4745:
209:
186:
5270:
5250:
5221:
5179:
5143:
5114:
5085:
5049:
5007:
4971:
4942:
4913:
4877:
4855:
4819:
4790:
4761:
191:
5302:
4314:
3473:
547:⟩. Either letter, whether baseline or superscript, is usually placed before the click letter, but may come after when the release of the velar or uvular occlusion is audible. A third convention is the click letter with diacritics for voicelessness, voicing and nasalization; it does not distinguish velar from uvular alveolar clicks. Common alveolar clicks are:
1443:, alveolar clicks commonly have a ballistic release, with the underside of the tip of the tongue subsequently striking the floor of the mouth. This allophone has been called "flapped" and "slapped". Sometimes the percussive slap is louder than the release, resulting in a sound that has been characterized as a "cluck". The symbol for the sublingual
965:.) The release is a sharp, plosive sound in southern Africa, but in Sandawe it may be percussive, with the underside of the tip of the tongue striking the floor of the mouth after the release of the click (see below), and in Hadza the release is often quite weak.
115:
311:
114:
309:
1815:
1851:
310:
112:
1489:), and presumably people from other parts of the country, with varying degrees of competence in nursery rhymes for the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with
1825:
994:(also known as velaric ingressive), which means a pocket of air trapped between two closures is rarefied by a "sucking" action of the tongue, rather than being moved by the
113:
1835:
1820:
902:
In the orthographies of individual languages, the letters and digraphs for alveolar clicks may be based on either the vertical bar symbol of the IPA, ⟨
1805:
1782:
1772:
1767:
4674:
2720:
2466:
512:⟩ (stretched c) was the IPA letter for the alveolar clicks, and this is still preferred by some phoneticians. The tail of ⟨
317:
2734:
2727:
2473:
2948:
2706:
2452:
1717:
4463:
2741:
2438:
4636:
4566:
4502:
4425:
2713:
2459:
5311:
4846:
4631:
4509:
4406:
4323:
3482:
3243:
3150:
1731:
4586:
4523:
4328:
3333:
3225:
3132:
2445:
4862:
4679:
4530:
4476:
4432:
3862:
3817:
3320:
3257:
3164:
2615:
2371:
4884:
4659:
4444:
4413:
3828:
3780:
3766:
3708:
3694:
3342:
3250:
3157:
1762:
1022:
does not have an alveolar click (or any other click consonant) as a phoneme, but a plain alveolar click does occur in
4933:
4608:
4593:
4373:
3842:
3360:
3271:
3232:
3178:
3139:
2896:
5105:
4359:
3835:
3487:
3414:
3351:
3264:
3171:
2678:
2622:
2587:
2378:
2343:
743:
5170:
4949:
4904:
4469:
4451:
3396:
2664:
2420:
1726:
1657:
Clement Doke (1925) An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ̬꞉ Bushman of the North-West
Kalahari.
1038:
983:, which means they are produced by releasing the airstream at the center of the tongue, rather than at the sides.
489:
481:. The tongue is more or less concave (depending on the language), and is pulled down rather than back as in the
5366:
5121:
5076:
4962:
4379:
4318:
4313:
3745:
3673:
3477:
3472:
3278:
3185:
2831:
2790:
2526:
2193:
5134:
4920:
4781:
4387:
4269:
4129:
4097:
3421:
2685:
2601:
2594:
2357:
2350:
2179:
1006:. The release of the forward closure produces the "click" sound. Voiced and nasal clicks have a simultaneous
185:
5356:
5241:
5092:
4978:
4669:
4365:
4260:
4249:
4161:
3773:
3701:
3403:
2861:
2671:
2650:
2573:
2427:
2406:
2329:
1810:
1710:
1644:
Wright, Richard, Ian
Maddieson, Peter Ladefoged, Bonny Sands (1995). "A phonetic study of Sandawe clicks",
516:⟩ may be the tail of retroflex consonants in the IPA, and thus analogous to the underdot of ⟨
1685:
1515:
1494:
1490:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1430:
1421:
1399:
1390:
1311:
1272:
1228:
1201:
1188:
1161:
1138:
1115:
1092:
1064:
961:
or the roof of the mouth behind the alveolar ridge. (Damin contrasted these two articulations as separate
903:
879:
872:
856:
849:
833:
826:
810:
803:
787:
780:
764:
757:
736:
729:
722:
708:
701:
694:
678:
671:
664:
648:
641:
634:
617:
610:
603:
587:
580:
573:
544:
540:
536:
532:
517:
513:
509:
497:
448:
439:
430:
408:
399:
390:
368:
359:
350:
294:
285:
276:
254:
245:
236:
87:
78:
69:
60:
32:
28:
5150:
4797:
4752:
4482:
4276:
3759:
3738:
3687:
3430:
2848:
2804:
2797:
2748:
2540:
2533:
2484:
2229:
2200:
2049:
1878:
1568:
190:
121:
5306:
5301:
5212:
4810:
4393:
4290:
4212:
3090:
2983:
2870:
2776:
2692:
2608:
2512:
2364:
2211:
2186:
2165:
508:
with a subscript dot, the dot being the old diacritic for retroflex consonants. Prior to 1989, ⟨
27:. Unicode uses the obsolete descriptions of "retroflex click" for the alveolar-click character ⟨
5361:
5261:
4998:
4768:
4664:
4283:
4203:
4192:
3794:
3752:
3722:
3680:
3054:
2762:
2657:
2580:
2498:
2413:
2336:
2243:
2094:
2065:
1531:
976:, which means that the airflow is either restricted to the mouth, or passes through the nose as well.
5228:
5040:
4826:
4341:
4219:
3787:
3715:
3439:
3036:
3010:
2959:
2879:
2811:
2755:
2491:
2271:
2236:
2076:
2056:
2035:
5277:
5190:
5014:
4233:
3629:
3097:
2930:
2921:
2904:
2783:
2699:
2519:
2257:
2218:
2172:
2108:
1703:
1320:
5056:
4226:
3990:
3928:
3620:
3609:
3554:
3076:
3061:
2941:
2769:
2505:
2250:
2136:
2101:
1992:
1977:
1961:
950:
521:
4052:
3979:
3959:
3917:
3897:
3636:
3533:
3043:
3017:
2992:
2966:
2278:
2122:
2083:
2042:
1972:
1933:
1777:
1614:
1452:
942:
655:
594:
493:
4515:
4041:
4021:
3999:
3937:
3650:
3589:
2912:
2264:
2115:
2017:
1444:
1363:
1289:
1245:
685:
325:
129:
1695:
1467:⟩). The percussive allophones of the five Sandawe alveolar clicks are (or etc.).
8:
5316:
4579:
4183:
4070:
4061:
3970:
3908:
3657:
3643:
3561:
3083:
2143:
1997:
1954:
1359:
1285:
1241:
987:
624:
4602:
4032:
3598:
3547:
3526:
2285:
2129:
1987:
1967:
1921:
1023:
1003:
946:
39:
5027:
4558:
3953:
3804:
3568:
3495:
3109:
2022:
2002:
1944:
1830:
980:
911:
4837:
3891:
3582:
3540:
2012:
1982:
1949:
1939:
1440:
1173:
1019:
954:
919:
525:
501:
1683:
5161:
4895:
4352:
3882:
3575:
3004:
2007:
1873:
1563:
1249:
1007:
991:
899:
clicks to avoid nasalizing them. The nasal click may also be heard at the right.
466:
20:
895:
The last can be heard in the sound sample at right; non-native speakers tend to
5067:
1543:
1256:
1208:
1076:
1051:
969:
958:
539:⟩ is frequently omitted. Many authors instead use a superscript ⟨
5350:
4726:
4243:
4085:
3499:
1558:
1553:
1471:
1355:
1328:
1281:
1237:
923:
915:
520:⟩. Either letter may be combined with a second letter to indicate the
505:
482:
24:
4572:
2294:
1548:
1296:
531:
In official IPA transcription, the click letter is combined with a ⟨
5324:
4738:
4721:
4495:
4015:
2819:
1888:
1866:
1527:
1478:
973:
938:
The basic articulation may be voiced, nasal, aspirated, glottalized, etc.
179:
5203:
4731:
2029:
1883:
1670:
Geoffrey Nathan, 'Clicks in a
Chinese Nursery Rhyme', JIPA (2001) 31/2.
1497:
in
Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is (disregarding tone),
957:, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the
95:
31:⟩ and "alveolar click" for the palatal-click character ⟨
4989:
4491:
3732:
3665:
2551:
2307:
1911:
478:
208:
5295:
4626:
4548:
4542:
4307:
3466:
2304:
4399:
3603:
2159:
1861:
1690:
995:
962:
543:⟩ without the tie bar, again often neglecting the ⟨
167:
1482:
1477:
Nasal clicks that fit this description are used by speakers of
470:
4702:
1856:
1486:
474:
1725:
1507:鵝生鵝蛋鵝孵鵝 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose'
999:
1634:
The East-African Click
Languages: A Phonetic Comparison
1521:
1510:鴨生鴨蛋鴨孵鴨 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck'
1026:, as a sound children use to imitate a horse trotting.
1648:, No. 91: Fieldwork Studies in Targeted Languages III.
3504:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1455:; a slapped click is therefore transcribed ⟨
485:, making a hollower sound than those consonants.
5348:
1595:, which it used indifferently for both alveolar
1197:
1530:have been variously described as retroflex or
4675:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1711:
1178:
1261:
1213:
1150:
1127:
1104:
1081:
914:and most Bushman languages use the former;
1718:
1704:
1485:county) and of Mandarin (from Beijing and
1333:
1301:
1773:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
535:⟩ via a tie bar, though ⟨
5349:
1943:
524:, though this is commonly omitted for
4700:
4182:
3881:
3597:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1909:
1744:
1699:
1493:in Gan and until recently began with
1372:
1075:
4711:
4652:
4345:
3555:
3516:
1925:
4680:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3534:
3494:Symbols to the right in a cell are
13:
3590:
1763:International Phonetic Association
207:
14:
5378:
5276:
5260:
5240:
5227:
5211:
5189:
5169:
5149:
5133:
5120:
5104:
5091:
5075:
5055:
5039:
5026:
5013:
4997:
4977:
4961:
4948:
4932:
4919:
4903:
4883:
4861:
4845:
4825:
4809:
4796:
4780:
4767:
4751:
4607:
4592:
4585:
4565:
4541:
4529:
4522:
4508:
4501:
4475:
4462:
4450:
4443:
4431:
4424:
4412:
4405:
4386:
4372:
4358:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4248:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4202:
4191:
4160:
4128:
4096:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4040:
4031:
4020:
3998:
3989:
3978:
3969:
3958:
3936:
3927:
3916:
3907:
3896:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3816:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3608:
3562:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3402:
3395:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3319:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3231:
3224:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3138:
3131:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3060:
3053:
3042:
3035:
3016:
3009:
2991:
2982:
2965:
2958:
2947:
2940:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2895:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2847:
2830:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2293:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2217:
2210:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2018:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1677:
953:, depending on the language, and
934:Features of postalveolar clicks:
5300:
5268:
5248:
5219:
5177:
5141:
5112:
5083:
5047:
5005:
4969:
4940:
4911:
4875:
4853:
4817:
4788:
4759:
4743:
4312:
3548:
3527:
3471:
1816:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1646:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
888:glottalized alveolar nasal click
744:glottalized alveolar nasal click
307:
189:
184:
110:
3569:
1727:International Phonetic Alphabet
500:⟩. The symbol is not an
490:International Phonetic Alphabet
4660:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3583:
3541:
1910:
1836:IPA chart for English dialects
1745:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1622:
1606:
1581:
865:aspirated alveolar nasal click
715:aspirated alveolar nasal click
1:
3576:
1574:
1014:
4670:Voiceless bidental fricative
1778:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1518:onsets are all pronounced .
1504:地下一隻鴨 'a duck on the ground'
1347:
1310:
1302:
1271:
1227:
1187:
1160:
1137:
1114:
1091:
1063:
877:
870:
854:
847:
831:
824:
808:
801:
785:
778:
762:
755:
734:
727:
720:
706:
699:
692:
676:
669:
662:
646:
639:
632:
615:
608:
601:
585:
578:
571:
150:ǃʗ
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
1879:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1569:Index of phonetics articles
1537:
1470:(Clement Doke also noted a
929:
496:of these sounds is ⟨
38:For other uses of "!", see
10:
5383:
4701:
1522:"Fricated" alveolar clicks
906:⟩, or on the Latin
37:
18:
5202:
5160:
5066:
4988:
4894:
4836:
4737:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4709:
4696:
4665:Nasal palatal approximant
4342:Co-articulated consonants
4242:
4187:
4150:
4118:
4083:
4014:
3952:
3890:
3851:
3803:
3731:
3664:
3602:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3375:
3297:
3204:
3108:
3003:
2903:
2818:
2645:
2549:
2401:
2303:
2158:
2028:
1960:
1932:
1918:
1905:
1844:
1798:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1501:天一隻鵝 'a goose in the sky'
1474:with slapped release, .)
1428:
1419:
1410:
1397:
1388:
1380:Percussive alveolar click
1379:
1327:
1295:
1255:
1207:
1172:
1050:
1031:
750:
566:
446:
437:
428:
419:
406:
397:
388:
379:
366:
357:
348:
337:
306:
301:
292:
283:
274:
265:
252:
243:
234:
225:
197:
178:
166:
155:
142:
137:
109:
104:
94:
85:
76:
67:
58:
47:
1411:Percussive palatal click
796:aspirated alveolar click
504:in origin, but rather a
3514:Non-pulmonic consonants
2646:Non-sibilant fricative
2402:Non-sibilant affricate
1768:History of the alphabet
1684:List of languages with
1532:fricated palatal clicks
1179:
1151:
1128:
1105:
1082:
1826:Sinological extensions
1612:Pullum & Ladusaw,
1526:A series of clicks in
1334:
1262:
1214:
522:manner of articulation
212:
5367:Percussive consonants
1615:Phonetic Symbol Guide
1587:Kirshenbaum assigned
1463:⟩ (or ⟨
1453:extensions to the IPA
1364:alveolar nasal clicks
1290:alveolar nasal clicks
1246:alveolar nasal clicks
943:place of articulation
910:of Bantu convention.
819:voiced alveolar click
773:tenuis alveolar click
656:voiced alveolar click
595:tenuis alveolar click
494:place of articulation
380:Voiced alveolar click
339:Tenuis alveolar click
226:Voiced alveolar click
211:
49:Tenuis alveolar click
16:Click consonant sound
3298:Lateral approximant
1459:⟩ or ⟨
1445:percussive component
842:alveolar nasal click
686:alveolar nasal click
492:that represents the
420:Alveolar nasal click
266:Alveolar nasal click
162:U+01C3 U+0297
5357:Alveolar consonants
1922:Pulmonic consonants
1233:'to chat/converse'
988:airstream mechanism
463:postalveolar clicks
3852:Lateral fricative
3498:, to the left are
3205:Lateral fricative
1993:Postalveolar
1978:Linguolabial
1821:Naming conventions
1784:Journal of the IPA
1589:⟨c!⟩
1373:Percussive release
1008:pulmonic egressive
992:lingual ingressive
981:central consonants
488:The symbol in the
213:
40:! (disambiguation)
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5287:
5286:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4645:
4644:
4470:Uvular–epiglottal
4337:
4336:
4299:
4298:
3510:
3509:
3458:
3457:
3376:Lateral tap/flap
1973:Labiodental
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1831:World Orthography
1601:⟨ǂ⟩
1597:⟨ǃ⟩
1593:⟨ʗ⟩
1437:
1436:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1384:
1370:
1369:
908:⟨q⟩
893:
892:
477:ritual jargon of
455:
454:
424:
415:
414:
384:
375:
374:
344:
333:
332:
328:
312:
270:
261:
260:
230:
221:
220:
217:
216:
132:
116:
54:
5374:
5362:Click consonants
5328:
5304:
5281:
5280:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5252:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5232:
5231:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5154:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5096:
5095:
5087:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5060:
5059:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5031:
5030:
5018:
5017:
5009:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4924:
4923:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4857:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4801:
4800:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4772:
4771:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4698:
4697:
4650:
4649:
4611:
4596:
4589:
4569:
4545:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4505:
4479:
4466:
4454:
4447:
4438:Labial–retroflex
4435:
4428:
4416:
4409:
4390:
4380:Labial–retroflex
4376:
4362:
4346:
4316:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4263:
4252:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4206:
4195:
4166:
4134:
4102:
4073:
4066:
4057:
4046:
4037:
4026:
4004:
3995:
3984:
3975:
3964:
3942:
3933:
3922:
3913:
3902:
3888:bottom: uvular)
3865:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3820:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3612:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3505:
3475:
3442:
3433:
3424:
3417:
3406:
3399:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3323:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3235:
3228:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3142:
3135:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3064:
3057:
3046:
3039:
3020:
3013:
2995:
2986:
2969:
2962:
2951:
2944:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2899:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2851:
2834:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2297:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2221:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2086:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1907:
1906:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1517:
1496:
1492:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:⟩ in the
1450:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1345:
1313:
1308:
1274:
1269:
1230:
1225:
1203:
1190:
1185:
1163:
1158:
1140:
1135:
1117:
1112:
1094:
1089:
1066:
1029:
1028:
926:use the latter.
909:
905:
881:
874:
858:
851:
835:
828:
812:
805:
789:
782:
766:
759:
738:
731:
724:
710:
703:
696:
680:
673:
666:
650:
643:
636:
619:
612:
605:
589:
582:
575:
550:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
519:
515:
511:
502:exclamation mark
499:
467:click consonants
465:are a family of
451:
450:
442:
441:
433:
432:
422:
417:
416:
411:
410:
402:
401:
393:
392:
382:
377:
376:
371:
370:
362:
361:
353:
352:
342:
340:
335:
334:
323:
316:
314:
313:
297:
296:
288:
287:
279:
278:
268:
263:
262:
257:
256:
248:
247:
239:
238:
228:
223:
222:
199:
198:
193:
188:
174:
159:
151:
146:
127:
120:
118:
117:
90:
89:
81:
80:
72:
71:
63:
62:
52:
50:
45:
44:
34:
30:
21:retroflex clicks
5382:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5326:
5325:unrounded
5321:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5210:
5196:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5168:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4996:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4902:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4844:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4705:
4684:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4614:Labial–alveolar
4612:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4498:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4419:Labial–alveolar
4417:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4368:
4366:Labial–alveolar
4363:
4355:
4338:
4333:
4163:
4131:
4119:Voiced lateral
4099:
4074:
4063:
4054:
4043:
4034:
4023:
4001:
3992:
3981:
3972:
3961:
3939:
3930:
3919:
3910:
3899:
3887:
3885:
3503:
3492:
1998:Retroflex
1914:
1893:
1852:ASCII encodings
1840:
1794:
1747:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1627:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1564:Retroflex click
1540:
1524:
1429:
1420:
1412:
1398:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1354:Contrasts with
1321:linguo-pulmonic
1280:Contrasts with
1250:Sotho phonology
1236:Contrasts with
1198:slapped release
1193:'greater kudu'
1143:'dead leopard'
1017:
932:
907:
447:
438:
429:
421:
407:
398:
389:
381:
367:
358:
349:
341:
338:
329:
321:
308:
293:
284:
275:
267:
253:
244:
235:
227:
172:
157:
149:
144:
133:
125:
111:
86:
77:
68:
59:
51:
48:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5380:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5225:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5147:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5118:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5089:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5053:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5011:
5004:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4946:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4859:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4557:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4520:
4516:Labial–palatal
4514:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4151:Nasal lateral
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Bilabial
1965:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1799:Special topics
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1678:External links
1676:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1621:
1605:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1544:Bilabial click
1539:
1536:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1383:(tenuis velar)
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
984:
977:
968:Clicks may be
966:
959:alveolar ridge
939:
931:
928:
891:
890:
885:
883:
876:
868:
867:
862:
860:
853:
845:
844:
839:
837:
830:
822:
821:
816:
814:
807:
799:
798:
793:
791:
784:
776:
775:
770:
768:
761:
753:
752:
748:
747:
740:
733:
726:
718:
717:
712:
705:
698:
690:
689:
682:
675:
668:
660:
659:
652:
645:
638:
630:
629:
627:alveolar click
621:
614:
607:
599:
598:
591:
584:
577:
569:
568:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
483:palatal clicks
469:found only in
453:
452:
444:
443:
435:
434:
426:
425:
413:
412:
404:
403:
395:
394:
386:
385:
373:
372:
364:
363:
355:
354:
346:
345:
331:
330:
315:
304:
303:
299:
298:
290:
289:
281:
280:
272:
271:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:
232:
231:
219:
218:
215:
214:
204:
203:
195:
194:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
160:
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:
135:
134:
119:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
83:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
25:palatal clicks
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5379:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5331:
5330:
5329: rounded
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5279:
5263:
5256:
5243:
5236:
5230:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5192:
5185:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5078:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5016:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4964:
4957:
4951:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4906:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4848:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4783:
4776:
4770:
4754:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4568:
4560:
4553:
4551:
4544:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4483:Labial–uvular
4478:
4471:
4465:
4453:
4446:
4434:
4427:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4381:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:Case variants
1809:
1807:
1806:Cursive forms
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1667:
1660:
1659:Bantu Studies
1654:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1609:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Palatal click
1557:
1555:
1554:Lateral click
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1472:palatal click
1468:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1418:
1414:(nasal velar)
1409:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:An aspirated
1318:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1120:'to be slow'
1119:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:
936:
935:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
900:
898:
889:
886:
884:
869:
866:
863:
861:
846:
843:
840:
838:
823:
820:
817:
815:
800:
797:
794:
792:
777:
774:
771:
769:
754:
749:
746:
745:
741:
719:
716:
713:
691:
688:
687:
683:
661:
658:
657:
653:
631:
628:
626:
622:
600:
597:
596:
592:
570:
565:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
529:
527:
523:
507:
503:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
445:
436:
427:
418:
405:
396:
387:
378:
365:
356:
347:
336:
327:
319:
305:
300:
291:
282:
273:
264:
251:
242:
233:
224:
210:
206:
205:
201:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
181:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
154:
148:
141:
136:
131:
123:
108:
103:
99:
97:
93:
84:
75:
66:
57:
46:
41:
26:
22:
5322:
4599:Labial–velar
4549:
4536:Labial–velar
4457:Labial–velar
4394:Labial–velar
4340:
3886:(top: velar;
3513:
3493:
1920:
1787:
1783:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1613:
1608:
1599:and palatal
1583:
1549:Dental click
1525:
1513:
1476:
1469:
1438:
1340:
1336:
1303:
1264:
1220:
1216:
1180:
1153:
1130:
1107:
1084:
1057:
1056:
1018:
951:postalveolar
941:The forward
933:
901:
896:
894:
887:
864:
841:
818:
795:
772:
742:
714:
684:
654:
623:
593:
562:Description
530:
506:vertical bar
487:
462:
458:
456:
302:Audio sample
105:Audio sample
4561:approximant
4496:approximant
2820:Approximant
1889:IPA Braille
1867:Kirshenbaum
1686:[ǃ]
1661:2: 129–166.
1528:Ekoka !Kung
1479:Gan Chinese
1447:is ⟨
1196:may have a
1166:'to carry'
541:k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ
533:k ɡ ŋ q ɢ ɴ
473:and in the
5351:Categories
5312:full chart
4838:Near-close
4632:full chart
4554:(variable)
4324:full chart
3807:affricate
3483:full chart
3112:affricate
1912:Consonants
1884:IPA number
1746:IPA topics
1575:References
1514:where the
1351:'polecat'
1097:'to trip'
1015:Occurrence
1010:airstream.
897:glottalize
559:Trans. III
96:IPA Number
5162:Near-open
4896:Close-mid
4580:Implosive
4573:Velarized
4492:Fricative
4244:Voiceless
4184:Implosive
3733:Fricative
3666:Affricate
3500:voiceless
2552:fricative
2550:Sibilant
2308:affricate
1955:Laryngeal
1845:Encodings
1360:aspirated
1286:aspirated
1242:aspirated
1069:'inside'
1004:diaphragm
979:They are
882:⟩
875:⟩
859:⟩
852:⟩
836:⟩
829:⟩
813:⟩
806:⟩
790:⟩
783:⟩
767:⟩
760:⟩
751:(uvular)
739:⟩
732:⟩
725:⟩
711:⟩
704:⟩
697:⟩
681:⟩
674:⟩
667:⟩
651:⟩
644:⟩
637:⟩
625:aspirated
620:⟩
613:⟩
606:⟩
590:⟩
583:⟩
576:⟩
556:Trans. II
479:Australia
145:(decimal)
35:⟩.
5323:Legend:
5317:template
5296:IPA help
5068:Open-mid
4637:template
4627:IPA help
4603:Ejective
4575:alveolar
4329:template
4308:IPA help
3599:Ejective
3488:template
3467:IPA help
2905:Tap/flap
2305:Sibilant
1988:Alveolar
1632:(1977),
1538:See also
1356:murmured
1316:'water'
1282:murmured
1238:murmured
1032:Language
963:phonemes
947:alveolar
930:Features
912:Khoekhoe
878:⟨
871:⟨
855:⟨
848:⟨
832:⟨
825:⟨
809:⟨
802:⟨
786:⟨
779:⟨
763:⟨
756:⟨
735:⟨
728:⟨
721:⟨
707:⟨
700:⟨
693:⟨
677:⟨
670:⟨
663:⟨
647:⟨
640:⟨
633:⟨
616:⟨
609:⟨
602:⟨
586:⟨
579:⟨
572:⟨
567:(velar)
553:Trans. I
528:clicks.
459:alveolar
423:(uvular)
383:(uvular)
343:(uvular)
156:Unicode
138:Encoding
100:178, 202
5327:•
4727:Central
4559:Lateral
4400:Plosive
4188:Voiced
4086:lateral
4084:Tenuis
4075:
3805:Lateral
3110:Lateral
2160:Plosive
2023:Glottal
2003:Palatal
1945:Coronal
1862:X-SAMPA
1691:PHOIBLE
1628:Tucker
1603:clicks.
1591:to IPA
1465:ʗ͡¡, ʗꜞ
1441:Sandawe
1174:Sandawe
1043:Meaning
1024:mimesis
1020:English
998:or the
996:glottis
920:Sandawe
695:ŋ͜ǃ̥̥ʰʰ
269:(velar)
229:(velar)
180:Braille
168:X-SAMPA
143:Entity
53:(velar)
5305:
4703:Vowels
4552:-sound
4317:
3954:Voiced
3892:Tenuis
3496:voiced
3476:
2467:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2013:Uvular
1983:Dental
1962:Manner
1950:Dorsal
1940:Labial
1630:et al.
1483:Ningdu
1481:(from
1362:, and
1288:, and
1277:'egg'
1248:. See
1244:, and
1046:Notes
955:apical
922:, and
850:ɴ͜ǃ̥ʰʰ
526:tenuis
471:Africa
409:ɢ͡ʗ𐞒ʗ
369:q͡ʗ𐞥ʗ
322:·
320:
318:source
202:Image
126:·
124:
122:source
5307:audio
4739:Close
4722:Front
4653:Other
4587:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4353:Nasal
4319:audio
4016:Nasal
3883:Click
3478:audio
3005:Trill
2474:d̠ɹ̠˔
2030:Nasal
2008:Velar
1934:Place
1857:SAMPA
1732:chart
1619:p. 34
1487:Jilin
1323:stop
1257:Xhosa
1209:Sotho
1183:okomi
1077:Hadza
1052:!Kung
1000:lungs
974:nasal
857:ᶰǃ̥ʰʰ
709:ǃ̥̃ʰʰ
702:ᵑǃ̥ʰʰ
475:Damin
449:ɴ͡ʗᶰʗ
324:
295:ŋ͡ʗᵑʗ
255:ɡ͡ʗᶢʗ
158:(hex)
128:
88:k͜ʗᵏʗ
5204:Open
4732:Back
4609:t͡pʼ
3843:q𝼄ʼ
3836:k𝼄ʼ
3829:c𝼆ʼ
3695:t̠ʃʼ
3681:t̪θʼ
3674:p̪fʼ
3604:Stop
3055:ɽ̊r̥
2721:ɹ̠̊˔
2453:tɹ̝̊
1874:TIPA
1788:JIPA
1431:ŋ͜ǂꜞ
1422:ᵑǂ͡¡
1400:k͜ǃꜞ
1391:ᵏǃ͡¡
1329:Zulu
1306:qhàà
1297:ǃXóõ
1267:anda
1035:Word
986:The
970:oral
924:Zulu
916:Naro
873:ɴ͜ǃˀ
788:𐞥ǃʰ
781:q͜ǃʰ
723:ŋ͜ǃˀ
604:k͜ǃʰ
457:The
326:help
130:help
4990:Mid
4594:ɠ͡ɓ
4477:q͡p
4464:q͡ʡ
4452:ɡ͡b
4445:k͡p
4433:ɖ͡b
4426:ʈ͡p
4414:d͡b
4407:t͡p
4388:ŋ͡m
4374:ɳ͡m
4360:n͡m
4055:ɴ𝼊
4053:ŋ𝼊
3993:ɢ𝼊
3991:ɡ𝼊
3931:q𝼊
3929:k𝼊
3818:tɬʼ
3723:qχʼ
3716:kxʼ
3709:tɕʼ
3702:tʂʼ
3688:tsʼ
3415:𝼈̥
3186:ɡʟ̝
3179:k𝼄
3172:ɟʎ̝
3165:c𝼆
3158:d𝼅
2735:ɻ̊˔
2728:ɹ̠˔
2460:dɹ̝
2446:d̪ð
2439:t̪θ
2428:b̪v
2421:p̪f
2351:d̠ʒ
2344:t̠ʃ
1756:IPA
1689:on
1516:/ŋ/
1495:/ŋ/
1491:/ŋ/
1457:ǃ͡¡
1439:In
1348:=
1215:ho
1110:ena
1039:IPA
990:is
972:or
949:or
945:is
880:ᶰǃˀ
827:ɴ͜ǃ
811:𐞒ǃ
804:ɢ͜ǃ
765:𐞥ǃ
758:q͜ǃ
737:ǃ̃ˀ
730:ᵑǃˀ
679:ǃ̬̃
665:ŋ͜ǃ
635:ɡ͜ǃ
611:ᵏǃʰ
574:k͜ǃ
461:or
431:ɴ͡ǃ
400:𐞒ǃ
391:ɢ͡ǃ
360:𐞥ǃ
351:q͡ǃ
277:ŋ͡ǃ
237:ɡ͡ǃ
61:k͜ǃ
23:or
5353::
5057:o̞
5041:ɤ̞
5015:ø̞
4999:e̞
4550:Sj
4503:ɥ̊
4291:ʛ̥
4284:ɠ̊
4277:ʄ̊
4270:ᶑ̊
4261:ɗ̥
4250:ɓ̥
4164:ɴǁ
4162:ŋǁ
4132:ɢǁ
4130:ɡǁ
4100:qǁ
4098:kǁ
4064:ɴǂ
4062:ŋǂ
4044:ɴǃ
4042:ŋǃ
4035:ɴǀ
4033:ŋǀ
4024:ɴʘ
4022:ŋʘ
4002:ɢǂ
4000:ɡǂ
3982:ɢǃ
3980:ɡǃ
3973:ɢǀ
3971:ɡǀ
3962:ɢʘ
3960:ɡʘ
3940:qǂ
3938:kǂ
3920:qǃ
3918:kǃ
3911:qǀ
3909:kǀ
3900:qʘ
3898:kʘ
3863:ɬʼ
3795:χʼ
3788:xʼ
3781:ɕʼ
3774:ʂʼ
3767:ʃʼ
3760:sʼ
3753:θʼ
3746:fʼ
3739:ɸʼ
3658:ʡʼ
3651:qʼ
3644:kʼ
3637:cʼ
3630:ʈʼ
3621:tʼ
3610:pʼ
3591:EG
3563:RF
3556:PA
3535:LD
3528:BL
3502:.
3440:ʟ̆
3431:ʎ̆
3422:𝼈
3397:ɺ̥
3361:ʟ̠
3279:ʟ̝
3272:𝼄
3265:ʎ̝
3258:𝼆
3251:𝼅
3151:tꞎ
3140:dɮ
3133:tɬ
3077:ʀ̥
3062:ɽr
3037:r̥
3011:ʙ̥
2993:ʡ̆
2984:ɢ̆
2960:ɽ̊
2942:ɾ̥
2931:ɾ̼
2913:ⱱ̟
2897:ʔ̞
2742:ɻ˔
2714:ð̠
2707:θ̠
2686:ð̼
2679:θ̼
2541:ʔh
2534:ʡʢ
2527:ʡʜ
2520:ɢʁ
2513:qχ
2506:ɡɣ
2499:kx
2492:ɟʝ
2485:cç
2414:bβ
2407:pɸ
2379:dʑ
2372:tɕ
2365:dʐ
2358:tʂ
2337:dz
2330:ts
2201:d̼
2194:t̼
2187:b̪
2180:p̪
2137:ɴ̥
2123:ŋ̊
2109:ɲ̊
2095:ɳ̊
2077:n̥
2066:n̼
2050:ɱ̊
2036:m̥
1964:↓
1936:→
1534:.
1461:ǃꜞ
1366:.
1358:,
1284:,
1240:,
1200::
1181:gq
1154:qq
1152:te
1133:ee
1131:nq
1129:he
1108:qh
1106:ke
1083:la
1060:an
1058:nǃ
918:,
834:ᶰǃ
672:ᵑǃ
649:ǃ̬
642:ᶢǃ
618:ǃʰ
581:ᵏǃ
440:ᶰǃ
286:ᵑǃ
246:ᶢǃ
173:!\
70:ᵏǃ
5278:ɒ
5262:ɑ
5242:ä
5229:ɶ
5213:a
5191:ɐ
5171:æ
5151:ɔ
5135:ʌ
5122:ɞ
5106:ɜ
5093:œ
5077:ɛ
5028:ə
4979:o
4963:ɤ
4950:ɵ
4934:ɘ
4921:ø
4905:e
4885:ʊ
4863:ʏ
4847:ɪ
4827:u
4811:ɯ
4798:ʉ
4782:ɨ
4769:y
4753:i
4567:ɫ
4543:ɧ
4531:w
4524:ʍ
4510:ɥ
4494:/
4234:ʛ
4227:ɠ
4220:ʄ
4213:ᶑ
4204:ɗ
4193:ɓ
4071:ʞ
3584:U
3577:V
3570:P
3549:A
3542:D
3404:ɺ
3352:ʟ
3343:ʎ
3334:ɭ
3321:l
3244:ꞎ
3233:ɮ
3226:ɬ
3098:ʢ
3091:ʜ
3084:ʀ
3044:r
3018:ʙ
2967:ɽ
2949:ɾ
2922:ⱱ
2880:ɰ
2871:j
2862:ɻ
2849:ɹ
2832:ʋ
2812:ɦ
2805:h
2798:ʕ
2791:ħ
2784:ʁ
2777:χ
2770:ɣ
2763:x
2756:ʝ
2749:ç
2700:ð
2693:θ
2672:v
2665:f
2658:β
2651:ɸ
2623:ʑ
2616:ɕ
2609:ʐ
2602:ʂ
2595:ʒ
2588:ʃ
2581:z
2574:s
2295:ʔ
2286:ʡ
2279:ɢ
2272:q
2265:ɡ
2258:k
2251:ɟ
2244:c
2237:ɖ
2230:ʈ
2219:d
2212:t
2173:b
2166:p
2144:ɴ
2130:ŋ
2116:ɲ
2102:ɳ
2084:n
2057:ɱ
2043:m
1790:)
1786:(
1734:)
1730:(
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1617:,
1449:¡
1343:a
1341:q
1339:a
1337:q
1335:i
1312:=
1304:ǃ
1273:=
1265:q
1263:i
1229:=
1223:a
1221:q
1219:o
1217:q
1202:=
1189:=
1162:=
1156:e
1139:=
1116:=
1093:=
1087:o
1085:q
1065:=
1002:/
904:ǃ
588:ǃ
545:k
537:k
518:ǃ
514:ʗ
510:ʗ
498:ǃ
79:ǃ
42:.
33:ǂ
29:ǃ
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