Alternative fuel vehicle

1557:. Vegetable oils tend to thicken (or solidify if it is waste cooking oil), in cold weather conditions so vehicle modifications (a two tank system with diesel start/stop tank), are essential in order to heat the fuel prior to use under most circumstances. Heating to the temperature of engine coolant reduces fuel viscosity, to the range cited by injection system manufacturers, for systems prior to 'common rail' or 'unit injection ( VW PD)' systems. Waste vegetable oil, especially if it has been used for a long time, may become hydrogenated and have increased acidity. This can cause the thickening of fuel, gumming in the engine and acid damage of the fuel system. Biodiesel does not have this problem, because it is chemically processed to be PH neutral and lower viscosity. Modern low emission diesels (most often Euro -3 and -4 compliant), typical of the current production in the European industry, would require extensive modification of injector system, pumps and seals etc. due to the higher operating pressures, that are designed thinner (heated) mineral diesel than ever before, for atomisation, if they were to use pure vegetable oil as fuel. Vegetable oil fuel is not suitable for these vehicles as they are currently produced. This reduces the market as increasing numbers of new vehicles are not able to use it. However, the German Elsbett company has successfully produced single tank vegetable oil fuel systems for several decades, and has worked with Volkswagen on their TDI engines. This shows that it is technologically possible to use vegetable oil as a fuel in high efficiency / low emission diesel engines. 1949: 2141:. The expansion of compressed air may be used to drive the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust is cold air (−15 °C), which could also be used to air condition the car. The source for air is a pressurized carbon-fiber tank. Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two-stage process allows improved heat transfer rates. 1782: 1958: 50: 2772: 2797:, which are also very safe and reliable. The required shielding of these devices depends on the used radio nuclide. Plutonium-238 as nearly pure alpha radiator does not require much shielding. As prices for suitable radionuclide are high and energy density is low (generating 1 watt with Plutonium-238 requires a half gram of it), this way of propulsion is too expensive for wide use. Also radioisotope thermoelectric generators offer according to their large content of high radioactive material an extreme danger in case of misuse for example by terrorists. The only vehicle in use, which is driven by radioisotope thermoelectric generators is the Mars rover 436: 1125: 323: 1604: 1671: 893: 2010: 1514: 2396: 2753:

be extracted from LN2 is 213 Watt-hours per kg (W·h/kg) or 173 W·h per liter, in which a maximum of 70 W·h/kg can be utilized with an isothermal expansion process. Such a vehicle with a 350-liter (93 gallon) tank can achieve ranges similar to a gasoline powered vehicle with a 50-liter (13 gallon) tank. Theoretical future engines, using cascading topping cycles, can improve this to around 110 W·h/kg with a quasi-isothermal expansion process. The advantages are zero harmful emissions and superior energy densities compared to a

1537:(fatty acid methyl ester), is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it is somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities (in comparison to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who raise oilseeds use a biodiesel blend in tractors and equipment as a matter of policy, to foster production of biodiesel and raise public awareness. It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities. Biodiesel has lower 2573: 25: 1295: 2875: 1251:) in Brazil, with a warmer climate. Ethanol has close to 34% less energy per volume than gasoline, consequently fuel economy ratings with ethanol blends are significantly lower than with pure gasoline, but this lower energy content does not translate directly into a 34% reduction in mileage, because there are many other variables that affect the performance of a particular fuel in a particular engine, and also because ethanol has a higher octane rating which is beneficial to high compression ratio engines. 639: 1365:. The adoption of the flex technology was so rapid, that flexible fuel cars reached 87.6% of new car sales in July 2008. As of August 2008, the fleet of "flex" automobiles and light commercial vehicles had reached 6 million new vehicles sold, representing almost 19% of all registered light vehicles. The rapid success of "flex" vehicles, as they are popularly known, was made possible by the existence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by 2006, a heritage of the 459:(CAFE) requirements, which gives the automaker a "fuel economy credit" for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not the vehicle is actually fueled with E85 in regular use. This loophole allegedly allows the U.S. auto industry to meet CAFE fuel economy targets not by developing more fuel-efficient models, but by spending between US$ 100 and US$ 200 extra per vehicle to produce a certain number of flex-fuel models, enabling them to continue selling less fuel-efficient vehicles such as 612:(ZEV) because they produce no tailpipe emissions at the point of operation. The electrical energy carried on board a BEV to power the motors is obtained from a variety of battery chemistries arranged into battery packs. For additional range genset trailers or pusher trailers are sometimes used, forming a type of hybrid vehicle. Batteries used in electric vehicles include "flooded" lead-acid, absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries. 84: 1376:, and later on, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure. California led the search of sustainable alternatives with interest in 2992: 1940:) is possible, in principle; but the infrastructure (especially wiring) necessary for inductive or capacitive coupling would be extensive and expensive. In principle it is also possible to transmit energy by microwaves or by lasers to the vehicle, but this may be inefficient and dangerous for the power required. Beside this, in the case of lasers one requires a guidance system to track the vehicle to be powered, as laser beams have a small diameter. 2312: 3051: 2644: 2164: 2027: 1403: 482: 8251: 1085: 2837:. The flywheel of the bus was loaded up by electric power at the terminals of the line and allowed it to travel a way up to 8 kilometres just with its flywheel. Flywheel-powered vehicles are quieter than vehicles with combustion engine, require no overhead wire and generate no exhausts, but the flywheel device has a great weight (1.5 tons for 5 kWh) and requires special safety measures due to its high rotational speed. 1101: 1832: 2786:

power plant, but such a device would take too much space. A more suitable way would be direct conversion into electricity for example with thermoelements or thermionic devices. The second problem is that nuclear fission produces high levels of neutron and gamma rays, which require excessive shielding, that would result in a vehicle too large for use on public roads. However studies were made in this way by

589: 1506: 2275: 3015: 1933:, but there are also some trucks powered with this technology. The advantage is that the vehicle can be operated without breaks for refueling or charging. Disadvantages include: a large infrastructure of electric wires; difficulty in driving as one has to prevent a dewirement of the vehicle; vehicles cannot overtake each other; a danger of electrocution; and an aesthetic problem. 2412: 1258:, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the local media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the results and seasonal harvests of sugar cane and by region. In the US, and based on EPA tests for all 2006 4120:

mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" - Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" - "XLSX - 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" - "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2015)" to download the file "XLSX - 227 Ko" for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 sales. Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report

1313:, a huge government-subsidized effort to manufacture ethanol fuel (from its sugar cane crop) and ethanol-powered automobiles. These ethanol-only vehicles were very popular in the 1980s, but became economically impractical when oil prices fell – and sugar prices rose – late in that decade. In May 2003 2982:

Steam power can be combined with a standard oil-based engine to create a hybrid. Water is injected into the cylinder after the fuel is burned, when the piston is still superheated, often at temperatures of 1500 degrees or more. The water will instantly be vaporized into steam, taking advantage of the

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Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a method of storing energy. Energy is used to liquefy air, and then LN2 is produced by evaporation, and distributed. LN2 is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting nitrogen gas can be used to power a piston or turbine engine. The maximum amount of energy that can

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In the United States, the LNG supply chain is the main thing that has held back this fuel source from growing rapidly. The LNG supply chain is very analogous to that of diesel or gasoline. First, pipeline natural gas is liquefied in large quantities, which is analogous to refining gasoline or diesel.

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A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. As of 2022, a handful of solar

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Comparative assessments of conventional fossil and alternative fuel vehicles usually encompass more than in-use environmental impacts and running costs. They factor in issues like resource extractive impacts (e.g. for battery manufacture or fossil fuel extraction), ‘well-to-wheel’ efficiency, and the

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As of 2010, the Asia-Pacific region led the global market with a share of 54%. In Europe they are popular in Italy (730,000), Ukraine (200,000), Armenia (101,352), Russia (100,000) and Germany (91,500), and they are becoming more so as various manufacturers produce factory made cars, buses, vans and

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in Sweden are showing that when coupled with Lithium-ion insertion mechanisms, an enhanced carbon fiber structure can have electromechanical properties. This means that the carbon fiber structure itself can act as its own battery/power source for propulsion. This would negate the need for traditional

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is produced by combining gaseous hydrogen with nitrogen from the air. Large-scale ammonia production uses natural gas for the source of hydrogen. Ammonia was used during World War II to power buses in Belgium, and in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. Liquid ammonia also fuelled the

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was developed, with models fully capable of running either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline. This ethanol version of the Taurus was the first commercial production of an E85 FFV. The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued, although by the end of the

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Herb Hartman of Woodward, Iowa currently drives a wood powered Cadillac. He claims to have attached the gasifier to the Cadillac for just $ 700. Hartman claims, "A full hopper will go about fifty miles depending on how you drive it," and he added that splitting the wood was "labor-intensive. That's

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Wind-powered vehicles have been well known for a long time. They can be realized with sails similar to those used on ships, by using an onboard wind turbine, which drives the wheels directly or which generates electricity for an electric motor, or can be pulled by a kite. Wind-powered land vehicles

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liquid. In this liquid state, natural gas is more than 2 times as dense as highly compressed CNG. LNG fuel systems function on any vehicle capable of burning natural gas. Unlike CNG, which is stored at high pressure (typically 3000 or 3600 psi) and then regulated to a lower pressure that the engine

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on the road in the U.S. were conversions of conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and the most prominent PHEVs were conversions of 2004 or later Toyota Prius, which have had plug-in charging and more batteries added and their electric-only range extended. Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker

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Ammonia and GreenNH3 is being used with success by developers in Canada, since it can run in spark ignited or diesel engines with minor modifications, also the only green fuel to power jet engines, and despite its toxicity is reckoned to be no more dangerous than petrol or LPG. It can be made from

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by the end of 2021, led by Brazil with 38.3 million and the United States with 27 million. Other markets were Canada (1.6 million by 2014), and Sweden (243,100 through December 2014). The Brazilian flex fuel fleet includes over 4 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced since 2009

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In principle, it is possible to build a vehicle powered by nuclear fission or nuclear decay. However, there are two major problems: first one has to transform the energy, which comes as heat and radiation into energy usable for a drive. One possible would be to use a steam turbine as in a nuclear

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Battery electric vehicles have lower lifecycle emissions than other vehicle types. Abbreviations used in this chart: - ICE(V): internal combustion engine vehicle, CNG: compressed natural gas, HEV: hybrid electric vehicle, BEV: battery electric vehicle, PHEV: plugin hybrid electric vehicle, FCEV:

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models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was found 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. The EPA-rated mileage of current American flex-fuel vehicles could be considered when making price comparisons, though E85 has octane rating of about 104 and could be used as a substitute for premium

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Electricity can be also stored in supercapacitors and superconductors. However superconductor storage is unsuitable for vehicle propulsion as it requires extreme deep temperature and produces strong magnetic fields. Supercapacitors, however, can be used in vehicles and are used in some trams on

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Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "(décembre 2016)" to download the file "XLSX - 239 Ko" for CYTD sales in 2016, and open the tab "Sales by Model". Click on "+ Voir plus" (See more) to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes

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As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales (which may soon replace the Nissan Leaf in most EV sales), the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500

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can accept, LNG is stored at low pressure (50 to 150 psi) and simply vaporized by a heat exchanger before entering the fuel metering devices to the engine. Because of its high energy density compared to CNG, it is very suitable for those interested in long ranges while running on natural gas.

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than fossil diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not quite able to keep up with the fuel economy of a fossil fuelled diesel vehicle, if the diesel injection system is not reset for the new fuel. If the injection timing is changed to take account of the higher cetane value of biodiesel, the

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by the end of 2022. South Korea had 29,500 units, the United States 15,000, China 11,200, and Japan 7,700. In 2022, annual sales amounted to 15,391 vehicles. Hydrogen FCEV sales as a percentage of market share among electric vehicles (BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs) declined for the 6th consecutive

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higher than heptasilane can be stored like gasoline and may also work as fuel. They have the advantage that they can also burn with the nitrogen of the air, but have as major disadvantage its high price and that its combustion products are solid, which gives trouble in combustion engines.

1902:, and complexity of the storage systems. Two primary methods of storage are metal hydrides and compression. Some believe that hydrogen cars will never be economically viable and that the emphasis on this technology is a diversion from the development and popularization of more efficient 2804:

Other forms of nuclear power as fusion and annihilation are at present not available for vehicle propulsion, as no working fusion reactor is available and it is questionable if one can ever built one with a size suitable for a road vehicle. Annihilation may perhaps work in some ways (see

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On roads this system does not work as described, as normal road surfaces are very poor electric conductors; and so electric vehicles fed with external power on roads require at least two overhead wires. The most common type of road vehicles fed with electricity from external source are

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The power of wound-up springs or twisted rubber cords can be used for the propulsion of small vehicles. However this way of energy storage allows only saving small energy amounts not suitable for the propulsion of vehicles for transporting people. Spring-powered vehicles are

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Even in countries where electricity is largely generated from coal, such as China and India, battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) have lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions. The advantages of BEVs will further increase by 2030 as countries increasingly adopt clean electricity

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sections without overhead wire. They can be load in during regular stops, at which passengers enter and leave the train, but can only travel a few kilometres with the stored energy. However, this is no problem in this case as the next stop is usually in reachable distance.

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in main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. The Brazilian GNV fleet is concentrated in the cities of

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric motor, as well as another fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, to power an internal combustion engine or other propulsion source. PHEVs can charge their batteries through charging equipment and

1778:(ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively small and would be considered "underpowered" by themselves, but they can provide a normal driving experience when used in combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that require greater power. 177:

are not actually alternative fuel vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the electric battery and motor/generator, they make a more efficient use of petroleum fuel. Other research-and-development efforts in alternative forms of power focus on developing

2338:, which is 55, compared to diesel's, which is 40–53. Only moderate modifications are needed to convert a diesel engine to burn DME. The simplicity of this short carbon chain compound leads during combustion to very low emissions of particulate matter, NO 2500:

renewable electricity, and having half the density of petrol or diesel can be readily carried in sufficient quantities in vehicles. On complete combustion it has no emissions other than nitrogen and water vapour. The combustion chemical formula is 4 NH

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than gasoline. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to LPG aka Autogas and become bifuel vehicles as the gasoline tank is not removed, allowing drivers to switch between LPG and gasoline during operation. Estimated 10 million vehicles running worldwide.

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Then, the LNG is transported via semi trailer to fuel stations where it is stored in bulk tanks until it is dispensed into a vehicle. CNG, on the other hand, requires expensive compression at each station to fill the high-pressure cylinder cascades.

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Solar cars are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge and the North American Solar Challenge. These events are often sponsored by Government agencies such as the United States Department of Energy keen to promote the development of

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need an enormous clearance in height, especially when sails or kites are used and are unsuitable in urban area. They may be also be difficult to steer. Wind-powered vehicles are only used for recreational activities on beaches or other free areas.

2462:/lb), which is about half that of diesel. In a normal engine, in which the water vapour is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be about 21% less than this figure. It can be used in existing engines with only minor modifications to 658:. Lead-acid batteries' recharge capacity is considerably reduced if they're discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis, making them a less-than-ideal solution. NiMH batteries are a better choice, but are considerably more expensive than lead-acid. 1546:, it produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in most emissions than gasoline engines. Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than mineral diesel and is an additive in European pump diesel for lubricity and emissions reduction. 2443:

hypersonic research aircraft. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design.

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are lower than emissions from hydrogen, PHEV, hybrid, compressed natural gas, gasoline, and diesel vehicles. BEVs have lower emissions than internal combustion engine vehicles even in places where electricity generation is relatively

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1990s, the emphasis was on the FFV E85 version, as it is today. Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support in the farming community and thanks to government's incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies.

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Expanding on traditional lithium-ion batteries predominately used in today's battery electric vehicles, is an emerging science that is paving the way to utilize a carbon fiber structure (a vehicle body or chassis in this case) as a

2608:(2.4 million), and Poland (2.75 million). In the U.S., 190,000 on-road vehicles use propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power. However, it is banned in Pakistan (DEC 2013) as it is considered a risk to public safety by OGRA. 2302:

technology such as solar cells and electric vehicles. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students' engineering and technological skills as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda.

627:, even though the concept was out in the market since 1890. Despite the poor sales of the early battery-powered vehicles, development of various battery-powered vehicles continued through the mid-1990s, with such models as the 5953: 1164:

with adjustable jetting, allowing use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of both. Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use. In the United States, alcohol fuel was produced in corn-alcohol

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As of January 2017, there are over 50 models of hybrid electric cars available in several world markets, with more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles sold worldwide since their inception in 1997.

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Diesel-CNG dual fuel is a system using two type of fuel which are diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) at the same time. It is because of CNG need a source of ignition for combustion in diesel engine.

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The Outlander PHEV is sold in more than 60 countries since the launch in 2013, and its global cumulative sales volume has reached 270,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 units as of December

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In the light road vehicle segment, by the end of 2022, 70,200 hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles had been sold worldwide, compared with 26 million plug-in electric vehicles. With the rapid rise of

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Fredi, Giulia; Jeschke, Steffen; Boulaoued, Athmane; Wallenstein, Joachim; Rashidi, Masoud; Liu, Fang; Harnden, Ross; Zenkert, Dan; Hagberg, Johan; Lindbergh, Göran; Johansson, Patrik (2018-08-28).

604:(BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles (AEVs), are electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the 1011:

As of December 2015, about 500,000 highway-capable plug-in hybrid electric cars had been sold worldwide since December 2008, out of total cumulative global sales of 1.2 million light-duty

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The main benefit of Diesel combustion engines is that they have a 44% fuel burn efficiency; compared with just 25–30% in the best gasoline engines. In addition diesel fuel has slightly higher

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on the world's roads, compared with approximately 159 million alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles that had been sold or converted worldwide at the end of 2022 and consisting of:

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and gasoline mixed in the same tank. These mixtures have "E" numbers which describe the percentage of ethanol in the mixture, for example, E85 is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. (See

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Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025–2030) Technologies

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vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.

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In very small vehicles, the power demand decreases, so human power can be employed to make a significant improvement in battery life. Three such commercially made vehicles are the

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Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see table: "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2014" with summary of E85 passenger car registrations for 2014 and 2013

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As of March 31, 2008, DENATRAN reports a total fleet of 50 million, including motorcycles, trucks and special equipment, and 32 million automobiles and light commercial vehicles.

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introduced monthly payment financing with great success, cars were typically purchased outright. This is why the Stanley was kept simple; to keep the purchase price affordable.

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Download file "Definitiva nyregistreringar 2012" see table: "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2012" with summary of E85 passenger car registrations for 2012 and 2011

156:, development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world. 193:

An environmental analysis of the impacts of various vehicle-fuels extends beyond just operating efficiency and emissions, especially if a technology comes into wide use. A

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for more information.) Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture up to E100, in the U.S. and Europe, flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on

2342:, CO. For these reasons as well as being sulfur-free, DME meets even the most stringent emission regulations in Europe (EURO5), U.S. (U.S. 2010), and Japan (2009 Japan). 3774: 4301: 240:(PHEVs). China had 13.8 million units, Europe 7.8 million, and the United States 3 million. In 2022, annual sales exceeded 10 million vehicles, up 55% relative to 2021. 163:; they took until the 1930s to completely dominate the original "alternative" engines driven by steam (18th century), by gases (early 19th century), or by electricity ( 2137:

The air engine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as a source of energy. The first compressed air car was invented by a French engineer named

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resources for Chinese auto market. The charcoal-fuelled car was later used intensively in China, serving the army and conveyancer after the breakout of World War II.

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car is an automobile which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. These cars generally use the hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or

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Dual fuel vehicle is referred as the vehicle using two types of fuel in the same time (can be gas + liquid, gas + gas, liquid + liquid) with different fuel tank.

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is attached. This was quite popular during World War II in several European and Asian countries because the war prevented easy and cost-effective access to oil.

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agencies, with an estimated CNG bus fleet of some 130,000. Other countries where CNG-powered buses are popular include India, Australia, Argentina, and Germany.

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have been used as an automotive fuel. While both can be obtained from petroleum or natural gas, ethanol has attracted more attention because it is considered a

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through March 2015. In Brazil, 65% of flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol fuel regularly in 2009, while, the actual number of American FFVs being run on

5804: 1643:(CNG), mainly composed of methane, that is used to fuel normal combustion engines instead of gasoline. Combustion of methane produces the least amount of CO 4272: 1254:

For this reason, for pure or high ethanol blends to be attractive for users, its price must be lower than gasoline to offset the lower fuel economy. As a

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also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles.

2588:(LPG) is a low pressure liquefied gas mixture composed mainly of propane and butane which burns in conventional gasoline combustion engines with less CO 6959: 3575: 1212:. Since ethanol occurs in nature whenever yeast happens to find a sugar solution such as overripe fruit, most organisms have evolved some tolerance to 1181:

of the 1970s. Furthermore, additional attention was gained because of its possible environmental and long-term economical advantages over fossil fuel.

6012: 5274: 4474: 857:. Using electricity from the grid to run the vehicle some or all of the time reduces operating costs and fuel use, relative to conventional vehicles. 4904: 4190: 3957: 1325:

1.6 Total Flex. These vehicles were a commercial success and by early 2009 other nine Brazilian manufacturers are producing flexible fuel vehicles:

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and associated battery technology and infrastructure, the global scope for hydrogen’s role in cars is shrinking relative to earlier expectations.

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have recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, and nevertheless is used in most mass production models launched since December 2010.

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About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000.

5931: 4077: 3803: 2964:. It used a compact fire-tube boiler under the hood to power a simple two-piston engine which was connected directly to the rear axle. Before 6013:"Iowa Energy Center, Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency; Research, Education and Demonstration – Related Renewable Energy – Ammonia 2007" 4762: 2488:, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by 3304: 6517: 5387:

This latest milestone of 10 million units was achieved just nine months after total sales reached 9 million units at the end of April 2016.

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Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario

4322: 4186: 1224:, which can also be produced by fermentation of plants. Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses 4676: 1925:. At such systems usually the tracks form one pole, while the other is usually a single overhead wire or a rail insulated against ground. 6739: 5735: 4862: 3142: 2938:

could be brought to operational condition in less than 30 seconds, had high top speeds and fast acceleration, but were expensive to buy.

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conversion. In combustion, the hydrogen is "burned" in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional gasoline cars. The common

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is much lower; surveys conducted in the U.S. have found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex.

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Flywheels can be also used for alternative fuel and were used in the 1950s for the propulsion of buses in Switzerland, the such called

2708: 2228: 2091: 1467: 546: 4931: 5478:"Power characteristics with different types of turbochargers for lean boosted hydrogen direct injection engine in NOx-free operation" 3669:

Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence

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is one of the first hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles to be sold commercially to retail customers, initially, only in Japan and California.

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Most modern cars are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with a blend from 10% up to 15% ethanol mixed into gasoline (

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inside the fuel cells, which produces electricity to power the motors, with the only byproduct from the spent hydrogen being water.

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Fargione, J.; Hill, J; Tilman, D; Polasky, S; Hawthorne, P; et al. (2008-02-29). "Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".

6246: 3409: 7709: 5010: 2687: 2207: 2070: 1446: 525: 7847: 6952: 4962: 3489: 1291:. Depending on the vehicle capabilities, the break even price of E85 usually has to be between 25 and 30% lower than gasoline. 5231: 2934:

Steam cars take a long time to start, but some can reach speeds over 100 mph (161 km/h) eventually. The late model

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built in Brazil since 1979, with 2.4 to 3.0 million vehicles still in use by 2003. and 1.22 million units as of December 2011.

7889: 7868: 7861: 6285: 5184: 4169: 3891: 3676: 3065: 2794: 5685: 4740: 4106: 7903: 7882: 6403: 6305: 5100: 4791: 3464: 3439: 1859:

liquids, can be converted to run on gaseous hydrogen. This emits water at the point of use, and during combustion with air

811: 679: 4418: 2957:

can produce 50% to 60% efficiency. However, practical examples of steam engined cars work at only around 5–8% efficiency.

2694: 2214: 2077: 1453: 838:

utility van is the leader of the light-duty all-electric segment with global sales of 25,205 units through December 2016.

532: 8036: 7910: 7896: 1531:

by volume than gasoline. This makes Diesel engines capable of achieving much better fuel economy than gasoline vehicles.

5927: 5709: 6268: 3516: 4443: 394:, where two fuels are stored in separate tanks. The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the 6945: 6546: 5203: 3718: 3120: 2727: 2676: 2247: 2196: 2110: 2059: 1486: 1435: 834:, released in June 2012, ranks second with global sales of over 158,000 cars delivered as of December 2016. The 565: 514: 3831:[Honda reaches 4 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Revista Auto Esporte 3276: 3237: 1141: 197:

of a vehicle involves production and post-use considerations. In general, the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of

4044: 3990: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1023:, with combined sales of about 134,500 units is the top selling plug-in hybrid in the world. Ranking next are the 8203: 6561: 6298: 5811: 5325:

Mukhsin, Ismail, Muammar; Hakim, Zulkifli, Abd Fathul; Fawzi, Mohd Ali, Mas; Azmir, Osman, Shahrul (April 2016).

1581:

Compressed biogas may be used for internal combustion engines after purification of the raw gas. The removal of H

1267:

region, where most corn is grown and ethanol produced. In August 2008 the US average spread between the price of

5588: 4720: 4386: 3910: 1372:

In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the

1243:). With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85% ( 401:, with the major markets concentrated in the United States, Brazil, Sweden, and some other European countries. 8104: 8029: 8010: 6475: 5761:

Semelsberger, Troy A; Borup, Rodney L; Greene, Howard L (2006). "Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel".

5446: 3519:(in Portuguese). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). Archived from 3070: 2979:

in other vehicle types to produce electricity, that can be employed in electric motors or stored in a battery.

2665: 2185: 2048: 1620: 1589:

S and particles can be seen as standard producing a gas which has the same quality as compressed natural gas.

1424: 1244: 605: 503: 456: 440: 335: 7767: 5995: 5842:

Conference on the Development and Promotion of Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles such as DME Trucks

3576:"Perspectivas de un Programa de Biocombustibles en América Central: Proyecto Uso Sustentable de Hidrocarburos" 8255: 7663: 7139: 6865: 6576: 5371: 4369: 3268: 1781: 687: 201:

are lower than emissions from hydrogen, PHEV, hybrid, compressed natural gas, gasoline, and diesel vehicles.

6470: 3582: 7669: 6661: 6277: 6227: 6016: 5400: 5278: 4481: 3977:

Tesla's quarterly reports, meanwhile, had put the Model 3's cumulative sales at 447,980 at the end of 2019.

3745: 1957: 1067: 409: 4908: 8277: 8226: 6879: 6388: 6254: 5120: 4702: 3204: 2771: 2455: 2369: 2017:

2008 HYbrid air prototype replaced conventional hybrid batteries with a compressed air propulsion system.

1247:), the maximum set in the United States and Europe due to cold weather during the winter, or up to 100% ( 1028: 937: 921: 909: 49: 4516: 4343: 1770:

uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive power. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the

8287: 7927: 7729: 6872: 6628: 5043: 4812: 3517:"Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2011: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2010" 1879: 1852: 1775: 1564: 1174: 1024: 977: 925: 897: 330:

full flex-fuel models from several carmakers, popularly known as "flex" cars, that run on any blend of

6118: 4543:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change" 4194: 3931: 2701: 2221: 2084: 1655:(NGVs) are popular in regions or countries where natural gas is abundant. Widespread use began in the 1651:(NGVs) as the gasoline tank is kept. The driver can switch between CNG and gasoline during operation. 1460: 539: 7703: 6719: 6230:

Timothy Walling-Moore "Wood-Powered Cadillac Cruises Past Gas Stations " The News Wheel June 12, 2014

5878: 3272: 2493: 2400: 2354: 1567:, and is one of the largest showcases of vehicles using waste oil as a biofuel in the United States. 830:, released in December 2010, with global sales of more than 250,000 units through December 2016. The 703: 451:

There have been claims that American automakers are motivated to produce flex-fuel vehicles due to a

435: 160: 7658: 7116: 6581: 6539: 3105: 1988: 1903: 1229: 1124: 1012: 965: 917: 601: 579: 322: 233: 229: 198: 179: 5736:"Haldor Topsoe - Products & Services - Technologies - DME - Applications - DME as Diesel Fuel" 5425: 4988: 4766: 4216:"Warren Buffett's Electric Car Hits the Chinese Market, But Rollout Delayed For U.S. & Europe" 3802:[New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Archived from 1948: 1263:

gasoline. Regional retail E85 prices vary widely across the US, with more favorable prices in the

8282: 8114: 8084: 7739: 7714: 7333: 6801: 6760: 6566: 6529: 6062: 5327:"Conversion method of a diesel engine to a CNG-diesel dual fuel engine and its financial savings" 5172: 4883: 4699: 4268: 3136: 3115: 2747: 2741: 2654: 2585: 2496:. In 1981 a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel. 2358: 2269: 2174: 2037: 1937: 1922: 1790: 1771: 1761: 1413: 779: 771: 492: 286: 170: 133: 7518: 3382: 8183: 7962: 7734: 7644: 7571: 7144: 6926: 6765: 6603: 6442: 6383: 6030: 5252: 5176: 5166: 4247: 3991:"Graphitic microstructure and performance of carbon fibre Li-ion structural battery electrodes" 2754: 2128: 1987:

of electricity in different geographies. In general, the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of

1678: 1640: 1632: 404:

Ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles have standard gasoline engines that are capable of running with

225:

by the end of 2021, led by Brazil with 38.3 million and the United States with 27 million.

137: 72: 7060: 5739: 3883: 3633:"'Hydrogen car sales are so low that we are unable to make long-term forecasts': BloombergNEF" 2945:, as opposed to internal combustion. Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient at about 25–28% 2477:

emitted has the potential to be sequestered (the combustion products are nitrogen and water).

1603: 8052: 7463: 7328: 7083: 6796: 6724: 6676: 6551: 5564:"'Hydrogen unlikely to play major role in road transport, even for heavy trucks': Fraunhofer" 5348: 5148: 4131: 2793:

A better way for a nuclear powered vehicle would be the use of power of radioactive decay in

2627: 2546: 2436: 2124: 1670: 1616: 1318: 1133: 1109: 1092:

was the first commercial flex-fuel vehicle. The engine was capable of running on gasoline or

1071: 989: 973: 667: 616: 609: 460: 398: 359: 347: 194: 144:. Because of a combination of factors, such as environmental and health concerns including 8198: 8188: 8129: 8067: 7957: 7921: 6921: 6505: 5770: 4938: 4624: 4556: 4002: 3152: 1542:

difference in economy is negligible. Because biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or

1310: 854: 747: 707: 655: 353: 293: 38: 1713:

heavy vehicles. In the United States CNG powered buses are the favorite choice of several

8: 8164: 8089: 7815: 7536: 7348: 7093: 6770: 4414: 3095: 3085: 2942: 2541: 2485: 1686: 1652: 1648: 1598: 1001: 969: 892: 835: 751: 739: 659: 651: 619:-powered electric vehicles began in the 1950s with the introduction of the first modern ( 259: 5774: 5512: 5477: 4628: 4603:

by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario.

4560: 4006: 3581:(in Spanish). Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Archived from 2009: 7947: 7825: 7797: 7541: 7473: 6977: 6437: 6243: 5666: 5375: 5083: 4837: 4656: 4590: 4026: 3413: 3023: 2766: 2489: 2484:, have been proposed and occasionally used. The principle is similar to that used in a 2431: 2366: 2299: 2132: 1899: 1543: 1334: 1193: 957: 929: 787: 702:

and utility vans have been made available for retails sales, including Tesla Roadster,

675: 628: 592: 375: 4838:"Livina, primeiro carro flex da Nissan chega com preços entre R$ 46.690 e R$ 56.690" 3911:"As buyers shun SUVs, expect to pay more for that small car - Cleveland Business News" 3324: 2395: 1513: 873:

to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008 and began sales to the general public in

743: 7972: 7835: 7820: 7807: 7787: 7762: 7606: 6843: 6709: 6556: 6480: 6412: 6337: 6281: 6133: 5829: 5786: 5670: 5658: 5638: 5614: 5517: 5499: 5180: 5066: 5014: 4660: 4648: 4640: 4615: 4582: 4574: 4547: 4165: 4159: 4030: 4018: 3887: 3876: 3672: 3357: 3147: 2923:

to spin the wheels which provides moves the car forward. It works like a coal-fueled

2798: 2777: 2622:

Formic acid is used by converting it first to hydrogen, and using that in a hydrogen

1891: 1624: 1248: 1145: 913: 807: 711: 695: 339: 300: 183: 68: 6253:(includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from different AFV technologies), 5639:"Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport" 4966: 4594: 4439: 4078:"Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History" 3613:[Brazilian fleet of light vehicles (Otto cycle)] (in Portuguese). UNICA Data 8193: 8157: 7777: 7724: 7654: 7551: 7428: 7258: 6734: 6714: 6681: 6534: 6485: 6457: 6355: 6153: 5782: 5778: 5650: 5507: 5489: 4632: 4564: 4010: 3610: 3125: 3110: 2806: 2572: 2361:. Currently the EU is considering BioDME in its potential biofuel mix in 2030; the 2265: 1996:, for example China where electricity is predominantly generated from coal. 1993: 1984: 1910: 1895: 1818: 1814: 1059: 997: 799: 444: 424: 363: 304: 222: 113: 34: 7378: 5494: 4599:

Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. See Letters to

1774:, which use gasoline (petrol) and electric batteries for the energy used to power 1723:

CNG vehicles are common in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as

7967: 7792: 7782: 7772: 7403: 6911: 6901: 6791: 6427: 6273: 6250: 5451: 5232:"Bio-methane fuelled vehicles - John Baldwin CNG Services | Claverton Group" 5124: 5104: 4727: 4706: 4399:

Hunt, V, D, The Gasohol Handbook, Industrial Press Inc., 1981, pp 9, 420,421, 442

4294:"BYD Auto to Offer F3DM Plug-in Hybrid to Chinese Individuals Starting Next Week" 4155: 4048: 3693: 3075: 2961: 2946: 2935: 2879: 2874: 2286:

electric cars with varying performance are becoming commercially available, from

1863:

can be produced. However, the most efficient use of hydrogen involves the use of

1628: 1520: 1373: 1305:

Reacting to the high price of oil and its growing dependence on imports, in 1975

1294: 1178: 1173:

criminalized the production of alcohol in 1919. The use of alcohol as a fuel for

1005: 646:

was the world's top selling highway-capable all-electric car until December 2019.

624: 391: 24: 5097: 4787: 3958:"Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller" 8221: 8139: 8094: 7718: 7508: 7483: 7468: 7373: 7320: 7002: 6821: 6811: 6729: 6593: 6524: 6462: 5654: 4014: 2950: 2809:), but there is no technology existing to produce and store enough antimatter. 2525: 2347: 2323: 2319: 1898:, to try to increase the range of hydrogen vehicles while reducing the weight, 1868: 1767: 1737: 1729: 1714: 1647:

of all fossil fuels. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to CNG and become bifuel

1538: 1528: 1322: 1225: 1129: 1020: 1016: 961: 901: 882: 878: 861: 847: 803: 683:

heavy battery banks, reducing weight and therefore increasing fuel efficiency.

663: 638: 632: 416:. This limit is set to avoid cold starting problems during very cold weather. 331: 237: 187: 145: 117: 94: 90: 6052: 8271: 8005: 7987: 7699: 7649: 7546: 7498: 7488: 7238: 7192: 7088: 7027: 6916: 6848: 6826: 6686: 6598: 6495: 6447: 6417: 6378: 6100:"Watch 'Hydrofuel Inc. Update' and 'Hydrofuel NH3 Car Featured on HardDrive'" 5790: 5713: 5662: 5503: 5304: 4677:"When is E85 not 85 percent ethanol? When it's E70 with an E85 sticker on it" 4644: 4578: 4022: 3606: 3130: 3100: 3056: 3032: 2972: 2863: 2481: 2335: 2327: 2261: 1554: 1377: 1255: 1189: 1117: 1063: 993: 831: 823: 763: 759: 463:, which netted higher profit margins than smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. 210: 149: 109: 31: 7453: 6290: 4636: 4569: 4542: 4387:

Plug-in hybrids represent about 40% of global plug-in electric vehicle sales

3520: 3178:"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row" 8147: 7448: 7443: 7353: 7197: 7172: 7022: 6806: 6671: 6651: 6636: 6571: 6512: 6500: 5521: 4652: 4586: 3723: 3193:

See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.

3090: 3080: 2892: 2787: 2549:(LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to a point at which it becomes a 2380: 2377: 2331: 1887: 1883: 1836: 1798: 1786: 1233: 1221: 1185: 1157: 1153: 1113: 1093: 1089: 1055: 1051: 945: 886: 767: 731: 715: 699: 595: 583: 405: 395: 174: 129: 5207: 5000:

Original source: 1996 North American International Auto Show Press Release

3666: 2138: 1801:

first went on sale in Japan in 1997 and it is sold worldwide since 2000.

1733: 1232:, though these benefits are now highly debated, including the heated 2008 1084: 8000: 7942: 7937: 7754: 7694: 7679: 7634: 7566: 7503: 7458: 7363: 7248: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7111: 7017: 6656: 6370: 6347: 4674: 4297: 3031:

can be used to power cars with ordinary internal combustion engines if a

2954: 2924: 2859: 2818: 2617: 2605: 2463: 2451: 2404: 2291: 2287: 1943: 1921:

Electric power fed from an external source to the vehicle is standard in

1856: 1664: 1560: 1550: 1381: 1170: 1105: 827: 815: 775: 755: 723: 643: 252: 125: 8021: 6228:

http://thenewswheel.com/wood-powered-cadillac-cruises-past-gas-stations/

5476:

Kim, Changgi; Park, Cheolwoong; Kim, Yongrae; Choi, Young (March 2023).

5277:(in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. Archived from 4344:"Outlander PHEV Became Europe's Best-selling Plug-in Hybrid SUV in 2020" 4323:"First Chevy Volts Reach Customers, Will Out-Deliver Nissan in December" 4052: 3694:"Flexible Fuel Vehicles: Providing a Renewable Fuel Choice (Fact Sheet)" 2991: 1793:, with global sales of almost 4 million units through January 2017. 920:

were released. The following models were launched during 2013 and 2015:

83: 8124: 8099: 7596: 7581: 7576: 7343: 7182: 7164: 7075: 7037: 7012: 3465:"Annual NGV Sales to Reach Almost 4 Million Units in 2025, Says Report" 2965: 2928: 2920: 2577: 1930: 1608: 1350: 1314: 1161: 1079: 949: 933: 620: 379: 5144:

Gas-guzzlers become veggie delights at Greasestock in Yorktown Heights

1736:. Pike Research reports that almost 90% of NGVs in Latin America have 1358: 362:(FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (DFF) is an alternative fuel automobile or 8169: 7744: 7684: 7624: 7591: 7493: 7478: 7438: 7433: 7413: 7393: 7338: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7177: 7154: 7050: 7007: 6836: 6831: 6816: 6641: 6613: 6608: 6398: 6393: 6329: 5994:. Norm Olson – Iowa Energy Center. 15–16 October 2007. Archived from 5301:"Pike Research predicts 68% jump in global CNG vehicle sales by 2016" 2886: 2623: 2550: 1963: 1864: 1848: 1702: 1656: 1612: 1534: 1517: 1500: 1326: 1280: 1276: 1205: 826:. The world's all-time top selling highway legal electric car is the 791: 783: 719: 420: 367: 275: 218: 141: 60: 5206:. International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles. Archived from 2953:

steam engine in which the burning material is first used to drive a

2931:. The steam car was the next logical step in independent transport. 2643: 2311: 2163: 2026: 1402: 1177:, either alone or in combination with other fuels, lapsed until the 885:

in the U.S. in December 2010. Deliveries to retail customers of the

481: 8213: 8173: 8119: 8109: 8076: 7982: 7977: 7952: 7689: 7418: 7408: 7398: 7383: 7358: 7202: 7187: 7149: 7121: 7065: 7055: 6992: 6906: 6701: 6691: 5326: 4861:(in Portuguese). Hoje Notícias. Reuters. 2008-08-06. Archived from 4215: 3096:

Engine control unit altering to optimize running on different fuels

3028: 2912: 2911:. When the water turns to steam, it expands. The expansion creates 2529: 2467: 2315:

Installation of BioDME synthesis towers at Chemrec's pilot facility

1844: 1823: 1698: 1284: 1240: 1217: 985: 874: 870: 866: 727: 691: 452: 271: 153: 4932:"Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels" 4907:(in Portuguese). Departamento Nacional de Trânsito. Archived from 2384: 7629: 7619: 7586: 7561: 7556: 7423: 7388: 7207: 7103: 7045: 6997: 6775: 6755: 6625: 6490: 6360: 6057: 5590:

Annual update on the global transition to electric vehicles: 2022

3239:

Annual update on the global transition to electric vehicles: 2022

3050: 2976: 2896: 2845: 2834: 2757:

as well as being able to refill the tank in a matter of minutes.

2597: 2567: 2447: 2373: 2014: 1724: 1342: 1338: 1272: 1264: 1213: 1209: 1100: 1040: 941: 374:, usually mixed in the same tank, and the blend is burned in the 244: 64: 3988: 3749: 1831: 8178: 7639: 6896: 6646: 4937:. Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from 3671:. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 56–61. 3490:"Toyota opens up 24,000 hybrid car patents to other automakers" 2916: 2904: 2601: 2424: 1872: 1706: 1576: 1386: 1362: 1354: 1306: 1197: 1137: 953: 819: 795: 735: 390:

in Europe, or just flex in Brazil. FFVs are distinguished from

327: 279: 248: 121: 56: 6199:"Team FAST presents scale model of car powered by formic acid" 5928:"Volvo Group - Driving prosperity through transport solutions" 5164: 5117: 4741:"Álcool ou Gasolina? Saiba qual escolher quando for abastecer" 3777:[Final registrations in 2012] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden 3205:"Revealed - how the hybrid car "works" | Claverton Group" 7513: 7368: 6937: 5596:. International Council on Clean Transportation. pp. 2–3 5449:[Opening of hydrogen age, accelerate deregulations]. 4929: 4859:"Vendas de veículos flex no Brasil sobem 31,1% em julho 2008" 4696: 4512: 3242:. International Council on Clean Transportation. pp. 2–3 2908: 2822: 2362: 2343: 1694: 1660: 1505: 1346: 1201: 1166: 267: 5372:"Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 10 Million Units" 4816: 3873: 3829:"Honda chega a 4 milhões de Motos Flex Produzidas no Brasil" 3014: 2274: 1740:, allowing these vehicles to run on either gasoline or CNG. 1553:-powered cars can run with minor modifications on 100% pure 262:

by the end of 2017, led by China (5.35 million) followed by

6260: 6174:"Team FAST - Building the world's first bus on formic acid" 6077: 3762:

As of September 2013, see Graph "Bought flexifuel vehicles"

2900: 2440: 2420: 2416: 2278: 1690: 1330: 1301:

fuel sold at a regular gasoline station in Washington, D.C.

1288: 371: 263: 6173: 6114: 5686:"Solar powered cars: amazing vehicles that run on the sun" 2960:

The best known and best selling steam-powered car was the

714:

and its rebadged versions Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero,

588: 7673: 7243: 7131: 6968: 6666: 6099: 5129: 4717: 4612: 3549:. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2812: 2459: 1860: 1674: 1298: 1268: 1259: 1075: 429: 413: 5857: 5037:"Why is ethanol given emphasis over methanol in Sweden?" 4675:

Ethanol Promotion and Information Council (2007-02-27).

4269:"BYD Auto To Begin Sales of F3DM Plug-in to Individuals" 1160:, produced from 1908 through 1927. It was fitted with a 5760: 4963:"Cars On Alcohol, Part 9: Corn Based Ethanol in the US" 4884:"Veículos flex somam 6 milhões e alcançam 23% da frota" 4534: 4475:"The Methanol Story: A Sustainable Fuel for the Future" 3329:

U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center

3325:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Flexible Fuel Vehicles" 3004: 2411: 1140:

market, capable of running on any mixture of gasoline (

5324: 3573: 2480:

Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a

1944:

Comparative assessment of fossil and alternative fuels

1871:

instead of a traditional engine. Hydrogen reacts with

1112:

produced with versions capable of running with either

59:

filling station with four alternative fuels for sale:

6261:

Official website of the Alternative Fuels Data Center

6106: 5754: 5439: 4346:(Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors. 2021-02-18 3667:

Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007).

3611:"Frota brasileira de autoveículos leves (ciclo Otto)" 3260:

Davis, Stacy C. & Boundy, Robert G. (June 2022).

2630:. Formic acid is much easier to store than hydrogen. 2458:. The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5 MJ/kg (9690 312: 282:(1.78 million). In 2015, 2.4 million units were sold. 5253:"Pakistan Hits One-Million Natural Gas Vehicle Mark" 4187:"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs): Overview" 4161:

Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America

3271:, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 3046: 41:

with about 950,000 units sold as of March 2021.

5042:. Chalmers University of Technology. Archived from 4370:"Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015" 4164:. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. 2668:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2188:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2051:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1916: 1689:worldwide, led by China (5.35 million) followed by 1427:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 506:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 209:As of 2019, there were more than 1.49 billion 3875: 140:) powering an engine that does not solely involve 4930:Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, ed. (April 2007). 4721:Alternative Fuel Efficiencies in Miles per Gallon 4472: 4191:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 3003:The concept is described in further detail here: 8269: 6265:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 5536:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Basics" 5331:Arpn Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5011:"Cars On Alcohol, Part 13: GM Supports FlexFuel" 4905:"DENATRAN Frota por tipo/UF 2008 (file 2008-03)" 4840:(in Portuguese). Car Magazine Online. 2009-03-18 4606: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4109:[Monthly Sales] (in French). Renault.com 2781:driven by radioisotope thermoelectric generators 2450:has been proposed as a practical alternative to 1200:in crops and other agricultural produce such as 128:). The term also refers to any technology (e.g. 5401:"Americans Buy Their Four-Millionth Hybrid Car" 5168:Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability 5098:Greasestock Festival returns, bigger and better 4315: 4248:"BYD F3DM Plug-in Hybrid Goes On Sale in China" 4154: 4071: 4069: 3848: 3791: 3766: 3171: 3169: 2995:Wind powered vehicles for recreational purposes 904:with 270,000 units sold through December 2020. 5475: 5366: 5364: 4104: 4098: 4045:"Plug-in Vehicle Tracker: What's Coming, When" 3511: 3509: 3253: 1667:by the eighties, though its use has declined. 1317:built for the first time a commercial ethanol 8037: 6953: 6320: 6306: 6274:Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels 5298: 5160: 5158: 4457: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3605: 3262:"Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 40" 5353:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4876: 4763:"Saiba o que fazer para economizar gasolina" 4232:"China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out" 4066: 3748:. BioAlcohol Fuel Foundation. Archived from 3691: 3166: 2144: 6740:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle 6138:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5607: 5361: 5034: 4541:Searchinger, T.; et al. (2008-02-29). 4540: 3949: 3820: 3599: 3506: 3259: 3143:Vehicle classification by propulsion system 2473:When ammonia is produced using coal, the CO 2390: 1855:, usually fueled with gasoline (petrol) or 159:Vehicle engines powered by gasoline/petrol 97:, with global sales of about 134,500 units. 8250: 8044: 8030: 6960: 6946: 6313: 6299: 5557: 5555: 5245: 5224: 5155: 4986: 4805: 4361: 4336: 4286: 4184: 4148: 4037: 3882:. Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 3797: 3710: 3649: 3487: 3412:. World LP Gas Association. Archived from 1287:, 12 to 15% in California, and just 3% in 8051: 5954:"Chemrec press release September 9, 2010" 5511: 5493: 5426:"Toyota Mirai To Be Priced From $ 57,500" 5423: 5165:Sperling, Daniel; Deborah Gordon (2009). 5013:. Green Car Journal. 1995. Archived from 4965:. Green Car Journal. 1994. Archived from 4886:(in Portuguese). Folha Online. 2008-08-04 4760: 4738: 4568: 3924: 3869: 3867: 3851:"Etanol é usado em 65% da frota flexível" 3685: 3541: 3437: 2728:Learn how and when to remove this message 2357:(BioDME), which can be manufactured from 2248:Learn how and when to remove this message 2111:Learn how and when to remove this message 1878:A small number of commercially available 1685:As of 2017, there were 24.5 million 1592: 1487:Learn how and when to remove this message 1045: 566:Learn how and when to remove this message 255:(2.4 million), and Poland (2.75 million). 7364:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 5417: 5204:"Current Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics" 5198: 5196: 4897: 4851: 4668: 3716: 3425:See table: Largest autogas markets, 2010 3305:"Brazilian Automotive Industry Yearbook" 3013: 2990: 2873: 2770: 2571: 2535: 2410: 2394: 2310: 2273: 2008: 2004: 1956: 1947: 1830: 1822: 1780: 1669: 1602: 1512: 1504: 1293: 1123: 1099: 1083: 891: 650:Battery powered cars had primarily used 637: 587: 434: 321: 152:, high oil-prices and the potential for 7710:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 5561: 5552: 5272: 4711: 4690: 4408: 4261: 4240: 3955: 3874:Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007). 3800:"Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" 3630: 3302: 2419:aircraft used ammonia as one component 1152:The first commercial vehicle that used 16:Vehicle not powered by petrol or diesel 8270: 5983: 5981: 5879:"Biofuels in the European Union, 2006" 5834:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5683: 5275:"Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV" 4923: 4224: 3864: 3772: 3544:"Abstract: Use of Bio-fuels in Brazil" 3438:Markowski, Robert (December 2, 2018). 2813:Pedal-assisted electric hybrid vehicle 2795:radioisotope thermoelectric generators 2633: 2600:worldwide as of December 2013, led by 2353:DME is being developed as a synthetic 2306: 1827:Hydrogen fueling station in California 204: 8025: 6941: 6294: 6112: 5989:"Ammonia as a Transportation Fuel IV" 5710:"nycomb.se, Nycomb Chemicals company" 5636: 5392: 5193: 4498: 3853:(in Portuguese). Diario do Grande ABC 3826: 3574:Luiz A. Horta Nogueira (2004-03-22). 3567: 3556:from the original on 11 November 2009 3462: 3433: 3431: 3404: 3402: 3275:. pp. 3-4 to 3-5. Archived from 3066:Alternative Fuels Training Consortium 2983:heat that would otherwise be wasted. 1999: 900:is the world's all-time best selling 678:. Experiments being conducted at the 37:is the world's all-time best-selling 6121:from the original on 28 October 2010 5630: 5619:. IEA. 26 April 2023. pp. 14–24 5398: 4794:from the original on 3 December 2010 4765:(in Portuguese). IGF. Archived from 4480:. Methanol Institute. Archived from 4367: 4208: 4075: 3938:from the original on 27 October 2008 3737: 3440:"How many NGVs are there and where?" 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3319: 3317: 3298: 3296: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3175: 2666:adding citations to reliable sources 2637: 2186:adding citations to reliable sources 2157: 2049:adding citations to reliable sources 2020: 1425:adding citations to reliable sources 1396: 1220:is toxic. Other experiments involve 889:began in the U.S. in November 2011. 812:Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive 615:Attempts at building viable, modern 504:adding citations to reliable sources 475: 161:first emerged in the 1860s and 1870s 5978: 5079:Where There's Never an Oil Shortage 4446:from the original on 10 August 2008 3968:from the original on April 12, 2020 3719:"Why hybrid car sales are stalling" 1976:Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario 1663:, and later became very popular in 471: 466: 186:, and even on the stored energy of 93:family was the world's top selling 13: 6269:United States Department of Energy 5586: 4813:"Reported E85 Prices-Last 30 days" 4132:"Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles" 3956:Holland, Maximilian (2020-02-10). 3775:"Definitiva nyregistreringar 2012" 3428: 3399: 3235: 3207:. Claverton-energy.com. 2009-02-24 2626:. It can also be used directly in 1894:. One primary area of research is 1755: 686:As of December 2015, several 370:engine that can use more than one 313:Mainstream commercial technologies 14: 8299: 7374:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 6547:Electric motorcycles and scooters 6237: 3913:. Blog.cleveland.com. 7 June 2008 3341: 3314: 3293: 3218: 3121:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles 2907:and the heat converts water into 2528:made an invention using abundant 2365:Group is the coordinator for the 1772:gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles 1271:and gasoline was 16.9%, while in 841: 680:Chalmers University of Technology 8249: 6221: 6191: 6166: 6146: 6092: 6070: 6065:from the original on 2021-12-13. 6045: 6023: 6005: 5255:. Green Car Congress. 2006-05-13 4250:. Green Car Congress. 2008-12-15 4214:Crippen, A. (December 15, 2008) 3899:See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy. 3743: 3310:(in Portuguese). pp. 58–60. 3049: 2891:A steam car is a car that has a 2760: 2642: 2439:rocket engine, that powered the 2162: 2025: 1917:Electric, fed by external source 1681:are common in the United States. 1509:Bus running on soybean biodiesel 1401: 1196:, easily obtained from sugar or 1015:. As of December 2016, the 480: 317: 294:neat-ethanol only light-vehicles 82: 48: 23: 8204:Vehicular communication systems 6594:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 6053:"YouTube – Ammonia Powered Car" 5946: 5920: 5895: 5871: 5850: 5797: 5728: 5702: 5677: 5637:Plötz, Patrick (January 2022). 5580: 5528: 5469: 5318: 5292: 5266: 5136: 5110: 5090: 5071: 5060: 5028: 5003: 4980: 4955: 4830: 4815:. E85prices.com. Archived from 4780: 4754: 4732: 4432: 4402: 4393: 4230:Balfour, F. (December 15, 2008) 4178: 4124: 4105:Groupe Renault (January 2017). 3982: 3903: 3842: 3624: 3535: 3481: 3456: 2919:back and forth. This turns the 2653:needs additional citations for 2173:needs additional citations for 2036:needs additional citations for 1412:needs additional citations for 623:controlled) electric car – the 491:needs additional citations for 8011:Template:EC car classification 6967: 6476:Battery electric multiple unit 6067:CBC National News Nov. 6, 2006 5783:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.082 5464:Yomiuri Shimbun Ver.13S page 1 4989:"Alternative Fuel Ford Taurus" 4409:English, Andrew (2008-07-25). 3849:Wagner Oliveira (2009-09-30). 3375: 3197: 3071:Alternatives to the automobile 2611: 688:neighborhood electric vehicles 606:California Air Resources Board 457:Corporate Average Fuel Economy 334:and gasoline(actually between 89:As of December 2016, the 1: 6577:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 5562:Collins, Leigh (2022-02-02). 5495:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14186 4136:Alternative Fuels Data Center 3934:. The Economist. 2008-01-18. 3717:Flavelle, Dana (2015-06-19). 3631:Collins, Leigh (2023-06-09). 3269:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 3159: 2516:O, 75% water is the result. 2322:(DME) is a promising fuel in 662:powered vehicles such as the 423:automobiles, motorcycles and 378:together. These vehicles are 236:(BEVs) and 30% of which were 221:automobiles, motorcycles and 164: 6866:Who Killed the Electric Car? 6662:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 6278:National Academy of Sciences 5684:Walker, Steve (1 Oct 2022). 5315:See details in Press Release 5299:Pike Research (2011-09-14). 4515:. 2008-06-28. Archived from 4506:"Another Inconvenient Truth" 4325:. plugincars.com. 2010-12-16 4300:. 2010-03-23. Archived from 3463:Tyler, Lauren (2016-01-07). 3364:. April 2023. pp. 14–24 2828: 2596:There are 24.9 million 2376:BioDME pilot plant based on 1966:vehicle, STEPS: IEA's 1789:is the world's best-selling 1743: 1392: 1068:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 1027:with about 119,500, and the 410:common ethanol fuel mixtures 7: 8227:Automated vacuum collection 6880:Revenge of the Electric Car 6471:Battery-electric locomotive 6255:Argonne National Laboratory 5844:, Washington DC, March 17, 5587:Chu, Yidan; Cui, Hongyang. 4987:Paul Dever (January 1996). 3699:. U.S. Department of Energy 3488:O'Kane, Sean (2019-04-03). 3410:"WLPGA: The Autogas Market" 3236:Chu, Yidan; Cui, Hongyang. 3042: 3009: 2899:, or others can be used as 2519: 2456:internal combustion engines 2370:Seventh Framework Programme 1936:Wireless transmission (see 1808: 1776:internal-combustion engines 1563:is an event held yearly in 1175:internal combustion engines 1034: 1029:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 938:Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid 922:Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid 910:Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid 301:fuel cell electric vehicles 10: 8304: 7700:Gasoline / petrol 7464:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 5655:10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 5220:Click on Ranked by number. 4743:(in Portuguese). Opinaoweb 4697:http://www.eere.energy.gov 4473:Roberta J Nichols (2003). 4411:"Ford Model T reaches 100" 4237:. Retrieved December 2008. 4221:. Retrieved December 2008. 3692:Clean Cities (June 2008). 3021: 2915:. The pressure pushes the 2903:. The fuel is burned in a 2884: 2840: 2764: 2745: 2739: 2677:"Alternative fuel vehicle" 2615: 2565: 2561: 2539: 2259: 2197:"Alternative fuel vehicle" 2122: 2060:"Alternative fuel vehicle" 1972:Announced Pledges Scenario 1853:internal combustion engine 1812: 1759: 1596: 1574: 1565:Yorktown Heights, New York 1498: 1436:"Alternative fuel vehicle" 1049: 1038: 1025:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 978:Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid 926:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 898:Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 845: 577: 515:"Alternative fuel vehicle" 351: 345: 8245: 8212: 8138: 8075: 8066: 8059: 7996: 7920: 7840:(engine / drive) 7834: 7806: 7753: 7605: 7527: 7319: 7257: 7216: 7163: 7130: 7102: 7074: 7036: 6985: 6976: 6889: 6873:What Is the Electric Car? 6857: 6784: 6748: 6720:Hydrogen-powered aircraft 6700: 6624: 6456: 6426: 6369: 6346: 6328: 6322:Alternative fuel vehicles 5903:"Home | Volvo Group" 5455:(in Japanese). 2015-01-16 5399:Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-06). 5273:GNVNews (November 2006). 5133:. Retrieved May 20, 2008. 4726:December 3, 2007, at the 4531:Oxfam Briefing Paper 114. 4368:Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). 4076:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). 3995:Multifunctional Materials 3932:"Bumpy ride for biofuels" 3798:Bil Sweden (2015-01-02). 3273:U.S. Department of Energy 3176:Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-31). 2852: 2494:streetcars in New Orleans 2383:is nearing completion in 2355:second generation biofuel 2330:(30% DME / 70% LPG), and 2145:Electric, stored-otherway 1989:battery-electric vehicles 1904:battery electric vehicles 1570: 1132:was the first commercial 1013:plug-in electric vehicles 772:RAV4 EV second generation 602:Battery electric vehicles 247:by December 2013, led by 234:battery electric vehicles 230:plug-in electric vehicles 199:battery-electric vehicles 8153:Alternative fuel vehicle 7479:Sedan delivery/Panel van 6582:Plug-in electric vehicle 6562:Gyro flywheel locomotive 6540:Battery electric vehicle 5763:Journal of Power Sources 5424:Jeff Cobb (2014-11-17). 4761:InfoMoney (2007-05-30). 4739:JB Online (2007-11-20). 4015:10.1088/2399-7532/aab707 3358:"Global EV Outlook 2023" 3106:Fuel gas-powered scooter 2869: 2401:Streetcar in New Orleans 2391:Ammonia fuelled vehicles 2153: 1968:Stated Policies Scenario 1230:greenhouse gas emissions 966:Audi A3 Sportback e-tron 918:Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid 881:began deliveries of the 580:Battery electric vehicle 287:hybrid electric vehicles 171:Hybrid electric vehicles 134:hybrid electric vehicles 116:rather than traditional 106:alternative fuel vehicle 8115:Pulse detonation engine 8085:Adaptive compliant wing 7740:Liquified petroleum gas 7552:Driverless (autonomous) 6802:Hybrid electric vehicle 6766:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 6761:Hybrid electric vehicle 6567:Hybrid electric vehicle 6530:Electric platform truck 5447:"首相「水素時代の幕開け」…規制緩和を加速へ" 5173:Oxford University Press 4637:10.1126/science.1152747 4570:10.1126/science.1151861 4440:"Ethanol: Introduction" 3137:The Hype about Hydrogen 3116:List of hybrid vehicles 3018:Vehicle with a gasifier 2986: 2748:Liquid nitrogen economy 2742:Liquid nitrogen vehicle 2586:liquefied petroleum gas 2359:lignocellulosic biomass 2270:List of solar car teams 1938:Wireless power transfer 1923:railway electrification 1880:hydrogen fuel cell cars 1791:hybrid electric vehicle 1762:Hybrid electric vehicle 780:Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV 8184:Personal rapid transit 8105:High-altitude platform 7645:Compressed natural gas 7572:Personal rapid transit 6927:Zero-emissions vehicle 6443:Compressed-air vehicle 6384:Solar-powered aircraft 6078:"Watch 'Ammonia Fuel'" 5616:Global EV Outlook 2023 5234:. Claverton-energy.com 4718:http://www.eia.doe.gov 4442:. Journey to Forever. 3019: 2996: 2882: 2782: 2755:compressed-air vehicle 2628:formic acid fuel cells 2581: 2428: 2408: 2399:Ammoniacal Gas Engine 2346:is using DME in their 2316: 2282: 2129:Compressed-air vehicle 2018: 1979: 1954: 1840: 1828: 1794: 1682: 1641:compressed natural gas 1636: 1593:Compressed natural gas 1524: 1510: 1302: 1208:, sugar beets or even 1149: 1121: 1120:blended with gasoline. 1097: 1046:Bioalcohol and ethanol 964:(limited production), 960:(limited production), 905: 647: 598: 448: 343: 138:solar-powered vehicles 73:compressed natural gas 8053:Emerging technologies 7911:Dual motor-four-wheel 7509:Town (Coupé de Ville) 6797:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6725:Hydrogen-powered ship 6677:Flexible-fuel vehicle 6552:Electric kick scooter 5175:, New York. pp. 3746:"Bought ethanol cars" 3017: 2994: 2975:also can be use by a 2877: 2774: 2746:Further information: 2575: 2547:Liquefied natural gas 2536:Liquefied natural gas 2437:Reaction Motors XLR99 2414: 2398: 2372:project BioDME where 2314: 2281:team at a racecourse. 2277: 2125:Compressed-air engine 2012: 2005:Engine air compressor 1960: 1951: 1890:, and previously the 1882:currently exist: the 1834: 1826: 1784: 1673: 1619:on pure gasoline, or 1606: 1516: 1508: 1380:. In 1996, a new FFV 1297: 1134:flexible-fuel vehicle 1130:VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex 1127: 1110:flexible-fuel vehicle 1103: 1087: 1072:Flexible-fuel vehicle 990:Volkswagen Passat GTE 982:Mercedes-Benz C 350 e 974:Mercedes-Benz S 500 e 895: 641: 610:zero emission vehicle 591: 438: 399:flexible-fuel vehicle 360:flexible-fuel vehicle 348:Flexible-fuel vehicle 325: 303:(FCEVs) powered with 285:Over 13 million 195:life-cycle assessment 8199:Transit Elevated Bus 8130:Supersonic transport 7922:Engine configuration 6922:Wind-powered vehicle 6506:Battery electric bus 5378:: Toyota. 2017-01-14 5035:Maria Grahn (2004). 4819:on 12 September 2008 3827:Staff (2015-03-09). 3153:Wind-powered vehicle 2941:A steam engine uses 2662:improve this article 2598:LPG powered vehicles 2580:in the United States 2348:methanol to gasoline 2182:improve this article 2045:improve this article 1687:natural gas vehicles 1653:Natural gas vehicles 1649:Natural gas vehicles 1609:Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1421:improve this article 1031:with almost 78,000. 855:regenerative braking 748:Renault Fluence Z.E. 500:improve this article 354:Neat ethanol vehicle 260:natural gas vehicles 245:LPG powered vehicles 232:, 70% of which were 39:plug-in electric car 8222:Pneumatic transport 8165:Ground-effect train 8090:Backpack helicopter 7928:internal combustion 7730:Internal combustion 7537:All-terrain vehicle 7459:Retractable hardtop 6771:Natural gas vehicle 5775:2006JPS...156..497S 5096:Tillman, Adriane. " 4790:. Fueleconomy.gov. 4629:2008Sci...319.1235F 4623:(5867): 1235–1238. 4561:2008Sci...319.1238S 4555:(5867): 1238–1240. 4107:"Ventes Mensuelles" 4007:2018MuMat...1a5003F 3383:"Electric vehicles" 3086:Carbon-neutral fuel 3039:the big drawback." 2943:external combustion 2880:Stanley Steamer car 2634:Liquid nitrogen car 2604:with 3.93 million, 2542:Natural gas vehicle 2486:fireless locomotive 2307:Dimethyl ether fuel 1705:(2.3 million), and 1615:car that runs as a 1599:Natural gas vehicle 1096:, or a mix of both. 1002:Hyundai Sonata PHEV 970:Volkswagen Golf GTE 936:(limited edition), 836:Renault Kangoo Z.E. 752:Ford Focus Electric 740:Renault Kangoo Z.E. 660:Lithium-ion battery 652:lead-acid batteries 278:(2.3 million), and 251:with 3.93 million, 205:Current deployments 8278:Vehicle technology 6438:Compressed-air car 6404:List of prototypes 6249:2020-08-12 at the 5643:Nature Electronics 5376:Toyota City, Japan 5123:2008-05-29 at the 5103:2008-05-18 at the 5084:The New York Times 5017:on 13 October 2008 4991:. The Auto Channel 4969:on 11 October 2008 4705:2016-01-28 at the 4273:Green Car Congress 3024:Wood gas generator 3020: 2997: 2971:Steam produced in 2883: 2783: 2767:Nuclear propulsion 2582: 2490:Goldsworthy Gurney 2429: 2409: 2367:European Community 2334:owing to its high 2317: 2300:alternative energy 2283: 2133:Compressed-air car 2019: 2000:Other technologies 1980: 1955: 1900:energy consumption 1841: 1829: 1795: 1683: 1637: 1544:vegetable oil fuel 1525: 1511: 1311:Pro-alcool program 1303: 1194:renewable resource 1156:as a fuel was the 1150: 1122: 1098: 958:Porsche 918 Spyder 930:Ford Fusion Energi 906: 788:Chevrolet Spark EV 692:city electric cars 676:structural battery 648: 629:General Motors EV1 599: 593:General Motors EV1 449: 376:combustion chamber 344: 258:24.5 million 243:24.9 million 184:fuel cell vehicles 8288:Alternative fuels 8265: 8264: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8019: 8018: 7315: 7314: 7084:Compact executive 6935: 6934: 6844:Electric aircraft 6710:Fuel cell vehicle 6557:Fuel cell vehicle 6481:Electric aircraft 6413:Electric aircraft 6338:Fuel cell vehicle 6286:978-0-309-26852-3 5374:(Press release). 5186:978-0-19-537664-7 5067:Engine efficiency 4522:on 19 August 2008 4197:on August 2, 2012 4171:978-0-86571-571-4 3893:978-1-59726-175-3 3678:978-0-9786293-0-4 3148:Water-fuelled car 2738: 2737: 2730: 2712: 2576:A propane-fueled 2492:in the UK and in 2258: 2257: 2250: 2232: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2095: 1911:electric vehicles 1892:Honda FCX Clarity 1709:(1.78 million). 1633:natural gas (CNG) 1497: 1496: 1489: 1471: 1319:flexible fuel car 914:Ford C-Max Energi 908:During 2012, the 808:Volkswagen e-Golf 712:Mitsubishi i MiEV 696:series production 576: 575: 568: 550: 425:light duty trucks 292:5.7 million 223:light duty trucks 8295: 8253: 8252: 8194:Self-driving car 8158:Hydrogen vehicle 8073: 8072: 8064: 8063: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8023: 8022: 7931: 7890:Front-four-wheel 7841: 7704:direct injection 7615:Alternative fuel 7429:Multi-stop truck 6983: 6982: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6939: 6938: 6735:Hydrogen vehicle 6715:Hydrogen economy 6682:Methanol economy 6535:Electric vehicle 6486:Electric bicycle 6458:Electric battery 6356:Electric bicycle 6315: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6205:. Archived from 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6117:. Greennh3.com. 6110: 6104: 6103: 6102:. Hydrofuel Inc. 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6033:. 1 October 2007 6031:"Ammonia Motors" 6027: 6021: 6020: 6015:. Archived from 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5959:. Archived from 5958: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5930:. Archived from 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5905:. Archived from 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5839: 5833: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5810:. Archived from 5809: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5738:. Archived from 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712:. Archived from 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5515: 5497: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428:. HybridCars.com 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5368: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5162: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5118:Greasestock 2008 5114: 5108: 5107:". May 14, 2008. 5094: 5088: 5075: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4736: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4572: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4417:. Archived from 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4238: 4228: 4222: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4193:. Archived from 4185:Bichlien Hoang. 4182: 4176: 4175: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4128: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4102: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4051:. Archived from 4041: 4035: 4034: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3881: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3698: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3637:Hydrogen Insight 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3609:(October 2012). 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3406: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3354: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3303:Anfavea (2023). 3300: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3266: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3233: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3173: 3126:Renewable energy 3111:Hydrogen vehicle 3059: 3054: 3053: 2936:Doble steam cars 2807:antimatter drive 2733: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2670: 2646: 2638: 2294:, among others. 2266:Solar car racing 2253: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2190: 2166: 2158: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2053: 2029: 2021: 1994:carbon-intensive 1985:carbon intensity 1896:hydrogen storage 1819:Hydrogen economy 1815:Hydrogen vehicle 1697:(3.05 million), 1523:pump in the U.S. 1492: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1429: 1405: 1397: 1275:was 35%, 30% in 1179:oil price shocks 1142:E20 to E25 blend 1060:Methanol economy 998:BMW X5 xDrive40e 860:Until 2010 most 800:Volkswagen e-Up! 698:highway-capable 571: 564: 560: 557: 551: 549: 508: 484: 476: 472:Battery-electric 467:Plug-in electric 445:Chevrolet Impala 419:Over 65 million 392:bi-fuel vehicles 364:light duty truck 270:(3.05 million), 228:Over 26 million 217:Over 65 million 166: 114:alternative fuel 86: 52: 35:all-electric car 27: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8233: 8208: 8134: 8055: 8050: 8020: 8015: 7992: 7963:Single-cylinder 7925: 7924: 7916: 7904:Rear-four-wheel 7855:Front mid-front 7839: 7838: 7830: 7808:Engine position 7802: 7749: 7735:Liquid nitrogen 7601: 7529: 7523: 7311: 7253: 7212: 7159: 7145:Crossover (CUV) 7126: 7098: 7070: 7032: 6972: 6966: 6936: 6931: 6912:Wave power ship 6902:Ram air turbine 6885: 6853: 6792:Bi-fuel vehicle 6780: 6744: 6696: 6620: 6460: 6452: 6429: 6428:Compressed-air 6422: 6365: 6342: 6324: 6319: 6251:Wayback Machine 6240: 6235: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6212: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6111: 6107: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5966:on 12 June 2017 5963: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5827: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5805:"Archived copy" 5803: 5802: 5798: 5759: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5678: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5620: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5542: 5540:afdc.energy.gov 5534: 5533: 5529: 5474: 5470: 5458: 5456: 5452:Yomiuri Shimbun 5445: 5444: 5440: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5393: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5282: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5213: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5163: 5156: 5152:. May 13, 2008. 5141: 5137: 5125:Wayback Machine 5115: 5111: 5105:Wayback Machine 5095: 5091: 5087:. May 13, 2007. 5076: 5072: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4728:Wayback Machine 4716: 4712: 4707:Wayback Machine 4700:Energy.gov site 4695: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4679:. AutoblogGreen 4673: 4669: 4611: 4607: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4421:on May 29, 2012 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4378: 4376: 4366: 4362: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4305: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4229: 4225: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4156:Sherry Boschert 4153: 4149: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4112: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4049:Plug In America 4043: 4042: 4038: 3987: 3983: 3971: 3969: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3886:–155, 160–161. 3872: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3792: 3780: 3778: 3771: 3767: 3755: 3753: 3752:on 21 July 2011 3742: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3665: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3542:Alfred Szwarc. 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3436: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3342: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3219: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3076:Bi-fuel vehicle 3055: 3048: 3045: 3026: 3012: 2989: 2962:Stanley Steamer 2949:. In theory, a 2889: 2872: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2815: 2769: 2763: 2750: 2744: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2671: 2669: 2659: 2647: 2636: 2620: 2614: 2591: 2570: 2564: 2544: 2538: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2476: 2393: 2341: 2309: 2272: 2254: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2191: 2189: 2179: 2167: 2156: 2147: 2135: 2123:Main articles: 2117: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2054: 2052: 2042: 2030: 2007: 2002: 1946: 1919: 1869:electric motors 1821: 1813:Main articles: 1811: 1764: 1758: 1756:Hybrid electric 1746: 1738:bi-fuel engines 1720: 1693:(4.0 million), 1657:Po River Valley 1646: 1627:; or runs as a 1611:1.4, the first 1601: 1595: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1573: 1503: 1493: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1430: 1428: 1418: 1406: 1395: 1374:1973 oil crisis 1144:) and ethanol ( 1082: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1021:plug-in hybrids 1006:Volvo S60L PHEV 877:in March 2010. 862:plug-in hybrids 850: 844: 744:Bolloré Bluecar 625:Henney Kilowatt 586: 578:Main articles: 572: 561: 555: 552: 509: 507: 497: 485: 474: 469: 356: 350: 320: 315: 266:(4.0 million), 238:plug-in hybrids 207: 118:petroleum fuels 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 87: 78: 77: 76: 53: 44: 43: 42: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8301: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8283:Green vehicles 8280: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8095:Delivery drone 8092: 8087: 8081: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7897:Mid-four-wheel 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7842: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7661: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7484:Shooting brake 7481: 7476: 7474:Saloon / Sedan 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6980: 6978:Classification 6974: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6824: 6822:Plug-in hybrid 6819: 6814: 6812:Hybrid vehicle 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Hydrogen train 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6525:Electric truck 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6375: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6271: 6258: 6239: 6238:External links 6236: 6233: 6232: 6220: 6209:on 6 July 2018 6190: 6165: 6145: 6115:"Greennh3.com" 6105: 6091: 6069: 6044: 6022: 6019:on 2012-03-18. 6004: 6001:on 2012-02-07. 5977: 5945: 5934:on 6 June 2020 5919: 5894: 5870: 5849: 5796: 5769:(2): 497–511. 5753: 5727: 5716:on 3 June 2008 5701: 5676: 5629: 5606: 5579: 5551: 5527: 5468: 5438: 5416: 5405:HybridCars.com 5391: 5360: 5317: 5291: 5265: 5244: 5223: 5192: 5185: 5154: 5135: 5109: 5089: 5077:Norman, Jim. " 5070: 5059: 5027: 5002: 4979: 4954: 4944:on 28 May 2008 4922: 4896: 4875: 4850: 4829: 4804: 4779: 4753: 4731: 4710: 4689: 4667: 4605: 4533: 4497: 4456: 4431: 4401: 4392: 4374:HybridCars.com 4360: 4335: 4314: 4285: 4260: 4239: 4223: 4207: 4177: 4170: 4147: 4123: 4097: 4082:HybridCars.com 4065: 4036: 3981: 3948: 3923: 3902: 3892: 3863: 3841: 3819: 3790: 3765: 3736: 3709: 3684: 3677: 3648: 3623: 3598: 3588:on 28 May 2008 3566: 3534: 3505: 3480: 3455: 3427: 3398: 3374: 3340: 3313: 3292: 3252: 3217: 3196: 3182:HybridCars.com 3164: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3044: 3041: 3022:Main article: 3011: 3008: 2988: 2985: 2951:combined cycle 2895:. Wood, coal, 2885:Main article: 2871: 2868: 2864:mousetrap cars 2854: 2851: 2842: 2839: 2830: 2827: 2814: 2811: 2765:Main article: 2762: 2759: 2740:Main article: 2736: 2735: 2718:September 2008 2650: 2648: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2616:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2589: 2566:Main article: 2563: 2560: 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2526:Tang Zhongming 2521: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2474: 2392: 2389: 2339: 2328:petrol engines 2324:diesel engines 2320:Dimethyl ether 2308: 2305: 2256: 2255: 2238:September 2008 2170: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2119: 2118: 2101:September 2008 2033: 2031: 2024: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1945: 1942: 1918: 1915: 1810: 1807: 1768:hybrid vehicle 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1730:Rio de Janeiro 1715:public transit 1644: 1639:High-pressure 1607:The Brazilian 1597:Main article: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1575:Main article: 1572: 1569: 1555:vegetable oils 1539:energy density 1529:energy density 1499:Main article: 1495: 1494: 1477:September 2008 1409: 1407: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1226:climate change 1118:methanol (M85) 1108:was the first 1047: 1044: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 962:Volkswagen XL1 902:plug-in hybrid 883:Chevrolet Volt 879:General Motors 848:Plug-in hybrid 846:Main article: 843: 842:Plug-in hybrid 840: 804:Nissan e-NV200 668:Tesla Roadster 664:Venturi Fetish 656:NiMH batteries 633:Toyota RAV4 EV 574: 573: 556:September 2008 488: 486: 479: 473: 470: 468: 465: 346:Main article: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 297: 290: 283: 256: 241: 226: 211:motor vehicles 206: 203: 188:compressed air 146:climate change 95:plug-in hybrid 91:Chevrolet Volt 88: 81: 80: 79: 54: 47: 46: 45: 29: 22: 21: 20: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8300: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8258: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7958:Reciprocating 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7876:Rear mid-rear 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:Station wagon 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Coupé utility 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193:Sport compact 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7104:Minivan / MPV 7101: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6917:Windmill ship 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858:Documentaries 6856: 6850: 6849:Electric boat 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6827:Solar vehicle 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785:Multiple-fuel 6783: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Methanol fuel 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6599:Solar vehicle 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496:Electric boat 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6448:Tesla turbine 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6418:Electric boat 6416: 6414: 6411: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379:Solar vehicle 6377: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6229: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6155: 6154:"Propane FAQ" 6149: 6141: 6135: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6080:. Greg Vezina 6079: 6073: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5909:on 2009-05-25 5908: 5904: 5898: 5880: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5817:on 2009-01-07 5813: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5742:on 2007-10-08 5741: 5737: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5618: 5617: 5610: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5488:(3): e14186. 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5427: 5420: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5365: 5356: 5350: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5306: 5305:AutoblogGreen 5302: 5295: 5281:on 2008-12-11 5280: 5276: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5210:on 2012-07-01 5209: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5093: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5049:on 2011-07-17 5045: 5038: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4990: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4911:on 2008-06-25 4910: 4906: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4865:on 2009-02-01 4864: 4860: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4788:"EPA Mileage" 4783: 4769:on 2009-02-09 4768: 4764: 4757: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4487:on 2008-12-11 4483: 4476: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4415:The Telegraph 4412: 4405: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4345: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4304:on 2010-03-30 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4236: 4235:Business Week 4233: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4055:on 2013-01-11 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001:(1): 015003. 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3967: 3963: 3962:CleanTechnica 3959: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3878:Apollo's Fire 3870: 3868: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3806:on 2015-01-04 3805: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3612: 3608: 3607:UNICA, Brazil 3602: 3584: 3577: 3570: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3523:on 2013-05-31 3522: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3416:on 2013-04-19 3415: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3384: 3378: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3282:on 2023-04-06 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131:Solar vehicle 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3101:Green vehicle 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057:Energy portal 3052: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3033:wood gasifier 3030: 3025: 3016: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:refrigeration 2969: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2850: 2847: 2838: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2768: 2761:Nuclear power 2758: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2732: 2729: 2721: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: – 2678: 2674: 2673:Find sources: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2651:This article 2649: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2524:In the 1930s 2517: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2482:working fluid 2478: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2336:cetane number 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2262:Solar vehicle 2252: 2249: 2241: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: – 2198: 2194: 2193:Find sources: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2171:This article 2169: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2104: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: – 2061: 2057: 2056:Find sources: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2034:This article 2032: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2011: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1974:, NZE: IEA's 1973: 1970:, APS: IEA's 1969: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1931:trolleybusses 1926: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Toytota Mirai 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1701:(3 million), 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1677:powered with 1676: 1672: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:flexible-fuel 1614: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1507: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1480: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: – 1437: 1433: 1432:Find sources: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1410:This article 1408: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309:launched the 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1256:rule of thumb 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1114:ethanol (E85) 1111: 1107: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Methanol fuel 1061: 1057: 1053: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:Volvo XC90 T8 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 903: 899: 894: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 869:released the 868: 863: 858: 856: 849: 839: 837: 833: 832:Tesla Model S 829: 825: 824:Tesla Model X 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 764:Tesla Model S 761: 760:Renault Twizy 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700:electric cars 697: 693: 689: 684: 681: 677: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 645: 640: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 597: 594: 590: 585: 581: 570: 567: 559: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 524: 520: 517: – 516: 512: 511:Find sources: 505: 501: 495: 494: 489:This article 487: 483: 478: 477: 464: 462: 458: 454: 446: 442: 437: 433: 431: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 402: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 355: 349: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 318:Flexible fuel 306: 302: 298: 295: 291: 288: 284: 281: 277: 274:(3 million), 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239: 235: 231: 227: 224: 220: 216: 215: 214: 212: 202: 200: 196: 191: 189: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 162: 157: 155: 151: 150:air pollution 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:electric cars 127: 123: 119: 115: 112:that runs on 111: 110:motor vehicle 107: 96: 92: 85: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 40: 36: 33: 32:Tesla Model 3 26: 8254: 8179:Maglev train 8152: 8148:Airless tire 7798:Twelve-wheel 7755:Drive wheels 7614: 7528:Specialized 7449:Pickup truck 7354:Cabrio coach 7198:Sports sedan 7173:Grand tourer 6878: 6871: 6864: 6807:Hybrid train 6672:Ethanol fuel 6652:Butanol fuel 6637:Alcohol fuel 6572:Hybrid train 6513:Electric car 6501:Electric bus 6321: 6257:, June 2016. 6223: 6211:. 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