637:
618:
599:
309:
102:
33:
265:
57:
79:
666:
land alongside mountain brooks and streams, occurring at elevations up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). However, it does not require moist soil, and will also colonize screes and shallow stony slopes. In the northern part of its range, it is a common tree species at sea level in forests, abandoned
746:
Alder is an excellent tree for coppicing and pollarding. Its cut branches may be fed to browsing livestock such as cows and goats, then used for kindling, firewood, or light construction - while root systems fertilize adjacent agricultural plots via nitrogen fixation.
1225:
299:
of multi-stemmed, shrubby tree in the birch family, with a wide range across the cooler parts of the
Northern Hemisphere. Tolerant of wetter soils, it can slowly spread with runners and is a common sight in swamps and wetlands.
1029:
Lee, O.; Choi, M.; Ha, S.; Lee, G.; Kim, J.; Park, G.; Lee, M.; Choi, Y.; Kim, M.; Oh, C. H. (2010). "Effect of pedunculagin investigated by non-invasive evaluation on atopic-like dermatitis in NC/Nga mice".
1239:
399: in) long, and light brown with a narrow encircling wing. The grey alder has a shallow root system, and is marked not only by vigorous production of stump suckers, but also by
319:
It is a small- to medium-sized tree 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) tall with smooth grey bark even in old age, its life span being a maximum of 60 to 100 years. The
1104:"Effects of afforestation of agricultural land with grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) on soil chemical properties, comparing two contrasting soil groups"
1211:
369:, appearing early in spring before the leaves emerge, the male catkins pendulous and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long, the female catkins 1.5 cm (
1301:
1539:
1627:
1102:
Nikodemus, Oļģerts; Kaupe, Dārta; Kukuļs, Imants; Brūmelis, Guntis; Kasparinskis, Raimonds; Dauškane, Iluta; Treimane, Agita (19 June 2020).
1942:
1330:
1732:
1257:
636:
1849:
1487:
1862:
1552:
1500:
799:
861:
940:
1593:
988:
617:
598:
1982:
1711:
1557:
1947:
1962:
1451:
865:
1977:
1013:
1875:
1632:
1526:
86:
1750:
662:
is a light-demanding, fast-growing tree that grows well on poorer soils. In central Europe, it is a colonist of
1893:
101:
1614:
1143:
1479:
1274:
1404:
886:
720:
The tree is cultivated in parks and gardens. The cultivar 'Aurea', with green-gold leaves, has gained the
1758:
1313:
1292:
721:
1867:
1888:
1745:
553:
1505:
1642:
1588:
1288:
1073:
1466:
1987:
1957:
1606:
817:
790:
379: in) long and one cm broad when mature in late autumn. The seeds are small, 1–2 millimetres (
1737:
845:
1796:
1967:
1544:
1474:
1383:
1345:
978:
725:
697:
provides cover for wildlife, is browsed by deer and moose, and the seeds are eaten by birds.
234:
1668:
1570:
1425:
443:
1701:
912:
8:
1972:
1696:
917:
509:
46:
1914:
1804:
1193:
1055:
504:
96:
1724:
1688:
1663:
1412:
1287:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1125:
1047:
1043:
1009:
984:
740:
207:
1282:
1197:
1059:
948:. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. p. 34. Archived from
419:
There are four to six subspecies, some treated as separate species by some authors:
1919:
1809:
1417:
1185:
1115:
1039:
949:
812:
1840:
1650:
762:
688:
588:
404:
308:
139:
1786:
1619:
1580:
1321:
403:, especially in the northern parts of its range. The wood resembles that of the
1952:
1763:
1719:
1176:
Kindscher, Kelly (1998). "Huron Smith's
Ethnobotany of the Hocąk (Winnebago)".
1120:
1103:
687:
in the forest type termed black spruce–speckled alder. The larvae of the
470:
126:
1936:
1565:
1456:
1368:
1129:
732:
676:
513:
438:, and central and southern Europe in mountains, mainly in the regions of the
255:
251:
66:
61:
32:
549:
1051:
736:
705:
684:
474:
1906:
1776:
1678:
1601:
1513:
1377:
751:
672:
668:
400:
1655:
1394:
772:
Its wood and bark are used in smoking meat, particularly fish and duck.
575:); mountain alder, or thinleaf alder – Western North America, including
1854:
1492:
1189:
1006:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
580:
576:
521:
185:
1518:
1438:
1226:"Smoking wood chart | Ultimate guide to the wood you should use"
264:
1531:
1339:
1901:
1834:
1771:
1362:
1157:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915). "Ethnobotany of the Zuni
Indians".
663:
447:
152:
1880:
1443:
1240:"Best Wood for Smoking Duck: Tips & recipes - Lakesidesmokers"
825:
517:
296:
175:
1430:
1326:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources"
584:
545:
490:
431:
366:
320:
165:
195:
113:
1212:"Alder Flavor Profile: The Most Delicate, Earthy Wood Smoke"
1101:
691:
sometimes cause considerable defoliation to the grey alder.
808:
439:
435:
739:
in non-fertile or wet soils which it enriches by means of
788:
1281:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
411:), but is somewhat paler and of little economic value.
1272:
831:
315:
male flowers in early spring along the
Columbia River
769:
subspecies when their stomachs are "sour" or upset.
942:Field Guide to the Forest Plants of Northern Idaho
708:is an ellagitannin found in the Manchurian alder (
1934:
959:
843:
1300:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.).
893:. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database
818:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T63517A3125479.en
667:fields and on lakeshores. Several species of
1284:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1028:
323:are matte green, ovoid, 5–11 centimetres (2–
1331:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
789:Shaw, K.; Roy, S. & Wilson, B. (2014).
1268:. Edinburgh: Royal Botanical Garden. 2008.
758:subspecies to dye deerskin reddish brown.
263:
77:
55:
31:
1175:
1156:
1119:
971:
938:
816:
671:use grey alder as a food plant for their
307:
1144:"The Best Species for Coppice Forestry"
1097:
1095:
980:Forest Health Conditions in Alaska—2003
800:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1935:
1003:
469:); Manchurian alder – In mountains of
1344:
1343:
1299:
1066:
965:
1643:aa5c5c75-119a-47e7-b690-068ef5c64630
1092:
1943:IUCN Red List least concern species
1080:. Royal Horticultural Society. 2012
932:
782:
13:
1751:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30106706-2
1250:
866:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1999:
365: in) broad. The flowers are
1894:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:306371-2
1044:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00443.x
1008:. New York: Knopf. p. 363.
983:. DIANE Publishing. p. 59.
635:
616:
597:
337: in) long and 4–8 cm (
100:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1169:
1150:
1136:
1022:
939:Patterson, Patricia A. (1985).
743:bacteria in its root nodules.
997:
905:
887:"Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia"
879:
837:
303:
1:
775:
487:(N.I.Orlova) Á. & D.Löve.
414:
1032:Skin Research and Technology
844:Jepson Flora Project (ed.).
700:
544:); speckled alder – Much of
313:Alnus incana var. tenuifolia
7:
1983:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1293:Harvard University Herbaria
832:Flora of North America 2009
722:Royal Horticultural Society
710:A. hirsuta var. microphylla
10:
2004:
1948:NatureServe secure species
1121:10.1186/s40663-020-00253-0
1004:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
654:
554:Northeastern United States
1963:Trees of Northern America
1820:
1352:
1289:Missouri Botanical Garden
683:is often associated with
524:, and Northwestern Mexico
271:
262:
240:
233:
97:Scientific classification
95:
75:
53:
44:
40:Leaves of speckled alder
39:
30:
23:
1978:Plants described in 1753
1273:Furlow, John J. (2009).
731:It is sometimes used in
430:; grey alder – Northern
715:
460:(Spach) Á. & D.Löve
1291:, St. Louis, MO &
489:– Subarctic northeast
316:
726:Award of Garden Merit
311:
1159:SI-BAE Annual Report
1146:. 15 September 2017.
862:The Jepson Herbarium
811:. e.T63517A3125479.
765:eat the bark of the
754:use the bark of the
535:(Du Roi) R.T.Clausen
1074:"RHS Plantfinder -
918:Plants for a Future
689:alder woolly sawfly
510:Madrean Sky Islands
508:); Arizona alder –
47:Conservation status
1310:GlobalTwitcher.com
1190:10.1007/BF02862065
505:Alnus oblongifolia
317:
1930:
1929:
1664:Open Tree of Life
1346:Taxon identifiers
1108:Forest Ecosystems
990:978-1-4289-6595-9
587:; the roots have
434:and northwestern
276:
275:
90:
70:
1995:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1686:Panartic Flora:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1620:NBNSYS0000003836
1610:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1317:
1312:. Archived from
1296:
1295:, Cambridge, MA.
1269:
1244:
1243:
1242:. 28 April 2020.
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1001:
995:
994:
975:
969:
963:
957:
956:
954:
947:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
841:
835:
829:
823:
822:
820:
786:
679:area of Canada,
639:
620:
601:
574:
567:
566:(Nutt.) Breitung
543:
536:
512:of southwestern
488:
468:
461:
398:
397:
393:
388:
387:
383:
378:
377:
373:
364:
363:
359:
356:
350:
349:
345:
342:
336:
335:
331:
328:
267:
246:
105:
104:
84:
81:
80:
64:
59:
58:
35:
21:
20:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1988:Flora of Alaska
1958:Trees of Europe
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1651:Observation.org
1649:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:MichiganFlora:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1348:
1320:
1302:"Black Spruce:
1256:
1253:
1251:Further reading
1248:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1178:Economic Botany
1174:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1002:
998:
991:
977:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
945:
937:
933:
923:
921:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
842:
838:
830:
826:
787:
783:
778:
763:Ho-Chunk people
741:nitrogen fixing
718:
703:
657:
650:
640:
631:
621:
612:
602:
589:nitrogen-fixing
572:
565:
541:
534:
486:
466:
459:
417:
409:Alnus glutinosa
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
370:
361:
357:
354:
352:
347:
343:
340:
338:
333:
329:
326:
324:
306:
258:
248:
242:
229:
99:
91:
82:
78:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:wfo-0000331015
1911:
1898:
1885:
1872:
1859:
1846:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:wfo-0000945749
1801:
1791:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1706:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1637:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1585:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1461:
1448:
1435:
1422:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1374:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1318:
1316:on 2011-10-05.
1297:
1270:
1266:Flora Europaea
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1168:
1149:
1135:
1091:
1065:
1038:(3): 371–377.
1021:
1014:
996:
989:
970:
958:
955:on 2022-04-12.
931:
913:"Alnus incana"
904:
878:
836:
824:
780:
779:
777:
774:
717:
714:
702:
699:
656:
653:
652:
651:
641:
634:
632:
622:
615:
613:
603:
596:
593:
592:
556:
525:
493:
477:
471:Northeast Asia
450:
416:
413:
305:
302:
293:speckled alder
274:
273:
269:
268:
260:
259:
249:
238:
237:
231:
230:
226:A. incana
223:
221:
217:
216:
205:
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
76:
73:
72:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2000:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Trees of Asia
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1822:Betula alnus
1819:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:Picea mariana
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1015:0-394-50760-6
1011:
1007:
1000:
992:
986:
982:
981:
974:
967:
962:
951:
944:
943:
935:
920:
919:
914:
908:
892:
888:
882:
867:
863:
859:
858:Jepson eFlora
855:
853:
849:
840:
833:
828:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
794:
785:
781:
773:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:afforestation
729:
727:
723:
713:
711:
707:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:boreal forest
674:
670:
665:
661:
648:
644:
638:
633:
629:
625:
619:
614:
610:
606:
600:
595:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
570:A. tenuifolia
564:
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
540:
533:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
514:North America
511:
507:
506:
501:
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63:
62:Least Concern
52:
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34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1821:
1702:Alnus incana
1679:Alnus_incana
1384:Alnus incana
1354:Alnus incana
1353:
1329:
1324:Alnus incana
1323:
1314:the original
1309:
1303:
1283:
1277:Alnus incana
1276:
1265:
1260:Alnus incana
1259:
1234:
1228:. July 2022.
1220:
1206:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1138:
1111:
1107:
1082:. Retrieved
1076:Alnus incana
1075:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1005:
999:
979:
973:
961:
950:the original
941:
934:
922:. Retrieved
916:
907:
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890:
881:
869:. Retrieved
857:
851:
848:Alnus incana
847:
839:
827:
804:
798:
793:Alnus incana
792:
784:
771:
766:
760:
755:
749:
745:
737:agroforestry
730:
719:
709:
706:Pedunculagin
704:
694:
693:
685:black spruce
680:
673:caterpillars
660:Alnus incana
659:
658:
646:
642:
627:
623:
608:
604:
569:
562:
559:Alnus incana
558:
538:
531:
528:Alnus incana
527:
503:
500:oblongifolia
499:
496:Alnus incana
495:
483:
480:Alnus incana
479:
475:Central Asia
463:
456:
453:Alnus incana
452:
427:
424:Alnus incana
423:
418:
408:
401:root suckers
318:
312:
292:
288:
284:
280:Alnus incana
279:
278:
277:
244:Alnus incana
243:
241:
225:
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212:
208:
196:
159:
146:
133:
120:
25:Alnus incana
24:
18:
1602:NatureServe
1514:iNaturalist
1378:Wikispecies
924:January 28,
897:January 28,
871:January 28,
752:Zuni people
669:Lepidoptera
444:Carpathians
405:black alder
304:Description
140:Angiosperms
87:NatureServe
1973:Plant dyes
1937:Categories
1794:WisFlora:
1720:Plant List
1532:30106706-2
1402:Calflora:
1333:(EUFORGEN)
1184:(4): 361.
966:Hogan 2008
852:tenuifolia
776:References
756:tenuifolia
647:tenuifolia
581:California
577:New Mexico
563:tenuifolia
552:, and the
548:below the
522:New Mexico
464:A. hirsuta
415:Subspecies
285:grey alder
272:Range map
204:Subgenus:
186:Betulaceae
1841:Q38528217
1480:233500033
1130:2197-5620
1114:(1): 38.
1084:5 January
701:Chemistry
695:A. rugosa
681:A. incana
675:. In the
643:A. incana
624:A. incana
605:A. incana
550:tree line
539:A. rugosa
484:kolaensis
289:tag alder
220:Species:
110:Kingdom:
1902:Tropicos
1881:306371-2
1835:Wikidata
1784:VASCAN:
1772:Tropicos
1725:kew-6417
1676:PalDat:
1607:2.161464
1545:10690059
1392:BioLib:
1363:Wikidata
1198:20652394
1078:'Aurea'"
1060:25752299
1052:20637007
891:Calflora
664:alluvial
591:nodules.
448:Caucasus
446:and the
182:Family:
153:Eudicots
67:IUCN 3.1
1907:3600413
1855:5332275
1777:3600002
1589:MoBotPF
1493:2876388
1431:1145865
1369:Q157641
850:subsp.
655:Ecology
645:subsp.
626:subsp.
607:subsp.
561:subsp.
530:subsp.
518:Arizona
498:subsp.
482:subsp.
457:hirsuta
455:subsp.
426:subsp.
394:⁄
384:⁄
374:⁄
367:catkins
360:⁄
346:⁄
332:⁄
297:species
295:, is a
192:Genus:
176:Fagales
172:Order:
114:Plantae
85: (
83:Secure
65: (
1868:105123
1826:incana
1733:PLANTS
1689:610102
1669:791133
1640:NZOR:
1594:277814
1571:194472
1467:alninc
1464:FEIS:
1457:161695
1196:
1128:
1058:
1050:
1012:
987:
767:rugosa
628:rugosa
609:incana
585:Alaska
546:Canada
542:Du Roi
532:rugosa
491:Europe
432:Europe
428:incana
321:leaves
283:, the
256:Moench
211:subg.
166:Rosids
1953:Alnus
1738:ALIN2
1709:PFI:
1558:19471
1540:IRMNG
1519:75377
1452:EUNIS
1444:ALUIN
1418:5TWTV
1194:S2CID
1165:: 80.
1056:S2CID
953:(PDF)
946:(PDF)
649:range
630:range
611:range
573:Nutt.
516:, in
467:Spach
213:Alnus
209:Alnus
197:Alnus
160:Clade
147:Clade
134:Clade
121:Clade
1889:POWO
1876:IPNI
1863:GRIN
1850:GBIF
1824:var.
1797:2486
1787:3676
1746:POWO
1697:PfaF
1656:6360
1633:3516
1628:NCBI
1566:IUCN
1553:ITIS
1527:IPNI
1506:2453
1501:GRIN
1488:GBIF
1439:EPPO
1405:9664
1395:3446
1126:ISSN
1086:2018
1048:PMID
1010:ISBN
985:ISBN
926:2013
899:2013
873:2013
809:IUCN
761:The
750:The
735:and
716:Uses
583:and
473:and
440:Alps
436:Asia
1915:WFO
1805:WFO
1764:901
1759:RHS
1712:251
1615:NBN
1581:548
1475:FNA
1426:EoL
1413:CoL
1186:doi
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