2041:
2540:
e.g., the
Chinese, Italian, Greek and Indo-Pakistani groups. Nevertheless, a majority of new immigrants in every census since 1971 have chosen French more often than English as their adopted language. Statistics Canada's 2011 National Household Survey of Canada reported that for the first time in modern history, the first official language of more than half of Quebec immigrants was French. Those who spoke French as their first official language formed 51.1% of all immigrants to the province, while an additional 16.3% spoke both French and English; among those who immigrated to the province between 2006 and 2011, the proportion who spoke French as their first official language was 58.8%.
552:
2524:, which plays into linguistic and identity politics; and the post-industrial clustering of anglophones into Montreal and away from regional communities. These factors go not only to allophone immigrants' direct linguistic assimilation, but also their indirect assimilation through contact with the private sector. Although the Charter of the French language makes French the official language of the workplace, the socio-economic factors cited here also often make English a requirement for employment, especially in Montreal, and to a lesser extent outside of it, notably in
2313:
sole province required constitutionally to finance the educational needs of its linguistic minority. Ontario and Quebec are both required to finance schools for their principal religious minorities (Roman
Catholic in Ontario, Protestant in Quebec), but only in Quebec is the minority almost completely composed of speakers of the minority language. (Quebec also provided English schools for anglophone Roman Catholics.) In 1997, an amendment to the constitution allowed for Quebec to replace its system of denominational school boards with a system of linguistic school boards.
3180:
214:
3707:
3693:
65:
2707:
24:
2536:
anglophones has shrunk to 3% of the population and, except on the
Ontario and U.S. borders, struggles to maintain a critical mass to support educational and health institutions â a reality that only immigrants and francophones usually experience in the other provinces. Unilingual anglophones are however still on the decline because of the higher English-French bilingualism of the community's younger generations.
1768:
1752:
1736:
1720:
1690:
1674:
1658:
1642:
1612:
1596:
1580:
1564:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1456:
1440:
1424:
1408:
2516:â Quebec's largest city, Canada's second-largest metropolitan area, and home to a number of communities, neighbourhoods, and even municipalities in which English is the de facto common language. The anglophone minority's capacity to assimilate allophones and even francophones has therefore compensated to a large extent for the outmigration of anglophones to other provinces and even to the United States.
167:
2253:, especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The numbers of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tend to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec are more likely to leave. Outmigration has most affected the English-speaking minority in Quebec, accounting for its population being significantly reduced since the 1970s.
2512:
from 71% in 1971, but still considerably more than anglophones' overall share of the province's population. This leads some
Quebecers, particularly those who support the continued role of French as the province's common public language, to question whether the policy is being implemented successfully. The phenomenon is linked to the linguistic environments which cohabit
2092:, the rate of bilingualism in English and French is at 44.5 percent, a figure which continues to grow at a much faster rate in Quebec than in the rest of Canada. Bilingual speakers represented 42.6 percent in 2011, and 40.6 percent in 2006 (in 2016, it was 17.9 percent in Canada overall, up from just at 17.5 percent in 2011).
2539:
Not all analysts are entirely comfortable with this picture of the status of the
English language in Quebec. For example, a more refined analysis of the Census data shows that a great deal of anglicization continues to occur in the communities traditionally associated with the English-language group,
2531:
The result is a largely bilingual workforce. Francophones are often compelled to learn
English to find employment (particularly in the Montreal area), while anglophones in the province are pressured to do the same with French, and allophones are asked to learn both. Census data adjusted for education
2519:
A number of socio-economic factors are thought to be responsible for this reality. They include: the historic role of the
English language in Canada and the U.S.; its growing influence in the business and scientific world; the perceived advantages of learning English that result from this prominence
2511:
Recent census data show that goal has not been reached as successfully as hoped. After almost 30 years of enforcement of the
Charter of the French Language, approximately 49% of allophone immigrants â including those who arrived before the Charter's adoption in 1977 â had assimilated to English, down
329:
The first language learned by a person, which may or may not still be used by that individual in adulthood, is a basic measure of a population's language. However, with the high number of mixed francophone-anglophone marriages and the reality of multilingualism in
Montreal, this description does not
2320:
In contrast, the Quebec language law and regulations promote French exclusively as the common public language of all
Quebecers. Although Quebec currently respects most of the constitutional rights of its anglophone minority, it took a series of court challenges to enforce. The government of Quebec
2316:
The federal language law and regulations seek to make it possible for all Canadian anglophone and francophone citizens to obtain services in the language of their choice from the federal government. Ottawa promotes the adoption of bilingualism by the population and especially among the employees in
2535:
In 2001, 29% of Quebec workers declared using English, either solely (193,320), mostly (293,320), equally with French (212,545) or regularly (857,420). The proportion rose to 37% in the Montreal metropolitan area, where bilingualism is common. Outside Montreal, on the other hand, the proportion of
2312:
Since 1982, both parliaments have had to comply with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which constitutionalized a number of fundamental human rights and educational rights of minorities in all provinces (education is a provincial jurisdiction in Canada). Prior to this, Quebec was effectively the
2075:
Francophones account for 65% of the total population of Greater Montreal, anglophones 12.6% and allophones 20.4%. On the island of Montreal, the francophone majority dropped to 46.96% by 2011, a net decline since the 1970s owing to francophone outmigration to more affluent suburbs in Laval and the
2116:
In 2003, Quebec accepted some 37,619 immigrants. A large proportion of these immigrants originated from francophone countries and countries that are former French colonies. Countries from which significant numbers of people immigrate include Haiti, Congo, Lebanon, Morocco, Rwanda, Syria, Algeria,
2107:
At 1.74 children per woman, Quebec's 2008 fertility rate was above the Canada-wide rate of 1.59, and had increased for five consecutive years. However, it remained below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1. This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960, which were among the highest of any
2507:
chose to move away from Church domination and towards a stronger identification with state institutions as development instruments for their community. Instead of repelling non-Catholic immigrants from the French-language public school system and towards the Protestant-run English system, for
344:
This is the language most often spoken at home and is currently preferred to identify francophones, anglophones, and allophones. This descriptor has the advantage of pointing out the current usage of languages. However, it fails to describe the language that is most used at work, which may be
2708:"2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations â Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions and Dissemination Areas, 2011 Census"
2479:
Until the 1960s, the francophone majority of Quebec had only very weak assimilation power and, indeed, did not seek to assimilate non-francophones. Although the quantity of non-francophones adopted French throughout history, the pressure and, indeed, consensus from French-language and
2790:
2660:
2819:
363:
Based on first official language learned, but placing half of the people equally proficient since childhood in both English and French into each linguistic community; it is used by the Canadian government to determine the demand for minority language services in a
2108:
industrialized society. Although Quebec is home to only 23.9% of the population of Canada, the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada. In 2001, 42% of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec.
2620:
2480:
English-language institutions was historically towards the anglicization, not francization, of allophones in Quebec. Only a high fertility rate allowed the francophone population to keep increasing in absolute numbers in spite of assimilation and
623:, the second-largest city in the province, is almost exclusively francophone. Overall in the province the proportion of native English speakers dropped significantly between 1951 and 2001, from 13.8% to 8% in 2001, while it has since stabilized.
606:
are a large population in the Greater Montreal Area, where they have built a well-established network of educational, social, economic, and cultural institutions. There are also historical English-speaking communities in the
3668:
3627:
3642:
2098:
Almost 90 cities, towns or boroughs in Quebec are considered officially bilingual, a designation allowing them to offer services, post signage and mail communications in the country's two official languages.
2071:
Quebec allophones account for 9% of the population of Quebec. The vast majority of them (88%) reside in Greater Montreal. Anglophones are also concentrated in the region of Montreal (80% of their numbers).
3612:
351:
This measure describes which of the two official languages of Canada a person can speak informally. This relies on the person's own evaluation of his/her linguistic competence and can prove misleading.
2508:
instance, immigrants would now be encouraged to attend French-language schools. The ultimate quantifiable goal of Quebec's language policy is to establish French as Quebec's common public language.
2520:
and which are particularly appealing to allophones who have yet to make a linguistic commitment; the historic association of English with immigrant Quebecers and French with ethnic French-Canadian
3622:
2383:
The following table shows summary data on the language shifts which have occurred in Quebec between 1971, year of the first Canadian census asking questions about home language, and 2001 :
3652:
3632:
3617:
642:, Mohawks, Iroquois, Abenaki, Montagnais, Cree, Innu, Ojibway etc.), the majority are products of recent immigration and often come to adopt either English or French as home languages.
3421:
3673:
3637:
3607:
3049:
650:
Of the population of 7,903,001 counted by the 2011 census, 7,815,955 completed the section about language. Of these, 7,663,120 gave singular responses to the question regarding their
3504:. Rapport soumis au ministre dĂ©lĂ©guĂ© aux affaires intergouvernementales canadiennes. Volume 2, livre 2. QuĂ©bec, Conseil exĂ©cutif, Bureau de coordination des Ă©tudes, pages 161â244
2890:
596:
is the only one whose majority is francophone. Quebec's population accounts for 23.9% of the Canadian population, and Quebec's francophones account for about 90% of Canada's
3133:
2321:
promotes the adoption and the use of French and limits the presence of English. This is to counteract the trend towards the anglicization of the population of Quebec.
188:
3158:
2991:
2492:
of the Quebecois began declining in a manner consistent with most developed societies, and some in Quebec's francophone majority feared the beginning of a
357:
Measures whether English or French are the first of the two official languages learned; it places allophones into English or French linguistic communities.
2496:: unlike the anglophone sphere, the francophone sphere was not assimilating allophones, and lower fertility rates were therefore much more determinative.
3510:
Perspectives démolinguistiques du Québec et de la région de Montréal à l'aube du XXIe siÚcle : implications pour le français langue d'usage public
3308:
2959:
2470:
The second column starting on the left shows the number of native speakers of each language, the third shows the number of speakers using it at home.
3081:
2865:
82:
37:
2287:
3431:"Quelle est la force d'attraction réelle du français au Québec? Analyse critique de l'amélioration de la situation du français observée en 2001"
3099:
2095:
While 44.5 percent of the total population of Quebec reported being bilingual in 2016, this figure rose to 70 percent for those aged 14 to 17.
2301:
There are two sets of language laws in Quebec, which overlap and in various areas conflict or compete with each other: the laws passed by the
129:
3044:
101:
2933:
338:
defines mother tongue as the first language learned in childhood and still spoken; it does not presuppose literacy in that or any language.
3529:
2473:
The fourth column shows the difference between the number of speakers according to home language and those who speak it as mother tongue.
3023:
108:
3508:
2904:
175:
3371:
Langue du travail : indicateurs relatifs Ă lâĂ©volution de la population active et Ă lâutilisation des langues au travail en 2001
3068:
Langue du travail : indicateurs relatifs Ă lâĂ©volution de la population active et Ă lâutilisation des langues au travail en 2001
2880:
3493:
Termote, Marc (2003). "La dynamique démolinguistique du Québec et de ses régions", in Piché, Victor and Le Bourdais, Céline (eds.),
3346:
2643:
2048:. In blue, the municipalities where the main language is French; in pink, the municipalities where the most used language is English
3369:
3066:
2596:
115:
3579:
2532:
and professional experience show that bilingual francophones had a greater income than bilingual anglophones by the year 2000.
3113:
3465:
97:
3433:
3404:
3385:
43:
2476:
The fifth column shows the quotient of the division between the number of home language speakers and the native speakers.
3592:
2977:
2250:
2134:
2080:) and an influx of allophone immigrants. The anglophones account for 16.64% of the population and the allophones 35.24%.
271:
3502:
La mise à jour des études originalement préparées pour la Commission sur l'avenir politique et constitutionnel du Québec
2140:
Interprovincial migration between Quebec and other provinces and territories by mother tongue Source: Statistics Canada
2040:
3379:
3356:
3283:
3251:
3223:
3201:
253:
148:
51:
3194:
615:, the Laurentians (such as Ste. Agathe des Monts, Ste. Adolphe de Howard, Arundel, Lachute, Mont Tremblant) and the
2525:
3546:
330:
give a true linguistic portrait of Quebec. It is, however, still essential, for example in order to calculate the
3738:
2765:
2294:
2263:
3423:
Les indicateurs gĂ©nĂ©raux de vitalitĂ© des langues au QuĂ©bec : comparabilitĂ© et tendances 1971â2001 (Ătude 1)
3046:
Les indicateurs gĂ©nĂ©raux de vitalitĂ© des langues au QuĂ©bec : comparabilitĂ© et tendances 1971â2001 (Ătude 1)
3678:
2560:
2280:
2273:
86:
2121:, Quebec has sole responsibility for selecting most immigrants destined to the province (see related article,
1281:(Percentages shown are the ratio between the number of singular responses and the number of total responses.)
1279:
Numerous other languages were also counted, but only languages with more than 2,000 native speakers are shown.
2844:
1844:
2011 mother tongue by census metropolitan areas (CMAs), census subdivisions (CSDs) or census divisions (CDs)
122:
3452:
Assimilation linguistique et remplacement des générations francophones et anglophones au Québec et au Canada
3305:
3733:
3325:
2550:
631:
585:
3348:
Les caractĂ©ristiques linguistiques de la population du QuĂ©bec; profil et tendances 1991â2001 (Fascicule 1)
2978:"Quebec is no Louisiana, experts say as premier accused of stoking immigration fears | Globalnews.ca"
3006:
Les indicateurs gĂ©nĂ©raux de la vitalitĂ© des langues au QuĂ©bec : comparabilitĂ© et tendances 1971â2001
2306:
378:
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the
3743:
3572:
2333:
2960:"Quebec Premier Francois Legault accused of stoking immigration fears after speech at CAQ convention"
2580:
603:
551:
3188:
2585:
2521:
555:
In Quebec, 94.5% of the population reported being able to conduct a conversation in French in 2016.
3273:
3557:
3345:
Bouchard, Pierre, Castonguay, Charles, Langlois, Simon, Pagé, Michel and Vincent, Nadine (2005).
3289:
2064:, the city. (The island and the city were coterminous for a time between the municipal merger of
180:
75:
3243:
3524:
3264:
3205:
2575:
2570:
2555:
2373:
2353:
2686:
3565:
3018:
2845:"Results from the 2016 Census: EnglishâFrench bilingualism among Canadian children and youth"
2499:
Quebec's language legislation has tried to address this since the 1960s when, as part of the
2369:
2122:
2053:
1911:
267:
290:, requires the use of multiple terms in order to describe the languages which people speak.
3474:
3387:
Travailler en français au Québec : les perceptions de travailleurs et de gestionnaires
3297:
Castonguay, Charles (1999). "French is on the ropes. Why won't Ottawa admit it ?", in
2912:
2565:
2345:
2341:
2302:
2118:
2089:
1265:
383:
379:
3451:
8:
3588:
3536:, Collection : Dossiers, 35, Pages : xviii, 455. Conseil de la langue française
989:
805:
779:
639:
2349:
2337:
2325:
231:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
226:
3105:
Post-imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940-1990
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2590:
2493:
2045:
1871:
1096:
1083:
1057:
1043:
627:
577:
318:
2992:"Quebec is no Louisiana, experts say, as premier accused of stoking immigration fears"
2661:"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Quebec [Province] and Canada [Country]"
616:
3375:
3352:
3279:
3247:
3152:
3109:
2840:
2815:
2647:
2348:). The bill strengthens the 1970s Charter of the French Language. In that same year,
1226:
1200:
1187:
1070:
870:
792:
608:
335:
2011:
286:
The complex nature of Quebec's linguistic situation, with individuals who are often
3306:"Getting the facts straight on French : Reflections following the 1996 Census"
2621:"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Quebec [Province]"
2504:
2500:
2485:
2377:
2365:
1991:
1252:
1239:
1213:
1161:
1030:
950:
923:
896:
831:
818:
740:
727:
714:
688:
581:
526:
488:
450:
431:
386:, and lists languages that were selected by at least one per cent of respondents.
312:
306:
3697:
3533:
3497:, Les Presses de l'UniversitĂ© de MontrĂ©al, collection "ParamĂštres", pages 264â299
3437:
3430:
3408:
3401:
3312:
3103:
3053:
3027:
3020:
Getting the facts straight on French : Reflections following the 1996 Census
2791:"Montréal (equivalent territory), Quebec and Canada- Census Profile. 2011 Census"
2057:
1122:
883:
844:
701:
630:, are native speakers of more than 30 different languages. With the exception of
597:
564:
469:
412:
300:
287:
3500:
Termote, Marc (2002). "L'évolution démolinguistique du Québec et du Canada", in
2687:"Anglophone population of Quebec, Percentage of regional population, 1861â1981"
2489:
2065:
1148:
1017:
1003:
910:
766:
753:
651:
507:
331:
3727:
3711:
963:
857:
675:
612:
3470:, Le Programme de contestation judiciaire du Canada, Conférence linguistique
2528:, bordering Ontario, and in the Eastern Townships, particularly Sherbrooke.
2269:
1982 â Articles 14, 16â23, 55 and 57 of the Constitution Act, 1982 (federal)
3552:
1109:
1931:
620:
570:
294:
3291:
Francophone Minorities: Assimilation and Community Vitality, 1st Edition
3275:
Francophone Minorities: Assimilation and Community Vitality, 2nd Edition
2481:
1971:
3327:
Transcript of a Standing Joint Committee on Official Languages hearing
3102:. In Fishman, Joshua A.; Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (eds.).
2866:"Quebec municipalities protecting right to serve residents in English"
2352:
caused controversy when he said that Quebec risked being a Louisiana (
3442:
3413:
2934:"Language law Bill 96 adopted, promising sweeping changes for Quebec"
937:
64:
3478:
2885:
2881:"Towns shoring up bilingual status after Quebec's new language law"
2513:
2061:
1951:
1891:
225:. The reason given is: This article does not use the data from the
3587:
3456:
3266:
Conference: The French fact in Québec and Canada: The Hidden Storm
2329:
976:
3316:
3056:, Office québécois de la langue française, 26 mai, 2005, page 17
3031:
166:
2356:) if Quebec doesn't have more control over immigration policy.
1135:
593:
275:
3513:, Conseil de la langue française, Montréal, 15 September 1999
1174:
635:
654:. The languages most commonly reported were the following:
3495:
La démographie québécoise. Enjeux du XXIe siÚcle. Montréal
2644:
English, French and official language minorities in Canada
3278:, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage,
3269:, American University Summer Institute, Washington D.C.
3246:, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage,
588:(0.6%), native speakers of two languages or more (2.3%)
3475:"L'orientation linguistique des allophones à Montréal"
2619:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17).
3467:
Population history des minorités de langue officielle
3294:, New Canadian Perspectives Series, Canadian Heritage
2905:"Factors Affecting the Evolution of Language Groups"
2618:
2068:
and the "demerger" which occurred in January 2006.)
323:
Having a mother tongue other than English or French.
2044:Language demographics of the municipalities of the
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3426:, Office québécois de la langue française 48 pages
3093:
3091:
3071:, Office québécois de la langue française, page 57
2052:There are today three distinct territories in the
3384:Chénard, Claire and Van Shendel, Nicolas (2002).
2839:
2814:
2359:
2354:which used to be French speaking but is no longer
1287:Canada census mother tongue â Province of QuĂ©bec
546:
3725:
3242:Marmen, Louise and Corbeil, Jean-Pierre (2004).
3157:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3108:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 205â235.
3088:
2288:An Act to promote the French language in Quebec
626:The remaining 13% of the population, known as
3573:
645:
2128:
3100:"The English Language in Quebec, 1940â1990"
2684:
2612:
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3580:
3566:
3487:
3374:, Office québécois de la langue française
3351:, Office québécois de la langue française
3140:. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19
2324:In May 2022, The CAQ Quebec government of
3390:, Office québécois de la langue française
3224:Learn how and when to remove this message
373:
254:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
3187:This article includes a list of general
2039:
550:
191:of all important aspects of the article.
3517:
3402:"La force réelle du français au Québec"
3097:
368:
3726:
2957:
2878:
1295:
187:Please consider expanding the lead to
3561:
3134:"French Gains Ground Among Newcomers"
3127:
3125:
2725:
3394:
3339:
3173:
3082:"Canada.Com | Homepage | Canada.Com"
281:
207:
160:
87:adding citations to reliable sources
58:
17:
3362:
3299:Policy Options / Options politiques
2332:, with 78 MNAs in favour (from the
2135:Interprovincial migration in Canada
592:Among the ten provinces of Canada,
13:
3257:
3236:
3193:it lacks sufficient corresponding
3122:
2032:All figures are rounded to 0.01%.
266:This article presents the current
14:
3755:
3540:
3526:Les langues autochtones du Québec
3473:Castonguay, Charles (Fall 1992).
3131:
619:. By contrast, the population of
390:Knowledge of languages in Quebec
98:"Language demographics of Quebec"
33:This article has multiple issues.
3705:
3692:
3691:
3523:Maurais, Jacques, (ed.) (1992).
3480:Cahiers québécois de démographie
3178:
2893:from the original on 2022-12-14.
2597:Cahiers québécois de démographie
2526:Canada's National Capital Region
1767:
1766:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1689:
1688:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1611:
1610:
1595:
1594:
1579:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1484:
1455:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1423:
1422:
1407:
1406:
212:
165:
63:
22:
3244:Languages in Canada 2001 Census
3169:
3074:
3059:
3037:
3011:
2998:
2984:
2970:
2951:
2926:
2897:
2872:
2858:
2833:
2484:. In the early 1960s, with the
2083:
1842:
354:First official language learned
348:Knowledge of official languages
179:may be too short to adequately
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
2808:
2783:
2758:
2700:
2678:
2653:
2637:
2561:Charter of the French Language
2360:Anglicization and Francization
2274:Charter of the French Language
2256:
2117:France and Belgium. Under the
2111:
547:Overview as of the 2016 census
189:provide an accessible overview
1:
3324:Castonguay, Charles. (1998).
3263:Lisée, Jean-François (2004).
3034:, volume 8, 1999, pages 61/64
2879:Lowrie, Morgan (2022-08-14).
2820:"Census Profile, 2016 Census"
2605:
2102:
3464:Castonguay, Charles (1999).
3420:Castonguay, Charles (2005).
3334:
3304:Castonguay, Charles (1999).
2958:Lowrie, Morgan (June 2022).
2551:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec
632:Aboriginal peoples in Quebec
7:
2543:
2340:) and 29 against (from the
2307:National Assembly of Quebec
2305:and the laws passed by the
2056:: the metropolitan region,
2035:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
388:
10:
3760:
3548:The English Fact in Quebec
3458:Recherches sociographiques
3321:, volume 8, pages 57 to 77
2132:
1286:
646:Numbers of native speakers
604:English-speaking Quebecers
360:Official language minority
3687:
3661:
3628:Newfoundland and Labrador
3600:
3368:Moffet, Virginie (2006).
3288:O'Keefe, Michael (1999).
3272:O'Keefe, Michael (2001).
2581:English-speaking Quebecer
2402:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2251:Interprovincial migration
2129:Interprovincial migration
1851:
1848:
1838:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
288:bilingual or multilingual
221:This article needs to be
3098:Veltman, Calvin (1995).
2586:French-speaking Quebecer
3488:Demolinguistic forecast
3208:more precise citations.
1292:Mother tongue language
3739:Demographics of Canada
3507:Termote, Marc (1999).
3330:, recorded on April 28
2689:. Marionapolis College
2576:Demographics of Quebec
2571:Constitution of Canada
2556:Bilingualism in Canada
2398:Linguistic persistence
2374:Linguistic description
2295:Official Languages Act
2264:Official Languages Act
2049:
600:-speaking population.
556:
374:Knowledge of languages
3669:Northwest Territories
3593:province or territory
3449:Castonguay, Charles.
3429:Castonguay, Charles.
3400:Castonguay, Charles.
2766:"2011 Census Profile"
2395:Speakers according to
2370:Stratum (linguistics)
2281:Official Language Act
2123:Immigration to Canada
2054:Greater Montreal Area
2043:
1912:Greater Montreal Area
560:Population: 8,164,361
554:
268:language demographics
3643:Prince Edward Island
3518:Aboriginal languages
3483:, volume 21, issue 2
3301:, 20, 8 : 39-50
3043:Charles Castonguay,
3017:Charles Castonguay,
3004:Charles Castonguay,
2566:Children of Bill 101
2494:demographic collapse
2317:the public service.
2303:Parliament of Canada
2145:Mother Tongue / Year
2119:Canada-Quebec Accord
1863:English & French
1322:French & English
384:2016 Canadian census
380:2021 Canadian census
369:Current demographics
315:as a first language.
303:as a first language.
83:improve this article
3734:Languages of Quebec
3589:Languages of Canada
2818:(8 February 2017).
2731:Statistics Canada:
2625:www12.statcan.gc.ca
2405:vitality indicator
2388:
2141:
1845:
1293:
670:singular responses
563:Official language:
391:
3532:2007-08-21 at the
3446:, 10 December 2003
3436:2008-10-07 at the
3417:, 20 December 2005
3407:2008-06-11 at the
3311:2016-03-03 at the
3052:2008-04-10 at the
3026:2008-04-10 at the
2964:The Globe and Mail
2843:(3 October 2019).
2591:Language in Canada
2486:rise of irreligion
2386:
2139:
2050:
2046:Island of Montreal
1872:Island of Montreal
1843:
1291:
557:
407:Percentage (2016)
404:Population (2016)
401:Percentage (2021)
398:Population (2021)
389:
3744:Culture of Quebec
3721:
3720:
3712:Canada portal
3234:
3233:
3226:
3115:978-3-11-014754-4
3065:Virginie Moffet,
2909:Statistics Canada
2841:Statistics Canada
2816:Statistics Canada
2795:Statistics Canada
2772:. 8 February 2012
2770:Statistics Canada
2712:Statistics Canada
2685:Claude Belanger.
2665:Statistics Canada
2648:Statistics Canada
2468:
2467:
2248:
2247:
2088:According to the
2076:South Shore (fr.
2030:
2029:
1852:Mother tongue(s)
1836:
1835:
1290:
1277:
1276:
609:Eastern Townships
576:Minority groups:
544:
543:
336:Statistics Canada
332:assimilation rate
282:Demographic terms
272:Canadian province
264:
263:
256:
246:
245:
206:
205:
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
3751:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3695:
3694:
3613:British Columbia
3582:
3575:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3363:Language at work
3229:
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3209:
3204:this article by
3195:inline citations
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3138:Montreal Gazette
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2911:. Archived from
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2600:academic journal
2505:French Canadians
2501:Quiet Revolution
2389:
2385:
2378:Sociolinguistics
2366:Language contact
2350:François Legault
2338:Québec solidaire
2326:François Legault
2142:
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1892:City of Montreal
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1294:
1284:
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665:native speakers
657:
656:
569:Majority group:
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3534:Wayback Machine
3520:
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3409:Wayback Machine
3397:
3395:Language shifts
3365:
3342:
3340:General studies
3337:
3318:Inroads Journal
3313:Wayback Machine
3260:
3258:Language shifts
3239:
3237:General studies
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3210:
3200:Please help to
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3132:Scott, Marian.
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2346:Parti Québécois
2259:
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2105:
2086:
2058:Montreal Island
2038:
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3021:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2915:on 2008-06-12
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Liberal Party
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
992:(Montagnais)
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
668:Percentage of
667:
662:
659:
658:
655:
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
613:Ottawa Valley
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
566:
562:
559:
558:
553:
540:< 1%
539:
536:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
517:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
393:
387:
385:
381:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
341:Home language
340:
337:
333:
328:
326:Mother tongue
325:
322:
320:
317:
314:
310:
308:
305:
302:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
258:
255:
240:
237:February 2023
228:
224:
219:
210:
209:
200:
190:
184:
182:
177:
172:
168:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
139:February 2009
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: â
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3703:
3696:
3653:Saskatchewan
3647:
3553:Google Books
3547:
3525:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3479:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3422:
3412:
3386:
3370:
3347:
3326:
3317:
3298:
3290:
3274:
3265:
3220:
3211:
3192:
3170:Bibliography
3142:. Retrieved
3137:
3104:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3045:
3039:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2994:. June 2022.
2986:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2942:. Retrieved
2940:. 2022-05-24
2937:
2928:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:the original
2908:
2899:
2884:
2874:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2810:
2799:. Retrieved
2797:. 2012-10-24
2794:
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2769:
2760:
2727:
2716:. Retrieved
2714:. 2017-02-14
2711:
2702:
2691:. Retrieved
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2667:. 2017-08-02
2664:
2655:
2639:
2628:. Retrieved
2624:
2614:
2595:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2518:
2510:
2498:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2382:
2363:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2300:
2290:(provincial)
2283:(provincial)
2276:(provincial)
2249:
2115:
2106:
2097:
2094:
2087:
2084:Bilingualism
2077:
2074:
2070:
2051:
2031:
1860:Only English
1278:
1006:(Cambodian)
649:
625:
602:
591:
377:
285:
265:
250:
234:
222:
194:
178:
176:lead section
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
3662:Territories
3633:Nova Scotia
3206:introducing
2850:10 November
2825:10 November
2257:Legislation
2112:Immigration
2090:2016 census
1932:Quebec City
1857:Only French
1384:Pop %
1373:Pop %
1362:Pop %
1351:Pop %
1266:Kinyarwanda
899:(Filipino)
621:Quebec City
586:Aboriginals
571:Francophone
295:Francophone
227:2021 census
3728:Categories
3189:references
3144:2017-05-20
2944:2022-05-25
2919:2006-10-27
2801:2017-09-07
2776:2017-05-20
2718:2017-09-09
2693:2007-03-01
2671:2017-09-09
2630:2022-08-17
2606:References
2482:emigration
2403:Linguistic
2387:1971â2001
2103:Birth rate
1972:Sherbrooke
1793:5,700,150
1715:5,761,765
1637:5,877,660
1559:6,102,210
1529:1,060,030
1481:6,219,665
1451:1,167,550
1403:6,291,440
1340:Responses
926:(Punjabi)
806:Vietnamese
780:Portuguese
693:1,103,475
680:6,102,210
628:allophones
582:Anglophone
580:(13.15%),
442:3,930,690
436:4,317,180
423:7,522,350
417:7,786,735
345:different.
307:Anglophone
109:newspapers
38:improve it
3601:Provinces
3443:Le Devoir
3414:Le Devoir
3335:In French
2522:Québécois
2424:5,897,610
2421:5,787,012
2297:(federal)
2266:(federal)
2218:â276,000
2163:1996â2001
2160:1991â1996
2157:1986â1991
2154:1981â1986
2151:1976â1981
2148:1971â1976
1787:7,045,080
1709:7,125,580
1631:7,435,905
1553:7,815,950
1475:8,066,560
1397:8,406,905
1097:Ukrainian
1084:Atikamekw
1058:Bulgarian
1046:(Magyar)
1044:Hungarian
938:Inuktitut
663:Number of
660:Language
584:(7.45%),
578:Allophone
395:Language
319:Allophone
311:Speaking
299:Speaking
181:summarize
44:talk page
3698:Category
3618:Manitoba
3530:Archived
3434:Archived
3405:Archived
3309:Archived
3153:cite web
3050:Archived
3024:Archived
2938:Montreal
2891:Archived
2886:CBC News
2646:, 2016,
2544:See also
2514:Montreal
2461:-261,676
2392:Language
2244:â73,600
2203:â106,300
2192:â37,500
2078:Rive-Sud
2062:Montreal
2036:Montreal
1992:Saguenay
1952:Gatineau
1826:657,580
1804:586,435
1763:756,710
1731:557,040
1685:939,350
1653:575,555
1607:961,700
1575:599,225
1497:601,155
1435:126,405
1419:639,365
1227:Japanese
1201:Croatian
1188:Albanian
1071:Gujarati
871:Armenian
793:Romanian
732:121,720
719:141,000
706:164,390
527:Mandarin
518:108,315
512:118,010
499:173,710
493:168,040
480:267,965
474:343,675
461:390,355
455:453,905
382:and the
197:May 2015
3674:Nunavut
3638:Ontario
3608:Alberta
3202:improve
2458:419,548
2455:681,224
2444:151,079
2441:733,643
2438:582,564
2435:English
2427:110,598
2330:Bill 96
2328:passed
2293:1969 â
2286:1969 â
2279:1974 â
2272:1977 â
2262:1988 â
2241:â19,100
2238:â14,100
2229:â17,400
2215:â29,200
2212:â24,500
2209:â22,200
2206:â41,600
2200:â52,200
2197:English
2180:â12,900
2177:â18,000
1966:10.04%
1960:11.04%
1926:24.04%
1920:11.62%
1906:35.96%
1900:12.67%
1886:35.24%
1880:16.64%
1815:50,585
1774:10.61%
1771:15.07%
1747:50,060
1726:80.85%
1696:12.69%
1677:13.43%
1669:43,335
1648:79.04%
1618:12.29%
1599:65.12%
1591:71,555
1570:78.08%
1540:13.14%
1513:72,395
1462:13.88%
1459:10.09%
1315:English
1297:Census
1253:Lingala
1240:Swahili
1214:Kirundi
1162:Serbian
1031:Turkish
977:Yiddish
955:10,405
951:Bengali
942:10,920
929:11,150
924:Panjabi
915:13,240
902:13,745
897:Tagalog
888:15,025
875:15,035
862:15,135
849:15,250
836:19,835
832:Persian
823:24,085
819:Russian
810:26,560
797:31,245
784:34,270
771:39,825
758:49,745
745:64,760
741:Chinese
728:Italian
715:Spanish
689:English
573:(77.1%)
531:80,520
489:Italian
451:Spanish
445:49.35%
439:51.96%
432:English
426:94.43%
420:93.72%
313:English
270:of the
223:updated
123:scholar
3648:Quebec
3461:, 2002
3378:
3355:
3282:
3250:
3191:, but
3112:
3008:, 2005
2755:census
2488:, the
2464:0.616
2452:Others
2447:1.259
2430:1.019
2418:French
2364:(see:
2235:â8,600
2232:â8,700
2226:â5,700
2189:â8,900
2174:â4,100
2171:French
2166:Total
2060:, and
2026:1.96%
2020:1.11%
2017:96.55%
2006:0.73%
2000:0.78%
1997:98.25%
1986:4.95%
1980:4.89%
1977:89.38%
1957:77.25%
1946:3.24%
1940:1.43%
1937:94.89%
1917:63.27%
1897:50.31%
1877:46.96%
1866:Other
1839:Cities
1821:0.72%
1799:80.9%
1755:1.04%
1742:7.81%
1723:1.07%
1693:24.2%
1680:0.58%
1664:7.73%
1615:2.34%
1602:0.91%
1586:7.66%
1583:4.17%
1537:10.3%
1524:0.89%
1521:1.74%
1508:7.45%
1505:0.33%
1492:77.1%
1489:1.92%
1427:6.32%
1414:74.8%
1411:1.15%
1381:Trend
1378:Count
1370:Trend
1367:Count
1359:Trend
1356:Count
1348:Trend
1345:Count
1308:French
1302:Total
1273:0.03%
1270:2,010
1260:0.03%
1257:2,050
1247:0.03%
1244:2,065
1234:0.03%
1231:2,180
1221:0.03%
1218:2,375
1208:0.03%
1205:2,380
1195:0.03%
1192:2,410
1182:0.04%
1179:2,745
1169:0.04%
1166:2,955
1156:0.04%
1153:3,245
1143:0.05%
1140:3,975
1136:Hebrew
1130:0.05%
1127:4,085
1123:Korean
1117:0.05%
1114:4,185
1104:0.06%
1101:4,785
1091:0.08%
1088:5,820
1078:0.08%
1075:5,940
1065:0.08%
1062:6,500
1052:0.09%
1049:6,680
1038:0.09%
1035:6,915
1025:0.09%
1022:7,035
1012:0.11%
1009:8,615
998:0.11%
995:8,710
984:0.12%
981:9,035
971:0.13%
968:9,800
958:0.14%
945:0.14%
932:0.15%
918:0.17%
905:0.18%
884:German
845:Polish
702:Arabic
696:13.7%
683:78.1%
676:French
611:, the
598:French
594:Quebec
565:French
534:0.97%
521:1.36%
515:1.42%
502:2.18%
496:2.02%
483:3.37%
477:4.14%
470:Arabic
464:4.90%
458:5.46%
413:French
364:region
301:French
276:Quebec
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
3679:Yukon
3477:, in
3455:dans
3315:, in
3030:, in
2223:Other
2186:1,200
2183:5,200
2023:0.39%
2014:(CMA)
2003:0.24%
1994:(CMA)
1983:0.78%
1974:(CMA)
1963:1.68%
1954:(CSD)
1943:0.44%
1934:(CMA)
1923:1.07%
1914:(CMA)
1903:1.07%
1894:(CSD)
1883:1.17%
1832:9.3%
1810:8.3%
1758:0.7%
1739:4.9%
1661:3.2%
1645:2.0%
1567:3.8%
1446:1.5%
1430:7.6%
1335:Year
1329:Other
1175:Hindi
1149:Dutch
1018:Oromo
1004:Khmer
911:Tamil
891:0.2%
878:0.2%
865:0.2%
852:0.2%
839:0.3%
826:0.3%
813:0.3%
800:0.4%
787:0.4%
774:0.5%
767:Greek
761:0.6%
748:0.8%
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