599:
1816:
1532:
1515:. The countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe were dominated by the
1476:
1401:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1291:
1185:
1118:
1021:
931:
903:
882:
653:
594:
427:
145:
1362:
kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the
5766:
5735:
5561:
5556:
5220:
5181:
5143:
5061:
4934:
4819:
4814:
4058:
3582:
3066:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 - Chapter 30. Southern Europe"
2959:
2860:
2801:
2358:
2288:
2273:
2142:
2027:
1988:
1844:
1636:
1355:
1067:
973:, but also further north, near the Alpine foothills, in cities such as
935:
674:
422:
258:. Southern Europe also loosely corresponds to the European part of the
226:
Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its
215:
207:
180:
121:
109:
25:
The geographical and ethno-cultural borders of southern Europe are the
1629:
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the
1459:
1350:
represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the
989:
6213:
5872:
5846:
5776:
5754:
5747:
5531:
5308:
5242:
5138:
4961:
4944:
4829:
4824:
4798:
3693:
3243:
A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas
3105:
2317:
2219:
1999:
1590:
1544:
1323:
1267:
774:
485:
350:
243:
199:
89:
2990:
The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union
1374:, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the
5740:
5345:
5281:
5252:
5162:
5121:
4929:
4909:
4789:
4218:
2558:
2374:
2366:
2298:
2283:
2258:
2137:
2122:
2019:
2003:
1717:
1666:
1567:
1405:
1393:
1371:
1306:
1250:. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of
1232:
1212:
1200:
1091:
1033:
927:
907:
804:
760:
704:
634:
545:
525:
515:
495:
469:
436:
360:
227:
168:
129:
117:
77:
26:
3769:
1641:. By far the most common Romance languages in southern Europe are
1228:
5712:
5450:
5340:
5298:
5186:
4998:
4993:
4922:
2690:
2637:
2342:
2334:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2101:
2059:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1995:
1864:
1705:
1670:
1571:
1563:
1536:
1436:. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the
1396:, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the
1363:
1220:
1176:
1087:
970:
939:
923:
895:
792:
750:
745:
716:
684:
639:
624:
619:
505:
444:
335:
303:
293:
247:
239:
235:
231:
187:
164:
81:
69:
65:
3342:
Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit
2513:
Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in
1665:(spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra, Southwestern France, and the
254:. Politically, nine of the southern European countries form the
6218:
5322:
5276:
4983:
4970:
3800:
3068:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2000
2960:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013).
2800:
Sometimes included. Essentially on the south side of the Alps (
2722:
2607:
2591:
2382:
2370:
2346:
2293:
2253:
2223:
2215:
2152:
2117:
2112:
2043:
2039:
1968:
1741:
1729:
1310:
1208:
1189:
1029:
1014:
978:
966:
943:
808:
800:
770:
735:
730:
694:
669:
659:
649:
590:
568:
531:
481:
474:
299:
298:
Geographically, southern Europe is the southern portion of the
191:
141:
125:
105:
93:
85:
53:
3032:, Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spence. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
1859:
is widely practiced in Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo and Turkey and
6069:
5964:
5508:
4806:
4790:
3357:
Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape
3108:
Library Editions: Social and Cultural Geography. p. 16.
2579:
2378:
2354:
2350:
2303:
2268:
2263:
2147:
2132:
2127:
2007:
1983:
1978:
1856:
1404:
of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and
1283:
1216:
1150:
1048:
1002:
951:
915:
911:
816:
796:
604:
563:
555:
535:
458:
370:
324:
251:
195:
137:
101:
2963:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
2323:
1495:
imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the
5103:
4140:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
4134:
3275:
2752:
1836:
1524:
1255:
1192:
974:
947:
172:
30:
3508:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review
2614:, near of the boundary between the African Plate and the
2210:
The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the
223:. The climate and cultures are therefore very specific.
1791:
that is the official language of Malta, descended from
1771:
There are other language groupings in southern Europe.
1466:
controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea for centuries.
1444:. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the
1180:
Eastern Roman Empire mainly focused on southern Europe.
2775:
2773:
1803:, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.
3622:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.
3478:"The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England"
2987:
José María Magone; Magone, José María Magone (2003).
2214:(UNSD) which divides the countries of the world into
3409:
written in the 12th century, which was mentioned in
2392:
3619:
The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000-1500
3097:
2770:
2751:
is the only part located on the Iberian Peninsula (
4152:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
3501:"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"
3193:The coastal dimension of maritime spatial planning
3744:
3353:
6315:
3087:Romania | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica
3030:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
2980:
1207:by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in
3652:"5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe"
3643:
2549:
2547:
2010:are classified as "Southwestern Europe", while
1827:The predominant religion in southern Europe is
1507:sought to gain control of the continent by the
1428:European overseas expansion led to the rise of
1326:and open the way for the merchant republics of
4110:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
3649:
2953:
2898:
2717:
2715:
2652:, Malta is considered a European country. The
2158:
2104:is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the
198:, going up to the interior of the Alpine arc (
4775:
4333:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
3785:
3239:
2993:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 292–.
886:European climate. Note the high diversity of
315:Iberian Peninsula and the surrounding islands
190:hot wind that originates in the heart of the
3588:The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia
3550:History of the World in 500 Railway Journeys
3546:
3475:
3449:
3344:. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004
2544:
1282:based in Constantinople. The attacks of the
1219:), which created conflicts of interest with
3694:Publications Office of the European Union.
2712:
2533:
2531:
1017:Mediterranean coast and part of Macedonia.
1007:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
4782:
4768:
4017:Sovereign states and dependent territories
3792:
3778:
3581:
3281:OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2002
2487:
2485:
1585:. The Gotthard inscribes itself in a long
1338:, a related movement, worked to reconquer
1246:began with the rise of the city-states of
186:) from the rest of the continent. So, the
4135:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
2664:
2662:
2324:European Travel Commission classification
2106:Publications Office of the European Union
1448:. Italy unified into a nation state. The
1392:Beginning roughly in the 12th century in
1313:back into Christian rule, began. Several
860:Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula
4100:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
3053:Which Countries Make Up Southern Europe?
2894:
2892:
2890:
2640:, the Maltese Islands is located on the
2528:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2162:
2053:
1881:
1870:
1604:
1470:
1458:
1175:
1167:
988:
881:
848:Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula
20:
3873:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
3498:
3166:"Mediterranean sea-surface temperature"
2901:"African & Arabian Tectonic Plates"
2836:
2819:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2482:
1704:are spoken in several countries on the
1483:took up sides. The Allies defeated the
872:Satellite image of the Balkan Peninsula
6316:
4348:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
3715:
3713:
3615:
3221:. eo science for society. 24 June 2019
3186:
2659:
1503:came to power in 1933, and along with
4763:
3773:
3683:from the original on 24 January 2024.
3452:"history of Europe:: The Middle Ages"
3297:between Northern and Southern Europe.
2928:
2924:
2922:
2887:
2502:
1875:
1334:to become major economic powers. The
1011:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
3434:
3274:
3219:"2010-2019 SST in the Mediterranean"
2625:
2568:
1815:is spoken in Italy, particularly in
1681:(spoken in northeast Portugal), and
1624:
1036:and (often coppiced) mixed forests.
1020:In the Mediterranean coastal areas,
60:, as its geography is marked by the
4214:European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
4197:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
3799:
3763:from the original on 23 April 2023.
3710:
3650:Conrad Hackett (29 November 2017),
3314:Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
1696:
1657:(spoken in France, Monaco, and the
1421:, finally involving the islands of
1381:
906:. The Mediterranean climate covers
13:
4343:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
4120:European Political Community (EPC)
3664:from the original on 21 April 2023
3407:Averroes#Commentaries on Aristotle
3199:from the original on 23 April 2023
2919:
2656:includes Malta in Southern Europe.
2622:includes Italy in southern Europe.
2212:United Nations Statistics Division
1886:Subregions of Europe based on the
1833:the historical break of the Church
1751:
1653:(spoken in Portugal and Andorra),
1587:history of transit across the Alps
894:Southern Europe's most emblematic
14:
6340:
3187:Barale, Vittorio (January 2011).
2859:The highest mountain of Italy is
1736:is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in
1693:in Italy and in southern France.
1370:, a Turkish state originating in
1223:. Its colonies later reached the
6290:
6289:
5622:West South Central United States
3828:Bibliography of European history
3476:Steven Kreis (11 October 2006).
2561:are considered parts of Asia in
2409:
2395:
1677:(spoken in northwestern Spain),
1354:and an associated famine caused
1288:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1163:
1142:
1126:
1111:
1079:
1060:
1041:
865:
853:
841:
829:
785:major islands in southern Europe
5837:Latin America and the Caribbean
5703:Latin America and the Caribbean
4495:Social (and financial) rankings
4297:Financial (and social) rankings
4207:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3745:Tourism Economics (July 2014).
3738:
3687:
3674:
3668:
3609:
3575:
3540:
3514:
3492:
3469:
3443:
3428:
3399:
3372:
3347:
3327:
3302:
3284:. OECD Publishing. p. 80.
3268:
3233:
3211:
3180:
3158:
3129:
3091:
3080:
3058:
3046:
3042:UCF Libraries – Southern Europe
3035:
3023:
3019:. Air University Library. 1992.
3007:
2853:
2794:
2741:
2728:
2685:Sometimes included, especially
2679:
1835:into the western half based in
1600:
1203:was founded in 814 BC, and the
4115:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
3456:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
3101:The Makers of Modern Geography
2876:
2058:European regions according to
1839:and the eastern half based in
1748:is spoken in North Macedonia.
1235:in North Africa, and even the
1:
4338:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)
2870:
1535:and the economic bloc called
1215:(both regions in present day
5304:Middle East and North Africa
5009:Middle East and North Africa
4192:European Economic Area (EEA)
3137:"Europe: Physical Geography"
3098:Robert E. Dickinson (1969).
2167:Subregions of Europe by the
1613:
1262:came to dominate the entire
265:
7:
4064:International organisations
3891:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3141:National Geographic Society
2825:Occasionally included. The
2590:, while some parts such as
2388:
2159:UN geoscheme classification
1822:
1554:again, due to its post-war
1529:European Economic Community
1005:is mainly characterized by
10:
6345:
5597:Northeastern United States
4455:Electricity use per capita
3962:Largest metropolitan areas
3754:European Travel Commission
3385:World History Encyclopedia
3354:Stefano Mazzoleni (2004).
2586:. Most of Italy is on the
2539:British Overseas Territory
2425:Central and Eastern Europe
2329:European Travel Commission
2094:Central and Eastern Europe
2049:
1617:
1385:
1302:and empires of their own.
1266:in a vast empire based on
1231:in Spain and most notably
1195:, dominating trade in the
1158:
1133:Temperate pine forests of
877:
822:
283:
269:
6285:
6227:
6204:
6171:
6135:
6068:
5962:
5870:
5861:
5790:
5711:
5517:
5321:
5102:
5060:
4969:
4960:
4908:
4865:
4805:
4716:
4655:
4537:
4480:
4471:
4440:Health expense per capita
4356:
4325:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4160:
4092:
4054:
4050:
4041:
3940:
3931:
3899:
3820:
3811:
2224:M49 coding classification
1685:, which is spoken in the
1188:originally expanded from
397:Italian geographic region
276:Italian geographic region
16:Southern region of Europe
6078:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5082:Transantarctic Mountains
4670:Childhood population (%)
4405:GNI (nominal) per capita
3887:hybrid variant (2020-22)
3499:Vértesy, László (2018).
2966:. Taylor & Francis.
2844:United Nations geoscheme
2842:Sometimes included. The
2827:United Nations geoscheme
2806:United Nations geoscheme
2781:United Nations geoscheme
2779:Sometimes included. The
2757:United Nations geoscheme
2699:United Nations geoscheme
2670:United Nations geoscheme
2668:Sometimes included. The
2654:United Nations geoscheme
2620:United Nations geoscheme
2519:United Nations geoscheme
2493:United Nations geoscheme
2475:
2169:United Nations geoscheme
1726:Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian
1499:. The Nazi regime under
1305:The period known as the
984:
918:, the southern coast of
890:in the southern regions.
5827:Caribbean South America
4105:Council of Europe (CoE)
4084:Transatlantic relations
3616:Chazan, Robert (2006).
2929:Galea, Pauline (2007).
2445:EuroVoc#Southern Europe
1974:Holy See (Vatican City)
1278:based in Rome, and the
1254:, spreading throughout
1199:by the 8th century BC.
552:San Dorligo della Valle
399:(South-central Europe)
5607:Southern United States
5410:Scandinavian Peninsula
3522:"From 6 to 27 members"
3240:James Redfern (1971).
2555:Greek offshore islands
2339:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2244:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2207:
2098:
2016:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1955:
1610:
1552:industrialized country
1489:Paris Peace Conference
1467:
1376:fall of Constantinople
1319:sack of Constantinople
1181:
1173:
998:
932:Bosnia and Herzegovina
891:
888:Köppen-Geiger climates
787:generally include the
630:Bosnia and Herzegovina
74:Bosnia and Herzegovina
56:. It is also known as
42:
6083:Antarctic Convergence
5627:Western United States
4445:Military spending (%)
4435:Unemployment rate (%)
4180:free trade agreements
3945:Areas and populations
3547:Sarah Baxter (2017).
3435:Truxillo, Charles A.
3362:John Wiley & Sons
3310:"Mediterranean Basin"
2721:The European part of
2495:includes Bulgaria in
2222:groups, based on the
2195: Southern Europe
2166:
2086: Southern Europe
2057:
1934: Southern Europe
1885:
1871:Other classifications
1738:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1689:in Catalonia, in the
1608:
1550:Italy became a major
1471:20th and 21st century
1462:
1438:Industrial Revolution
1225:Western Mediterranean
1179:
1171:
992:
900:Mediterranean climate
885:
270:Further information:
37:to the north and the
24:
5149:Greater Central Asia
4450:Urban population (%)
4410:GNI (PPP) per capita
3955:European microstates
3677:"The World Factbook"
2935:Annals of Geophysics
2899:Taylor Combaluzier.
2846:includes Romania in
2829:includes Moldova in
2747:Sometimes included.
2606:, and some parts of
2491:Often included. The
1583:Gotthard Base Tunnel
1497:Treaty of Versailles
1487:in 1918. During the
1454:Papal temporal power
1280:Eastern Roman Empire
1276:Western Roman Empire
1242:The period known as
1072:Doñana National Park
993:Distribution map of
58:Mediterranean Europe
6295:Continents of Earth
5822:Brazilian Highlands
5231:Indian subcontinent
5092:Antarctic Peninsula
4890:Southern Hemisphere
4885:Northern Hemisphere
4430:Press Freedom Index
4357:Sovereign states by
4202:Eastern Partnership
3838:Classical antiquity
3657:Pew Research Center
2785:Metropolitan France
2761:Metropolitan France
2736:Pyrénées-Orientales
2703:Metropolitan France
2695:Pyrénées-Orientales
2672:includes Monaco in
2650:political geography
2610:are located on the
2584:Southwestern Europe
2521:includes Cyprus in
2515:political geography
2460:Northwestern Europe
2450:Mediterranean Basin
2311:dependent territory
1620:Languages of Europe
1264:Mediterranean Basin
1252:Alexander the Great
1244:classical antiquity
383:Pyrénées-Orientales
317:(Southwest Europe)
260:Mediterranean Basin
221:Mediterranean world
6110:Great Barrier Reef
5731:Mainland Australia
5439:Apennine Peninsula
4900:Western Hemisphere
4875:Eastern Hemisphere
4569:Capital of Culture
4420:Internet users (%)
4312:Telecommunications
4079:Post-Soviet Europe
3917:predecessor states
3480:. Historyguide.org
3450:Richard J. Mayne.
3421:2015-06-20 at the
2563:physical geography
2208:
2099:
1961:CIA World Factbook
1956:
1889:CIA World Factbook
1877:CIA World Factbook
1758:Hellenic languages
1740:) and Croatia (in
1710:Bulgarian language
1611:
1468:
1452:in 1870 ended the
1434:Columbian Exchange
1388:Holy League (1571)
1182:
1174:
1001:Southern Europe's
999:
965:in cities such as
892:
765:north-eastern part
709:south-western part
413:Apennine Peninsula
290:Apennine Peninsula
161:Apennine Peninsula
43:
6329:Regions of Europe
6311:
6310:
6191:Mediterranean Rim
6064:
6063:
6003:Mediterranean Sea
5857:
5856:
5810:Amazon Rainforest
5637:Canadian Prairies
5602:Pacific Northwest
5463:Iberian Peninsula
5248:Arabian Peninsula
5075:Antarctic Plateau
4835:Three/Four Worlds
4757:
4756:
4712:
4711:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4326:Intergovernmental
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4224:Foreign relations
4125:GUAM Organization
4093:Intergovernmental
4037:
4036:
3950:Countries by area
3927:
3926:
3878:COVID-19 pandemic
3528:. 6 December 2016
3510:. 3. No. 1. 2018.
3248:Mouton Publishers
3000:978-0-275-97787-0
2973:978-1-134-25965-6
2905:McGill University
2206:
2097:
1954:
1799:is spoken in the
1631:Romance languages
1625:Romance languages
1595:Mediterranean Sea
1527:) and formed the
1505:Mussolini's Italy
1442:independence wars
1053:Aurunci Mountains
997:s.l. (olive tree)
811:, as well as the
721:northern mainland
644:southern mainland
331:Iberian Peninsula
272:Iberian Peninsula
157:Iberian Peninsula
62:Mediterranean Sea
39:Mediterranean Sea
6336:
6293:
6292:
6272:Global Southwest
6267:Global Southeast
6257:Global Northwest
6252:Global Northeast
6242:Global Heartland
6186:Indian Ocean Rim
5868:
5867:
5760:Island Melanesia
5451:Balkan Peninsula
5226:Himalayan states
5173:Russian Far East
4967:
4966:
4895:Water Hemisphere
4784:
4777:
4770:
4761:
4760:
4732:
4725:
4478:
4477:
4302:Free trade areas
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
3938:
3937:
3818:
3817:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3706:on 6 March 2020.
3702:. Archived from
3691:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3555:The Quarto Group
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3351:
3345:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:. ResearchGate.
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:. 4 January 2012
3133:
3127:
3126:
3095:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2896:
2885:
2880:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2823:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2777:
2768:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2683:
2677:
2666:
2657:
2634:
2623:
2577:
2566:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2511:
2500:
2489:
2465:Southeast Europe
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2403:Geography portal
2400:
2399:
2398:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2063:
1948:
1942:Southeast Europe
1939:
1933:
1927:Southwest Europe
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1853:Eastern Orthodox
1789:Semitic language
1777:Arbëreshë people
1702:Slavic Languages
1697:Slavic languages
1556:economic miracle
1521:communist states
1509:Second World War
1475:The outbreak of
1432:, producing the
1430:colonial empires
1410:Age of Discovery
1382:Post-Middle Ages
1360:wars of conquest
1348:late Middle Ages
1296:Germanic peoples
1146:
1130:
1115:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1026:maquis shrubland
869:
857:
845:
833:
789:Balearic Islands
725:offshore islands
689:Northern Dobruja
620:Balkan Peninsula
615:Southeast Europe
321:Balearic Islands
294:Balkan Peninsula
286:Balearic Islands
280:Southeast Europe
177:Balkan Mountains
165:Balkan Peninsula
48:is the southern
35:Balkan Mountains
6344:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6324:Southern Europe
6314:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6281:
6223:
6200:
6167:
6131:
6060:
6049:South China Sea
5958:
5901:Central America
5853:
5786:
5707:
5659:Northern Mexico
5647:Northern Canada
5632:Atlantic Canada
5587:Mountain states
5513:
5368:European Russia
5361:Southern Russia
5317:
5270:Iranian Plateau
5098:
5087:West Antarctica
5070:East Antarctica
5056:
4956:
4904:
4880:Land Hemisphere
4861:
4801:
4788:
4758:
4753:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4708:
4692:Life expectancy
4680:genetic history
4651:
4586:Classical music
4533:
4522:Bologna Process
4485:Ages of consent
4459:
4369:Budget revenues
4352:
4321:
4262:
4156:
4088:
4033:
3923:
3895:
3853:Early modernity
3807:
3798:
3768:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3700:EU Vocabularies
3692:
3688:
3673:
3669:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3599:
3591:. p. 186.
3580:
3576:
3565:
3557:. p. 357.
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3429:
3423:Wayback Machine
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:. p. 145.
3352:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3292:
3273:
3269:
3258:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3116:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2888:
2883:Southern Europe
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2799:
2795:
2778:
2771:
2749:French Cerdagne
2746:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2713:
2687:Alpes-Maritimes
2684:
2680:
2667:
2660:
2635:
2626:
2604:Pelagie Islands
2578:
2569:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2529:
2512:
2503:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2455:Northern Europe
2415:
2410:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2363:North Macedonia
2326:
2309:as well as the
2279:North Macedonia
2205:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2188:Northern Europe
2183:
2181:
2174:
2161:
2096:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2070:Northern Europe
2065:
2052:
2032:North Macedonia
1953:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1900:Northern Europe
1895:
1880:
1873:
1861:Northern Cyprus
1825:
1809:Turkic language
1797:Basque language
1754:
1752:Other languages
1716:) is spoken in
1699:
1691:Occitan Valleys
1627:
1622:
1616:
1603:
1473:
1450:capture of Rome
1390:
1384:
1315:Crusader states
1166:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1121:forest, Croatia
1116:
1107:
1103:Q. rotundifolia
1084:
1075:
1065:
1056:
1046:
987:
880:
873:
870:
861:
858:
849:
846:
837:
834:
825:
680:North Macedonia
584:Northwest Italy
579:Northeast Italy
403:Alpes-Maritimes
341:French Cerdagne
296:
282:
268:
134:southern France
114:North Macedonia
46:Southern Europe
17:
12:
11:
5:
6342:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6303:Physical Earth
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6142:
6140:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6117:
6115:Mariana Trench
6112:
6102:
6097:
6095:Atlantic Ocean
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6056:Southern Ocean
6053:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6044:East China Sea
6036:
6035:
6034:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5978:Atlantic Ocean
5975:
5969:
5967:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5782:Remote Oceania
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5652:Western Canada
5649:
5644:
5642:Eastern Canada
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5356:South Caucasus
5353:
5351:North Caucasus
5343:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5258:South Caucasus
5250:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5127:Aralkum Desert
5124:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5025:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4918:Africa-Eurasia
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4579:film festivals
4571:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4166:
4164:
4162:European Union
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Extreme points
3979:
3977:Climate change
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Late antiquity
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3767:
3766:
3737:
3709:
3686:
3667:
3642:
3628:
3608:
3597:
3574:
3563:
3539:
3513:
3491:
3468:
3442:
3427:
3425:around 1320 AD
3398:
3371:
3346:
3326:
3301:
3290:
3267:
3256:
3250:. p. 38.
3232:
3210:
3179:
3157:
3128:
3114:
3090:
3079:
3057:
3045:
3034:
3022:
3006:
2999:
2979:
2972:
2952:
2918:
2886:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2852:
2848:Eastern Europe
2835:
2831:Eastern Europe
2818:
2814:Western Europe
2793:
2789:Western Europe
2769:
2765:Western Europe
2740:
2727:
2711:
2707:Western Europe
2678:
2674:Western Europe
2658:
2646:Eurasian Plate
2624:
2616:Eurasian Plate
2596:Adriatic Plate
2588:Eurasian Plate
2567:
2543:
2527:
2501:
2497:Eastern Europe
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2470:Western Europe
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Eastern Europe
2432:
2430:Central Europe
2427:
2421:
2420:
2406:
2390:
2387:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2203:Western Europe
2197:
2191:
2182:
2179:Eastern Europe
2173:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2088:
2082:
2079:Western Europe
2073:
2064:
2051:
2048:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1951:Eastern Europe
1945:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1918:Central Europe
1912:
1909:Western Europe
1903:
1894:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1849:Roman Catholic
1841:Constantinople
1824:
1821:
1801:Basque Country
1781:southern Italy
1762:Greek language
1753:
1750:
1714:Български език
1698:
1695:
1626:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1560:European Union
1485:Central Powers
1472:
1469:
1446:Ottoman Empire
1423:Southeast Asia
1398:printing press
1383:
1380:
1368:Ottoman Empire
1248:Ancient Greece
1237:Atlantic Ocean
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1051:forest in the
1047:
1040:
986:
983:
958:can be found.
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
864:
862:
859:
852:
850:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
824:
821:
813:island country
781:
780:
779:
778:
768:
758:
748:
743:
733:
728:
714:
713:
712:
702:
699:Central Serbia
692:
682:
677:
672:
667:
657:
647:
637:
632:
627:
611:
610:
609:
608:
598:
588:
587:
586:
581:
574:Northern Italy
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
479:
478:
477:
472:
462:
452:
442:
441:
440:
430:
425:
420:
410:
393:
392:
391:
390:
380:
379:
378:
368:
358:
355:United Kingdom
348:
338:
328:
267:
264:
98:southern Italy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6341:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6106:
6105:Pacific Ocean
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6039:Pacific Ocean
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Caribbean Sea
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5935:by population
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5908:South America
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5891:North America
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5842:Southern Cone
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Andean States
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5792:South America
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5519:North America
5516:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Low Countries
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:South-western
5456:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:South-eastern
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:South-central
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:Mediterranean
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:British Isles
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5287:Levantine Sea
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Mediterranean
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:Ethnic groups
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:GDP (nominal)
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:Schengen Area
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4022:by population
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3759:
3756:. p. 5.
3755:
3748:
3741:
3726:
3722:
3721:"Methodology"
3716:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:"7206 Europe"
3690:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3631:
3629:9780521616645
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3598:9781464812163
3594:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:9781781319383
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3479:
3472:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:Divine Comedy
3408:
3402:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:Wolfgang Frey
3330:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3291:9789264160651
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3257:9783110824841
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3115:9781317907336
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3083:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:African Plate
2639:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:African Plate
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:Europe portal
2407:
2404:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:In addition,
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:Siculo-Arabic
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1621:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Mediterranean
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Roman legions
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:Carthaginians
1202:
1198:
1197:Mediterranean
1194:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1170:
1164:Early history
1153:groove, Crete
1152:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
995:Olea europaea
991:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
884:
868:
863:
856:
851:
844:
839:
832:
827:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
776:
772:
769:
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
722:
718:
715:
710:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
661:
658:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
606:
602:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
557:
553:
550:
547:
543:
540:
537:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:Istria County
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:Insular Italy
463:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Central Italy
416:
415:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
398:
395:
394:
388:
384:
381:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
349:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
326:
322:
319:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
301:
295:
291:
287:
281:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:Mediterranean
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:to the south.
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
6301: /
6299:List of seas
6297: /
6262:Global South
6247:Global North
6181:Atlantic Rim
6120:Ring of Fire
6100:Indian Ocean
6090:Arctic Ocean
6032:Persian Gulf
6027:Indian Ocean
6008:Adriatic Sea
5973:Arctic Ocean
5805:Amazon Basin
5800:Amazon Plain
5772:Near Oceania
5577:Mid-Atlantic
5527:Aridoamerica
5487:Northwestern
5418:
5400:Northwestern
5373:Southeastern
5265:Greater Iran
5204:Southeastern
5199:Pacific Asia
5168:Pacific Asia
5156:Northeastern
5112:Asia–Pacific
4855:Fourth World
4845:Second World
4657:Demographics
4616:Christianity
4564:Architecture
4517:Universities
4425:Minimum wage
4364:Average wage
3868:Pax Europaea
3863:World War II
3753:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:
3704:the original
3699:
3689:
3670:
3655:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3618:
3611:
3602:
3587:
3577:
3568:
3549:
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3526:ec.europa.eu
3525:
3516:
3507:
3494:
3482:. Retrieved
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3410:
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3338:Rainer Lösch
3329:
3317:. Retrieved
3304:
3295:
3280:
3270:
3261:
3242:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3192:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3160:
3152:
3145:. Retrieved
3131:
3122:August Zeune
3119:
3100:
3093:
3082:
3070:. Retrieved
3060:
3048:
3037:
3025:
3015:
3009:
2989:
2982:
2962:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2941:(6): 725–740
2938:
2934:
2909:. Retrieved
2878:
2855:
2838:
2821:
2796:
2743:
2730:
2681:
2523:Western Asia
2440:EU Med Group
2333:
2327:
2308:
2228:
2209:
2100:
1993:
1959:
1957:
1887:
1876:
1829:Christianity
1826:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1700:
1659:Aosta Valley
1634:
1628:
1601:Demographics
1576:
1549:
1517:Soviet Union
1513:Iron Curtain
1501:Adolf Hitler
1481:Great Powers
1474:
1427:
1419:Indian Ocean
1391:
1304:
1260:Roman Empire
1241:
1183:
1135:Monte Cimone
1101:
1095:
1094:, Portugal (
1022:olive groves
1019:
1000:
994:
963:Adriatic Sea
960:
956:
950:forests and
893:
782:
433:Vatican City
297:
256:EU Med Group
225:
154:
150:Vatican City
57:
45:
44:
18:
6277:Global West
6237:Global East
6196:Pacific Rim
6138:waterbodies
6127:World Ocean
5952:New Zealand
5832:The Guianas
5721:Australasia
5664:West Indies
5592:New England
5572:Great Lakes
5542:Mesoamerica
5429:Middle East
5405:Scandinavia
5294:Middle East
5132:Caspian Sea
5038:Great Lakes
5018:Sub-Saharan
5004:Middle East
4867:Hemispheres
4850:Third World
4840:First World
4793:'s primary
4687:Immigration
4251:Visa policy
4234:enlargement
4130:Open Balkan
4069:Integration
3912:Sovereignty
3858:World War I
3848:Middle Ages
3380:"Phoenicia"
3319:31 December
3225:19 November
3203:4 September
3172:19 November
3168:. ESA. 2012
3147:21 February
3072:26 November
2810:Switzerland
2600:Pantelleria
2594:are on the
2582:is part of
2220:subregional
1817:South Tyrol
1673:in Italy),
1661:in Italy),
1570:(2007) and
1533:Warsaw Pact
1519:and became
1477:World War I
1402:Renaissance
1356:demographic
1352:Black Death
1344:Christendom
1336:Reconquista
1292:Middle Ages
1286:led to the
1186:Phoenicians
1119:Aleppo pine
1068:Stone pines
1009:, but also
930:, southern
904:Azores High
755:inland part
654:East Thrace
595:Switzerland
428:South Italy
210:. When the
194:blows over
181:subtropical
146:East Thrace
6318:Categories
6018:Ionian Sea
6013:Aegean Sea
5983:Baltic Sea
5915:Antarctica
5767:Micronesia
5736:New Guinea
5694:Portuguese
5617:West Coast
5567:East Coast
5562:Bible Belt
5557:Appalachia
5236:Subregions
5144:Inner Asia
5062:Antarctica
4962:Continents
4935:Antarctica
4910:Landmasses
4820:Down Under
4815:Arab World
4799:subregions
4704:Retirement
4606:Philosophy
4601:Literature
4505:endangered
4398:per capita
4386:per capita
4374:per capita
4258:Statistics
4145:statistics
4059:Eurosphere
3833:Prehistory
3821:Chronology
3635:26 January
3583:World Bank
3484:31 January
3055:WorldAtlas
2907:, Montréal
2871:References
2861:Mont Blanc
2753:Ebro Basin
2734:A part of
2559:Asia Minor
2359:Montenegro
2289:San Marino
2274:Montenegro
2143:San Marino
2028:Montenegro
1989:San Marino
1845:Christians
1746:Macedonian
1687:Val d'Aran
1651:Portuguese
1637:Latin Arch
1618:See also:
1541:Yugoslavia
1386:See also:
1227:, such as
936:Montenegro
926:, coastal
922:, coastal
675:Montenegro
423:San Marino
308:subregions
284:See also:
236:historical
216:Tramontane
208:Tramontane
163:, and the
122:San Marino
110:Montenegro
33:, and the
6214:Antarctic
5998:Irish Sea
5988:Black Sea
5947:Australia
5896:Caribbean
5873:continent
5847:Patagonia
5777:Polynesia
5755:Melanesia
5748:Zealandia
5726:Australia
5612:Southwest
5532:Caribbean
5309:Near East
4950:submerged
4945:Zealandia
4940:Australia
4830:Old World
4825:New World
4697:by region
4557:sculpture
4512:Tattooing
4500:Languages
4490:Etiquette
4393:GDP (PPP)
4317:Transport
4187:Education
4175:relations
4002:Mountains
3933:Geography
3106:Routledge
2863:(4,810 m)
2808:includes
2783:includes
2759:includes
2701:includes
2318:Gibraltar
2000:Gibraltar
1734:Slovenian
1679:Mirandese
1667:Sardinian
1635:(See the
1614:Languages
1591:North Sea
1545:socialism
1417:into the
1378:in 1453.
1324:Silk Road
1268:Roman law
775:Vojvodina
486:peninsula
351:Gibraltar
266:Geography
244:geography
228:political
200:Po Valley
90:Gibraltar
5741:Tasmania
5689:Hispanic
5552:Northern
5499:Germanic
5477:Atlantic
5419:Southern
5380:Northern
5346:Caucasus
5282:Dead Sea
5253:Caucasus
5221:Southern
5214:Maritime
5209:Mainland
5182:Northern
5163:Far East
5122:Aral Sea
5045:Southern
4989:Northern
4739:Category
4642:Armorial
4611:Religion
4552:painting
4241:Politics
4219:Eurozone
4043:Politics
4029:Villages
3907:Military
3900:By topic
3805:articles
3758:Archived
3681:Archived
3662:archived
3585:(2018).
3532:15 March
3461:18 April
3419:Archived
3391:9 August
3278:(2002).
3197:Archived
2802:Po Basin
2389:See also
2375:Slovenia
2367:Portugal
2299:Slovenia
2284:Portugal
2259:Holy See
2216:regional
2138:Portugal
2123:Holy See
2020:Bulgaria
2004:Portugal
1823:Religion
1773:Albanian
1722:България
1718:Bulgaria
1675:Galician
1669:town of
1593:and the
1579:Gotthard
1574:(2013).
1568:Bulgaria
1493:Big Four
1464:Ottomans
1406:theology
1394:Florence
1372:Anatolia
1307:Crusades
1300:kingdoms
1233:Carthage
1213:Sardinia
1201:Carthage
1097:Q. suber
1092:Alentejo
1034:chestnut
928:Slovenia
908:Portugal
805:Sardinia
761:Slovenia
705:Slovenia
664:mainland
635:Bulgaria
546:Slovenia
526:Slovenia
516:Slovenia
496:Slovenia
470:Sardinia
437:Holy See
375:mainland
365:mainland
361:Portugal
300:European
240:cultural
232:economic
214:and the
206:and the
175:and the
169:Pyrenees
130:Slovenia
118:Portugal
78:Bulgaria
27:Pyrenees
5942:Oceania
5930:by area
5886:America
5863:Islands
5713:Oceania
5582:Midwest
5537:Central
5504:Romance
5472:Western
5341:Balkans
5336:Eastern
5331:Central
5299:Mashriq
5243:Western
5187:Siberia
5139:Eastern
5117:Central
5050:Western
5023:Central
4999:Mashriq
4994:Maghreb
4984:Saharan
4930:America
4923:Eurasia
4795:regions
4723:Outline
4638:Symbols
4626:Judaism
4591:Cuisine
4539:Culture
4527:Erasmus
4473:Society
4292:History
4276:Economy
4229:Members
4170:Economy
4007:Regions
3992:Islands
3987:Geology
3972:Climate
3813:History
3730:17 June
3604:Europe.
2911:18 June
2804:). The
2755:). The
2691:Corsica
2638:geology
2343:Croatia
2335:Albania
2249:Croatia
2239:Andorra
2234:Albania
2102:EuroVoc
2060:EuroVoc
2050:EuroVoc
2036:Romania
2024:Croatia
2012:Albania
1996:Andorra
1958:In the
1865:Judaism
1805:Turkish
1785:Maltese
1706:Balkans
1683:Occitan
1671:Alghero
1663:Catalan
1647:Spanish
1643:Italian
1572:Croatia
1564:Romania
1537:Comecon
1364:Balkans
1221:Etruria
1159:History
1137:, Italy
1088:savanna
1074:, Spain
1055:, Italy
1030:steppes
971:Trieste
954:trees.
940:Albania
924:Croatia
898:is the
896:climate
878:Climate
823:Gallery
793:Corsica
751:Romania
746:Moldova
740:islands
717:Croatia
685:Romania
640:Croatia
625:Albania
601:Trieste
506:Croatia
492:Ankaran
455:Gorizia
445:Corsica
336:Andorra
304:climate
248:climate
212:Mistral
204:Mistral
188:Sirocco
148:), and
82:Croatia
70:Andorra
66:Albania
6229:Global
6219:Arctic
6158:Rivers
6136:Other
6070:Oceans
5925:Europe
5881:Africa
5674:French
5547:Middle
5509:Slavic
5494:Celtic
5395:Nordic
5385:Baltic
5323:Europe
5277:Levant
4971:Africa
4807:Worlds
4744:Portal
4665:Ageing
4574:Cinema
4307:Energy
4012:Rivers
3967:Cities
3803:
3801:Europe
3626:
3595:
3570:today.
3561:
3416:IV:144
3288:
3263:olive.
3254:
3112:
2997:
2970:
2945:5 June
2723:Turkey
2697:. The
2693:, and
2618:. The
2608:Sicily
2602:, the
2592:Apulia
2517:. The
2383:Turkey
2371:Serbia
2347:Greece
2294:Serbia
2254:Greece
2201:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2153:Turkey
2118:Greece
2113:Cyprus
2092:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2044:Turkey
2040:Serbia
1969:Greece
1949:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1813:German
1744:) and
1742:Istria
1730:Molise
1655:French
1558:. The
1366:, the
1346:. The
1340:Iberia
1332:Venice
1311:Levant
1258:. The
1209:Sicily
1190:Canaan
1028:, and
1015:Balkan
979:Lugano
967:Venice
944:Greece
942:, and
920:France
809:Sicily
807:, and
801:Cyprus
771:Serbia
736:Greece
731:Cyprus
723:&
695:Serbia
670:Kosovo
660:Greece
650:Turkey
591:Ticino
569:Monaco
532:Muggia
482:Istria
475:Sicily
449:France
407:France
387:France
345:France
292:, and
278:, and
250:, and
238:, and
192:Sahara
171:, the
159:, the
142:Turkey
126:Serbia
106:Monaco
94:Greece
86:Cyprus
54:Europe
50:region
29:, the
6206:Polar
6151:lists
6146:Lakes
5965:ocean
5684:Ibero
5679:Latin
5669:Anglo
4791:Earth
4730:Index
4646:Flags
4633:Sport
4621:Islam
4596:Dance
3997:Lakes
3882:Delta
3761:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3675:CIA.
3504:(PDF)
3405:e.g.
2648:. In
2580:Italy
2557:near
2553:Some
2476:Notes
2379:Spain
2355:Malta
2351:Italy
2304:Spain
2269:Malta
2264:Italy
2148:Spain
2133:Malta
2128:Italy
2008:Spain
1984:Malta
1979:Italy
1857:Islam
1807:is a
1787:is a
1328:Genoa
1284:Goths
1229:Cádiz
1217:Italy
1193:ports
1151:olive
1049:Beech
1003:flora
985:Flora
952:olive
916:Italy
912:Spain
817:Malta
797:Crete
605:Italy
564:Malta
556:Italy
542:Piran
536:Italy
522:Koper
512:Izola
459:Italy
371:Spain
325:Spain
252:flora
196:Italy
138:Spain
102:Malta
6163:Seas
5920:Asia
5192:Ural
5104:Asia
5033:Horn
5028:East
4797:and
4749:Maps
3885:cron
3880:and
3732:2019
3725:UNSD
3637:2018
3624:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3559:ISBN
3534:2021
3486:2010
3463:2009
3393:2017
3336:and
3321:2020
3286:ISBN
3276:OECD
3252:ISBN
3227:2021
3205:2021
3174:2021
3149:2022
3120:He (
3110:ISBN
3074:2021
2995:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2947:2015
2913:2022
2381:and
2218:and
2042:and
2006:and
1837:Rome
1756:The
1577:The
1566:and
1525:NATO
1491:the
1400:, a
1342:for
1330:and
1270:and
1256:Asia
1211:and
1184:The
1149:Dry
1100:and
1086:Oak
977:and
975:Como
969:and
948:pine
783:The
173:Alps
31:Alps
6173:Rim
5963:By
5871:By
4547:Art
4415:HDI
4074:Law
2812:in
2787:in
2763:in
2705:in
2636:In
1779:in
1760:or
1732:).
1724:).
1090:of
1070:in
815:of
120:,
104:,
52:of
6320::
4644:,
3752:.
3723:.
3712:^
3698:.
3679:.
3660:,
3654:,
3601:.
3567:.
3553:.
3524:.
3506:.
3454:.
3382:.
3360:.
3340:;
3312:.
3294:.
3260:.
3246:.
3191:.
3151:.
3139:.
3118:.
3104:.
2939:50
2937:.
2933:.
2921:^
2903:.
2889:^
2772:^
2714:^
2689:,
2661:^
2627:^
2598:.
2570:^
2546:^
2537:A
2530:^
2504:^
2484:^
2385:.
2377:,
2373:,
2369:,
2365:,
2361:,
2357:,
2353:,
2349:,
2345:,
2341:,
2337:,
2313::
2171::
2062::
2038:,
2034:,
2030:,
2026:,
2022:,
2018:,
2014:,
2002:,
1998:,
1892::
1855:.
1819:.
1783:.
1708:.
1639:.)
1597:.
1539:.
1456:.
1024:,
981:.
938:,
934:,
914:,
910:,
819:.
803:,
799:,
795:,
791:,
488:)
310::
288:,
274:,
262:.
246:,
234:,
230:,
152:.
140:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
100:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
84:,
80:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
4783:e
4776:t
4769:v
4648:)
4640:(
3793:e
3786:t
3779:v
3734:.
3639:.
3536:.
3488:.
3465:.
3439:.
3395:.
3323:.
3229:.
3207:.
3176:.
3076:.
3003:.
2976:.
2949:.
2915:.
2850:.
2833:.
2816:.
2791:.
2767:.
2738:.
2725:.
2709:.
2676:.
2565:.
2541:.
2525:.
2499:.
1720:(
1712:(
1106:)
777:)
773:(
767:)
763:(
757:)
753:(
742:)
738:(
727:)
719:(
711:)
707:(
701:)
697:(
691:)
687:(
666:)
662:(
656:)
652:(
646:)
642:(
607:)
603:(
597:)
593:(
558:)
554:(
548:)
544:(
538:)
534:(
528:)
524:(
518:)
514:(
508:)
504:(
498:)
494:(
484:(
461:)
457:(
451:)
447:(
439:)
435:(
409:)
405:(
389:)
385:(
377:)
373:(
367:)
363:(
357:)
353:(
347:)
343:(
327:)
323:(
144:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
