152:). While this initially gave AQ strong lobbying contacts within the government, the departure of many of the group's founding leaders eventually hurt the group. Some have argued that the 1985 election was the beginning of a decline in influence of Alliance Quebec, as English-speakers believed the new government was friendlier and so the need for AQ was lower, while the Liberals had more connections with English-speakers than the PQ and so relied less on AQ to transmit their points of view. The group also faced criticism, almost since its founding, that it was not aggressive enough in its demands.
201:. Rebuffed at the ballot box, some of the Equality Party's remaining active members instead concentrated on winning elected positions in Alliance Quebec in order to have AQ promote the Equality Party's platform (notably, favouring a complete repeal of all mandatory use of French in Quebec, and partitioning Quebec in the event of independence). Public infighting between so-called "moderates" (sympathetic to the Liberal Party) and "radicals" (the remaining members of the Equality Party) within AQ throughout the 1990s, along with a gradual decrease in interest among the general Quebec population in
353:
Association could also send delegates, as could affiliated universities, hospitals and community groups. The outgoing president and board of directors were also entitled to vote at the convention, representing 41 delegates. In theory, an annual convention could have nearly 400 delegates during the 1990s. In practice, the number of delegates attending annual conventions decreased over time as membership fell and affiliated groups stopped participating; the annual convention in 1985 had about 470 delegates while each of the conventions from 1999 onward had under 100 delegates.
279:, that did not place English on their in-store advertising (which was once again legal after amendments to the Charter of the French Language in 1994). Johnson told a crowd of demonstrators that he refused an Eaton's offer to put up English signs in their stores if AQ would quietly call off the protest, as Johnson wanted to make it a public issue. Johnson also had AQ's constitution amended to add his view that Canada's federal government should refuse to recognize a Quebec unilateral
295:
in
October 1998 and AQ's media coverage fell considerably, never to recover. Johnson's presidency and those of his similarly minded successors also provoked a negative reaction from the mainstream community of anglophones that formerly supported AQ. Links to the community's key healthcare, educational and community institutions vanished. Several events during these years highlighted the group's lack of support, which ultimately caused it to close down:
182:
restoring the prohibition on non-French commercial signage (with an exception for small signs inside stores). Alliance Quebec's inability to prevent the adoption of Bill 178 by the
Liberal government it had perceived as an ally, opened it to criticism from the anglophone community. Right-wing critics of AQ dubbed it "Compliance Quebec" and "the lamb lobby" for its perceived unwillingness to challenge the government.
71:(also known as "Bill 101"). After the Parti Québécois was re-elected in 1981, several of these groups (notably the "Positive Action Committee" and the "Council of Quebec Minorities") joined in May 1982, as "The Alliance of Language Communities in Quebec" (or "Alliance Québec") in an effort to gain more influence and to start a province-level dialogue between linguistic groups.
318:
and asked for separate government funding through the newly formed Quebec
Community Groups Network. A second series of funding cuts (to $ 200,000 annually) came in 2003-2004 after federal government dissatisfaction with AQ's lack of spending controls and a drop in its membership and influence. When the
360:
of AQ for the upcoming year. (In the
William Johnson era, the president's term was lengthened to two years, although each subsequent president resigned before the end of their full two-year term.) The delegates would also choose the board of directors. Half of the forty-person board of directors of
317:
the federal government, its main sponsor (providing over 90% of AQ's annual budget), decreased funding to the group by 69% between 2000 and 2004. The first funding decrease (from $ 934,000 to $ 634,000 annually) came in 2001 after twenty anglophone groups ended their affiliation with
Alliance Quebec
294:
Johnson's presidential campaign and his first six months as president temporarily brought more media attention and members to
Alliance Quebec, as the PQ government and Quebec nationalist groups publicly criticized AQ's new, more confrontational tone. However, Johnson called off the group's protests
267:
show). He in turn supported
Equality Party members for positions on AQ's board of directors. Unlike previous presidents, he made no attempt to meet with political leaders, preferring to conduct his lobbying through media, such as on radio talk shows. Also unlike previous presidents, who generally
100:
The group had widespread grassroots volunteer activity in its early years. It formed at least 20 regional chapters, including 8 in the anglophone neighbourhoods of
Montreal. The federal government subsidized AQ in an effort to promote minority official language groups in the province, providing it
240:
had been rejected without valid reasons. Alliance Quebec sued the Quebec government to try to force it to re-examine the rejected ballots in all 125 Quebec ridings. The trial judge ruled against AQ in 2000. AQ appealed, but ceased operations in 2005 (see below). In 2008 the Chief
Electoral Officer
961:
181:
AQ's weakened bargaining position was brought to prominence in 1989 when the
Liberal government passed Bill 178. Although the Liberal Party had campaigned in 1985 to loosen the legal restrictions on languages other than French, Bill 178 overturned the Supreme Court's "Ford" decision (see above),
95:
concluded that the prohibition of all other languages but French on public signs and posters and in commercial advertising was in opposition to the freedom of expression but opened the door to the clear predominance of French. This solution was ultimately adopted by the Government of Quebec and
38:
of many English-speaking organizations and institutions in the province, with approximately 15,000 members. At its height in the mid-1980s, the group had a network of affiliated anglophone groups throughout the province. However, a prolonged decline in influence, group cohesion, membership and
391:
For most of its existence, AQ also maintained committees to study issues. These included (at various times)committees for health and social services, education, access to English schools, youth employment, legal affairs, communication, internal rules, and membership. Some committees organized
79:
Alliance Quebec's first success was to lobby the PQ to amend Bill 101. In 1983, the Charter of the French Language was amended (Law 57) to recognize in its preamble to the Charter of the French Language the institutions of the Anglophone community in Québec, abolish language testing for people
352:
chapter's number of delegates was increased to reflect that it was the chapter with the second-largest number of members.) A youth commission of members under thirty years of age also existed and could send up to 18 delegates to the convention. Affiliated groups such as the Townshippers'
74:
AQ's ideology reflected a desire to promote the rights and interests of the English language community while recognizing there were legitimate goals being pursued by the provincial government in promoting the French language, such promotion having strong support in the majority Francophone
208:
While infighting preoccupied the board of directors and annual convention, the grassroots elements of AQ became less active. Government funding allowed for a permanent staff for the group, which relied less and less on volunteers. AQ's smallest regional chapters, in Quebec's
83:
Alliance Quebec also worked to get English language health and social service guarantees. As a result, in 1986, Law 142 was enacted which compels regional authorities to draw up programmes for access in the English language to health and social services throughout
347:
Each chapter could send nine delegates to the annual convention, which took place each May in Montreal. In the 1990s, six chapters in central Montreal merged, which allowed the merged chapter to send up to 54 delegates. (In the William Johnson era, the
361:
AQ would be up for election annually for a two-year term; the top twenty candidates who received the most votes being elected. The new board of directors would meet immediately after the convention to choose the remaining executive positions, including
109:
and health and social service institution and community associations were also allowed to send delegates. Institutional members brought AQ substantial public policy expertise and participated in the policy formulation process.
392:
events and activities. One of these activities, "Youth Employment Services", became independent of AQ in the 1990s and continues to operate. Larger chapters also had some committees, especially in the group's early years.
343:
5–$ 10. Membership entitled them to participate in the regional chapter in which they lived. Each regional chapter had its own board of directors and executive and obtained their budget mainly from membership fees.
128:, and many of AQ's initial leaders were recruited to work for the new government. Several of AQ's highly educated and bilingual early staff members went on to become Liberal cabinet ministers in later years, such as
388:.) There were also a number of paid staff members (around two dozen in 1994), such as a general director, a fundraiser, receptionists, researchers and organizers, paid for mainly from federal government grants.
104:
In addition to AQ's regional chapters, six federally funded anglophone groups outside of Montreal became affiliated with AQ and sent delegates to its annual convention. Affiliated Quebec anglophone universities,
59:(the province's legislature) in 1976. The vast majority of Quebec anglophones (i.e., Quebecers who speak English as a first language), who at that time made up approximately 13% of Quebec's population (see
185:
Internal tension arose among the directors of AQ over the issue of denied access to English language schools in the province. Tensions increased over whether or not to support the Liberals in the
911:
268:
accepted the objectives of Bill 101 and focused on changing how it was applied, Johnson questioned the commitment to tolerance and human rights of those who supported Bill 101.
117:). This led to critiques that people who did not renew their memberships were not removed from this list and that the actual number of dues-paying members hovered around 5,000.
377:. The group also had an "Advisory Council" of prominent anglophones to advise the group on important issues from time to time, but this fell into disuse by the late 1990s.
299:
half of the group's board of directors (those not associated with the Equality Party) quit the group en masse in May 1999, calling Johnson "a bully and a publicity hound";
847:
87:
With the financial support and legal leadership of Alliance Quebec, Bill 101's prohibition of English language signs was challenged in court. In 1988, in its decision
1134:
1103:
339:
Alliance Quebec was registered as a non-profit association in Quebec, with a headquarters in Montreal. Anyone could join as a member by paying a nominal fee of
259:. Previously a vocal critic of AQ, he won by rallying a group known derisively as "angryphones" (mainly members of the tiny Equality Party and some listeners of
1022:
149:
113:
By the end of the 1980s, AQ claimed to have 40,000 people on its membership list (including members of regional associations affiliated with AQ, such as the
915:
308:
Chapters and affiliated groups severed their ties, including some that removed the word "Alliance" from their names to avoid being associated with AQ;
936:
514:
189:
in spite of Bill 178. Some prominent AQ leaders urged a protest vote by anglophones, either by spoiling their ballots or voting for the upstart
1389:
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305:
the number of members of AQ declined steadily (4,198 members in May 1998; 2,440 members in August 2001; 1,554 members in December 2003);
1384:
890:
678:
1374:
1331:
302:
in a study published in 2000, only 16% of Quebec anglophones named Alliance Quebec as the group that best protected their interests;
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579:
981:
753:
314:
private donations ($ 250,000 in the mid-1990s) dropped over 90% from 1998 to 2003, with corporate donations stopping completely;
1409:
1404:
173:, for falsely reporting that he was the "prime suspect" in setting the blaze. The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court.
1194:
851:
1369:
1147:
1082:
101:
with most of AQ's budget ($ 1.4 million in 1986). Similar funding was provided to French language groups outside Quebec.
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1394:
713:
233:
1261:
767:
725:
627:
550:
488:
229:
88:
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The new Montreal Chapter could send six times as many delegates to the annual convention as the other chapters; see
1123:
198:
1399:
319:
60:
68:
429:
311:
the severity of infighting among remaining members increased, sometimes requiring intervention by the courts;
141:
871:
See e.g., W. Johnson, "The Historical Background of the Situation of English-speaking Quebecers", quoted in
186:
125:
114:
940:
792:
Mordecai Richler, Oh Canada, Oh Quebec: Requiem for a Divided Country (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1992), 38.
280:
276:
237:
194:
1002:
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27:
1340:
599:
80:
educated in Quebec, and to widen the use of English in Anglophone communities and public institutions.
241:
got the court's permission to destroy the ballots after ruling that AQ's appeal had taken too long.
165:
1034:
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256:
137:
56:
1059:
288:
190:
121:
92:
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717:
124:, the main opposition party while the PQ was in government. The Liberal Party of Quebec won the
1308:
613:
536:
474:
374:
323:
75:
population. Alliance Quebec's best-known accomplishments from its earliest years included:
48:
8:
1354:
444:
260:
64:
1343:
The Dynamics of Ethno-Linguistic Mobilisation in Canada: a Case Study of Alliance Quebec
1218:
The Dynamics of Ethno-Linguistic Mobilization in Canada: A Case Study of Alliance Quebec
706:
366:
271:
After his election, Johnson organized two demonstrations against stores, in particular
222:
214:
1257:
1035:"CROP-Missisquoi Institute, Survey of the English-Speaking Community of Quebec, 2000"
763:
721:
623:
546:
484:
407:
202:
63:), did not support this party. Some anglophones formed local lobby groups to promote
1355:
Internet Archive of Alliance Quebec website (2003-2005), alliancequebec.ca (defunct)
1173:
197:
in 1989, but quickly lost its support due to infighting, garnering only 0.3% of the
1079:
738:
370:
251:
210:
221:, closed down for lack of members, while six of the group's eight chapters on the
1086:
340:
264:
193:
that opposed the Liberals' legislation. The Equality Party won four seats in the
145:
52:
1349:
1151:
362:
129:
35:
824:
Laurentianweb, "Alliance Quebec Information: Regional Community Organizations"
51:(PQ), a party that supports the sovereignty of Quebec and the dominant use of
1363:
822:
Two members of these closed chapters could attend the annual convention: see
419:
133:
1350:
Internet Archive of Alliance Quebec website (1997-2005), aq.qc.ca (defunct)
1273:
835:
823:
779:
639:
562:
500:
401:
381:
322:
finally discontinued its grant in 2005 after AQ failed to produce audited
803:"Philip Preville, "Million Dollar Bill", Montreal Mirror (April 9, 1998)"
450:
349:
284:
218:
873:
327:
272:
708:
Community Besieged: The Anglophone Minority and the Politics of Quebec
244:
176:
1104:"D'Andrea v. Alliance Quebec, March 30, 2004 (Quebec Superior Court)"
413:
357:
160:
1234:
236:, finding among other things that votes in three mainly federalist
42:
23:
287:
threw a cream pie in his face while he marched in Montreal's 1998
385:
170:
55:
in most areas of public and business life, won a majority in the
1090:
136:, and Geoffrey Kelley (Jacques-Cartier), while others served as
205:, led to the marginalization of AQ in the province's politics.
31:
156:
106:
155:
In December 1988, AQ's offices were destroyed in a case of
1135:
T. Peloquin, "Alliance Québec poursuivi pour loyer impayé"
654:""Alliance Quebec report card: full marks for effort",
598:
Graeme Decarie, CJAD 800 radio (August 1989); see also
425:
Robert Keaton (1989–1993), political science professor
249:
In May 1998, the group elected a "radical" president,
120:
Many of Alliance Quebec's founders were active in the
1309:"Constance Hope Biography (Pradeium Adivsors, 2008)"
939:. Business.highbeam.com. 1998-10-12. Archived from
245:
Final years — radicalization and closure: 1998–2005
177:
Middle years — stagnation and infighting: 1989–1998
1089:, formerly Alliance Quebec Rouyn-Noranda Chapter;
705:
1058:. Archives.vigile.net. 2003-12-05. Archived from
574:
572:
1361:
1171:
43:Early years — constructive engagement: 1982–1989
703:
232:investigated alleged irregularities during the
39:funding ultimately led to its closure in 2005.
569:
466:
435:Constance Middleton-Hope (1997–1998), educator
356:The annual convention chose the president and
1214:
456:Darryl Gray (2004–2005), member of the clergy
384:positions (although the president received a
836:LaurentianWeb, "Alliance Quebec Information"
515:"Montreal Gazette (February 27, 1982, p.A5)"
962:"Google News archive for "Alliance Quebec""
1245:
914:. .canada.com. 2009-06-16. Archived from
751:
611:
472:
447:(2000–2001), lawyer, municipal politician
283:. Johnson also made headlines when the
1091:"Regional Association of West Quebecers"
580:"Montreal Gazette (May 31, 1986, p.B-5)"
67:and argue against new laws such as the
16:Lobbyist group for anglophone Quebecers
1362:
1195:"Montreal Gazette (May 1, 1985, p.A4)"
1174:""Alliance Quebec Information" (1998)"
534:
369:" (meaning from outside of Montreal),
1345:(University of Ottawa: December 1995)
1150:. Archives.vigile.net. Archived from
893:from the original on November 7, 2012
428:Michael Hamelin (1993–1997), lawyer,
1390:Organizations disestablished in 2005
874:Language and Language Laws in Quebec
850:. Cbc.ca. 2008-05-01. Archived from
1288:"Val D'Or Star (July 12, 1989, p.5"
1093:, formerly "The Outaouais Alliance"
263:talk radio shows, particularly the
22:(AQ) was a group formed in 1982 to
13:
1336:, Montreal Hour (February 5, 2004)
1325:
1224:(MA thesis). University of Ottawa.
380:The executives and directors were
234:1995 Quebec sovereignty referendum
225:merged in order to avoid closing.
14:
1421:
1385:Organizations established in 1982
1235:Youth Employment Services website
912:"Montreal Gazette (16 June 2009)"
230:Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec
89:Ford v. Quebec (Attorney General)
1375:Lobbying organizations in Canada
1023:> (Toledo Blade, May 7, 1999)
805:. Montrealmirror.com. 1998-04-09
1301:
1280:
1256:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1239:
1228:
1208:
1187:
1172:Chris Goodfellow (1998-05-01).
1165:
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786:
762:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
745:
714:McGill-Queen's University Press
622:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
483:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
320:Department of Canadian Heritage
187:Quebec general election of 1989
61:Language demographics of Quebec
937:"Maclean's (October 12, 1998)"
697:
671:
646:
605:
592:
528:
507:
441:(1998–2000) journalist, author
69:Charter of the French Language
1:
1410:Organizations based in Quebec
1405:1982 establishments in Quebec
1148:"Ottawa Citizen May 20, 2005"
430:Immigration and Refugee Board
395:
1056:"La Presse December 5, 2003"
1037:. Ocol-clo.gc.ca. 2008-09-26
685:. August 23, 1989. p. 2
660:. News.google.ca. 1983-06-04
334:
7:
1370:Political history of Quebec
982:"CBC News February 1, 2000"
679:"Candidate faces tough job"
545:. Temple University Press.
540:The Reconquest of Montreal,
535:Levine, Marc (1982-11-05).
281:declaration of independence
126:provincial election of 1985
10:
1426:
28:English-speaking Quebecers
1395:Quebec Anglophone culture
1246:Stevenson, Garth (1999).
752:Stevenson, Garth (1999).
612:Stevenson, Garth (1999).
473:Stevenson, Garth (1999).
115:Townshippers' Association
34:, Canada. It began as an
1334:Stomping Toward Oblivion
1137:(La Presse 30 June 2005)
1124:Francis Scarpaleggia, MP
1080:Neighbours Rouyn Noranda
848:"CBC News (May 1, 2008)"
704:Garth Stevenson (1999).
460:
277:The Hudson's Bay Company
57:Quebec National Assembly
1311:. Praedium-advisors.com
289:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day
122:Liberal Party of Quebec
93:Supreme Court of Canada
1400:Quebec language policy
1215:Paul Prosperi (1995).
1003:"CBC News May 6, 1999"
889:. Cbc.ca. 1998-11-13.
420:Peter M. Blaikie, Q.C.
365:, vice president "off-
166:Le Journal de Montréal
416:(1987–1989), teacher
375:chairman of the board
96:prevails to this day.
1005:. Cbc.ca. 1999-05-06
984:. Cbc.ca. 2000-02-02
330:and ceased activity.
324:financial statements
617:Community Besieged,
453:(2001–2004), lawyer
445:Anthony Housefather
410:(1985–1987), lawyer
404:(1982–1985), lawyer
326:, the group became
140:—Russell Williams (
30:in the province of
1251:Community Besieged
1085:2007-10-11 at the
757:Community Besieged
478:Community Besieged
223:Island of Montreal
159:. Then-president
1380:Linguistic rights
1106:. Jugements.qc.ca
755:Garth Stevenson,
683:Stanstead Journal
538:See Marc Levine,
476:Garth Stevenson,
408:Michael Goldbloom
215:Lower North Shore
203:language politics
195:National Assembly
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658:(June 4, 1983)"
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854:on May 2, 2008
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1290:. 1989-07-12
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451:Brent Tyler
350:West Island
285:Entartistes
219:Baie-Comeau
1364:Categories
1315:2011-04-10
1294:2011-04-10
1269:2011-04-10
1201:2011-04-10
1180:2011-04-10
1158:2011-04-10
1110:2011-04-10
1066:2011-04-10
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1009:2011-04-10
988:2011-04-10
967:2011-04-10
947:2011-04-10
922:2011-04-10
897:2011-04-10
887:"CBC News"
858:2011-04-10
809:2011-04-10
775:2011-04-10
733:August 18,
716:. p.
689:August 18,
664:2011-04-10
635:2011-04-10
585:2011-04-10
558:2011-04-10
521:2011-04-10
496:2011-04-10
396:Presidents
261:right wing
255:columnist
65:federalism
414:Royal Orr
382:volunteer
371:secretary
358:treasurer
335:Structure
328:insolvent
161:Royal Orr
1083:Archived
891:Archived
602:at p.59.
600:Prosperi
291:parade.
142:Nelligan
1253:, p.185
759:, p.204
480:, p.135
386:stipend
273:Eaton's
238:ridings
84:Quebec.
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432:member
373:, and
367:island
107:CEGEPs
91:, the
53:French
32:Quebec
1222:(PDF)
619:p.201
542:p.124
461:Notes
163:sued
157:arson
24:lobby
1258:ISBN
764:ISBN
735:2017
722:ISBN
691:2017
624:ISBN
547:ISBN
485:ISBN
275:and
217:and
169:and
138:MNAs
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148:(
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